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Siva K, Ponnusamy P, Ramanathan M. Disrupted Brain Network Measures in Parkinson's Disease Patients with Severe Hyposmia and Cognitively Normal Ability. Brain Sci 2024; 14:685. [PMID: 39061425 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14070685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has revolved around brain structural changes, functional activity, and connectivity alteration in Parkinson's Disease (PD); however, how the network topology organization becomes altered is still unclear, specifically in Parkinson's patients with severe hyposmia. In this study, we have examined the functional network topological alteration in patients affected by Parkinson's Disease with normal cognitive ability (ODN), Parkinson's Disease with severe hyposmia (ODP), and healthy controls (HCs) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) data. We have analyzed brain topological organization using popular graph measures such as network segregation (clustering coefficient, modularity), network integration (participation coefficient, path length), small-worldness, efficiency, centrality, and assortativity. Then, we used a feature ranking approach based on the diagonal adaptation of neighborhood component analysis, aiming to determine a graph measure that is sensitive enough to distinguish between these three different groups. We noted significantly lower segregation and local efficiency and small-worldness in ODP compared to ODN and HCs. On the contrary, we did not find differences in network integration in ODP compared to ODN and HCs, which indicates that the brain network becomes fragmented in ODP. At the brain network level, a progressive increase in the DMN (Default Mode Network) was observed from healthy controls to ODN to ODP, and a continuous decrease in the cingulo-opercular network was observed from healthy controls to ODN to ODP. Further, the feature ranking approach has shown that the whole-brain clustering coefficient and small-worldness are sensitive measures to classify ODP vs. ODN, as well as HCs. Looking at the brain regional network segregation, we have found that the cerebellum and limbic, fronto-parietal, and occipital lobes have higher ODP reductions than ODN and HCs. Our results suggest network topological measures, specifically whole-brain segregation and small-worldness decreases. At the network level, an increase in DMN and a decrease in the cingulo-opercular network could be used as biomarkers to characterize ODN and ODP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Siva
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - Palanisamy Ponnusamy
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
| | - Malmathanraj Ramanathan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli 620015, India
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Wang R, Lian T, He M, Guo P, Yu S, Zuo L, Hu Y, Zhang W. Clinical features and neurobiochemical mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease. J Neurol 2024; 271:1959-1972. [PMID: 38151574 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate clinical features, influencing factors and neurobiochemical mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in Parkinson disease (PD). Total 39 patients were divided into the PD with OD (PD-OD) and PD with no OD (PD-nOD) groups according to overall olfactory function, including threshold, discrimination and identification, assessed by Sniffin' Sticks test. Motor function and non-motor symptoms were rated by multiple scales. Dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured. We found that the PD-OD group showed significantly lower score of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, higher scores of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale than the PD-nOD group (p < 0.05). RBD Screening Questionnaire score was independently associated with the scores of overall olfactory function and discrimination (p < 0.05). Dopamine and acetylcholine levels in CSF from the PD-OD group was significantly lower than that from the PD-nOD group (p < 0.05). Dopamine and acetylcholine levels in CSF were significantly and positively correlated with the scores of overall olfactory function, threshold, discrimination and identification in PD patients (p < 0.05). RBD Screening Questionnaire score was significantly and negatively correlated with acetylcholine level in CSF in PD patients with poor olfactory detection (p < 0.05). This investigation reveals that PD-OD is associated with cognitive impairment, probable RBD and excessive daytime sleepiness. PD-OD is correlated with the decreased levels of dopamine and acetylcholine in CSF. RBD is an independent influencing factor of overall olfactory function and discrimination, and the decreased acetylcholine level in CSF may be the common neurobiochemical basis of RBD and OD in PD patients.
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Grants
- 2016YFC1306000 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2016YFC1306300 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 81970992 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81571229 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81071015 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 30770745 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82201639 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022-2-2048 Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH)
- kz201610025030 Key Technology R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission
- 4161004 Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China
- 7082032 Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China
- JJ2018-48 Project of Scientific and Technological Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing
- Z121107001012161 Capital Clinical Characteristic Application Research
- 2009-3-26 High Level Technical Personnel Training Project of Beijing Health System, China
- BIBD-PXM2013_014226_07_000084 Project of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders
- 20071D0300400076 Excellent Personnel Training Project of Beijing, China
- IDHT20140514 Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges Under Beijing Municipality
- JING-15-2 Beijing Healthcare Research Project, China
- 2015-JL-PT-X04 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- 10JL49 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- 14JL15 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- PYZ2018077 Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- 2019-028 Science and Technology Development Fund of Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Tenghong Lian
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Mingyue He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shuyang Yu
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Lijun Zuo
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 10053, China.
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Pieniak M, Seidel K, Oleszkiewicz A, Gellrich J, Karpinski C, Fitze G, Schriever VA. Olfactory training effects in children after mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj 2023; 37:1272-1284. [PMID: 37486172 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2237889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) might impair the sense of smell and cognitive functioning. Repeated, systematic exposure to odors, i.e., olfactory training (OT) has been proposed for treatment of olfactory dysfunctions, including post-traumatic smell loss. Additionally, OT has been shown to mitigate cognitive deterioration in older population and enhance selected cognitive functions in adults. We aimed to investigate olfactory and cognitive effects of OT in the pediatric population after mTBI, likely to exhibit cognitive and olfactory deficits. METHODS Our study comprised 159 children after mTBI and healthy controls aged 6-16 years (M = 9.68 ± 2.78 years, 107 males), who performed 6-months-long OT with a set of 4 either high- or low-concentrated odors. Before and after OT we assessed olfactory functions, fluid intelligence, and executive functions. RESULTS OT with low-concentrated odors increased olfactory sensitivity in children after mTBI. Regardless of health status, children who underwent OT with low-concentrated odors had higher fluid intelligence scores at post-training measurement, whereas scores of children performing OT with high-concentrated odors did not change. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that OT with low-concentrated odors might accelerate rehabilitation of olfactory sensitivity in children after mTBI and support cognitive functions in the area of fluid intelligence regardless of head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pieniak
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Katharina Seidel
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of Wrocław, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Karpinski
- Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Kinderchirurgie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guido Fitze
- Klinik Und Poliklinik Für Kinderchirurgie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Fan W, Li H, Li H, Li Y, Wang J, Jia X, Yang Q. Association between Functional Connectivity of Entorhinal Cortex and Olfactory Performance in Parkinson’s Disease. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12080963. [PMID: 35892404 PMCID: PMC9331656 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12080963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the association between the functional connectivity (FC) of the olfactory cortex and olfactory performance in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Eighty-two early PD patients and twenty-one healthy controls underwent structural and resting-state functional MRI scans, as well as neuropsychological assessments from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative database. A whole brain voxel-wise regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between the FC of the entorhinal cortex (EC-FC) and olfactory performance. Then, a one-way ANCOVA, based on the regions of interest, was performed with SPSS to investigate the group differences and correlation analysis that were used to analyze the relationships between the FC and neuropsychological assessments. In addition, regression models were used to evaluate the risk factors for the decreased olfactory function. A significantly negative correlation was observed between the olfactory performance and the left EC-FC in the right dorsal cingulate gyrus (dCC) in patients. The PD patients with anosmia exhibited significantly higher FC values than the PD patients with normal olfaction or the PD patients with mild to moderate microsomia. Except for the olfactory performance, no significant correlation was detected between the neuropsychological assessments and the FC values. A linear regression analysis revealed that the increased FC and Geriatric Depression Scale are independently associated with lower the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test scores. The current findings enhanced the understanding of olfactory dysfunction-related pathophysiological mechanisms in early PD and suggested that the left EC-FC in the right dCC may be a potential neuroimaging biomarker for olfactory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Fan
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing 100095, China;
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Haoyuan Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China;
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Clinical Lab, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China;
| | - Xiuqin Jia
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
- Key Lab of Medical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China; (H.L.); (H.L.); (X.J.)
- Key Lab of Medical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100020, China
- Correspondence:
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Apathy in Parkinson’s Disease: Defining the Park Apathy Subtype. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070923. [PMID: 35884730 PMCID: PMC9313138 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Apathy is a neurobehavioural symptom affecting Parkinson’s disease patients of all disease stages. Apathy seems to be associated with a specific underlying non-motor disease subtype and reflects dysfunction of separate neural networks with distinct neurotransmitter systems. Due to the complicated neuropsychiatric aetiology of apathy, clinical assessment of this invalidating non-motor symptom remains challenging. We aim to summarize the current findings on apathy in Parkinson’s disease and highlight knowledge gaps. We will discuss the prevalence rates across the different disease stages and suggest screening tools for clinically relevant apathetic symptoms. We will approach the fundamental knowledge on the neural networks implicated in apathy in a practical manner and formulate recommendations on patient-tailored treatment. We will discuss the Park apathy phenotype in detail, shedding light on different clinical manifestations and implications for prognosis. With this review, we strive to distil the vast available theoretical knowledge into a clinical and patient-oriented perspective.
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Nabizadeh F, Pirahesh K, Khalili E. Olfactory dysfunction is associated with motor function only in tremor-dominant Parkinson's disease. Neurol Sci 2022; 43:4193-4201. [PMID: 35166976 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-022-05952-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of olfactory impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) is 50-90%, and therefore, olfactory dysfunction is one of the most prevalent non-motor symptoms (NMSs) in patients with PD. Numerous studies have evaluated the association between motor and non-motor symptoms and olfactory dysfunction in PD. AIM In this study, we investigated the relationship between olfactory dysfunction, which is measured using the UPSIT test, with other motor and non-motor symptoms separately in three motor subtypes of PD, including tremor dominant (TD), postural instability and gait difficulty (PIGD), and indeterminate and healthy subjects. METHODS We recruited 487 early-stage PD patients (43 PIGD, 406 TD, and 38 indeterminate) and healthy controls (HCs) (n = 197) from the Parkinson Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). All participants completed motor and non-motor tests at baseline visit and after 4 years of follow-up. Subjects underwent common PD scaling tests. RESULTS Olfactory dysfunction was significantly correlated with declined motor functions only in the TD subtype. Also, significant correlations were noticed between olfactory dysfunction and speed-attention processing and executive function in the HCs as well. Finally, no significant or meaningful association was observed in the PIGD and indeterminate subtype. Anosmia and hyposmia subjects in the TD group had the worse motor and non-motor scores compared to normosmia subjects after 4 years. CONCLUSION Olfactory dysfunction was significantly correlated with declined motor functions in the TD subtype. This is indicating that olfactory dysfunction may be an early motor and non-motor biomarker only in the TD subtype. However, it is possible that the involvement of olfactory function in other subtypes is not strong enough to make it a useful marker of diseases progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fardin Nabizadeh
- Neuroscience Research Group (NRG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran. .,School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kasra Pirahesh
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elham Khalili
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran.,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan, Iran
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Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Clinically Defined Parkinson’s Disease: An Updated Review of Literature. Behav Neurol 2022; 2022:1213393. [PMID: 35586201 PMCID: PMC9110237 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1213393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) are a common and potentially serious manifestation of Parkinson's disease (PD) but are frequently overlooked in favor of a focus on motor symptomatology. Here, we conducted a literature review of the prevalence and type of NPS experienced by PD patients with a clinically defined course of their illness. Methods We identified reports of NPS in patients with PD and mean disease duration over 3 years. Three databases—PubMed, Scopus, and Dialnet—were searched for relevant literature published between 2010 and 2020. Predefined exclusion criteria were applied prior to a descriptive analysis of the literature base. Results In all, 87 unique reports were identified and 30 met inclusion and exclusion criteria. These included 7142 patients with PD (male: 67.3%; mean age: 66.2 years; mean disease duration: 6.7 years). The most frequent NPS were mood disorders (apathy, depression, and anxiety), psychosis, and impulse control disorders (ICD). Treatment with dopamine agonists was identified as an important risk factor for ICD. Co-occurrence of NPS and cognitive dysfunction was also evidenced in a number of studies. Patients with more significant cognitive deficits and higher levels of NPS appeared to be of older age with a longer disease duration and to have more severe motor symptoms. Conclusions NPS, most commonly mood disorders (apathy, depression, and anxiety), psychosis, and ICDs are frequent manifestations of PD. The results of this review reflect the need to develop unified validated assessment protocols for NPS in PD, as well as to improve their management in clinical practice.
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Challakere Ramaswamy VM, Schofield PW. Olfaction and Executive Cognitive Performance: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2022; 13:871391. [PMID: 35615205 PMCID: PMC9125097 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.871391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective tests of olfaction are widely available to aid in the assessment of olfaction. Their clearest role is in the characterization of olfactory changes, either reported by or suspected in a patient. There is a rapidly growing literature concerned with the association of olfactory changes with certain neuropsychiatric conditions and the use of olfactory testing to supplement conventional assessments in clinical and research practice is evolving. Neural pathways important for olfactory processing overlap extensively with pathways important for cognitive functioning, and especially those important for executive functioning, many of which are concentrated in the frontal lobes. Previous work has identified associations between performance on certain olfactory tests (most frequently olfactory identification) and executive functioning and behavioral measures (e.g. of impulsivity). More recently, similar associations have also been identified in non-clinical samples, raising new questions as to the utility of olfactory test scores as proxy measures for non-olfactory phenomena. In this systemic review, we sought to identify studies, both clinical and non-clinical, that investigated the associations of olfaction with performance on tasks sensitive to frontal lobe functioning. Our search criteria led to the identification of 70 studies published in English. We examined in detail and tabulated the data from these studies, highlighted each study's key findings, and critically evaluated these studies. We use the results of this review to reflect on some of the current and future challenges concerning the use of olfactory testing in clinical neuropsychiatric practice and research and speculate on the potential benefits of administering phonemic fluency in combination with olfactory testing to enhance its predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasudeva Murthy Challakere Ramaswamy
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Vasudeva Murthy Challakere Ramaswamy
| | - Peter William Schofield
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Neuropsychiatry Service, Hunter New England Mental Health, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
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Bock MA, Tanner CM. The epidemiology of cognitive function in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 269:3-37. [PMID: 35248199 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiology is the study of the distribution of disease in human populations, which is important in evaluating burden of illness, identifying modifiable risk factors, and planning for current and projected needs of the health care system. Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common serious neurodegenerative illness and is expected to further increase in prevalence. Cognitive changes are increasingly viewed as an integral non-motor feature in PD, emerging even in the prodromal phase of the disease. The prevalence of PD-MCI ranges from 20% to 40% depending on the population studied. The incidence of PD-dementia increases with duration of disease, with estimates growing from 3% to 30% of individuals followed for 5 years or less to over 80% after 20 years. There are several challenges in estimating the frequency of cognitive change, including only recently standardized diagnostic criteria, variation depending on exact neuropsychological evaluations performed, and differences in population sampling. Clinical features associated with cognitive decline include older age, increased disease duration and severity, early gait dysfunction, dysautonomia, hallucinations and other neuropsychiatric features, the presence of REM behavior disorder, and posterior predominant dysfunction on neuropsychological testing. There is increasing evidence that genetic risk factors, in particular GBA and MAPT mutations, contribute to cognitive change. Possible protective factors include higher cognitive reserve and regular exercise. Important sequelae of cognitive decline in PD include higher caregiver burden, decreased functional status, and increased risk of institutionalization and mortality. Many remaining uncertainties regarding the epidemiology of cognitive change in PD require future research, with improved biomarkers and more sensitive and convenient outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith A Bock
- Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States; Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Caroline M Tanner
- Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation Center, Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Parkinson's Disease Research Education and Clinical Center, San Francisco Veteran's Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, United States.
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Chendo I, Silva C, Duarte GS, Prada L, Voon V, Ferreira JJ. Frequency and Characteristics of Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:85-94. [PMID: 34806620 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic symptoms are highly frequent in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and are associated with poor prognosis. They include hallucinations, delusions, and minor psychotic phenomena, including sense of presence, passage hallucinations, and illusions. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the frequency of psychosis in PD patients. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies reporting the frequency of psychosis, hallucinations, and delusions in PD. RESULTS Electronic database search wielded 3536 articles, an additional 91 were identified through citation chaining. Of these, 163 were fully inspected, 57 removed, and 106 included as relevant for neuropsychiatric events frequency, with 32 meeting our inclusion criteria (psychosis and/or specific psychotic phenomena). The pooled frequency of psychosis was 20.7% (95% CI 14.5 to 28.6; I2 = 94%, 15 studies; combined n = 2919). None of the pre-defined meta-regressions or subgroup analyses were statistically significant or helped explain the statistical heterogeneity. The pooled frequency of any form of hallucination was 21.6% (95% CI 14.7 to 30.6; I2 = 95%; 18 studies; combined n = 3161). Duration of PD at baseline and mean baseline Hoehn & Yahr stage helped explain the statistical heterogeneity in the meta-analysis of hallucinations. CONCLUSION Based on the available evidence, around a fifth of PD patients experience psychosis or hallucinations. The risk of developing hallucinations is likely moderated by the disease duration, Hoehn & Yahr stage, and the cognitive status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Chendo
- Psychiatry Department, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Psiquiatria e de Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- CNS - Campus Neurológico, Torres Vedras, Portugal
| | - Carlos Silva
- Psychiatry Department, Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo S Duarte
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luisa Prada
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Valerie Voon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Joaquim J Ferreira
- CNS - Campus Neurológico, Torres Vedras, Portugal
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Lisbon, Portugal
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Fang TC, Chang MH, Yang CP, Chen YH, Lin CH. The Association of Olfactory Dysfunction With Depression, Cognition, and Disease Severity in Parkinson's Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:779712. [PMID: 34880827 PMCID: PMC8645582 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.779712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-motor subtypes of Parkinson's disease (PD) include the limbic, cognitive, and brainstem phenotype, which may have different pathological pathways with olfaction. In this work, we aim to clarify the association between olfactory dysfunction, depression, cognition, and disease severity in PD. Methods: A total of 105 PD subjects were included and divided into anosmia and non-anosmic groups, using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). All patients were evaluated with the movement disorder society unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (MDS-UPDRS), the Beck depression inventory (BDI)-II, and the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). Results: The BDI-II and UPSIT scores had a trend of reverse correlation without statistical significance (β-coefficient −0.12, p = 0.232). However, the odds ratio (OR) in anosmia was 2.74 (95% CI 1.01–7.46) for depression and 2.58 (95% CI 1.06–6.29) for cognitive impairment. For the MDS-UPDRS total and Part 3 score, the anosmia had a β-coefficient of 12.26 (95% CI 5.69–18.82) and 8.07 (95% CI 3.46–12.67), respectively. Neither depression nor cognitive impairment is associated with motor symptoms. Conclusion: More severe olfactory dysfunction in PD is associated with cognitive impairment and greater disease severity. Depression in PD may involve complex pathways, causing relatively weak association with olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Fang
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Chang
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan.,School of medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Pai Yang
- Department of Neurology, Kuang Tien General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Huei Chen
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Heng Lin
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Taichung Veteran General Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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12
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Flores-Torres MH, Hughes KC, Molsberry S, Gao X, Kang JH, Schwarzschild MA, Ascherio A. Cognitive function in men with non-motor features of Parkinson's disease. BMJ Neurol Open 2021; 3:e000112. [PMID: 34250483 PMCID: PMC8217956 DOI: 10.1136/bmjno-2020-000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Subtle cognitive deficits can occur during the prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease (PD), commonly in conjunction with hyposmia. However, little is known about the association between cognitive function and other features suggestive of prodromal PD. We evaluated the association of non-motor prodromal PD features, including hyposmia, constipation and probable REM sleep behaviour disorder (pRBD), with objective measures of cognitive function and self-reported cognitive decline. Methods The study population comprised 804 men who responded to a telephone cognitive interview in 2016–2017. Participants included 680 individuals with hyposmia, of whom 45 had confirmed PD, and 124 men without hyposmia. Among these men, we evaluated objective cognitive function and subjective cognitive decline to determine whether the presence of non-motor features of prodromal PD was associated with cognitive functioning. Analyses were adjusted for age, physical activity, body mass index, smoking status and coffee consumption. Results Individuals with non-motor features of prodromal PD had worse objective and subjective cognitive performance relative to men without non-motor features. Cognitive impairment was particularly prevalent among individuals with concurrent hyposmia, pRBD and constipation (multivariate-adjusted OR=3.80; 95% CI 1.52 to 9.47 for objective poor cognitive function; OR=8.71; 95% CI 3.18 to 23.83 for subjective cognitive decline). As expected, both objective (OR=7.91) and subjective (OR=17.42) cognitive impairment were also more common among men with confirmed PD. Conclusions Our study suggests that cognition is commonly affected in individuals with non-motor prodromal PD features, particularly when multiple of these features are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario H Flores-Torres
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico.,Departmet of Epidemiology, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine C Hughes
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Samantha Molsberry
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jae H Kang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Schwarzschild
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alberto Ascherio
- Departmet of Epidemiology, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard University T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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13
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Parvand M, Rankin CH. Is There a Shared Etiology of Olfactory Impairments in Normal Aging and Neurodegenerative Disease? J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 73:1-21. [PMID: 31744002 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
As we age, our olfactory function declines. In addition to occurring in normal aging, more rapid decrement of olfactory decline has been associated with several neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been argued that since olfactory deficits occur less frequently or are absent in diseases such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and multiple system atrophy, olfactory deficits can be used for differential diagnoses of AD and PD. The purpose of this review is to provide a survey of current knowledge about the molecular bases and differential patterns of olfactory deficits present in normal aging, AD, and PD. As substantial research has been conducted in this area, the majority of the content of this review focuses on articles published in the past decade. We hypothesize that olfactory deficits in normal aging, AD, and PD may have different underlying causes, and propose the use of model organisms with small, tractable nervous systems and/or easy to manipulate genomes to further investigate the cellular mechanisms responsible for these deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahraz Parvand
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catharine H Rankin
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Uemura N, Ueda J, Yoshihara T, Ikuno M, Uemura MT, Yamakado H, Asano M, Trojanowski JQ, Takahashi R. α-Synuclein Spread from Olfactory Bulb Causes Hyposmia, Anxiety, and Memory Loss in BAC-SNCA Mice. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2036-2047. [PMID: 33547846 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show motor symptoms as well as various non-motor symptoms. Postmortem studies of PD have suggested that initial alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) pathology develops independently in the olfactory bulb and lower brainstem, spreading from there stereotypically. However, it remains unclear how these two pathological pathways contribute to the clinicopathological progression of PD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the clinicopathological contribution of α-Syn spread from the olfactory bulb. METHODS We conducted pathological and behavioral analyses of human α-Syn bacterial artificial chromosome transgenic mice injected with α-Syn preformed fibrils into the bilateral olfactory bulb up to 10 months postinjection. RESULTS α-Syn preformed fibril injections induced more widespread α-Syn pathology in the transgenic mice than that in wild-type mice. Severe α-Syn pathology in the transgenic mice injected with α-Syn preformed fibrils was initially observed along the olfactory pathway and later in the brain regions that are included in the limbic system and have connections with it. The α-Syn pathology was accompanied by regional atrophy, neuron loss, reactive astrogliosis, and microglial activation, which were remarkable in the hippocampus. Behavioral analyses revealed hyposmia, followed by anxiety-like behavior and memory impairment, but not motor dysfunction, depression-like behavior, or circadian rhythm disturbance. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that α-Syn spread from the olfactory bulb mainly affects the olfactory pathway and limbic system as well as its related regions, leading to the development of hyposmia, anxiety, and memory loss in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihito Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Ueda
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Yoshihara
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikuno
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maiko T Uemura
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Asano
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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15
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He R, Zhao Y, He Y, Zhou Y, Yang J, Zhou X, Zhu L, Zhou X, Liu Z, Xu Q, Sun Q, Tan J, Yan X, Tang B, Guo J. Olfactory Dysfunction Predicts Disease Progression in Parkinson's Disease: A Longitudinal Study. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:569777. [PMID: 33381006 PMCID: PMC7768001 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.569777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective Olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia) is an important non-motor symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD). To investigate the potential prognostic value of hyposmia as a marker for disease progression, we prospectively assessed clinical manifestations and longitudinal changes of hyposmic PD patients and normosmic ones. Methods Olfactory function was evaluated with the Sniffin' Sticks in PD patients at baseline. One hundred five hyposmic PD patients and 59 normosmic PD patients were enrolled and followed up for 2 years. They were subsequently evaluated at baseline and during follow-up periods with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. Clinical manifestations and disease progressions were compared between hyposmic and normosmic patients. In addition, the relationship between disease progressions and olfactory function was analyzed. Results Our study suggested that hyposmic PD patients and normosmic ones were similar in gender, age, education levels, age of onset, disease duration, and clinical features at baseline. Hyposmic PD patients exhibited more severe Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part II-III (UPDRS II-III) scores, higher levodopa equivalent dose (LED) needs, and poorer Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score at follow-up visits compared to those in normosmic PD patients. Hyposmia also showed greater rates in the increase of LED needs, improvement of UPDRS III score, and deterioration of MMSE score. Both improvement of UPDRS III score and decline of MMSE score were associated with poorer odor identification. Conclusion Our prospective study demonstrated that hyposmic PD patients showed a relatively worse clinical course compared with normosmic patients. Olfactory dysfunction is a useful predictor of disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runcheng He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuwen Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yangjie Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinxia Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xun Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenhua Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiying Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xinxiang Yan
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Geriatrics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Hunan Province in Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
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16
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Is there a close association of depression with either constipation or dysosmia in Parkinson's disease? Sci Rep 2020; 10:15476. [PMID: 32968130 PMCID: PMC7511293 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72381-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A possible association between depression and either the severity of constipation or dysosmia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients was investigated in this cross-sectional study. One-hundred six patients who had the history of PD for less than 5 years were recruited. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), and our patients were divided into depressive and non-depressive groups (DP: BDI-II ≥ 14; n = 22 and NDP: BDI-II < 14; n = 84). Olfactory dysfunction was assessed by the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Constipation severity was defined by stool softener dosage and amount. Statistical analyses with one-tailed T- or chi-squared test, odds ratios (OR), and beta-coefficient were used to determine significant differences. Total scores based on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) were significantly higher in the DP group. A significant relationship was observed between PD patients with depression and severe constipation; PD patients with depression were more likely to present with severe constipation (OR 5.81; 95% CI 1.24–27.29, p = 0.026, adjusted for age and gender); but the significance became marginal after adjusted for age, gender and UPDRS part 3 (OR 4.46, 95% CI 0.93–21.33; p = 0.061). However, no association between olfactory dysfunction and depression was detected. There were significant positive correlations between BDI-II scores and severe constipation (β ± SE 7.65 ± 2.02; p = < 0.001, adjusted for age and gender; β ± SE 7.06 ± 2.04; p = 0.001, adjusted for age, gender, and UPDRS-3). Besides, we detected a marginally significant correlation that PD patients with higher BDI-II scores tended to present more severe motor symptoms. Olfactory dysfunction seemed to be less relevant to BDI-II scores. Based on our findings, we speculate that depression may be more closely related to brainstem nuclei than to the limbic pathway.
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17
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Utsumi K, Fukatsu R, Yamada R, Takamaru Y, Hara Y, Yasumura S. Characteristics of initial symptoms and symptoms at diagnosis in probable dementia with Lewy body disease: incidence of symptoms and gender differences. Psychogeriatrics 2020; 20:737-745. [PMID: 32743894 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is characterized by a variety of initial symptoms, there are almost no reports of the initial symptoms of DLB assessed in a large number of cases. We retrospectively evaluated the initial symptoms of 234 participants with DLB and DLB-related symptoms at diagnosis and characterized any gender differences in the symptom profiles. METHODS This study consisted of 234 participants with probable DLB who met the diagnostic criteria outlined in the Fourth Consensus Report of the DLB Consortium (2017). DLB was confirmed based on several characteristic biomarkers for dopamine transporter imaging with 123 I-N-omega-fluoropropyl-2-beta-carbomethoxy-3-beta (4-iodophenyl) nortropane single-photon emission computed tomography, 123 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine myocardial scintigraphy, and brain perfusion measured with single photon emission computed tomography. In addition, core and supportive clinical features were considered in the diagnosis. RESULTS Initial symptoms included cognitive impairment (41.9%) and psychiatric symptoms (i.e. visual and auditory hallucinations, delusions, and depression) (42.3%). Almost half of the women initially presented with psychiatric symptoms, with significantly more women than men presenting with auditory hallucinations. In contrast, men had a significantly higher rate of rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (RBD) than women did. At diagnosis, DLB-related symptoms differed between men and women, with male patients exhibiting significantly more RBD, parkinsonism, hyposmia, and syncope than female patients. Moreover women presented significantly more often with auditory hallucinations than did men. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that there are gender differences in the initial symptoms of DLB, as well as in the presentation of subsequent symptoms observed at diagnosis. There was a higher incidence of RBD in men, whereas women had a higher incidence of psychotic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Utsumi
- Department of Psychiatry, Sunagawa City Medical Center, Sunagawa, Japan
| | - Ryo Fukatsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Nishi Kumagaya Hospital, Kumagaya, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Yamada
- School of Nursing and Social Services, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu, Japan
| | - Yuji Takamaru
- Department of Psychiatry, Otaru General Hospital, Otaru, Japan
| | - Yuko Hara
- Department of Psychiatry, Nishi Kumagaya Hospital, Kumagaya, Japan
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18
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Yoo HS, Chung SJ, Lee YH, Ye BS, Sohn YH, Lee PH. Association between Olfactory Deficit and Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease. J Mov Disord 2020; 13:133-141. [PMID: 32241078 PMCID: PMC7280943 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.19082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether baseline olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients is associated with baseline and longitudinal motor and cognitive function. Methods We recruited 228 drug-naïve PD patients who were followed for a mean of 6 years. Patients underwent the Cross-Cultural Smell Identification Test (CCSIT), a neuropsychological test, and N-(3-[18F]fluoropropyl)-2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane positron emission tomography within 6 months of the baseline evaluation. Olfactory dysfunction was categorized as normosmia (CCSIT score ≥ 9), hyposmia (CCSIT score 5–8), and anosmia (CCSIT score ≤ 4). During the follow-up period, we investigated changes in the levodopa-equivalent dose (LED) and the occurrence of wearing-off, levodopa-induced dyskinesia, and dementia. Results Among the PD patients, 80.7% were hyposmic at the time of diagnosis, and 26.1% were anosmic. Baseline olfactory dysfunction was not associated with either initial parkinsonian motor symptoms or with the longitudinal LED increment and motor complications. Meanwhile, the anosmic group had lower baseline scores on the Korea version of the Boston Naming Test and Stroop color reading test than the normosmic and hyposmic groups. The anosmic group exhibited a higher rate of conversion to dementia than the normosmic [adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 3.99, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.08–14.72] and hyposmic (adjusted HR 2.48, 95% CI 1.15–5.32) PD groups, regardless of baseline motor deficits and cognitive status. Conclusion Baseline olfactory dysfunction was not associated with motor deficits and complications, but it was associated with cognitive dysfunction and prognosis, suggesting that severe olfactory impairment may reflect early cortical involvement, probably in the frontotemporal region, and rapid spreading of Lewy body pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Soo Yoo
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jong Chung
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang Hyun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byoung Seok Ye
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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19
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Clinical features of Lewy body dementia: insights into diagnosis and pathophysiology. J Neurol 2019; 267:380-389. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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20
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Hyposmia as a marker of (non-)motor disease severity in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:1471-1478. [PMID: 31515655 PMCID: PMC6815277 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-02074-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship of hyposmia in Parkinson’s disease (PD) with other motor and non-motor symptoms and with the degree of nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell loss. A total of 295 patients with a diagnosis of PD were included. Olfactory function was measured using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Motor symptoms were rated using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale motor subscale (UPDRS III). To evaluate other non-motor symptoms, we used the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) as a measure of global cognitive function and validated questionnaires to assess sleep disturbances, psychiatric symptoms, and autonomic dysfunction. A linear regression model was used to calculate correlation coefficients between UPSIT score and motor and non-motor variables [for psychiatric symptoms a Poisson regression was performed]. In a subgroup of patients (n = 155) with a dopamine transporter (DaT) SPECT scan, a similar statistical analysis was performed, now including striatal DaT binding. In the regression models with correction for age, sex, disease duration, and multiple testing, all motor and non-motor symptoms were associated with UPSIT scores. In the subgroup of patients with a DaT-SPECT scan, there was a strong association between olfactory test scores and DaT binding in both putamen and caudate nucleus. Hyposmia in PD is associated with various motor and non-motor symptoms, like cognition, depression, anxiety, autonomic dysfunction and sleep disturbances, and with the degree of nigrostriatal dopaminergic cell loss. This finding adds further confirmation that hyposmia holds significant promise as a marker of disease progression.
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21
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Moscovich M, Munhoz RP, Moro A, Raskin S, McFarland K, Ashizawa T, Teive HAG, Silveira-Moriyama L. Olfactory Function in SCA10. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:85-90. [PMID: 29922950 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0954-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although the main clinical manifestations of spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs) result from damage of the cerebellum, other systems may also be involved. Olfactory deficits have been reported in other types of ataxias, especially in SCA3; however, there are no studies on olfactory deficits in SCA type 10 (SCA10). To analyze olfactory function of SCA10 patients compared with that of SCA3, Parkinson's, and healthy controls. Olfactory identification was tested in three groups of 30 patients (SCA10, SCA3, and Parkinson's disease (PD)) and 44 healthy controls using the Sniffin' Sticks (SS16) test. Mean SS16 score was 11.9 ± 2.9 for the SCA10 group, 12.3 ± 1.9 for the SCA3 group, 6.6 ± 2.8 for the PD group, and 12.1 ± 2.0 for the control group. Mean SS16 score for the SCA10 group was not significantly different from the scores for the SCA3 and control groups but was significantly higher than the score for the PD group (p < 0.001) when adjusted for age, gender, and history of smoking. There was no association between SS16 scores and disease duration in the SCA10 or SCA3 groups or number of repeat expansions. SS16 and Mini Mental State Examination scores were correlated in the three groups: SCA10 group (r = 0.59, p = 0.001), SCA3 group (r = 0.50, p = 0.005), and control group (r = 0.40, p = 0.007). We found no significant olfactory deficits in SCA10 in this large series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Moscovich
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. .,Department of Neurology, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Renato Puppi Munhoz
- Movement Disorders Centre, Toronto Western Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Adriana Moro
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Salmo Raskin
- Group for Advanced Molecular Investigation (NIMA), School of Health and Biosciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná (PUCPR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Karen McFarland
- Department of Neurology, UKSH, Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Tetsuo Ashizawa
- Department of Neurology, Houston Methodist, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Helio A G Teive
- Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Laura Silveira-Moriyama
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Universidade Nove de Julho, Uninove, São Paulo, Brazil.,Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, UCL Institute of Neurology, 1 Wakefield Street, London, WC1N 1PJ, UK.,Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas, Brazil.,Departamento de Neurologia, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cecchini MP, Federico A, Zanini A, Mantovani E, Masala C, Tinazzi M, Tamburin S. Olfaction and taste in Parkinson's disease: the association with mild cognitive impairment and the single cognitive domain dysfunction. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2019; 126:585-595. [PMID: 30911822 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-019-01996-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and chemosensory dysfunction are non-motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), but their association is unclear. We explored if MCI and the involvement of single cognitive domains influence olfaction and taste in PD. The role of demographic, clinical and neuropsychiatric variables was tested. We recruited 50 PD patients without dementia, no other reasons for cognitive impairment, no condition that could influence evaluation of cognition, olfaction and taste. They underwent a full neuropsychological and chemosensory (i.e., olfaction and taste) test with the Sniffin' Sticks Extended test (SSET), Whole Mouth test (WMT) and Taste Strips test (TST). Fifty age- and sex-matched healthy subjects served as controls. Olfactory function and sweet identification were worse in PD than controls. MCI negatively influenced odor identification. Factors associated with poor olfactory function were age, overall cognition, apathy, and visuospatial dysfunction. Sour identification was affected by MCI and executive dysfunction, and salty identification by executive dysfunction. MCI, age and executive dysfunction worsened TST score. Awareness of olfactory dysfunction was impaired in PD with MCI. Education positively influenced SSET and TST scores. Our data confirmed that olfaction is abnormal in PD, while taste was only slightly impaired. Olfaction was worse in PD patients with visuospatial dysfunction, while sour and salty identification was worse in those with MCI and executive dysfunction, suggesting different underlying anatomical abnormalities. Future studies should incorporate neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid data to confirm this hypothesis. SSET odor identification and TST sour identification could be explored as quick screening tests for PD-MCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paola Cecchini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Angela Federico
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Alice Zanini
- Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie, 8, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Mantovani
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Tinazzi
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Piazzale Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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23
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Pekel NB, Yildiz D, Taymur İ, Budak E, Özmen S, Çapkur Ç, Seferoğlu M, Güneş A, Siğirli D. Associations Between Olfactory Impairment and Cognitive Functions in Patients with Parkinson Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 57:216-221. [PMID: 32952424 DOI: 10.29399/npa.23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Olfactory impairment and cognitive impairment are common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). Olfactory impairment may be present even many years before the main symptoms of the disease develop. The associations between olfactory loss and cognition in PD are evaluated in this study. Methods 31 patients with PD and 31 healthy subjects were included in this study. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr Scale (H&Y Scale) were administered to all subjects. Butanol threshold test and Sniffin'Sticks test were used to assess olfaction. The Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) were used to assess cognition. Results The Sniffin'Sticks test scores were significantly lower in the Parkinson group in comparison to the control group (p<0.001). The rate of anosmia was 90% in the PD group while this rate was found to be 54.8% in control group (p=0.005). A significant correlation was found between butanol test scores and stoop 5 and 5 errors. Significant correlations were found between the Sniffin'Sticks scores and MMSE scores (p=0.047) and orientation (p=0.041) and language (p=0.003) functions of the MMSE test. Worse olfaction was associated with worse memory. Conclusions In PD, olfactory impairment correlates with cognitive impairment and olfactory tests may be used to predict the likelihood of developing dementia in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilüfer Büyükkoyuncu Pekel
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Science, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Demet Yildiz
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Science, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Taymur
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Science, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ersin Budak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Health Science, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Suay Özmen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Science, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Çağla Çapkur
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Health Science, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Meral Seferoğlu
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Science, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aygül Güneş
- Department of Neurology, University of Health Science, Bursa Yüksek İhtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Deniz Siğirli
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Uludağ, School of Medicine, Bursa, Turkey
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Lin YQ, Cui SS, Du JJ, Li G, He YX, Zhang PC, Fu Y, Huang P, Gao C, Li BY, Chen SD. N1 and P1 Components Associate With Visuospatial-Executive and Language Functions in Normosmic Parkinson's Disease: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:18. [PMID: 30804778 PMCID: PMC6370661 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hyposmia is one of the most important clinical markers of Parkinson's disease (PD) with a prevalence ranging from 50 to 96% of PD patients. A significant association was found between hyposmia and cognitive impairment of PD. However, there were no reports of event-related potentials (ERP) performance in PD patients with and without hyposmia for cognitive functions assessment. Purpose: The aim of our study was to compare ERP performance and its association with cognitive domains between PD with and without hyposmia. Methods: Olfactory functions were assessed by Sniffin' Sticks test-16 (SS-16). Twenty-four subjects were included in PD with hyposmia group and nineteen were in PD without hyposmia group. ERP measures were recorded during a delayed match to sample (DMS) task with Chinese characters. The parameters of ERP components including N1, N2, P1, P2, and P3 in retrieval epoch were compared between the two groups and the correlation between ERP results and MOCA item score was also analyzed. Results: No significant difference was found in ERP performance between PD with and without hyposmia. Among all participants, N1 latency was significantly negatively related to visuospatial-executive item score of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA) (r s = -0.381, P = 0.012) and P1 amplitude was positively associated with language item score of MOCA (r s = 0.302, P = 0.049). Within the normosmic group, a significant association was found between N1 latency and visuospatial-executive item score (r s = -0.619, P = 0.005) and there was also a correlation between language score and P1 amplitude (r s = 0.537, P = 0.018). In the hyposmic group, only a significant correlation was found between N1 latency and clock drawing test performance (r s = -0.413, P = 0.045) rather than visuospatial-executive item score. Furthermore, SS-16 score was not found to be significantly associated with either visuospatial-executive or language item score of MOCA. Conclusion: No significant difference was found in ERP components between PD with and without hyposmia. N1 latency and P1 amplitude were respectively associated with visuospatial-executive and language functions in the normosmic group while in the hyposmic group, only a significant correlation was found between N1 latency and clock drawing test performance rather than visuospatial-executive item score in MOCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Qi Lin
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Shuang Cui
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Juan Du
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gen Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Xi He
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Huang
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin-Yin Li
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Di Chen
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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25
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Gjerde KV, Müller B, Skeie GO, Assmus J, Alves G, Tysnes OB. Hyposmia in a simple smell test is associated with accelerated cognitive decline in early Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2018; 138:508-514. [PMID: 30058142 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Olfactory dysfunction has been related to cognitive deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), but evidence is conflicting and little is known about the relationship between these symptoms in early PD. Our objective was to study the association between smell deficits measured with a simple odor identification test at diagnosis of PD and the subsequent risk of cognitive decline. MATERIALS & METHODS One hundred and ninety two PD patients from a population-based study were examined at time of diagnosis, before initiation of dopaminergic treatment, with follow-up of 177 patients after 3 years, 162 patients after 5 years and 146 patients after 7 years. Cognitive function was assessed repeatedly with tests of global cognition, verbal memory, visuospatial abilities, processing speed, and executive function. Olfactory function was tested with a simple odor identification test at baseline. Associations between outcome measures and hyposmia were assessed by linear mixed effects models. RESULTS After 7 years, there were significant differences in global cognition (B: 1.96 (95% CI: 0.68, 3.24), P = 0.0031), verbal memory including immediate recall (B: 5.36 (95% CI: 2.04, 8.67), P = 0.0018) and delayed recall (B: 1.55 (95% CI: 0.51, 2.59), P = 0.0041) and word reading speed (B: 6.90 (95% CI: 2.17, 11.63), P = 0.0048) between hyposmic and normosmic PD patients. CONCLUSIONS The decline of cognitive function in early PD is more rapid in patients with hyposmia at diagnosis, compared to normosmic ones. A simple smell test may contribute to identify patients at risk of accelerated decline in global cognition, verbal memory, and processing speed within the first 7 years from diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Varden Gjerde
- Division of Psychiatry; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine (K1); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - Bernd Müller
- Department of Clinical Medicine (K1); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Geir Olve Skeie
- Department of Clinical Medicine (K1); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Jörg Assmus
- Centre for Clinical Research; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
| | - Guido Alves
- Department of Neurology; Stavanger University Hospital; Stavanger Norway
- The Norwegian Centre for Movement Disorders; Stavanger University Hospital; Stavanger Norway
- Department of Mathematics and Natural Sciences; University of Stavanger; Stavanger Norway
| | - Ole-Bjørn Tysnes
- Department of Clinical Medicine (K1); University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
- Department of Neurology; Haukeland University Hospital; Bergen Norway
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Lee HR, Park JH, Han SW, Baik JS. Cognition, Olfaction and Uric Acid in Early de novo Parkinson's Disease. J Mov Disord 2018; 11:139-144. [PMID: 30304927 PMCID: PMC6182300 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
Cognitive impairment is one of the nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD), and olfactory dysfunction is used as a marker to detect premotor stages of PD. Serum uric acid (sUA) levels have been found to be a risk factor for PD. Our objective in this study was to examine whether sUA levels are associated with cognitive changes and olfactory dysfunction in early de novo PD patients. Methods
The study participants included 196 de novo PD patients. We assessed cognitive function by the Korean versions of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment and assessed olfactory function by the Korean version of the Sniffin’ Sticks test. Results
The mean sUA level was 4.7 mg/dL and was significantly lower in women than in men. Cognitive scores were lower in women, suggesting that sUA levels were related to cognitive function. The olfactory functions were not related to sUA level but were clearly associated with cognitive scores. Olfactory threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification were all significantly related to cognitive scores. Conclusion
We conclude that lower sUA levels were associated with cognitive impairment, not olfactory dysfunction, in de novo PD patients. This finding suggests that UA is neuroprotective as an antioxidant in the cognitive function of PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwa Reung Lee
- Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Neurology, Neuroscience Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Hyun Park
- Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Won Han
- Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Sam Baik
- Department of Neurology, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Masala C, Solla P, Liscia A, Defazio G, Saba L, Cannas A, Cavazzana A, Hummel T, Haehner A. Correlation among olfactory function, motors' symptoms, cognitive impairment, apathy, and fatigue in patients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2018; 265:1764-1771. [PMID: 29804147 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-8913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually considered as a movement disorder, it is strongly associated with non-motor symptoms (NMS), including smell and taste dysfunctions, cognitive impairment, apathy, fatigue, and autonomic dysregulation. Olfactory deficit is considered the most common NMS in PD preceding the motor symptoms for years. The aim of this study was to investigate olfactory function, cognitive impairment, apathy, and fatigue in patients with PD in comparison with healthy controls, and subsequently to analyse the correlations between these NMS and motor symptoms severity in subjects with PD. One hundred and forty-seven participants were enrolled (96 PD patients, mean age in years 67.5, SD 7.2; 51 healthy controls; mean age 65.1, SD 11.8). Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin' Sticks test (odor detection threshold, discrimination and identification). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) was used to assess cognitive impairment. Apathy was examined by the self-report version of Starkstein Apathy Scale and fatigue was evaluated with the Parkinson's Disease Fatigue Scale. PD patients showed severe impairment in odor detection threshold, discrimination, and identification compared to healthy controls. Moreover, in PD patients, apathy and fatigue scores were significantly increased, while MoCA scores were decreased in comparison with controls. Multivariate linear regression analyses showed that both apathy and Unified PD Rating Scale (UPDRS) were associated with odor identification, discrimination and Threshold-Discrimination-Identification (TDI) score. In conclusion, our results reported changes in apathy and motor disability as significant predictors in alterations of odor identification, discrimination and TDI score. Furthermore, these data suggest that olfactory dysfunction might progress in tight relation with motor impairment UPDRS but also with non-motor symptoms such as apathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Paolo Solla
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. .,Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - A Liscia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - G Defazio
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - L Saba
- Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria (A.O.U.), University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Cannas
- Movement Disorders Center, Department of Neurology, Institute of Neurology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Cavazzana
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - T Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Haehner
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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28
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Mao CJ, Wang F, Chen JP, Yang YP, Chen J, Huang JY, Liu CF. Odor selectivity of hyposmia and cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease. Clin Interv Aging 2017; 12:1637-1644. [PMID: 29070942 PMCID: PMC5640420 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s147588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Hyposmia is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and can precede the onset of motor symptoms by years. Most of the current olfactory detection tests are targeted at Western populations. The exact relationship between hyposmia and cognitive impairment is unknown. The purpose of the study was to find bromines that can effectively identify olfactory dysfunction and investigate the relationship between hyposmia and cognitive function in early, non-demented, drug-naïve patients with PD in the People’s Republic of China. Methods Sixty-three early, non-demented, drug-naïve patients with PD and 55 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. The T&T olfactometer and a Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were applied to assess subjects’ olfactory and cognitive functions. Patients with PD also completed the Modified Unified Parkinson’s disease-rating scale (UPDRS) and Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) scale. Results Patients with PD had lower scores of visuospatial and executive function (p=0.000), attention (p=0.03), and delayed recall (p=0.001) than controls. β-phenylethyl alcohol (floral smell, smell of rose petals) and isovaleric acid (smell of sweat, stuffy socks) were more sensitive for identifying hyposmia in patients with PD than three other odors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that impaired visuospatial and executive function was associated with hyposmia (p=0.013), but was independent of other PD-associated variables. Conclusion Hyposmia was common in early, non-demented, drug-naïve PD patients. β-Phenylethyl alcohol and isovaleric acid were more superior for identifying hyposmia in early non-demented Chinese patients with PD. Hyposmia was associated with impaired visuospatial and executive function in patients with PD. Further prospective studies that apply a series of neuropsychological tests and functional magnetic resonance imaging methods in large samples in multicenter studies are needed to confirm our findings and to investigate the relationship between hyposmia and cognitive function with disease progression in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jie Mao
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Fen Wang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou
| | - Ju-Ping Chen
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Changshu Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changshu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Ping Yang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Juan-Ying Huang
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University
| | - Chun-Feng Liu
- Department of Neurology and Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University.,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou
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Tarakad A, Jankovic J. Anosmia and Ageusia in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:541-556. [PMID: 28802932 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Anosmia, the loss of sense of smell, is a common nonmotor feature of Parkinson's disease (PD). Ageusia, the loss of sense of taste, is additionally an underappreciated nonmotor feature of PD. The olfactory tract is involved early in PD as indicated by frequent occurrence of hyposmia or anosmia years or decades before motor symptoms and by autopsy studies showing early synuclein pathology in the olfactory tract and anterior olfactory nucleus even in the early stages of PD. Testing for olfaction consists of evaluation of olfactory thresholds, smell identification and discrimination, and olfactory memory. Testing for gustation involves evaluating thresholds and discrimination of five basic tastes (salty, sweet, bitter, sour, and umami). The presence of a specific pattern of loss in both olfaction and gustation in PD has been proposed, but this has not yet been confirmed. Within PD, olfactory loss is strongly tied with cognitive status though links to other features of PD or a particular PD phenotype is debated. Hyposmia is more often present and typically more severe in PD patients than other parkinsonian syndromes, making it a potentially useful biomarker for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Tarakad
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorder Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorder Clinic, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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30
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Chang A, Fox SH. Psychosis in Parkinson's Disease: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management. Drugs 2017; 76:1093-118. [PMID: 27312429 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-016-0600-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic symptoms are common in Parkinson's disease (PD) and are associated with poorer quality of life and increased caregiver burden. PD psychosis is correlated with several factors, such as more advanced disease, cognitive impairment, depression, and sleep disorders. The underlying causes of psychosis in PD thus involve a complex interplay between exogenous (e.g., drugs, intercurrent illnesses) and endogenous (e.g., PD disease pathology) factors. Current theories of the pathophysiology of PD psychosis have come from several neuropathological and neuroimaging studies that implicate pathways involving visual processing and executive function, including temporo-limbic structures and neocortical gray matter with altered neurotransmitter functioning (e.g., dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine). Treatment of PD psychosis requires a step-wise process, including initial careful investigation of treatable triggering conditions and a comprehensive evaluation with adjustment of PD medications and/or initiation of specific antipsychotic therapies. Clozapine remains the only recommended drug for the treatment of PD psychosis; however, because of regular blood monitoring, quetiapine is usually first-line therapy, although less efficacious. Emerging studies have focused on agents involving other neurotransmitters, including the serotonin 5-HT2A receptor inverse agonist pimavanserin, cholinesterase inhibitors, and antidepressants and anxiolytics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Chang
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 7th Floor, McLaughlin Pavilion, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Neurology, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Susan H Fox
- Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Clinic, University of Toronto, Toronto Western Hospital, 7th Floor, McLaughlin Pavilion, 399 Bathurst Street, Toronto, ON, M5T 2S8, Canada.
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31
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Domellöf ME, Lundin KF, Edström M, Forsgren L. Olfactory dysfunction and dementia in newly diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2017; 38:41-47. [PMID: 28242255 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies report that up to 90% of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) have olfactory dysfunction (hyposmia). Hyposmia has also been connected to cognitive impairment and dementia in PD, but no studies of newly diagnosed patients followed longer than three years exists. The present study investigates the prevalence of olfactory dysfunction at PD diagnosis, how it evolves over time and whether hyposmia increases the risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease. METHODS Olfactory function was assessed with Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT) in 125 newly diagnosed patients with PD. They were followed for a maximum of 10 years (median six years) with extensive investigations at baseline, 12, 36, 60 and 96 months. Patients with B-SIT<9 were considered hyposmic. RESULTS Hyposmia was found in 73% of the patients at diagnosis. During the follow up period of ten years 42 (46%) patients with hyposmia at baseline developed dementia compared to seven (21%) of the normosmic patients. Cox proportional hazards model showed that hyposmia at baseline (controlled for age, gender, UPDRS III and Mild Cognitive Impairment) increased the risk of developing dementia (hazard ratio (95%CI): 3.29 (1.44-7.52), p = 0.005). Only one of 22 patients with normal cognition and normal olfaction at baseline developed dementia. CONCLUSIONS Olfactory dysfunction was common at the time of PD diagnosis and increased the risk of dementia up to ten years after PD diagnosis regardless of baseline cognitive function. Normal olfaction together with normal cognition at baseline predicted a benign cognitive course up to ten years after diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl-Fredrik Lundin
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Mona Edström
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Sweden
| | - Lars Forsgren
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Sweden
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Biomarkers of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 133:259-289. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Whitcroft KL, Cuevas M, Haehner A, Hummel T. Patterns of olfactory impairment reflect underlying disease etiology. Laryngoscope 2016; 127:291-295. [PMID: 27556251 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether the pattern of olfactory impairment seen in psychophysical testing reflects underlying disease etiology. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 1,226 patients from our tertiary referral center. Only hyposmic patients with the following conditions were included: postinfectious hyposmia, posttraumatic hyposmia, hyposmia secondary to sinonasal disease, and hyposmia secondary to Parkinson disease. Patients with anosmia were excluded. RESULTS Using a repeated measures analysis of variance (within subject factor "test": threshold [T], discrimination [D], identification [I]; between subject factor: "etiology") with posthoc Bonferroni corrected t tests, we found significant interaction between the factors "test" and "etiology" (F6,2444 = 8.46, P < 0.001), indicating that different causes of hyposmia produce different patterns of olfactory loss with respect to the individual subtests T, D, and I . Specifically, patients with Parkinson disease performed relatively well in odor threshold testing, but poorly in odor identification and discrimination compared with the other etiology groups. Conversely, patients with sinonasal disease performed well in odor identification and discrimination but poorly in odor threshold. Patients with postinfectious and posttraumatic hyposmia performed relatively well in both thresholds and discrimination but poorly in identification. However, patients with posttraumatic hyposmia had globally reduced scores compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION This is the first study to comprehensively show that patterns of olfactory impairment reflect underlying disease etiology. We suggest that multicomponent olfactory testing should be performed, especially if there is diagnostic uncertainty. However, to clearly separate different patterns of olfactory loss to the various causes at an individual level, more work is needed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:291-295, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Whitcroft
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mandy Cuevas
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Rossi M, Escobar AM, Bril A, Millar Vernetti P, De Palo JI, Cerquetti D, Merello M. Motor features in Parkinson's disease with normal olfactory function. Mov Disord 2016; 31:1414-7. [PMID: 27277396 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Normosmic Parkinson's disease (PD) might be a unique clinical phenotype with a more benign course when compared with hyposmic PD. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate motor features and the acute levodopa response according to olfactory function. METHODS A total of 169 de novo PD patients that underwent olfactory testing and acute levodopa challenge for clinical prediction of sustained long-term dopaminergic response were evaluated. RESULTS The overall frequency of normosmia was 33%. Normosmic PD patients scored nonsignificantly different to hyposmic/anosmic patients on motor scale and on degree of improvement with levodopa. Motor scores at follow-up were comparable among groups. CONCLUSIONS Normal olfactory function is common in early PD and was not associated with a different motor phenotype when compared with PD patients with olfactory dysfunction. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alex Medina Escobar
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea Bril
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Patricio Millar Vernetti
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan Ignacio De Palo
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Cerquetti
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Merello
- Movement Disorders Section, Neuroscience Department, Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Olfactory dysfunction is related to postoperative delirium in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2016; 123:589-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00702-016-1555-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Loss of awareness of hyposmia is associated with mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 22:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Solís-Vivanco R, Rodríguez-Violante M, Rodríguez-Agudelo Y, Schilmann A, Rodríguez-Ortiz U, Ricardo-Garcell J. The P3a wave: A reliable neurophysiological measure of Parkinson’s disease duration and severity. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:2142-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Lee DH, Oh JS, Ham JH, Lee JJ, Lee I, Lee PH, Kim JS, Sohn YH. Is normosmic Parkinson disease a unique clinical phenotype? Neurology 2015; 85:1270-5. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Weiser M, Garibaldi G. Quantifying motivational deficits and apathy: a review of the literature. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1060-81. [PMID: 25863434 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Varying definitions of apathy in the published literature and a lack of a consensus regarding diagnostic criteria make the identification and quantification of apathy difficult in both clinical trials and clinical practice. The Apathy Evaluation Scale was developed specifically to assess apathy, but variations in the threshold values defined for clinically significant apathy diminish its use as a screening tool in clinical trials, although it has demonstrated sensitivity to changes in treatment in a number of studies. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory contains an Apathy subscale, which has been used to identify clinical trial populations (with a consistent threshold value) and measure changes following treatment. Few of the other assessment tools currently used in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders are specific for apathy or explore it in any depth, most have not been validated in the general population, do not have cut-off points representing clinically significant apathy, and its changes over time and in response to treatment. Further research is required to address these issues in order to facilitate the quantification of apathy and its natural history. Such research should be conducted with the aim of developing new, specific tools for use across neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Weiser
- Departments of Psychiatry, Tel Aviv University and Sheba Medical Center, Israel.
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Su M, Wang S, Fang W, Zhu Y, Li R, Sheng K, Zou D, Han Y, Wang X, Cheng O. Alterations in the limbic/paralimbic cortices of Parkinson's disease patients with hyposmia under resting-state functional MRI by regional homogeneity and functional connectivity analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2015; 21:698-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Rossi M, Perez-Lloret S, Millar Vernetti P, Drucaroff L, Costanzo E, Ballesteros D, Bril A, Cerquetti D, Guinjoan S, Merello M. Olfactory Dysfunction Evaluation Is Not Affected by Comorbid Depression in Parkinson's Disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30:1275-9. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malco Rossi
- Movement Disorders Section; Neuroscience Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
| | - Santiago Perez-Lloret
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Experimental Pharmacology; Institute for Biomedical Research (BIOMED), School of Medical Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA); Buenos Aires Argentina
- Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Patricio Millar Vernetti
- Movement Disorders Section; Neuroscience Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
| | - Lucas Drucaroff
- Cognitive Neurology and Psychiatry Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
| | - Elsa Costanzo
- Cognitive Neurology and Psychiatry Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
| | - Diego Ballesteros
- Movement Disorders Section; Neuroscience Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
| | - Andrea Bril
- Movement Disorders Section; Neuroscience Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
| | - Daniel Cerquetti
- Movement Disorders Section; Neuroscience Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
| | - Salvador Guinjoan
- Cognitive Neurology and Psychiatry Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
| | - Marcelo Merello
- Movement Disorders Section; Neuroscience Department; Raul Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI); Montañeses Argentina
- Argentine National Scientific and Technological Research Council (CONICET); Buenos Aires Argentina
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Sharer JD, Leon-Sarmiento FE, Morley JF, Weintraub D, Doty RL. Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: Positive effect of cigarette smoking. Mov Disord 2015; 30:859-62. [PMID: 25545729 PMCID: PMC4439272 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is compelling evidence from over 60 epidemiological studies that smoking significantly reduces the risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). In general, those who currently smoke cigarettes, as well as those with a past history of such smoking, have a reduced risk of PD compared to those who have never smoked. Recently it has been suggested that a cardinal nonmotor sensory symptom of PD, olfactory dysfunction, may be less severe in PD patients who smoke than in PD patients who do not, in contrast to the negative effect of smoking on olfaction described in the general population. METHODS We evaluated University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) scores from 323 PD patients and 323 controls closely matched individually on age, sex, and smoking history (never, past, or current). RESULTS Patients exhibited much lower UPSIT scores than did the controls (P < 0.0001). The relative decline in dysfunction of the current PD smokers was less than that of the never- and past-PD smokers (respective Ps = 0.0005 and 0.0019). Female PD patients outperformed their male counterparts by a larger margin than did the female controls (3.66 vs. 1.07 UPSIT points; respective Ps < 0.0001 and 0.06). Age-related declines in UPSIT scores were generally present (P < 0.0001). No association between the olfactory measure and smoking dose, as indexed by pack-years, was evident. CONCLUSIONS PD patients who currently smoke do not exhibit the smoking-related decline in olfaction observed in non-PD control subjects who currently smoke. The physiological basis of this phenomenon is yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D. Sharer
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fidias E. Leon-Sarmiento
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - James F. Morley
- Parkinson’s Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Philadelphia Veterans Administration Medical Center
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard L. Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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den Brok MG, van Dalen JW, van Gool WA, Moll van Charante EP, de Bie RM, Richard E. Apathy in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mov Disord 2015; 30:759-69. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Willem A. van Gool
- Department of Neurology; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob M.A. de Bie
- Department of Neurology; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; The Netherlands
| | - Edo Richard
- Department of Neurology; Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen; The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Academic Medical Center Amsterdam; The Netherlands
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Hong JY, Sunwoo MK, Ham JH, Lee JJ, Lee PH, Sohn YH. Apathy and olfactory dysfunction in early Parkinson's disease. J Mov Disord 2015; 8:21-5. [PMID: 25614782 PMCID: PMC4298715 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.14029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Olfactory and emotional dysfunctions are very common in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Olfaction and emotions share common neuroanatomical substrates. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the association between olfactory and emotional dysfunctions in patients with PD. Methods Parkinson’s disease patients who had been assessed for their olfactory function and neuropsychiatric symptoms including emotional dysfunction were included. A logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between low olfaction and different neuropsychiatric symptoms. Results The patients with low olfaction (cross cultural smell identification test score ≤ 6) showed a higher prevalence of apathy when compared with those with high olfaction, whereas the frequencies of other neuropsychiatric symptoms were comparable between the two groups. A multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the presence of apathy/indifference [odds ratio (OR) = 2.859, p = 0.007], age 70 years or more (OR = 2.281, p = 0.009), and the male gender (OR = 1.916, p = 0.030) were significantly associated with low olfaction. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that apathy/indifference is a unique emotional dysfunction associated with olfactory dysfunction in PD. The findings also suggest that PD patients with low olfaction have a high prevalence of apathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yong Hong
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea ; Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Mun Kyung Sunwoo
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea ; Department of Neurology, Bundang Jesaeng General Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Ham
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Jae Jung Lee
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea ; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
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Oh YS, Lee JE, Lee PH, Kim JS. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in Parkinson's disease dementia are associated with increased caregiver burden. J Mov Disord 2015; 8:26-32. [PMID: 25614783 PMCID: PMC4298716 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.14019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD). Frequent and severe neuropsychiatric symptoms create high levels of distress for patients and caregivers, decreasing their quality of life. The aim of this study was to investigate neuropsychiatric symptoms that may contribute to increased caregiver burden in PDD patients. Methods Forty-eight PDD patients were assessed using the 12-item Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) to determine the frequency and severity of mental and behavioral problems. The Burden Interview and Caregiver Burden Inventory were used to evaluate caregiver burden. Results All but one patient showed one or more neuropsychiatric symptoms. The three most frequent neuropsychiatric symptoms were apathy (70.8%) and anxiety (70.8%), followed by depression (68.7%). More severe neuropsychiatric symptoms were significantly correlated with increased caregiver burden. The domains of delusion, hallucination, agitation and aggression, anxiety, irritability and lability, and aberrant motor behavior were associated with caregiver stress. After controlling for age and other potential confounding variables, total NPI score was significantly associated with caregiver burden. Conclusions The results of this study confirm that neuropsychiatric symptoms are frequent and severe in patients with PDD and are associated with increased caregiver distress. A detailed evaluation and management of neuropsychiatric symptoms in PDD patients appears necessary to improve patient quality of life and reduce caregiver burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Sang Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji E Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong-Seok Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Hanoğlu L, Hakyemez HA, Özer F, Özben S, Demirci S, Oğuz Akarsu E. Relation between Olfactory Dysfunction and Episodic Verbal Memory in Early Parkinson's Disease. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2014; 51:389-394. [PMID: 28360659 DOI: 10.5152/npa.2014.7353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Olfactory dysfunction is an early and common symptom in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD). Recently, the relation between olfactory dysfunction and cognitive loss in IPD has been reported. In our study, we aimed to investigate the relation between olfactory dysfunction and cognitive impairments in early IPD related with this theory. METHODS In this study, we included 28 patients with stage 1 and stage 2 IPD according to the Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) scale and 19 healthy participants. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was performed for evaluating olfactory function. For cognitive investigation in participants, the clock drawing test, Stroop test, verbal fluency test, Benton face recognition test (BFR), Benton line judgment orientation test (BLO), and Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT) were performed. RESULTS We found significantly lower UPSIT scores in the patient group compared to controls (p=.018). In the neuropsychological investigation, only Stroop test and BLOT test scores were significantly lower in the patient group compared to controls (p=.003, p=.002, respectively). We found a negative correlation between UPSIT scores and Stroop time (p=.033) and Stroop error (p=.037) and a positive correlation between UPSIT scores and SBST long-term memory scores (p=.016) in patients. CONCLUSION In our study, we found mild cognitive impairment related with visuospatial and executive functions in early-stage IPD compared to controls. But, in the patient group, we detected a different impairment pattern of memory and frontal functions that correlated with hyposmia. This different pattern might be indicating a subgroup of IPD characterized by low performance in episodic verbal memory, with accompanying olfactory dysfunction in the early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lütfü Hanoğlu
- Medipol University Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Feriha Özer
- Ordu University Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Serkan Özben
- Kafkas University Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Kars, Turkey
| | - Sema Demirci
- Medipol University Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Oğuz Akarsu
- Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital, Department of Neurology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Yuan TF, Slotnick BM. Roles of olfactory system dysfunction in depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2014; 54:26-30. [PMID: 24879990 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory system is involved in sensory functions, emotional regulation and memory formation. Olfactory bulbectomy in rat has been employed as an animal model of depression for antidepressant discovery studies for many years. Olfaction is impaired in animals suffering from chronic stress, and patients with clinical depression were reported to have decreased olfactory function. It is believed that the neurobiological bases of depression might include dysfunction in the olfactory system. Further, brain stimulation, including nasal based drug delivery could provide novel therapies for management of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, China.
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Attems J, Walker L, Jellinger KA. Olfactory bulb involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:459-75. [PMID: 24554308 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common and early symptom of many neurodegenerative diseases, particularly of Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and mild cognitive impairment heralding its progression to dementia. The neuropathologic changes of olfactory dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases may involve the olfactory epithelium, olfactory bulb/tract, primary olfactory cortices, and their secondary targets. Olfactory dysfunction is related to deposition of pathological proteins, α-synuclein, hyperphosphorylated tau protein, and neurofilament protein in these areas, featured by neurofibrillary tangles, Lewy bodies and neurites inducing a complex cascade of molecular processes including oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, and cytosolic disruption of cellular processes leading to cell death. Damage to cholinergic, serotonergic, and noradrenergic systems is likely involved, since such damage is most marked in those diseases with severe anosmia. Recent studies of olfactory dysfunction have focused its potential as an early biomarker for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders and their disease progression. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on neuropathological and pathophysiological changes of the olfactory system in the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases, in particular AD and synucleinopathies. We also present neuropathological findings in the olfactory bulb and tract in a large autopsy cohort (n = 536, 57.8 % female, mean age 81.3 years). The severity of olfactory bulb HPτ, Aβ, and αSyn pathology correlated and increased significantly (P < 0.001) with increasing neuritic Braak stages, Thal Aβ phases, and cerebral Lewy body pathology, respectively. Hence, further studies are warranted to investigate the potential role of olfactory biopsies (possibly restricted to the olfactory epithelium) in the diagnostic process of neurodegenerative diseases in particular in clinical drug trials to identify subjects showing early, preclinical stages of neurodegeneration and to stratify clinically impaired cohorts according to the underlying cerebral neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Attems
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Yang HJ, Kim YE, Yun JY, Kim HJ, Jeon BS. Identifying the clusters within nonmotor manifestations in early Parkinson's disease by using unsupervised cluster analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91906. [PMID: 24643014 PMCID: PMC3958413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Classical and data-driven classifications of Parkinson's disease (PD) are based primarily on motor symptoms, with little attention being paid to the clustering of nonmotor manifestations. Methods Clinical data on demographic, motor and nonmotor features, including the Korean version of the sniffin' stick (KVSS) test results, and responses to the screening questionnaire of the nonmotor features were collected from 56 PD patients with disease onset within 3 years. Nonmotor subgroups were classified using unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). In addition to unsupervised HCA, we performed a cross-sectional analysis comparing the performance on the KVSS olfactory test with other nonmotor manifestations of the patients. Results Forty-nine patients (87.5%) had hyposmia based on the KVSS test. HCA suggested three nonmotor clusters for all PD patients and two nonmotor clusters in de novo PD patients, without a priori assumptions about the relatedness. In the cross-sectional analysis, dream-enactment behavior was more prevalent in patients with lower olfactory scores, implying impaired olfactory function (P = 0.029 for all PD patients; P = 0.046 for de novo PD patients). Conclusion We propose the existence of different clusters of nonmotor manifestations in early PD by using unsupervised hierarchical clustering. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report the identification of nonmotor subgroups based on unsupervised HCA of multiple nonmotor manifestations in the early stage of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Jun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Young Eun Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Yun
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Han-Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Seok Jeon
- Department of Neurology and Movement Disorder Center, Parkinson Study Group, Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lee JE, Cho KH, Ham JH, Song SK, Sohn YH, Lee PH. Olfactory performance acts as a cognitive reserve in non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 20:186-91. [PMID: 24262869 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore whether olfactory performance acts as a cognitive reserve in non-demented patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Patients with non-demented PD (n = 119) underwent T1-weighted MRI and olfactory identification tests. According to their olfactory performance, PD patients were subdivided into three groups of high score (PD-H, n = 38), middle score (PD-M, n = 48), and low score (PD-L, n = 33). We investigated the pattern of gray matter (GM) density according to olfactory performance using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and analyzed the correlation between GM density and olfactory performance. RESULTS No significant differences in demographic characteristics were observed among the groups. A neuropsychological test showed that cognitive deficits in verbal memory function were more severe in the PD-L group than in the PD-H group. However, a VBM analysis revealed that patients in the PD-H group possessed significantly decreased GM density in the bilateral temporal areas, orbitofrontal areas, mesiofrontal areas extending into the cingulate gyrus, and prefrontal areas, compared with patients in the PD-L group. No areas exhibiting a significant difference in GM density were observed between the PD-H and PD-M groups. Olfactory performance in patients with PD was negatively correlated with both the brain GM volume and intracerebral volume; in particular, GM density in the caudate nucleus and putamen exhibited a negative correlation with olfactory performance. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that a high olfactory performance may compensate GM volume loss in order to minimize the exhibition of cognitive impairment and thus may act as a cognitive reserve in non-demented patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji E Lee
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoo H Cho
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyun Ham
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sook K Song
- Department of Neurology, Jeju University College of Medicine, Jeju, South Korea
| | - Young H Sohn
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Phil Hyu Lee
- Department of Neurology and Brain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Seoul, South Korea.
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