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Yang YJ, Kim MJ, Yang JH, Heo JW, Kim HH, Kim WH, Kim GS, Lee HJ, Kim YW, Kim KY, Park KI. Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Sophora flavescens Aiton and Protective Effects against Alcohol-Induced Liver Injury and Oxidative Stress in Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:541. [PMID: 38790646 PMCID: PMC11117756 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the hepatoprotective effects of an ethanol extract of Sophora flavescens Aiton (ESF) on an alcohol-induced liver disease mouse model. Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) was caused by the administration of ethanol to male C57/BL6 mice who were given a Lieber-DeCarli liquid diet, including ethanol. The alcoholic fatty liver disease mice were orally administered ESF (100 and 200 mg/kg bw/day) or silymarin (50 mg/kg bw/day), which served as a positive control every day for 16 days. The findings suggest that ESF enhances hepatoprotective benefits by significantly decreasing serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT), markers for liver injury. Furthermore, ESF alleviated the accumulation of triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC), increased serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), and improved serum alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity in the alcoholic fatty liver disease mice model. Cells and organisms rely on the Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1- Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Keap1-Nrf2) system as a critical defensive mechanism in response to oxidative stress. Therefore, Nrf2 plays an important role in ALD antioxidant responses, and its level is decreased by increased reactive oxidation stress (ROS) in the liver. ESF increased Nrf2, which was decreased in ethanol-damaged livers. Additionally, four polyphenol compounds were identified through a qualitative analysis of the ESF using LC-MS/MS. This study confirmed ESF's antioxidative and hangover-elimination effects and suggested the possibility of using Sophora flavescens Aiton (SF) to treat ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Jin Yang
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Ju-Hye Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji Woong Heo
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hun Hwan Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Woo H. Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Gon Sup Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Hu-Jang Lee
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
| | - Young Woo Kim
- School of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Youn Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang Il Park
- Departments of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea; (Y.J.Y.); (M.J.K.); (J.W.H.); (H.H.K.); (W.H.K.); (G.S.K.); (H.-J.L.)
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Mukai R, Hata N. Tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics of isoxanthohumol from hops in rodents. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:2210-2219. [PMID: 38455172 PMCID: PMC10916623 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Vegetables and fruits contain prenylflavonoids with biological functions that might improve human health. The prenylflavonoid isoxanthohumol (IXA) and its derivative, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), have beneficial activities, including anti-cancer effects and suppression of insulin resistance. However, their pharmacokinetic profile is unclear. Previous studies suggested flavonoids have low systemic availability and are excreted via the feces. Therefore, this study investigated the tissue distribution dynamics of high-purity IXA (>90%) from hops administered orally, either singly (50 mg/kg body weight [BW]) or daily for 14 days (30 mg/kg BW), to mice. High-pressure liquid chromatography demonstrated that IXA was absorbed rapidly after a single administration and reached plasma maximum concentration (C max) (3.95 ± 0.81 μmol/L) by 0.5 h. IXA was present at high levels in the liver compared with the kidney, pancreas, lung, skeletal muscle, spleen, thymus, and heart. The highest IXA level after 14 days of IXA ingestion was observed in the liver, followed by the kidney, thymus, spleen, lung, and brain. There was no significant difference in IXA accumulation in tissues between the single and multiple dose groups. Analyses of the livers of rats treated with different concentrations of IXA (112.5-1500 mg/kg BW) once a day for 28 days demonstrated that IXA accumulated dose-dependently with a correlation coefficient of .813. The accumulation of 8-PN was dependent on the intake period but not the intake amount of IXA (correlation coefficient -.255). In summary, IXA and 8-PN were detected in tissues and organs up to 24 h after ingestion, suggesting that orally ingested IXA might have health benefits as a nutraceutical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Mukai
- Department of Food Science, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
| | - Natsumi Hata
- Department of Food Science, Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social SciencesTokushima UniversityTokushimaJapan
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Buckett L, Sus N, Spindler V, Rychlik M, Schoergenhofer C, Frank J. The Pharmacokinetics of Individual Conjugated Xanthohumol Metabolites Show Efficient Glucuronidation and Higher Bioavailability of Micellar than Native Xanthohumol in a Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Trial in Healthy Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200684. [PMID: 37721120 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Prenylated chalcones and flavonoids are found in many plants and are believed to have beneficial effects on health when consumed. Xanthohumol is present in beer and likely the most consumed prenylated chalcone, but poorly absorbed and rapidly metabolized and excreted, thus limiting its bioavailability. Micellar formulations of phytochemicals have been shown to improve bioavailability. METHODS AND RESULTS In a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial with five healthy (three males and two females) volunteers, a single dose of 43 mg was orally administered as a native or micellar formulation. The major human xanthohumol metabolites are quantified in plasma. Unmetabolized free xanthohumol makes 1% or less of total plasma xanthohumol. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve of xanthohumol-7-O-glucuronide following the ingestion of the micellular formulation is 5-fold higher and its maximum plasma concentration is more than 20-fold higher compared to native xanthohumol. CONCLUSION Metabolism of orally ingested xanthohumol is complex and efficiently converts the parent compound to predominantly glucuronic acid and to a lesser extent sulfate conjugates. The oral bioavailability of micellar xanthohumol is superior to native xanthohumol, making it a useful delivery form for future human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance Buckett
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Nadine Sus
- Department of Food Biofunctionality (140b), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Veronika Spindler
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof Forum 2, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian Schoergenhofer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Jan Frank
- Department of Food Biofunctionality (140b), Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
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Krajnović T, Pantelić NĐ, Wolf K, Eichhorn T, Maksimović-Ivanić D, Mijatović S, Wessjohann LA, Kaluđerović GN. Anticancer Potential of Xanthohumol and Isoxanthohumol Loaded into SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica Particles against B16F10 Melanoma Cells. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15145028. [PMID: 35888494 PMCID: PMC9320346 DOI: 10.3390/ma15145028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) and isoxanthohumol (IXN), prenylated flavonoids from Humulus lupulus, have been shown to possess antitumor/cancerprotective, antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties. In this study, mesoporous silica (SBA-15) was loaded with different amounts of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol and characterized by standard analytical methods. The anticancer potential of XN and IXN loaded into SBA-15 has been evaluated against malignant mouse melanoma B16F10 cells. When these cells were treated with SBA-15 containing xanthohumol, an increase of the activity correlated with a higher immobilization rate of XN was observed. Considering the amount of XN loaded into SBA-15 (calculated from TGA), an improved antitumor potential of XN was observed (IC50 = 10.8 ± 0.4 and 11.8 ± 0.5 µM for SBA-15|XN2 and SBA-15|XN3, respectively; vs. IC50 = 18.5 ± 1.5 µM for free XN). The main mechanism against tumor cells of immobilized XN includes inhibition of proliferation and autophagic cell death. The MC50 values for SBA-15 loaded with isoxanthohumol were over 300 µg/mL in all cases investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Krajnović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.K.); (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
| | - Nebojša Đ. Pantelić
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (N.Đ.P.); (T.E.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Nemanjina 6, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (K.W.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Thomas Eichhorn
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (N.Đ.P.); (T.E.)
| | - Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.K.); (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
| | - Sanja Mijatović
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.K.); (D.M.-I.); (S.M.)
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (K.W.); (L.A.W.)
| | - Goran N. Kaluđerović
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany; (N.Đ.P.); (T.E.)
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; (K.W.); (L.A.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3461-46-2012
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Tanaka Y, Okuyama H, Nishikawa M, Ikushiro SI, Ikeda M, Ishima Y, Ukawa Y, Oe K, Terao J, Mukai R. 8-Prenylnaringenin tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics in mice and its binding to human serum albumin and cellular uptake in human embryonic kidney cells. Food Sci Nutr 2022; 10:1070-1080. [PMID: 35432956 PMCID: PMC9007292 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
8-Prenylnaringenin (8-PN), a hop flavonoid, is a promising food substance with health benefits. Compared with nonprenylated naringenin, 8-PN exhibits stronger estrogenic activity and prevents muscle atrophy. Moreover, 8-PN prevents hot flushes and bone loss. Considering that prenylation reportedly improves the bioavailability of flavonoids, we compared the parameters related to the bioavailability [pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in C57/BL6 mice, binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA), and cellular uptake in HEK293 cells] of 8-PN and its mother (non-prenylated) compound naringenin. C57/BL6 mice were fed an 8-PN or naringenin mixed diet for 22 days. The amount of 8-PN (nmol/g tissue) in the kidneys (16.8 ± 9.20), liver (14.8 ± 2.58), muscles (3.33 ± 0.60), lungs (2.07 ± 0.68), pancreas (1.80 ± 0.38), heart (1.71 ± 0.27), spleen (1.36 ± 0.29), and brain (0.31 ± 0.09) was higher than that of naringenin. A pharmacokinetic study in mice demonstrated that the C max of 8-PN (50 mg/kg body weight) was lower than that of naringenin; however, the plasma concentration of 8-PN 8 h after ingestion was higher than that of naringenin. The binding affinity of 8-PN to HSA and cellular uptake in HEK293 cells were higher than those of naringenin. 8-PN bioavailability features assessed in mouse or human model experiments were obviously different from those of naringenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Tanaka
- Department of Food Science Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Hitomi Okuyama
- Department of Food Science Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Miyu Nishikawa
- Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering Toyama Prefectural University Toyama Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Ikushiro
- Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Engineering Toyama Prefectural University Toyama Japan
| | - Mayumi Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Institute of Biomedical Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Yu Ishima
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics Institute of Biomedical Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
| | - Yuichi Ukawa
- Healthcare SBU Business Strategy Business Planning Daicel Corporation Tokyo Japan
| | - Kenichi Oe
- Healthcare SBU Business Strategy, R&D Daicel Corporation Niigata Japan
| | - Junji Terao
- Faculty of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Konan Women's University Hyogo Japan
| | - Rie Mukai
- Department of Food Science Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan.,Department of Food Science Graduate School of Technology, Industrial and Social Sciences Tokushima University Tokushima Japan
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Neumann HF, Frank J, Venturelli S, Egert S. Bioavailability and Cardiometabolic Effects of Xanthohumol: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 66:e2100831. [PMID: 34967501 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol is the main prenylflavonoid in hops and has been associated with a wide range of health benefits, due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and cancer-preventive properties. Increasing evidence suggests that xanthohumol positively affects biomarkers associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review summarizes the effects of xanthohumol supplementation on body weight, lipid and glucose metabolism, systemic inflammation, and redox status. In addition, it provides insights into the pharmacokinetics of xanthohumol intake. Animal studies show that xanthohumol exerts beneficial effects on body weight, lipid profile, glucose metabolism, and other biochemical parameters associated with metabolic syndrome and CVDs. Although in vitro studies are increasingly elucidating the responsible mechanisms, the overall in vivo results are currently inconsistent and quantitatively insufficient. Pharmacokinetic and safety studies confirm that intake of xanthohumol is safe and well tolerated in both animals and humans. However, little is known about the metabolism of xanthohumol in the human body, and even less about its effects on body weight and CVD risk factors. There is an urgent need for studies investigating whether the effects of xanthohumol on body weight and cardiometabolic parameters observed in animal studies are reproducible in humans, and what dosage, formulation, and intervention period are required. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Neumann
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Institute of Physiology, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Egert
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany.,Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Germany
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Bai HH, Xia TS, Jiang YP, Xu WM, Xu PC, Wang NN, Gou XJ, Xin HL. Absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetic profile of xanthohumol in rats as determined via UPLC-MS/MS. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2021; 43:11-22. [PMID: 34914109 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Xanthohumol, a natural isoflavone from Humulus lupulus L., possesses biological activities. However, the biological fate of xanthohumol in vivo remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the absorption and metabolism of xanthohumol in rats through UPLC-MS/MS. The plasma, urine and fecal samples were collected after oral administration of xanthohumol (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) in SD rats. The contents of xanthohumol and its metabolites were determined by UPLC-MS/MS. A total of 6 metabolites of xanthohumol were identified in rats, including methylated, glucuronidated, acid-catalyzed cyclization and oxidation, indicating xanthohumol underwent phase I and II metabolism. Besides, isoxanthohumol was the major metabolites of xanthohumol. Xanthohumol was rapidly absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated in rats. The pharmacokinetics results showed the Tmax of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol were 3 and 2.33 h, respectively. The AUC0-t of xanthohumol and isoxanthohumol were 138.83 ± 6.03 and 38.77 ± 4.46 ng/ml·h, respectively. Furthermore, xanthohumol was mainly excreted in the form of prototype through feces and a small amount of xanthohumol was excreted through urine. These results illustrated the absorption, metabolism, and pharmacokinetics process of xanthohumol in rats, and provided a reference for the further rational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Huan Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China.,Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ping Jiang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu-Mu Xu
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping-Cui Xu
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Na-Ni Wang
- Department of Medicine, Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Gou
- Baoshan District Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine of Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Liang Xin
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Kenda M, Glavač NK, Nagy M, Sollner Dolenc M. Herbal Products Used in Menopause and for Gynecological Disorders. Molecules 2021; 26:7421. [PMID: 34946512 PMCID: PMC8708702 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal products are often used as an alternative to pharmacological therapy. Menopausal symptoms and gynecological disorders (such as premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea) are the indications where pharmacological therapy may have serious adverse events, hence many women prefer to use herbal products to help with these symptoms. Here, we reviewed plants and derived products, which are commonly used for the abovementioned indications, focusing on clinical data, safely profile and whether or not their use is justified. We noted that limited data are available on the use of some plants for alleviating the symptoms of menopause and gynecological disorders. While black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemose) and red clover (Trifolium pretense) were consistently shown to help reduce menopausal symptoms in clinical studies, currently available data do not fully support the use of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum), hops (Humulus lupulus), valerian (Valeriana officinalis), and soybean (Glycine max and Glycine soja) for this indication. For premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder, chaste tree (Vitex agnus-castus) shows effectiveness, but more clinical studies are needed to confirm such effect upon the use of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maša Kenda
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (N.K.G.)
| | - Nina Kočevar Glavač
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (N.K.G.)
| | - Milan Nagy
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Pharmacy, 83232 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Marija Sollner Dolenc
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva Cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.K.); (N.K.G.)
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Nowak B, Matuszewska A, Popłoński J, Nikodem A, Filipiak J, Tomanik M, Dziewiszek W, Danielewski M, Belowska-Bień K, Kłobucki M, Sordon S, Jędrzejuk D, Ceremuga I, Trocha M, Sozański T, Piasecki T, Bolanowski M, Huszcza E, Szeląg A. Prenylflavonoids counteract ovariectomy-induced disturbances in rats. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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10
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Lu Y, Xu Y, Song MT, Qian LL, Liu XL, Gao RY, Han RM, Skibsted LH, Zhang JP. Promotion effects of flavonoids on browning induced by enzymatic oxidation of tyrosinase: structure-activity relationship. RSC Adv 2021; 11:13769-13779. [PMID: 35423946 PMCID: PMC8697750 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01369f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase, widely distributed in nature, is a copper-containing polyphenol oxidase involved in the formation of melanin. Flavonoids are most often considered as tyrosinase inhibitors but have also been confirmed to be tyrosinase substrates. Four structure-related flavonoids including flavones (apigenin and luteolin) and flavonols (kaempferol and quercetin) are found to promote not inhibit browning induced by tyrosinase catalyzed oxidation both in model systems and in mushrooms under aerobic conditions. A comparison with enzymatic oxidation and autooxidation of flavonoids alone has helped to clarify why flavonoids function as a substrate rather than an inhibitor. Flavonoids almost do not affect the kinetics of melanin formation from enzymatic oxidation of l-dopa in excess. In addition, a new brown complex formed during the reaction of flavonoid quinone and dopaquinone is suggested to enhance the browning effects by competing with isomerization and autooxidation. Structure-activity relationships of the four flavonoids in melanin formation leading to browning induced by autooxidation and enzymatic oxidation confirm the enzymatic nature of the browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Meng-Ting Song
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Ling-Ling Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Xiao-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Rong-Yao Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Rui-Min Han
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
| | - Leif H Skibsted
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen Rolighedsvej 30 DK-1958 Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Jian-Ping Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China Beijing 100872 China +86-10-6251-6444 +86-10-6251-6604
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12
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Tronina T, Popłoński J, Bartmańska A. Flavonoids as Phytoestrogenic Components of Hops and Beer. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184201. [PMID: 32937790 PMCID: PMC7570471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The value of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in beer production has been undisputed for centuries. Hops is rich in humulones and lupulones which gives the characteristic aroma and bitter taste, and preserves this golden drink against growing bacteria and molds. Besides α- and β-acids, the lupulin glands of hop cones excrete prenylated flavonoids, which exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities and therefore has therapeutic potential in humans. Recently, interest in hops was raised due to hop prenylated flavanones which show extraordinary estrogen activities. The strongest known phytoestrogen so far is 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), which along with 6-prenylanaringenin (6-PN), 6,8-diprenylnaringenin (6,8-DPN) and 8-geranylnaringenin (8-GN) are fundamental for the potent estrogen activity of hops. This review provides insight into the unusual hop phytoestrogens and shows numerous health benefits associated with their wide spectrum of biological activities including estrogenic, anticancer, neuropreventive, antinflamatory, and antimicrobial properties, which were intensively studied, and potential applications of these compounds such as, as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
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Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Giménez-Bastida JA, Espín JC, González-Sarrías A. Dietary Phenolics against Breast Cancer. A Critical Evidence-Based Review and Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165718. [PMID: 32784973 PMCID: PMC7461055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy and the leading cause of cancer-related death in adult women worldwide. Over 85% of BC cases are non-hereditary, caused by modifiable extrinsic factors related to lifestyle, including dietary habits, which play a crucial role in cancer prevention. Although many epidemiological and observational studies have inversely correlated the fruit and vegetable consumption with the BC incidence, the involvement of their phenolic content in this correlation remains contradictory. During decades, wrong approaches that did not consider the bioavailability, metabolism, and breast tissue distribution of dietary phenolics persist behind the large currently existing gap between preclinical and clinical research. In the present review, we provide comprehensive preclinical and clinical evidence according to physiologically relevant in vitro and in vivo studies. Some dietary phenolics such as resveratrol (RSV), quercetin, isoflavones, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), lignans, and curcumin are gaining attention for their chemopreventive properties in preclinical research. However, the clinical evidence of dietary phenolics as BC chemopreventive compounds is still inconclusive. Therefore, the only way to validate promising preclinical results is to conduct clinical trials in BC patients. In this regard, future perspectives on dietary phenolics and BC research are also critically discussed.
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Giménez‐Bastida JA, Ávila‐Gálvez MÁ, Espín JC, González‐Sarrías A. Conjugated Physiological Resveratrol Metabolites Induce Senescence in Breast Cancer Cells: Role of p53/p21 and p16/Rb Pathways, and ABC Transporters. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1900629. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201900629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Giménez‐Bastida
- Laboratory of Food and HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsDepartment of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS‐CSIC P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo Murcia Spain
| | - María Ángeles Ávila‐Gálvez
- Laboratory of Food and HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsDepartment of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS‐CSIC P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo Murcia Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food and HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsDepartment of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS‐CSIC P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo Murcia Spain
| | - Antonio González‐Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food and HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant FoodsDepartment of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS‐CSIC P.O. Box 164, 30100 Campus de Espinardo Murcia Spain
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Wang Y, Pan P, Li X, Zhu Q, Huang T, Ge RS. Food components and environmental chemicals of inhibiting human placental aromatase. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 128:46-53. [PMID: 30922969 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human placental CYP19A1 catalyzes the estrogen synthesis from androgens. The enzyme is encoded by CYP19A1 gene located in chromosome 15q21. This enzyme is a monooxygenase in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The various promoters of the CYP19A1 gene determine its expression in different tissues and the distal promoter I.1 controls its expression in the placenta and retinoids can regulate the expression. Many food components and environmental chemicals inhibit CYP19A1 activity via different modes of action. These chemicals include gossypol, flavones, flavanones, chalconoids, resveratrol, and tobacco alkaloids derived from foods as well as phthalates, insecticides, fungicides, and biocides in the contaminated foods. The inhibition of placental CYP19A1 could impair pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Peipei Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiqi Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tongliang Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ren-Shan Ge
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Bolton JL, Dunlap TL, Hajirahimkhan A, Mbachu O, Chen SN, Chadwick L, Nikolic D, van Breemen RB, Pauli GF, Dietz BM. The Multiple Biological Targets of Hops and Bioactive Compounds. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:222-233. [PMID: 30608650 PMCID: PMC6643004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Botanical dietary supplements for women's health are increasingly popular. Older women tend to take botanical supplements such as hops as natural alternatives to traditional hormone therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. Especially extracts from spent hops, the plant material remaining after beer brewing, are enriched in bioactive prenylated flavonoids that correlate with the health benefits of the plant. The chalcone xanthohumol (XH) is the major prenylated flavonoid in spent hops. Other less abundant but important bioactive prenylated flavonoids are isoxanthohumol (IX), 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), and 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN). Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that these flavonoids are conjugated rapidly with glucuronic acid. XH also undergoes phase I metabolism in vivo to form IX, 8-PN, and 6-PN. Several hop constituents are responsible for distinct effects linked to multiple biological targets, including hormonal, metabolic, inflammatory, and epigenetic pathways. 8-PN is one of the most potent phytoestrogens and is responsible for hops' estrogenic activities. Hops also inhibit aromatase activity, which is linked to 8-PN. The weak electrophile, XH, can activate the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway and turn on the synthesis of detoxification enzymes such as NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase 1 and glutathione S-transferase. XH also alkylates IKK and NF-κB, resulting in anti-inflammatory activity. Antiobesity activities have been described for XH and XH-rich hop extracts likely through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. Hop extracts modulate the estrogen chemical carcinogenesis pathway by enhancing P450 1A1 detoxification. The mechanism appears to involve activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) by the AhR agonist, 6-PN, leading to degradation of the estrogen receptor. Finally, prenylated phenols from hops are known inhibitors of P450 1A1/2; P450 1B1; and P450 2C8, 2C9, and 2C19. Understanding the biological targets of hop dietary supplements and their phytoconstituents will ultimately lead to standardized botanical products with higher efficacy, safety, and chemopreventive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Tareisha L. Dunlap
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Obinna Mbachu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Luke Chadwick
- Bell’s Brewery, 8938 Krum Avenue, Galesburg, Michigan 49053, United States
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, 305 Linus Pauling Science Center, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
- Center for Natural Product Technologies, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy (M/C 781), College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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Ávila‐Gálvez MÁ, García‐Villalba R, Martínez‐Díaz F, Ocaña‐Castillo B, Monedero‐Saiz T, Torrecillas‐Sánchez A, Abellán B, González‐Sarrías A, Espín JC. Metabolic Profiling of Dietary Polyphenols and Methylxanthines in Normal and Malignant Mammary Tissues from Breast Cancer Patients. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1801239. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201801239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Ávila‐Gálvez
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS‐CSICCampus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Rocío García‐Villalba
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS‐CSICCampus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Francisco Martínez‐Díaz
- Reina Sofía University HospitalService of Anatomical Pathology Avda. Intendente Jorge Palacios s/n 30003 Murcia Spain
| | - Beatriz Ocaña‐Castillo
- Reina Sofía University HospitalService of Anatomical Pathology Avda. Intendente Jorge Palacios s/n 30003 Murcia Spain
| | - Tamara Monedero‐Saiz
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS‐CSICCampus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Adela Torrecillas‐Sánchez
- Reina Sofía University HospitalService of Breast Unit Avda. Intendente Jorge Palacios s/n 30003 Murcia Spain
| | - Beatriz Abellán
- Reina Sofía University HospitalService of Surgery Avda. Intendente Jorge Palacios s/n 30003 Murcia Spain
| | - Antonio González‐Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS‐CSICCampus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food & HealthResearch Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS‐CSICCampus de Espinardo 30100 Murcia Spain
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Bartmańska A, Tronina T, Popłoński J, Milczarek M, Filip-Psurska B, Wietrzyk J. Highly Cancer Selective Antiproliferative Activity of Natural Prenylated Flavonoids. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112922. [PMID: 30423918 PMCID: PMC6278664 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) and four minor hops prenylflavonoids: α,β-dihydroxanthohumol (2HXN), isoxanthohumol (IXN), 8-prenylnaringenin (8PN), and 6-prenylnaringenin (6PN), were tested for antiproliferative activity towards human cancer and normal cell lines. Nonprenylated naringenin (NG) was used as a model compound. Xanthohumol, α,β-dihydroxanthohumol and 6-prenylnaringenin were the most active compounds. Xanthohumol exhibited higher antiproliferative activity than cisplatin (CP) against five cancer cell lines: ovarian resistant to cisplatin A2780cis, breast MDA-MB-231 and T-47D, prostate PC-3, and colon HT-29. Isoxanthohumol was more potent than cisplatin against breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-231 and T-47D whereas 6-prenylnaringenin was stronger than cisplatin against breast cancer cell line T-47D. It was found that tested chalcones possessed highly selective antiproliferative activity towards all tested breast cancer lines compared to the normal breast MCF 10A cell line (the calculated selectivity index ranged from 5 to 10). Low antiproliferative activity of naringenin indicates the importance of the prenyl group with respect to antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bartmańska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Tronina
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Popłoński
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, C.K. Norwida 25, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Milczarek
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Beata Filip-Psurska
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Joanna Wietrzyk
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, 53-114 Wrocław, Poland.
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Aichinger G, Beisl J, Marko D. The Hop Polyphenols Xanthohumol and 8-Prenyl-Naringenin Antagonize the Estrogenic Effects of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Human Endometrial Cancer Cells. Front Nutr 2018; 5:85. [PMID: 30283786 PMCID: PMC6156369 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2018.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fusarium toxin zearalenone (ZEN) and its reductive metabolite α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) are well-documented endocrine disruptors that are frequently found to contaminate cereal products, including beer. But also hop is known to represent a source for endocrine active compounds, containing amongst others xanthohumol (XAN), which might be converted to the potent phytoestrogen 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN). In the present study, we investigated the interaction of these xenoestrogens in mixtures which might occur in beer. Estrogenicity was measured as induction of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) expression in estrogen-sensitive Ishikawa cells. In binary combinations, XAN was found to act as a potent antagonist of mycotoxin-induced estrogenicity, significantly suppressing the AlP-inducing impact of both ZEN and α-ZEL at nanomolar concentrations. Also 8-PN antagonized the estrogenic stimulus of the two fungal metabolites, although less pronounced. These effects also manifested in combinations of three or four test compounds, and at the level of cell proliferation, that was assessed via an E-screen-like approach in Ishikawa cells. Of note, co-exposure to the investigated myco- and phyto-estrogens did not result in additive or overadditive/synergistic estrogenic effects in the applied test system. Being aware that the actual study is still limited to the in vitro situation, our results even suggest that prenylated chalkones from hops might protect against Fusarium toxin–induced endocrine disruptive activities at concentrations that can be reached by moderate beer consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Aichinger
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Beisl
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Ávila-Gálvez MÁ, Espín JC, González-Sarrías A. Physiological Relevance of the Antiproliferative and Estrogenic Effects of Dietary Polyphenol Aglycones versus Their Phase-II Metabolites on Breast Cancer Cells: A Call of Caution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:8547-8555. [PMID: 30025453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While preclinical studies suggest the breast cancer (BC) chemopreventive effects of dietary polyphenols, the human evidence is still very weak. The huge existing in vitro-in vivo gap is mainly due to the plethora of potential effects reported by in vitro studies that usually assay polyphenols as occurring in the food (beverages, extracts, foods) and/or derived aglycone metabolites with doubtful physiological relevance. Since phase-II metabolites can reach systemic tissues such as malignant breast tumors, we aimed here to compare for the first time the antiproliferative and estrogenic/antiestrogenic effects of dietary polyphenols and microbiota-derived metabolites (i.e., resveratrol, dihydroresveratrol, urolithins (A, B, and Isourolithin A), and the flavanone hesperetin), with those effects exerted by their physiologically relevant glucuronides and sulfates on human BC cell lines (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7). Results showed that aglycones exerted dose-dependent antiproliferative and estrogenic/antiestrogenic activities, but both their glucuronide and sulfate conjugates lacked these activities. In addition, aglycones underwent phase-II metabolism in BC cells, mainly via sulfation, which determined the cell-dependent differences in the effects observed. Therefore, phase-II metabolism limits the antiproliferative, estrogenic, and antiestrogenic activities of dietary polyphenols on BC cells. Likewise, as a call of caution, enthusiasm should be limited for publishing effects that are not physiologically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Ávila-Gálvez
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology , CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo , Murcia 30100 , Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology , CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo , Murcia 30100 , Spain
| | - Antonio González-Sarrías
- Laboratory of Food and Health, Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology , CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Campus de Espinardo , Murcia 30100 , Spain
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Štulíková K, Karabín M, Nešpor J, Dostálek P. Therapeutic Perspectives of 8-Prenylnaringenin, a Potent Phytoestrogen from Hops. Molecules 2018; 23:E660. [PMID: 29543713 PMCID: PMC6017581 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23030660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Hop (Humulus lupulus L.), as a key ingredient for beer brewing, is also a source of many biologically active molecules. A notable compound, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN), structurally belonging to the group of prenylated flavonoids, was shown to be a potent phytoestrogen, and thus, became the topic of active research. Here, we overview the pharmacological properties of 8-PN and its therapeutic opportunities. Due to its estrogenic effects, administration of 8-PN represents a novel therapeutic approach to the treatment of menopausal and post-menopausal symptoms that occur as a consequence of a progressive decline in hormone levels in women. Application of 8-PN in the treatment of menopause has been clinically examined with promising results. Other activities that have already been assessed include the potential to prevent bone-resorption or inhibition of tumor growth. On the other hand, the use of phytoestrogens is frequently questioned regarding possible adverse effects associated with long-term consumption. In conclusion, we emphasize the implications of using 8-PN in future treatments of menopausal and post-menopausal symptoms, including the need for precise evidence and further investigations to define the safety risks related to its therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Štulíková
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Marcel Karabín
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Nešpor
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavel Dostálek
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Calvo-Castro LA, Burkard M, Sus N, Scheubeck G, Leischner C, Lauer UM, Bosy-Westphal A, Hund V, Busch C, Venturelli S, Frank J. The Oral Bioavailability of 8-Prenylnaringenin from Hops (Humulus Lupulus
L.) in Healthy Women and Men is Significantly Higher than that of its Positional Isomer 6-Prenylnaringenin in a Randomized Crossover Trial. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1700838. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Calvo-Castro
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
- Centro de Investigación en Biotecnología; Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica; Cartago Costa Rica
| | - Markus Burkard
- Institute of Physiology; Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Nadine Sus
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Gabriel Scheubeck
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christian Leischner
- Institute of Physiology; Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Ulrich M. Lauer
- Department of Internal Medicine VIII; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Verena Hund
- Hospital Pharmacy; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Christian Busch
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology; University of Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Sascha Venturelli
- Institute of Physiology; Department of Vegetative and Clinical Physiology; University Hospital Tuebingen; Tuebingen Germany
| | - Jan Frank
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition; University of Hohenheim; Stuttgart Germany
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Keiler AM, Macejova D, Dietz BM, Bolton JL, Pauli GF, Chen SN, van Breemen RB, Nikolic D, Goerl F, Muders MH, Zierau O, Vollmer G. Evaluation of estrogenic potency of a standardized hops extract on mammary gland biology and on MNU-induced mammary tumor growth in rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:234-241. [PMID: 28964928 PMCID: PMC5760272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Supplements with estrogenic activities are intensively investigated as potential alternatives for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. These investigations include studies on their safety regarding potential breast cancer risks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether or not a standardized hops (Humulus lupulus) extract, containing 0.42% of the estrogenic flavanone, 8-prenylnaringenin, would stimulate growth of methyl-nitrosourea (MNU) induced mammary cancer in ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats or would impact on the proliferative activity within the normal mammary gland of Wistar rats. To induce tumorigenesis SD-rats received an intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg body weight of MNU on postnatal days PND 50 and 52. 28days later animals were OVX or were SHAM operated (positive control) and randomly allocated and maintained for 140days on either a phytoestrogen-free placebo diet (SHAM and negative control) or on the hops fortified diet. For the investigations in the normal mammary gland young adult Wistar rats were bilaterally OVX and randomly allocated to a control group fed to a phytoestrogen-free diet, or to a diet supplemented either with E2-benzoate or the hops extract. As a major result, the tumor incidence was 15% (3 tumors totally) in OVX controls, whereas it was 85% (39 tumors totally) in SHAM operated positive controls. No tumors were detectable in the hops group. In addition, no estrogenic activity of the hops extract was detectable in uterus and liver of these animals. In investigations on the normal mammary gland, no impact of hops extract on the expression of estrogen dependent proliferation markers or of progesterone receptor became apparent. In conclusion, the lack of growth stimulation of MNU-induced breast cancer in OVX SD-rats and the lack of stimulation proliferative events in the normal mammary gland of OVX Wistar rats by standardized hops extracts provides an important piece of evidence regarding the safety of these extracts in the management of menopausal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annekathrin M Keiler
- Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany; Institute for Doping Analytics and Sports Biochemistry Dresden (IDAS), Dresdner Str. 12, 01731 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Dana Macejova
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Birgit M Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Judy L Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Florian Goerl
- Institute for Pathology, 01454 Radeberg, Germany; Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael H Muders
- Institute for Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Oliver Zierau
- Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Günter Vollmer
- Chair for Molecular Cell Physiology & Endocrinology, Department of Biology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01062 Dresden, Germany.
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Romaszko E, Marzec-Wróblewska U, Badura A, Buciński A. Does consumption of red grapefruit juice alter naringenin concentrations in milk produced by breastfeeding mothers? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185954. [PMID: 28982188 PMCID: PMC5628898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The content of certain ingredients of human milk, such as flavonoids, depend on the types and amounts of plant products consumed and may vary from woman to woman. The aim of the study was to determine to what extent consumption of an average amount of grapefruit juice (250 ml) affected naringenin content in human milk. A total of 14 breastfeeding mothers were included in the study. The subjects remained on a diet with restricted intake of naringenin for a total of five days except on the third day, when they drank a single serving of 250 ml of grapefruit juice. A considerable subject-to-subject variability in naringenin content was observed in both initial and subsequent determinations. Baseline concentration values, which may reflect naringenin content in the milk produced by the breastfeeding mother who eat an everyday (unmodified) diet, ranged from 420.86 nmol/l to 1568.89 nmol/l, with a mean of 823.24 nmol/l. Switching to the modified diet resulted in a decrease in naringenin concentrations to the mean value of 673.89 nmol/l measured 48 hours after the switch. The highest mean values were observed four and 12 hours after consumption of the juice, equalling 908.25 nmol/l (SD ± 676.84 nmol/l) and 868.96 nmol/l (SD ± 665.54 nmol/l), respectively. Naringenin is commonly found in human milk in quantities expressed in nmol/l, and its concentrations vary from woman to woman. Consumption of 250 ml of red grapefruit juice by breastfeeding mothers does not significantly alter naringenin concentrations in their milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Romaszko
- Family Medicine Unit., University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Urszula Marzec-Wróblewska
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Farmacy, Chair and Department of Biopharmacy, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Badura
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Farmacy, Chair and Department of Biopharmacy, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Buciński
- Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Faculty of Farmacy, Chair and Department of Biopharmacy, Bydgoszcz, Poland
- * E-mail:
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van Duursen MBM. Modulation of estrogen synthesis and metabolism by phytoestrogens in vitro and the implications for women's health. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2017; 6:772-794. [PMID: 30090542 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00184c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoestrogens are increasingly used as dietary supplements due to their suggested health promoting properties, but also by women for breast enhancement and relief of menopausal symptoms. Generally, phytoestrogens are considered to exert estrogenic activity via estrogen receptors (ERs), but they may also affect estrogen synthesis and metabolism locally in breast, endometrial and ovarian tissues. Considering that accurate regulation of local hormone levels is crucial for normal physiology, it is not surprising that interference with hormonal synthesis and metabolism is associated with a wide variety of women's health problems, varying from altered menstrual cycle to hormone-dependent cancers. Yet, studies on phytoestrogens have mainly focused on ER-mediated effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens, with less attention paid to steroid synthesis and metabolism or other phytoestrogens. This review aims to evaluate the potential of phytoestrogens to modulate local estrogen levels and the implications for women's health. For that, an overview is provided of the effects of commonly used phytoestrogens, i.e. 8-prenylnaringenin, biochanin A, daidzein, genistein, naringenin, resveratrol and quercetin, on estrogen synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes in vitro. The potential implications for women's health are assessed by comparing the in vitro effect concentrations with blood concentrations that can be found after intake of these phytoestrogens. Based on this evaluation, it can be concluded that high-dose supplements with phytoestrogens might affect breast and endometrial health or fertility in women via the modulation of steroid hormone levels. However, more data regarding the tissue levels of phytoestrogens and effect data from dedicated, tissue-specific assays are needed for a better understanding of potential risks. At least until more certainty regarding the safety has been established, especially young women would better avoid using supplements containing high doses of phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majorie B M van Duursen
- Research group Endocrine Toxicology , Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences , Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Yalelaan 104 , 3584 CM , Utrecht , the Netherlands . ; Tel: +31 (0)30 253 5398
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Impact of xanthohumol (a prenylated flavonoid from hops) on DNA stability and other health-related biochemical parameters: Results of human intervention trials. Mol Nutr Food Res 2016; 60:773-86. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Martinez SE, Davies NM. Enantiospecific pharmacokinetics of isoxanthohumol and its metabolite 8-prenylnaringenin in the rat. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1674-89. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Neal M. Davies
- Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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Żołnierczyk AK, Mączka WK, Grabarczyk M, Wińska K, Woźniak E, Anioł M. Isoxanthohumol — Biologically active hop flavonoid. Fitoterapia 2015; 103:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Biotransformations and biological activities of hop flavonoids. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:1063-90. [PMID: 25708386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Female hop cones are used extensively in the brewing industry, but there is now increasing interest in possible uses of hops for non-brewing purposes, especially in the pharmaceutical industry. Among pharmaceutically important compounds from hops are flavonoids, having proven anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and estrogenic effects. In this review we aim to present current knowledge on the biotransformation of flavonoids from hop cones with respect to products, catalysis and conversion. A list of microbial enzymatic reactions associated with gastrointestinal microbiota is presented. A comparative analysis of the biological activities of hop flavonoids and their biotransformation products is described, indicating where further research has potential for applications in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Comhaire FH, Depypere HT. Hormones, herbal preparations and nutriceuticals for a better life after the menopause: part II. Climacteric 2015; 18:364-71. [DOI: 10.3109/13697137.2014.985646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Isoxanthohumol, a constituent of hop (Humulus lupulus L.), increases stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans dependent on the transcription factor DAF-16. Eur J Nutr 2015; 55:257-65. [PMID: 25644181 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-0843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The flavanone isoxanthohumol (IX) has gained attention as antioxidative and chemopreventive agent, but the molecular mechanism of action remains unclear. We investigated effects of this secondary plant compound in vivo using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. METHODS Adult C. elegans nematodes were incubated with IX, and then, the stress resistance was analysed in the SYTOX assay; lifespan was monitored by touch-provoked movement method, the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured in the DCF assay, and the nuclear localisation of the transcription factor DAF-16 was analysed by using a transgenic strain. By the use of a DAF-16 loss-of-function strain, we analysed whether the effects are dependent on DAF-16. RESULTS IX increases the resistance of the nematode against thermal stress. Additionally, a reduction in ROS in vivo was caused by IX. Since the flavanone only has a marginal radical-scavenging capacity (TEAC assay), we suggest that IX mediates its antioxidative effects indirectly via activation of DAF-16 (homologue to mammalian FOXO proteins). The nuclear translocation of this transcription factor is increased by IX. In the DAF-16-mutated strain, the IX-mediated increase in stress resistance was completely abolished; furthermore, an increased formation of ROS and a reduced lifespan was mediated by IX. CONCLUSION IX or a bacterial metabolite of IX causes antioxidative effects as well as an increased stress resistance in C. elegans via activation of DAF-16. The homologous pathway may have implications in the molecular mechanism of IX in mammals.
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Terao J, Mukai R. Prenylation modulates the bioavailability and bioaccumulation of dietary flavonoids. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 559:12-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ameh SJ, Ibekwe NN, Ebeshi BU. Essential Oils in Ginger, Hops, Cloves, and Pepper Flavored Beverages-A Review. J Diet Suppl 2014; 12:241-260. [PMID: 25166889 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2014.952858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the West, sugar-based, ginger flavored beverages may contain hops, other flavorings, fruit juices, and varying levels of ethanol. Ginger ales contain 0.5%v/v; ginger beers >0.5%; and alcoholic ginger beers 0.5 ≤ 11%. Ales are carbonated by pressurized CO2, while beers and alcoholic beers are carbonated by yeast or ginger beer plant (GBP). In Africa, grain-based beverages include "fura da nono," "kunu," and "akamu," which are spiced with one or more flavorings including ginger, black pepper, clove, chili pepper, or Aframomum alligator peppers. Spices have flavor because they contain essential oils (EOs), which are composed of aroma-active compounds (AACs). The benefits and toxicities of spices are ascribed to their EOs/AACs contents. AIM Given the toxic potentials of EOs/AACs vis-à-vis their benefits, this review aimed to investigate the means by which the levels of EOs/AACs in spiced beverages are regulated. METHODOLOGY The benefits and liabilities of key EOs/AACs of spices were identified and described. The methods for assaying them in raw materials and beverages were also identified. RESULTS There was a dearth of data on the levels of EOs/AACs in both raw and finished goods. Moreover, their assay methods were found to be tedious and costly. The implications of these findings on regulation are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Owing to the practical difficulties in assaying flavors in beverages, both manufacturers and regulators should focus on: (i) the wholesomeness of raw materials; and (ii) good manufacturing practice (GMP). However, studies aimed at developing more robust methods for flavor should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday J Ameh
- a 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control , National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) , Garki , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Nneka N Ibekwe
- a 1 Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Quality Control , National Institute for Pharmaceutical Research and Development (NIPRD) , Garki , Abuja , Nigeria
| | - Benjamin U Ebeshi
- b 2 Department of Pharmaceutical & Medicinal Chemistry , Niger Delta University , Amassoma , Nigeria
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Tan KW, Cooney J, Jensen D, Li Y, Paxton JW, Birch NP, Scheepens A. Hop-derived prenylflavonoids are substrates and inhibitors of the efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2099-110. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kee W. Tan
- Food Innovation; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Janine Cooney
- Food Innovation; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Dwayne Jensen
- Food Innovation; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Yan Li
- School of Interprofessional Health Studies, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences; Auckland University of Technology; Auckland New Zealand
| | - James W. Paxton
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Nigel P. Birch
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
- Centre for Brain Research; The University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - Arjan Scheepens
- Food Innovation; The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited; Auckland New Zealand
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35
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Krause E, Yuan Y, Hajirahimkhan A, Dong H, Dietz BM, Nikolic D, Pauli GF, Bolton JL, van Breemen RB. Biological and chemical standardization of a hop (Humulus lupulus) botanical dietary supplement. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:729-34. [PMID: 24861737 PMCID: PMC4240625 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Concerned about the safety of conventional estrogen replacement therapy, women are using botanical dietary supplements as alternatives for the management of menopausal symptoms such as hot flashes. Before botanical dietary supplements can be evaluated clinically for safety and efficacy, botanically authenticated and standardized forms are required. To address the demand for a standardized, estrogenic botanical dietary supplement, an extract of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) was developed. Although valued in the brewing of beer, hop extracts are used as anxiolytics and hypnotics and have well-established estrogenic constituents. Starting with a hop cultivar used in the brewing industry, spent hops (the residue remaining after extraction of bitter acids) were formulated into a botanical dietary supplement that was then chemically and biologically standardized. Biological standardization utilized the estrogen-dependent induction of alkaline phosphatase in the Ishikawa cell line. Chemical standardization was based on the prenylated phenols in hops that included estrogenic 8-prenylnaringenin, its isomer 6-prenylnaringenin, and pro-estrogenic isoxanthohumol and its isomeric chalcone xanthohumol, all of which were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The product of this process was a reproducible botanical extract suitable for subsequent investigations of safety and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Krause
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
| | - Yang Yuan
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
| | - Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
| | - Huali Dong
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
| | - Dejan Nikolic
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312, USA
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Cools S, Van den Broeck W, Vanhaecke L, Heyerick A, Bossaert P, Hostens M, Opsomer G. Feeding soybean meal increases the blood level of isoflavones and reduces the steroidogenic capacity in bovine corpora lutea, without affecting peripheral progesterone concentrations. Anim Reprod Sci 2014; 144:79-89. [PMID: 24439022 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-three Holstein-Friesian cows were followed from 14 days pre partum until the fourth ovulation post partum. Housing conditions and basic ration were identical for all animals. Concentrates were individually supplemented according to the daily milk production level, using two different types of protein rich concentrates: soybean meal and rapeseed meal. Soybean and rapeseed meal are known to be respectively high and low in isoflavones. Cows were randomly divided into three groups and blocked for parity. Group I (n=11) was supplemented with soybean meal and acted as control group. Groups II (n=11) and III (n=11) were respectively supplemented with soybean and rapeseed meal and were subjected to a biopsy sampling of the corpus luteum at day 9 of the first three postpartal estrous cycles. Soybean meal supplementation to lactating dairy cows (1.72 kg on average) induced an increase in the blood concentration of equol, dihydrodaidzein, o-desmethylangolensin in both soy groups and resulted in a reduced area occupied by steroidogenic (P=0.012) and endothelial cells (P=0.0007) in the luteal biopsies. Blood concentrations of equol and glycitein were negatively correlated with the areas occupied by steroidogenic (r=-0.410 with P=0.0002, respectively r=-0.351 with P=0.008) and endothelial cells (r=-0.337 with P=0.01, respectively r=-0.233 with P=0.085) in the 3 first estrous cycles. The latter however did not affect the diestrous peripheral blood progesterone concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Cools
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - W Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L Vanhaecke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - A Heyerick
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - P Bossaert
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Campus Drie Eiken, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - M Hostens
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - G Opsomer
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Yuan Y, Qiu X, Nikolić D, Chen SN, Huang K, Li G, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB. Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 enzymes by hops (Humulus lupulus) and hop prenylphenols. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 53:55-61. [PMID: 24342125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are used in the brewing of beer and by menopausal women as estrogenic dietary supplements, the potential for hop extracts and hop constituents to cause drug-botanical interactions by inhibiting human cytochrome P450 enzymes was investigated. Inhibition of major human cytochrome P450 enzymes by a standardized hop extract and isolated hop prenylated phenols was evaluated using a fast and efficient assay based on ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The hop extract at 5 μg/mL inhibited CYP2C8 (93%), CYP2C9 (88%), CYP2C19 (70%), and CYP1A2 (27%) with IC50 values of 0.8, 0.9, 3.3, and 9.4 μg/mL, respectively, but time-dependent inactivation was observed only for CYP1A2. Isoxanthohumol from hops was the most potent inhibitor of CYP2C8 with an IC50 of 0.2 μM, whereas 8-prenylnaringenin was the most potent inhibitor of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 with IC50 values of 1.1 μM, 1.1 μM and 0.4 μM, respectively. Extracts of hops contain prenylated compounds such as the flavanones isoxanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin and the chalcone xanthohumol that can inhibit CYP450s, especially the CYP2C family, which may affect the efficacy and safety of some CYP2C substrate drugs when co-administered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312
| | - Xi Qiu
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312
| | - Ke Huang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312
| | - Guannan Li
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312
| | - Guido F Pauli
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612-72312
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Depypere HT, Comhaire FH. Herbal preparations for the menopause: beyond isoflavones and black cohosh. Maturitas 2013; 77:191-4. [PMID: 24314619 DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) such as isoflavones and black cohosh are commonly used to deal with menopausal symptoms, but benefit a limited proportion of women. The aim of this minireview is to summarize the evidence of the efficacy and safety of other herbal preparations. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) find that the extracts of Mediterranean pine bark (Pycnogenol(®)), linseed, and Lepididium meyenii (Maca) reduce vasomotor symptoms. The results of RCTs of the hop flavonoid 8-prenylnaringenin are conflicting. Animal and human studies suggest that Dioscorea villosa (Wild yam),and Broccoli may protect against osteoporosis and breast and gynecological cancers but further evidence is required. Linseed may protect against breast cancer but the results are conflicting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman T Depypere
- Menopause Clinic, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan, 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Frank H Comhaire
- Emeritus, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of Ghent, De Pintelaan, 185, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Negrão R, Duarte D, Costa R, Soares R. Isoxanthohumol modulates angiogenesis and inflammation via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, tumor necrosis factor alpha and nuclear factor kappa B pathways. Biofactors 2013; 39:608-22. [PMID: 23904052 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and inflammation are becoming distinguished players in the pathogenesis of many heterogeneous diseases, such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Therefore, it is crucial to study new compounds that are able to modulate these events. Isoxanthohumol (IXN) is a polyphenol with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of IXN on blood vessel proliferation and maturation and describe underlying molecular mechanisms in endothelial cells (ECs) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Angiogenic profile of IXN was analyzed by retinal angiogenesis at different time points. IXN modulation of angiogenic and inflammatory signaling pathways was evaluated by Western blotting on EC and VSMC cultures. IXN inhibited by 20% sprouting angiogenesis and decreased vascular coverage by mural cells up to 39%. IXN of 10 µM also decreased inflammatory signals, namely tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (26 and 40%) and factor nuclear kappa B (24 and 42%) in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Angiogenic regulators, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (HUVEC, 55%), angiopoietins 1 (HUVEC, 39%; HASMC, 35%), angiopoietin 2 (HUVEC, 38%), and Tie2 (HUVEC, 56%) were also inhibited by 10 µM of IXN treatments. Akt activation was reduced by 47% in HUVEC-treated cells and Erk activation was also reduced by 52 and 69% upon IXN treatment of HUVEC and HASMC. IXN seems to regulate in vivo vascular proliferation and stabilization and the EC-VSMC-inflammatory crosstalk, leaving this molecule as an interesting nutritional player for angiogenesis and inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Negrão
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Blanquer-Rosselló MM, Oliver J, Valle A, Roca P. Effect of xanthohumol and 8-prenylnaringenin on MCF-7 breast cancer cells oxidative stress and mitochondrial complexes expression. J Cell Biochem 2013; 114:2785-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Interaction of prenylated chalcones and flavanones from common hop with phosphatidylcholine model membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:173-84. [PMID: 24060562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Common hop (Humulus lupulus) constitutes a source of numerous prenylated chalcones such as xanthohumol (XH) and flavanones such as 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and isoxanthohumol (IXH). Range of their biological activities includes estrogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, anti-cancer, and antioxidant activities. The aim of the present work was to characterize the influence of prenylated polyphenols on model 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) membranes by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopies. All studied compounds intercalated into DPPC bilayers and decreased its melting temperature as recorded by DSC, Laurdan and Prodan fluorescence, and ATR-FTIR. Polyphenols interacted mainly with glycerol backbone and acyl chain region of membrane. Magnitude of the induced effect correlated both with lipophilicity and molecular shape of the studied compounds. Elbow-shaped 8-PN and IXH were locked at polar-apolar region with their prenyl chains penetrating into hydrophobic part of the bilayer, while relatively planar XH molecule adopted linear shape that resulted in its deeper insertion into hydrophobic region. Additionally, by means of DSC and Laurdan fluorescence IXH was demonstrated to induce lateral phase separation in DPPC bilayers in gel-like state. It was assumed that IXH-rich and IXH-poor microdomains appeared within membrane. Present work constitutes the first experimental report describing interactions of prenylated hop polyphenols with phospholipid model membranes.
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Romaszko E, Wiczkowski W, Romaszko J, Honke J, Piskula MK. Exposure of breastfed infants to quercetin after consumption of a single meal rich in quercetin by their mothers. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 58:221-8. [PMID: 23963751 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The exposure to quercetin (Q) has not been studied in breastfed infants whose mothers were consuming a Q-rich diet. The objective of the study was to determine whether plant-origin antioxidant-Q passes from the mother's diet to her milk and to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of this phenomenon. METHODS AND RESULTS Eleven breastfeeding women were included in this controlled case study. Volunteers followed a Q-restricted diet for 5 consecutive days with the exception of the 3rd day when they received a single meal providing 1 mg of Q per kg of body weight. Urine analysis showed the presence of Q already in the first collected samples after the test (1.5-4 h), which indicated its rapid absorption from the meal. The Cmax = 68 ± 8.44 nmol/L concentration of Q in the milk was calculated for Tmax = 11.89 ± 3.37 h. It was significantly different (p = 0.007) from 40 nmol/L and (p = 0.016) from 42 nmol/L of Q concentration before and 48 h after the test, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Q was shown to be a component of human milk at the nmol/L level. Infants breastfed by mothers consuming a diet rich in Q are exposed to a dose of approximately 0.01 mg of Q daily.
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Hajirahimkhan A, Simmler C, Yuan Y, Anderson JR, Chen SN, Nikolić D, Dietz BM, Pauli GF, van Breemen RB, Bolton JL. Evaluation of estrogenic activity of licorice species in comparison with hops used in botanicals for menopausal symptoms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67947. [PMID: 23874474 PMCID: PMC3709979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased cancer risk associated with hormone therapies has encouraged many women to seek non-hormonal alternatives including botanical supplements such as hops (Humulus lupulus) and licorice (Glycyrrhiza spec.) to manage menopausal symptoms. Previous studies have shown estrogenic properties for hops, likely due to the presence of 8-prenylnarigenin, and chemopreventive effects mainly attributed to xanthohumol. Similarly, a combination of estrogenic and chemopreventive properties has been reported for various Glycyrrhiza species. The major goal of the current study was to evaluate the potential estrogenic effects of three licorice species (Glycyrrhiza glabra, G. uralensis, and G. inflata) in comparison with hops. Extracts of Glycyrrhiza species and spent hops induced estrogen responsive alkaline phosphatase activity in endometrial cancer cells, estrogen responsive element (ERE)-luciferase in MCF-7 cells, and Tff1 mRNA in T47D cells. The estrogenic activity decreased in the order H. lupulus > G. uralensis > G. inflata > G. glabra. Liquiritigenin was found to be the principle phytoestrogen of the licorice extracts; however, it exhibited lower estrogenic effects compared to 8-prenylnaringenin in functional assays. Isoliquiritigenin, the precursor chalcone of liquiritigenin, demonstrated significant estrogenic activities while xanthohumol, a metabolic precursor of 8-prenylnaringenin, was not estrogenic. Liquiritigenin showed ERβ selectivity in competitive binding assay and isoliquiritigenin was equipotent for ER subtypes. The estrogenic activity of isoliquiritigenin could be the result of its cyclization to liquiritigenin under physiological conditions. 8-Prenylnaringenin had nanomolar estrogenic potency without ER selectivity while xanthohumol did not bind ERs. These data demonstrated that Glycyrrhiza species with different contents of liquiritigenin have various levels of estrogenic activities, suggesting the importance of precise labeling of botanical supplements. Although hops shows strong estrogenic properties via ERα, licorice might have different estrogenic activities due to its ERβ selectivity, partial estrogen agonist activity, and non-enzymatic conversion of isoliquiritigenin to liquiritigenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atieh Hajirahimkhan
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Charlotte Simmler
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yang Yuan
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Anderson
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Shao-Nong Chen
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dejan Nikolić
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Birgit M. Dietz
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guido F. Pauli
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Judy L. Bolton
- University of Illinois at Chicago/National Institutes of Health Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hajirahimkhan A, Dietz BM, Bolton JL. Botanical modulation of menopausal symptoms: mechanisms of action? PLANTA MEDICA 2013; 79:538-53. [PMID: 23408273 PMCID: PMC3800090 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1328187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Menopausal women suffer from a variety of symptoms, including hot flashes and night sweats, which can affect quality of life. Although it has been the treatment of choice for relieving these symptoms, hormone therapy has been associated with increased breast cancer risk leading many women to search for natural, efficacious, and safe alternatives such as botanical supplements. Data from clinical trials suggesting that botanicals have efficacy for menopausal symptom relief have been controversial, and several mechanisms of action have been proposed including estrogenic, progestogenic, and serotonergic pathways. Plant extracts with potential estrogenic activities include soy, red clover, kudzu, hops, licorice, rhubarb, yam, and chasteberry. Botanicals with reported progestogenic activities are red clover, hops, yam, and chasteberry. Serotonergic mechanisms have also been proposed since women taking antidepressants often report a reduction in hot flashes and night sweats. Black cohosh, kudzu, kava, licorice, and dong quai all either have reported 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7 ligands or inhibit serotonin reuptake, therefore have potential serotonergic activities. Understanding the mechanisms of action of these natural remedies used for women's health could lead to more efficacious formulations and to the isolation of active components which have the potential of becoming effective medications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Judy L. Bolton
- Correspondence. Prof. Dr. Judy Bolton, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood St., M/C 781, Chicago, IL., 60612-7231, USA. Phone: +1 312-996-5280 Fax: +1 312-996-7107
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Nikolić D, van Breemen RB. Analytical methods for quantitation of prenylated flavonoids from hops. CURR ANAL CHEM 2013; 9:71-85. [PMID: 24077106 PMCID: PMC3783999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The female flowers of hops (Humulus lupulus L.) are used as a flavoring agent in the brewing industry. There is growing interest in possible health benefits of hops, particularly as estrogenic and chemopreventive agents. Among the possible active constituents, most of the attention has focused on prenylated flavonoids, which can chemically be classified as prenylated chalcones and prenylated flavanones. Among chalcones, xanthohumol (XN) and desmethylxanthohumol (DMX) have been the most studied, while among flavanones, 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN) and 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN) have received the most attention. Because of the interest in medicinal properties of prenylated flavonoids, there is demand for accurate, reproducible and sensitive analytical methods to quantify these compounds in various matrices. Such methods are needed, for example, for quality control and standardization of hop extracts, measurement of the content of prenylated flavonoids in beer, and to determine pharmacokinetic properties of prenylated flavonoids in animals and humans. This review summarizes currently available analytical methods for quantitative analysis of the major prenylated flavonoids, with an emphasis on the LC-MS and LC-MS-MS methods and their recent applications to biomedical research on hops. This review covers all methods in which prenylated flavonoids have been measured, either as the primary analytes or as a part of a larger group of analytes. The review also discusses methodological issues relating to the quantitative analysis of these compounds regardless of the chosen analytical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Nikolić
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
| | - Richard B. van Breemen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood Street, Chicago, IL 60612-7231, USA
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Prevention of disuse muscle atrophy by dietary ingestion of 8-prenylnaringenin in denervated mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45048. [PMID: 23028754 PMCID: PMC3446978 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids have attracted considerable attention in relation to their effects upon health. 8-Prenylnaringenin (8-PN) is found in the common hop (Humulus lupulus) and assumed to be responsible for the health impact of beer consumption. We wanted to clarify the effects of prenylation on the physiological functions of dietary flavonoids by comparing the effects of 8-PN with that of intact naringenin in the prevention of disuse muscle atrophy using a model of denervation in mice. Consumption of 8-PN (but not naringenin) prevented loss of weight in the gastrocnemius muscle further supported by the lack of induction of the protein content of a key ubiquitin ligase involved in muscle atrophy, atrogin-1, and by the activation of Akt phosphorylation. 8-PN content in the gastrocnemius muscle was tenfold higher than that of naringenin. These results suggested that, compared with naringenin, 8-PN was effectively concentrated into skeletal muscle to exert its preventive effects upon disuse muscle atrophy. It is likely that prenylation generates novel functions for 8-PN by enhancing its accumulation into muscle tissue through dietary intake.
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Negrão R, Costa R, Duarte D, Gomes TT, Coelho P, Guimarães JT, Guardão L, Azevedo I, Soares R. Xanthohumol-supplemented beer modulates angiogenesis and inflammation in a skin wound healing model. Involvement of local adipocytes. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:100-9. [PMID: 21898537 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis and inflammation are two intermingled processes that play a role in wound healing. Nevertheless, whenever exacerbated, these processes result in nonhealing wounds. Xanthohumol (XN), a beer-derived polyphenol, inhibits these processes in many physiopathological situations. This study aimed at examining whether XN ingestion affects wound healing. Wistar rats drinking water, 5% ethanol, stout beer (SB) or stout beer supplemented with 10 mg/L XN (Suppl SB) for 4 weeks, were subjected to a 1.5 cm full skin-thickness longitudinal incision, and further maintained under the same beverage conditions for another week. No differences in beverage consumption or body weight were found throughout the study but food intake decreased in every group relative to controls. Consumption of Suppl SB resulted in decreased serum VEGF levels (18.42%), N-acetylglucosaminidase activity (27.77%), IL1β concentration (9.07%), and NO released (77.06%), accompanied by a reduced redox state as observed by increased GSH/GSSG ratio (to 198.80%). Also, the number of blood vessels within the wound granulation tissue seems to reduce in animals drinking Suppl SB (23.08%). Interestingly, SB and primarily Suppl SB showed a tendency to increase adipocyte number (to 194.26% and 156.68%, respectively) and reduce adipocyte size (4.60% and 24.64%, respectively) within the granuloma. Liver function and metabolism did not change among the animal groups as analyzed by plasma biochemical parameters, indicating no beverage toxicity. This study shows that XN intake in its natural beer context reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis, ameliorating the wound healing process, suggesting that this polyphenol may exert beneficial effect as a nutritional supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Negrão
- Department of Biochemistry (U38-FCT), University of Porto, Porto 4200-319, Portugal.
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Simons R, Gruppen H, Bovee TFH, Verbruggen MA, Vincken JP. Prenylated isoflavonoids from plants as selective estrogen receptor modulators (phytoSERMs). Food Funct 2012; 3:810-27. [PMID: 22684228 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo10290k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Isoflavonoids are a class of secondary metabolites, which comprise amongst others the subclasses of isoflavones, isoflavans, pterocarpans and coumestans. Isoflavonoids are abundant in Leguminosae, and many of them can bind to the human estrogen receptor (hER) with affinities similar to or lower than that of estradiol. Dietary intake of these so-called phytoestrogens has been associated with positive effects on menopausal complaints, hormone-related cancers, and osteoporosis. Therefore, phytoestrogens are used as nutraceuticals in functional foods or food supplements. Most of the isoflavonoids show agonistic activity towards both hERα and hERβ, the extent of which is modulated by the substitution pattern of their skeleton (i.e.-OH, -OCH(3)). Interestingly, substitutions consisting of a five-carbon prenyl group often seem to result in an antiestrogenic activity. There is growing evidence that the action of some of these prenylated isoflavonoids is tissue-specific, suggesting that they act like selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), such as the well-known chemically synthesized raloxifene and tamoxifen. These so-called phytoSERMS might have high potential for realizing new food and pharma applications. In this review, the structural features of isoflavonoids (i.e. the kind of skeleton and prenylation (e.g. chain or pyran), position of the prenyl group on the skeleton, and the extent of prenylation (single, double)) are discussed in relation to their estrogenic activity. Anti-estrogenic and SERM activity of isoflavonoids was always associated with prenylation, but these activities did not seem to be confined to one particular kind/position of prenylation or isoflavonoid subclass. Few estrogens with agonistic activity were prenylated, but these were not tested for antagonistic activity; possibly, these molecules will turn out to be phytoSERMs as well. Furthermore, the data on the dietary occurrence, bioavailability and metabolism of prenylated isoflavonoids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Simons
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Matoušek J, Kocábek T, Patzak J, Füssy Z, Procházková J, Heyerick A. Combinatorial analysis of lupulin gland transcription factors from R2R3Myb, bHLH and WDR families indicates a complex regulation of chs_H1 genes essential for prenylflavonoid biosynthesis in hop (Humulus Lupulus L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:27. [PMID: 22340661 PMCID: PMC3340318 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lupulin glands of hop produce a specific metabolome including hop bitter acids valuable for the brewing process and prenylflavonoids with promising health-beneficial activities. The detailed analysis of the transcription factor (TF)-mediated regulation of the oligofamily of one of the key enzymes, i.e., chalcone synthase CHS_H1 that efficiently catalyzes the production of naringenin chalcone, a direct precursor of prenylflavonoids in hop, constitutes an important part of the dissection of the biosynthetic pathways leading to the accumulation of these compounds. RESULTS Homologues of flavonoid-regulating TFs HlMyb2 (M2), HlbHLH2 (B2) and HlWDR1 (W1) from hop were cloned using a lupulin gland-specific cDNA library from the hop variety Osvald's 72. Using a "combinatorial" transient GUS expression system it was shown that these unique lupulin-gland-associated TFs significantly activated the promoter (P) of chs_H1 in ternary combinations of B2, W1 and either M2 or the previously characterized HlMyb3 (M3). The promoter activation was strongly dependent on the Myb-P binding box TCCTACC having a core sequence CCWACC positioned on its 5' end region and it seems that the complexity of the promoter plays an important role. M2B2W1-mediated activation significantly exceeded the strength of expression of native chs_H1 gene driven by the 35S promoter of CaMV, while M3B2W1 resulted in 30% of the 35S:chs_H1 expression level, as quantified by real-time PCR. Another newly cloned hop TF, HlMyb7, containing a transcriptional repressor-like motif pdLNLD/ELxiG/S (PDLNLELRIS), was identified as an efficient inhibitor of chs_H1-activating TFs. Comparative analyses of hop and A. thaliana TFs revealed a complex activation of Pchs_H1 and Pchs4 in combinatorial or independent manners. CONCLUSIONS This study on the sequences and functions of various lupulin gland-specific transcription factors provides insight into the complex character of the regulation of the chs_H1 gene that depends on variable activation by combinations of R2R3Myb, bHLH and WDR TF homologues and inhibition by a Myb repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaroslav Matoušek
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kocábek
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Patzak
- Hop Research Institute, Co. Ltd, Kadaňská 2525, 438 46 Žatec, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Füssy
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Procházková
- Biology Centre ASCR v.v.i, Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Arne Heyerick
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat 72, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Dorn C, Heilmann J, Hellerbrand C. Protective effect of xanthohumol on toxin-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2012; 5:29-36. [PMID: 22295144 PMCID: PMC3267483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Xanthohumol, the major prenylated chalcone found in hops, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. We have recently shown that xanthohumol inhibits hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in a murine model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of xanthohumol in an acute model of liver injury. Carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)), an industrial solvent, is a hepatotoxic agent and its administration is widely used as an animal model of toxin-induced liver injury. Xanthohumol was applied orally at a dose of 1 mg/g body weight 2 days prior as well as during and after exposure to CCl(4). 72 h after a single CCl(4) application histomorphology and serum levels of transaminases revealed considerable hepatocellular necrosis, which was accompanied by significantly enhanced hepatic expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, elevated hepatic alpha-smooth muscle actin expression indicated activation of hepatic stellate cells, and in accordance, we detected enhanced hepatic expression levels of TGF-β and collagen type I reflecting a marked fibrogenic response to CCl(4) exposure. While the degree of hepatocellular damage in response to CCl(4) was similar in mice which received xanthohumol and the control group, pro-inflammatory and profibrogenic hepatic gene expression were almost completely blunted in xanthohumol fed mice. Furthermore, xanthohumol fed mice revealed decreased hepatic NFκB activity. These results suggest that the protective effects of xanthohumol in this toxic liver injury model involves direct mechanisms related to its ability to block both hepatic inflammation and the activation of hepatic stellate cells, presumable at least in part via decreasing NFκB activity. Thus, this study further indicates the potential of xanthohumol application to prevent or ameliorate the development and progression of liver fibrosis in response to hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Dorn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RegensburgGermany
| | - Jörg Heilmann
- Institute of Pharmacy, University of RegensburgGermany
| | - Claus Hellerbrand
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital RegensburgGermany
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