1
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Deborne J, Benkhaled I, Bouchaud V, Pinaud N, Crémillieux Y. Implantable theranostic device for in vivo real-time NMR evaluation of drug impact in brain tumors. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4541. [PMID: 38402370 PMCID: PMC10894190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the efficacy of a drug is a fundamental step in the development of new treatments or in personalized therapeutic strategies and patient management. Ideally, this evaluation should be rapid, possibly in real time, easy to perform and reliable. In addition, it should be associated with as few adverse effects as possible for the patient. In this study, we present a device designed to meet these goals for assessing therapeutic response. This theranostic device is based on the use of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy for the diagnostic aspect and on the application of the convection-enhanced delivery technique for the therapeutic aspect. The miniaturized device is implantable and can be used in vivo in a target tissue. In this study, the device was applied to rodent glioma models with local administration of choline kinase inhibitor and acquisition of magnetic resonance images and spectra at 7 Tesla. The variations in the concentration of key metabolites measured by the device during the administration of the molecules demonstrate the relevance of the approach and the potential of the device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Deborne
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255, Bordeaux, France
| | - Imad Benkhaled
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255, Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Bouchaud
- Centre de Résonance Magnétique des Systèmes Biologiques, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5536, Bordeaux, France
| | - Noël Pinaud
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yannick Crémillieux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5255, Bordeaux, France.
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2
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Ortega-Martorell S, Olier I, Hernandez O, Restrepo-Galvis PD, Bellfield RAA, Candiota AP. Tracking Therapy Response in Glioblastoma Using 1D Convolutional Neural Networks. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4002. [PMID: 37568818 PMCID: PMC10417313 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15154002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GB) is a malignant brain tumour that is challenging to treat, often relapsing even after aggressive therapy. Evaluating therapy response relies on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria. However, early assessment is hindered by phenomena such as pseudoprogression and pseudoresponse. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS/MRSI) provides metabolomics information but is underutilised due to a lack of familiarity and standardisation. METHODS This study explores the potential of spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) in combination with several machine learning approaches, including one-dimensional convolutional neural networks (1D-CNNs), to improve therapy response assessment. Preclinical GB (GL261-bearing mice) were studied for method optimisation and validation. RESULTS The proposed 1D-CNN models successfully identify different regions of tumours sampled by MRSI, i.e., normal brain (N), control/unresponsive tumour (T), and tumour responding to treatment (R). Class activation maps using Grad-CAM enabled the study of the key areas relevant to the models, providing model explainability. The generated colour-coded maps showing the N, T and R regions were highly accurate (according to Dice scores) when compared against ground truth and outperformed our previous method. CONCLUSIONS The proposed methodology may provide new and better opportunities for therapy response assessment, potentially providing earlier hints of tumour relapsing stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ortega-Martorell
- Data Science Research Centre, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (I.O.); (R.A.A.B.)
| | - Ivan Olier
- Data Science Research Centre, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (I.O.); (R.A.A.B.)
| | - Orlando Hernandez
- Escuela Colombiana de Ingeniería Julio Garavito, Bogota 111166, Colombia; (O.H.); (P.D.R.-G.)
| | | | - Ryan A. A. Bellfield
- Data Science Research Centre, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK; (I.O.); (R.A.A.B.)
| | - Ana Paula Candiota
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red: Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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3
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Bungert AD, Urbantat RM, Jelgersma C, Bekele BM, Mueller S, Mueller A, Felsenstein M, Dusatko S, Blank A, Ghori A, Boehm-Sturm P, Koch SP, Vajkoczy P, Brandenburg S. Myeloid cell subpopulations compensate each other for Ccr2-deficiency in glioblastoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12863. [PMID: 36346010 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Glioblastomas are high-grade brain tumours that are characterised by the accumulation of brain-resident microglia and peripheral macrophages. Recruitment of these myeloid cells can be facilitated by CCR2/CCL2 signalling. Besides the well-known CCR2+ macrophages, we have identified microglia expressing CCR2 in glioma tissues. Thus, we investigated how Ccr2-deficiency of one of the myeloid cell populations affects the other population and tumour biology. METHODS We generated four chimeric groups to analyse single and combined Ccr2-deficiency of microglia and macrophages. On day 21 after tumour cell implantation (GL261), we conducted flow cytometry, immunofluorescence and real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. Tumour volume and metabolism were determined by magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Moreover, in vitro studies were performed with primary microglia and bone marrow-derived macrophages. RESULTS We demonstrated reduced infiltration of macrophages and microglia depending on the lack of Ccr2. However, the total number of myeloid cells remained constant except for the animals with dual Ccr2-knockout. Both microglia and macrophages with Ccr2-deficiency showed impaired expression of proinflammatory molecules and altered phagocytic activity. Despite the altered immunologic phenotype caused by Ccr2-deficiency, glioma progression and metabolism were hardly affected. Alterations were detected solely in apoptosis and proliferation of tumours from animals with specific Ccr2-deficient microglia, whereas vessel stability was increased in mice with Ccr2-knockout in both cell populations. CONCLUSION These results indicate that microglia and macrophages provide a homoeostatic balance within glioma tissue and compensate for the lack of the corresponding counterpart. Moreover, we identified that the CCR2/CCL2 axis is involved in the immunologic function of microglia and macrophages beyond its relevance for migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Bungert
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ruth M Urbantat
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudius Jelgersma
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Biniam M Bekele
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Annett Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthäus Felsenstein
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Silke Dusatko
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Blank
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adnan Ghori
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan P Koch
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Vajkoczy
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susan Brandenburg
- Department of Experimental Neurosurgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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The GABA and GABA-Receptor System in Inflammation, Anti-Tumor Immune Responses, and COVID-19. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020254. [PMID: 36830790 PMCID: PMC9953446 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA and GABAA-receptors (GABAA-Rs) play major roles in neurodevelopment and neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS). There has been a growing appreciation that GABAA-Rs are also present on most immune cells. Studies in the fields of autoimmune disease, cancer, parasitology, and virology have observed that GABA-R ligands have anti-inflammatory actions on T cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs), while also enhancing regulatory T cell (Treg) responses and shifting APCs toward anti-inflammatory phenotypes. These actions have enabled GABAA-R ligands to ameliorate autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D), multiple sclerosis (MS), and rheumatoid arthritis, as well as type 2 diabetes (T2D)-associated inflammation in preclinical models. Conversely, antagonism of GABAA-R activity promotes the pro-inflammatory responses of T cells and APCs, enhancing anti-tumor responses and reducing tumor burden in models of solid tumors. Lung epithelial cells also express GABA-Rs, whose activation helps maintain fluid homeostasis and promote recovery from injury. The ability of GABAA-R agonists to limit both excessive immune responses and lung epithelial cell injury may underlie recent findings that GABAA-R agonists reduce the severity of disease in mice infected with highly lethal coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2 and MHV-1). These observations suggest that GABAA-R agonists may provide off-the-shelf therapies for COVID-19 caused by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, as well as novel beta-coronaviruses, which evade vaccine-induced immune responses and antiviral medications. We review these findings and further advance the notions that (1) immune cells possess GABAA-Rs to limit inflammation in the CNS, and (2) this natural "braking system" on inflammatory responses may be pharmacologically engaged to slow the progression of autoimmune diseases, reduce the severity of COVID-19, and perhaps limit neuroinflammation associated with long COVID.
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Gonçalves SI, Simões RV, Shemesh N. Short TE downfield magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a mouse model of brain glioma. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:524-536. [PMID: 35315536 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Enhanced cell proliferation in tumors can be associated with altered metabolic profiles and dramatic microenvironmental changes. Downfield magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) has received increasing attention due to its ability to report on labile resonances of molecules not easily detected in upfield 1 H MRS. Image-selected-in-vivo-spectroscopy-relaxation enhanced MRS (iRE-MRS) was recently introduced for acquiring short echo-time (TE) spectra. Here, iRE-MRS was used to investigate in-vivo downfield spectra in glioma-bearing mice. METHODS Experiments were performed in vivo in an immunocompetent glioma mouse model at 9.4 T using a cryogenic coil. iRE-MRS spectra were acquired in N = 6 glioma-bearing mice (voxel size = 2.23 mm3 ) and N = 6 control mice. Spectra were modeled by a sum of Lorentzian peaks simulating known downfield resonances, and differences between controls and tumors were quantified using relative peak areas. RESULTS Short TE tumor spectra exhibited large qualitative differences compared to control spectra. Most peaks appeared modulated, with strong attenuation of NAA (∼7.82, 7.86 ppm) and changes in relative peak areas between 6.75 and 8.49 ppm. Peak areas tended to be smaller for DF6.83 , DF7.60 , DF8.18 and NAA; and larger for DF7.95 and DF8.24 . Differences were also detected in signals resonating above 8.5 ppm, assumed to arise from NAD+. CONCLUSIONS In-vivo downfield 1 H iRE-MRS of mouse glioma revealed differences between controls and tumor bearing mice, including in metabolites which are not easily detectable in the more commonly investigated upfield spectrum. These findings motivate future downfield MRS investigations exploring pH and exchange contributions to these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rui V Simões
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Noam Shemesh
- Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
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6
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Deborne J, Pinaud N, Crémillieux Y. Proton MRS on sub-microliter volume in rat brain using implantable NMR microcoils. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4578. [PMID: 34189772 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of miniaturized NMR receiver coils is an effective approach for improving detection sensitivity in studies using MRS and MRI. By optimizing the filling factor (the fraction of the coil occupied by the sample), and by increasing the RF magnetic field produced per unit current, the sensitivity gain offered by NMR microcoils is particularly interesting when small volumes or regions of interest are investigated. For in vivo studies, millimetric or sub-millimetric microcoils can be deployed in tissues to access regions of interest located at a certain depth. In this study, the implementation and application of a tissue-implantable NMR microcoil with a detection volume of 850 nL is described. The RF magnetic field generated by the microcoil was evaluated using a finite element method simulation and experimentally determined by high spatial resolution MRI acquisitions. The performance of the microcoil in terms of spectral resolution and limit of detection was measured at 7 T in vitro and in vivo in rodent brains. These performances were compared with those of a conventional external detection coil. Proton MR spectra were acquired in the cortex of rat brain. The concentrations of main metabolites were quantified and compared with reference values from the literature. In vitro and in vivo results obtained with the implantable microcoil showed a gain in sensitivity greater than 50 compared with detection using an external coil. In vivo proton spectra of diagnostic value were obtained from brain regions of a few hundred nanoliters. The similarities between spectra obtained with the implanted microcoil and those obtained with the external NMR coil highlight the minimally invasive nature of the coil implantation procedure. These implantable microcoils represent new tools for probing tissue metabolism in very small healthy or diseased regions using MRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Deborne
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Noël Pinaud
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Yannick Crémillieux
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Walsh JJ, Parent M, Akif A, Adam LC, Maritim S, Mishra SK, Khan MH, Coman D, Hyder F. Imaging Hallmarks of the Tumor Microenvironment in Glioblastoma Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:692650. [PMID: 34513675 PMCID: PMC8426346 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.692650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma progression involves multifaceted changes in vascularity, cellularity, and metabolism. Capturing such complexities of the tumor niche, from the tumor core to the periphery, by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) methods has translational impact. In human-derived glioblastoma models (U87, U251) we made simultaneous and longitudinal measurements of tumor perfusion (Fp), permeability (Ktrans), and volume fractions of extracellular (ve) and blood (vp) spaces from dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI, cellularity from apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) MRI, and extracellular pH (pHe) from an MRSI method called Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS). Spatiotemporal patterns of these parameters during tumorigenesis were unique for each tumor. While U87 tumors grew faster, Fp, Ktrans, and vp increased with tumor growth in both tumors but these trends were more pronounced for U251 tumors. Perfused regions between tumor periphery and core with U87 tumors exhibited higher Fp, but Ktrans of U251 tumors remained lowest at the tumor margin, suggesting primitive vascularization. Tumor growth was uncorrelated with ve, ADC, and pHe. U87 tumors showed correlated regions of reduced ve and lower ADC (higher cellularity), suggesting ongoing proliferation. U251 tumors revealed that the tumor core had higher ve and elevated ADC (lower cellularity), suggesting necrosis development. The entire tumor was uniformly acidic (pHe 6.1-6.8) early and throughout progression, but U251 tumors were more acidic, suggesting lower aerobic glycolysis in U87 tumors. Characterizing these cancer hallmarks with DCE-MRI, ADC-MRI, and BIRDS-MRSI will be useful for exploring tumorigenesis as well as timely therapies targeted to specific vascular and metabolic aspects of the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Walsh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Maxime Parent
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Adil Akif
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lucas C Adam
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Samuel Maritim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Sandeep K Mishra
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Muhammad H Khan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Daniel Coman
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States.,Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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8
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Lesbats C, Katoch N, Minhas AS, Taylor A, Kim HJ, Woo EJ, Poptani H. High-frequency electrical properties tomography at 9.4T as a novel contrast mechanism for brain tumors. Magn Reson Med 2021; 86:382-392. [PMID: 33533114 PMCID: PMC8603929 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish high-frequency magnetic resonance electrical properties tomography (MREPT) as a novel contrast mechanism for the assessment of glioblastomas using a rat brain tumor model. METHODS Six F98 intracranial tumor bearing rats were imaged longitudinally 8, 11 and 14 days after tumor cell inoculation. Conductivity and mean diffusivity maps were generated using MREPT and Diffusion Tensor Imaging. These maps were co-registered with T2 -weighted images and volumes of interests (VOIs) were segmented from the normal brain, ventricles, edema, viable tumor, tumor rim, and tumor core regions. Longitudinal changes in conductivity and mean diffusivity (MD) values were compared in these regions. A correlation analysis was also performed between conductivity and mean diffusivity values. RESULTS The conductivity of ventricles, edematous area and tumor regions (tumor rim, viable tumor, tumor core) was significantly higher (P < .01) compared to the contralateral cortex. The conductivity of the tumor increased over time while MD from the tumor did not change. A marginal positive correlation was noted between conductivity and MD values for tumor rim and viable tumor, whereas this correlation was negative for the tumor core. CONCLUSION We demonstrate a novel contrast mechanism based on ionic concentration and mobility, which may aid in providing complementary information to water diffusion in probing the microenvironment of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Lesbats
- Centre for Preclinical ImagingDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Nitish Katoch
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringKyung Hee UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Atul Singh Minhas
- Centre for Preclinical ImagingDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
- School of EngineeringMacquarie UniversitySydneyNSWAustralia
| | - Arthur Taylor
- Centre for Preclinical ImagingDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Hyung Joong Kim
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringKyung Hee UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Eung Je Woo
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringKyung Hee UniversitySeoulSouth Korea
| | - Harish Poptani
- Centre for Preclinical ImagingDepartment of Molecular and Clinical Cancer MedicineUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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Implantable NMR Microcoils in Rats: A New Tool for Exploring Tumor Metabolism at Sub-Microliter Scale? Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11030176. [PMID: 33803055 PMCID: PMC8002894 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11030176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of a miniaturized implantable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) coil to acquire in vivo proton NMR spectra in sub-microliter regions of interest and to obtain metabolic information using magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in these small volumes. For this purpose, the NMR microcoils were implanted in the right cortex of healthy rats and in C6 glioma-bearing rats. The dimensions of the microcoil were 450 micrometers wide and 3 mm long. The MRS acquisitions were performed at 7 Tesla using volume coil for RF excitation and microcoil for signal reception. The detection volume of the microcoil was measured equal to 450 nL. A gain in sensitivity equal to 76 was found in favor of implanted microcoil as compared to external surface coil. Nine resonances from metabolites were assigned in the spectra acquired in healthy rats (n = 5) and in glioma-bearing rat (n = 1). The differences in relative amplitude of choline, lactate and creatine resonances observed in glioma-bearing animal were in agreement with published findings on this tumor model. In conclusion, the designed implantable microcoil is suitable for in vivo MRS and can be used for probing the metabolism in localized and very small regions of interest in a tumor.
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10
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Mishkovsky M, Gusyatiner O, Lanz B, Cudalbu C, Vassallo I, Hamou MF, Bloch J, Comment A, Gruetter R, Hegi ME. Hyperpolarized 13C-glucose magnetic resonance highlights reduced aerobic glycolysis in vivo in infiltrative glioblastoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5771. [PMID: 33707647 PMCID: PMC7952603 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85339-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive brain tumor type in adults. GBM is heterogeneous, with a compact core lesion surrounded by an invasive tumor front. This front is highly relevant for tumor recurrence but is generally non-detectable using standard imaging techniques. Recent studies demonstrated distinct metabolic profiles of the invasive phenotype in GBM. Magnetic resonance (MR) of hyperpolarized 13C-labeled probes is a rapidly advancing field that provides real-time metabolic information. Here, we applied hyperpolarized 13C-glucose MR to mouse GBM models. Compared to controls, the amount of lactate produced from hyperpolarized glucose was higher in the compact GBM model, consistent with the accepted "Warburg effect". However, the opposite response was observed in models reflecting the invasive zone, with less lactate produced than in controls, implying a reduction in aerobic glycolysis. These striking differences could be used to map the metabolic heterogeneity in GBM and to visualize the infiltrative front of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mor Mishkovsky
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Olga Gusyatiner
- Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Neurosurgery Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Lanz
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Irene Vassallo
- Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Neurosurgery Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-France Hamou
- Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Neurosurgery Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jocelyne Bloch
- Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Neurosurgery Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Comment
- General Electric Healthcare, Chalfont St Giles, Buckinghamshire, HP8 4SP, UK
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, University of Geneva (UNIGE), Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Monika E Hegi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Service of Neurosurgery Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV) and University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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11
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Hsu CH, Lin S, Ho AC, Johnson TD, Wang PC, Scafidi J, Tu TW. Comparison of in vivo and in situ detection of hippocampal metabolites in mouse brain using 1 H-MRS. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4451. [PMID: 33258202 PMCID: PMC8214416 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The study of cerebral metabolites relies heavily on detection methods and sample preparation. Animal experiments in vivo require anesthetic agents that can alter brain metabolism, whereas ex vivo experiments demand appropriate fixation methods to preserve the tissue from rapid postmortem degradation. In this study, the metabolic profiles of mouse hippocampi using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1 H-MRS) were compared in vivo and in situ with or without focused beam microwave irradiation (FBMI) fixation. Ten major brain metabolites, including lactate (Lac), N-acetylaspartate (NAA), total choline (tCho), myo-inositol (mIns), glutamine (Gln), glutamate (Glu), aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutathione (GSH), total creatine (tCr) and taurine (Tau), were analyzed using LCModel. After FBMI fixation, the concentrations of Lac, tCho and mIns were comparable with those obtained in vivo under isoflurane, whereas other metabolites were significantly lower. Except for a decrease in NAA and an increase in Tau, all the other metabolites remained stable over 41 hours in FBMI-fixed brains. Without FBMI, the concentrations of mIns (before 2 hours), tCho and GABA were close to those measured in vivo. However, higher Lac (P < .01) and lower NAA, Gln, Glu, GSH, tCr and Tau were observed (P < .01). NAA, Gln, Glu, GSH, tCr and Tau exhibited good temporal stability for at least 20 hours in the unfixed brain, whereas a linear increase of tCho, mIns and GABA was observed. Possible mechanisms of postmortem degradation are discussed. Our results indicate that a proper fixation method is required for in situ detection depending on the targeted metabolites of specific interests in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Hsiung Hsu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen Lin
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ai-Chen Ho
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - T. Derek Johnson
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Neurology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul C. Wang
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Scafidi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, Department of Neurology, Children’s National Hospital, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Tsang-Wei Tu
- Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Howard University, Washington, DC, USA
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Zu Z, Lin EC, Louie EA, Xu J, Li H, Xie J, Lankford CL, Chekmenev EY, Swanson SD, Does MD, Gore JC, Gochberg DF. Relayed nuclear Overhauser enhancement sensitivity to membrane Cho phospholipids. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:1961-1976. [PMID: 32243662 PMCID: PMC8238412 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Phospholipids are key constituents of cell membranes and serve vital functions in the regulation of cellular processes; thus, a method for in vivo detection and characterization could be valuable for detecting changes in cell membranes that are consequences of either normal or pathological processes. Here, we describe a new method to map the distribution of partially restricted phospholipids in tissues. METHODS The phospholipids were measured by signal changes caused by relayed nuclear Overhauser enhancement-mediated CEST between the phospholipid Cho headgroup methyl protons and water at around -1.6 ppm from the water resonance. The biophysical basis of this effect was examined by controlled manipulation of head group, chain length, temperature, degree of saturation, and presence of cholesterol. Additional experiments were performed on animal tumor models to evaluate potential applications of this novel signal while correcting for confounding contributions. RESULTS Negative relayed nuclear Overhauser dips in Z-spectra were measured from reconstituted Cho phospholipids with cholesterol but not for other Cho-containing metabolites or proteins. Significant contrast was found between tumor and contralateral normal tissue signals in animals when comparing both the measured saturation transfer signal and a more specific imaging metric. CONCLUSION We demonstrated specific relayed nuclear Overhauser effects in partially restricted phospholipid phantoms and similar effects in solid brain tumors after correcting for confounding signal contributions, suggesting possible translational applications of this novel molecular imaging method, which we name restricted phospholipid transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Zu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eugene C. Lin
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Elizabeth A. Louie
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Junzhong Xu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hua Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Jingping Xie
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher L. Lankford
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Scott D. Swanson
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark D. Does
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John C. Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Daniel F. Gochberg
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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13
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Dolezyczek H, Rapolu M, Niedzwiedziuk P, Karnowski K, Borycki D, Dzwonek J, Wilczynski G, Malinowska M, Wojtkowski M. Longitudinal in-vivo OCM imaging of glioblastoma development in the mouse brain. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 11:5003-5016. [PMID: 33014596 PMCID: PMC7510867 DOI: 10.1364/boe.400723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present in-vivo imaging of the mouse brain using custom made Gaussian beam optical coherence microscopy (OCM) with 800nm wavelength. We applied new instrumentation to longitudinal imaging of the glioblastoma (GBM) tumor microvasculature in the mouse brain. We have introduced new morphometric biomarkers that enable quantitative analysis of the development of GBM. We confirmed quantitatively an intensive angiogenesis in the tumor area between 3 and 14 days after GBM cells injection confirmed by considerably increased of morphometric parameters. Moreover, the OCM setup revealed heterogeneity and abnormality of newly formed vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Dolezyczek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
- both authors contributed equally
| | - Mounika Rapolu
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- both authors contributed equally
| | - Paulina Niedzwiedziuk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Karnowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dawid Borycki
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Dzwonek
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wilczynski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Malinowska
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Wojtkowski
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
- Baltic Institute of Technology, Al. Zwycięstwa 96/98, 81-451 Gdynia, Poland
- Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 11, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Body weight algorithm predicts humane endpoint in an intracranial rat glioma model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9020. [PMID: 32488031 PMCID: PMC7265476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65783-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humane endpoint determination is fundamental in animal experimentation. Despite commonly accepted endpoint criteria for intracranial tumour models (20% body weight loss and deteriorated clinical score) some animals still die before being euthanized in current research. We here systematically evaluated other measures as surrogates for a more reliable humane endpoint determination. Adult male BDIX rats (n = 119) with intracranial glioma formation after BT4Ca cell-injection were used. Clinical score and body weight were assessed daily. One subgroup (n = 14) was assessed daily for species-specific (nesting, burrowing), motor (distance, coordination) and social behaviour. Another subgroup (n = 8) was implanted with a telemetric device for monitoring heart rate (variability), temperature and activity. Body weight and clinical score of all other rats were used for training (n = 34) and validation (n = 63) of an elaborate body weight course analysis algorithm for endpoint detection. BT4Ca cell-injection reliably induced fast-growing tumours. No behavioural or physiological parameter detected deteriorations of the clinical state earlier or more reliable than clinical scoring by experienced observers. However, the body weight course analysis algorithm predicted endpoints in 97% of animals without confounding observer-dependent factors. Clinical scoring together with the novel algorithm enables highly reliable and observer-independent endpoint determination in a rodent intracranial tumour model.
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15
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Zu Z, Janve V, Gore JC. Spin-lock imaging of intrinsic susceptibility gradients in tumors. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1587-1595. [PMID: 31883149 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous studies have shown that diffusion of water through intrinsic susceptibility gradients produces a dispersion of the spin-lattice relaxation rate in the rotating frame (R1 ρ ) over a low range of spin-locking amplitudes (0 < ω1 < 100 Hz), whereas at higher ω1 and high magnetic fields, a second dispersion arises due to chemical exchange. Here, we separated these different effects and evaluated their contributions in tumors. METHODS Maps of R1 ρ and its changes with locking field were acquired on intracranial 9-L tumor models. The R1 ρ changes due to diffusion ( R 1 ρ Diff ) were calculated by subtracting maps of R1 ρ at 100 Hz (R1 ρ [100 Hz]) from those at 0 Hz (R1 ρ [0 Hz]). The R1 ρ changes due to exchange ( R 1 ρ Ex ) were calculated by subtracting maps of R1 ρ at 5620 Hz (R1 ρ [5620 Hz]) from those of R1 ρ at 100 Hz (R1 ρ [100 Hz]). Measurements of vascular dimensions and spacing were performed ex vivo using 3D confocal microscopy. RESULTS The R1 ρ changes at low ω1 in tumors (5.24 ± 1.78 s-1 ) are substantially (p = 3.76 ) greater than those in normal tissues (1.36 ± 0.70 s-1 ), which we suggest are due to greater contributions from diffusion through susceptibility gradients. Tumor vessels were larger and spaced less closely compared with normal brain, which may be 1 factor contributing the susceptibility within 9-L tumors. The contrast between tumor and normal tissues for R 1 ρ Diff is larger than for R 1 ρ Ex and for the apparent R2w . CONCLUSION Images that are sensitive to the variations of spin-lock relaxation rates at low ω1 provide a novel form of contrast that reflects the heterogeneous nature of intrinsic variations within tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Zu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Vaibhav Janve
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Arlauckas SP, Browning EA, Poptani H, Delikatny EJ. Imaging of cancer lipid metabolism in response to therapy. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e4070. [PMID: 31107583 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lipids represent a diverse array of molecules essential to the cell's structure, defense, energy, and communication. Lipid metabolism can often become dysregulated during tumor development. During cancer therapy, targeted inhibition of cell proliferation can likewise cause widespread and drastic changes in lipid composition. Molecular imaging techniques have been developed to monitor altered lipid profiles as a biomarker for cancer diagnosis and treatment response. For decades, MRS has been the dominant non-invasive technique for studying lipid metabolite levels. Recent insights into the oncogenic transformations driving changes in lipid metabolism have revealed new mechanisms and signaling molecules that can be exploited using optical imaging, mass spectrometry imaging, and positron emission tomography. These novel imaging modalities have provided researchers with a diverse toolbox to examine changes in lipids in response to a wide array of anticancer strategies including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, signal transduction inhibitors, gene therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these strategies. The understanding of lipid metabolism in response to cancer therapy continues to evolve as each therapeutic method emerges, and this review seeks to summarize the current field and areas of unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Philip Arlauckas
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Systems Biology, Mass General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Anne Browning
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Harish Poptani
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Edward James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Corbetta C, Di Ianni N, Bruzzone MG, Patanè M, Pollo B, Cantini G, Cominelli M, Zucca I, Pisati F, Poliani PL, Finocchiaro G, Pellegatta S. Altered function of the glutamate–aspartate transporter GLAST, a potential therapeutic target in glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:2539-2554. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Corbetta
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Natalia Di Ianni
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Bruzzone
- Experimental Imaging and Neuro‐RadiologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Monica Patanè
- Unit of PathologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Bianca Pollo
- Unit of PathologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Gabriele Cantini
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | | | - Ileana Zucca
- Experimental Imaging and Neuro‐RadiologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Federica Pisati
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | | | - Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
| | - Serena Pellegatta
- Unit of Molecular Neuro‐OncologyFondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta Milan Italy
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18
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Giakoumettis D, Kritis A, Foroglou N. C6 cell line: the gold standard in glioma research. Hippokratia 2018; 22:105-112. [PMID: 31641331 PMCID: PMC6801124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme is the most aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis and an average survival of 1-2 years. Animal models that simulate the features of human glioma are the key to newer agents or therapeutic strategies. In order to establish such models, the C6 glioma cell line has been mostly used in neuro-oncology research. METHODS In this narrative review, we systematically reviewed the international literature in order to retrieve and present the most important biological and molecular features of C6 cell line. RESULTS Even though many cell lines have been developed, each cell line presents with slight differences from human glioma behavior. C6 cancer cell line is a rat glioma cell line, which can simulate in overall the high growth rate, the high vascularization, and the highly infiltrative character of glioblastoma multiforme. CONCLUSIONS Most of the C6 glioma research has been focused on testing a wide diversity of agents for their tumoricidal activity. C6 cell line is considered to be a safe and popular glioma model in the literature, providing a good simulation of glioblastoma multiforme. HIPPOKRATIA 2018, 22(3): 105-112.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Giakoumettis
- First Department of Neurosurgery, University of Athens Medical School, "Evangelismos" General Hospital, Athens
- First Department of Neurosurgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - A Kritis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences
- cGMP Regenerative Medicine facility, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences
| | - N Foroglou
- First Department of Neurosurgery, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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19
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Lai M, Vassallo I, Lanz B, Poitry-Yamate C, Hamou MF, Cudalbu C, Gruetter R, Hegi ME. In vivocharacterization of brain metabolism by1H MRS,13C MRS and18FDG PET reveals significant glucose oxidation of invasively growing glioma cells. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:127-138. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lai
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET); École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL); Switzerland
| | - Irene Vassallo
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology and Genetics; Service of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Bernard Lanz
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET); École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL); Switzerland
| | | | - Marie-France Hamou
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology and Genetics; Service of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET); École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne (EPFL); Switzerland
- Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM); EPFL Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Radiology; University of Geneva (UNIGE); Geneva Switzerland
- Department of Radiology; University of Lausanne (UNIL); Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Monika E. Hegi
- Laboratory of Brain Tumor Biology and Genetics; Service of Neurosurgery and Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV); Lausanne Switzerland
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Zu Z, Louie EA, Lin EC, Jiang X, Does MD, Gore JC, Gochberg DF. Chemical exchange rotation transfer imaging of intermediate-exchanging amines at 2 ppm. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3756. [PMID: 28590070 PMCID: PMC5597471 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging of amine protons exchanging at intermediate rates and whose chemical shift is around 2 ppm may provide a means of mapping creatine. However, the quantification of this effect may be compromised by the influence of overlapping CEST signals from fast-exchanging amines and hydroxyls. We aimed to investigate the exchange rate filtering effect of a variation of CEST, named chemical exchange rotation transfer (CERT), as a means of isolating creatine contributions at around 2 ppm from other overlapping signals. Simulations were performed to study the filtering effects of CERT for the selection of transfer effects from protons of specific exchange rates. Control samples containing the main metabolites in brain, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and egg white albumen (EWA) at their physiological concentrations and pH were used to study the ability of CERT to isolate molecules with amines at 2 ppm that exchange at intermediate rates, and corresponding methods were used for in vivo rat brain imaging. Simulations showed that exchange rate filtering can be combined with conventional filtering based on chemical shift. Studies on samples showed that signal contributions from creatine can be separated from those of other metabolites using this combined filter, but contributions from protein amines may still be significant. This exchange filtering can also be used for in vivo imaging. CERT provides more specific quantification of amines at 2 ppm that exchange at intermediate rates compared with conventional CEST imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongliang Zu
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Elizabeth A. Louie
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Eugene C. Lin
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Mark D. Does
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - John C. Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Daniel F. Gochberg
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Nashville, TN
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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Leblond MM, Pérès EA, Helaine C, Gérault AN, Moulin D, Anfray C, Divoux D, Petit E, Bernaudin M, Valable S. M2 macrophages are more resistant than M1 macrophages following radiation therapy in the context of glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:72597-72612. [PMID: 29069812 PMCID: PMC5641155 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In some highly inflammatory tumors, such as glioblastoma (GB), macrophages (MΦ) represent the most abundant population of reactive cells. MΦ, initially denoted as M0 MΦ, can be polarized into two further phenotypes: the antitumor M1 MΦ, and the protumor M2 MΦ. The three phenotypes can reside simultaneously in the tumor mass and various external factors may influence MΦ polarization. Radiotherapy is a common modality of cancer treatment aiming to target tumor cells. However, the specific effects of X-ray radiation on the inflammatory cells are, so far, controversial and not fully understood. In the present investigation, we have first analyzed, in vivo, the effect of X-ray radiation on MΦ present in GB tumors. We have observed a decrease in MΦ number paralleled by an increase in the proportion of M2 MΦ. To understand this phenomenon, we then evaluated, in vitro, the effects of X-rays on the MΦ phenotypes and survival. We have found that X-ray radiation failed to modify the phenotype of the different MΦ. However, M1 MΦ were more sensitive to ionizing radiation than M2 MΦ, both in normoxia and in hypoxia, which could explain the in vivo observations. To conclude, M2 MΦ are more radioresistant than M0 and M1 MΦ and the present study allows us to propose that X-ray radiotherapy could contribute, along with other phenomena, to the increased density in the protumor M2 MΦ in GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine M. Leblond
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Elodie A. Pérès
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Charly Helaine
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Aurélie N. Gérault
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Damien Moulin
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Clément Anfray
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Didier Divoux
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Edwige Petit
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Myriam Bernaudin
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
| | - Samuel Valable
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000 Caen, France
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Timbie KF, Afzal U, Date A, Zhang C, Song J, Wilson Miller G, Suk JS, Hanes J, Price RJ. MR image-guided delivery of cisplatin-loaded brain-penetrating nanoparticles to invasive glioma with focused ultrasound. J Control Release 2017; 263:120-131. [PMID: 28288892 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Systemically administered chemotherapeutic drugs are often ineffective in the treatment of invasive brain tumors due to poor therapeutic index. Within gliomas, despite the presence of heterogeneously leaky microvessels, dense extracellular matrix and high interstitial pressure generate a "blood-tumor barrier" (BTB), which inhibits drug delivery and distribution. Meanwhile, beyond the contrast MRI-enhancing edge of the tumor, invasive cancer cells are protected by the intact blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we tested whether brain-penetrating nanoparticles (BPN) that possess dense surface coatings of polyethylene glycol (PEG) and are loaded with cisplatin (CDDP) could be delivered across both the blood-tumor and blood-brain barriers with MR image-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS), and whether this treatment could control glioma growth and invasiveness. To this end, we first established that MRgFUS is capable of significantly enhancing the delivery of ~60nm fluorescent tracer BPN across the blood-tumor barrier in both the 9L (6-fold improvement) gliosarcoma and invasive F98 (28-fold improvement) glioma models. Importantly, BPN delivery across the intact BBB, just beyond the tumor edge, was also markedly increased in both tumor models. We then showed that a CDDP loaded BPN formulation (CDDP-BPN), composed of a blend of polyaspartic acid (PAA) and heavily PEGylated polyaspartic acid (PAA-PEG), was highly stable, provided extended drug release, and was effective against F98 cells in vitro. These CDDP-BPN were delivered from the systemic circulation into orthotopic F98 gliomas using MRgFUS, where they elicited a significant reduction in tumor invasiveness and growth, as well as improved animal survival. We conclude that this therapy may offer a powerful new approach for the treatment invasive gliomas, particularly for preventing and controlling recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie F Timbie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road Building MR5, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Umara Afzal
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Department of Biochemistry, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Shamsabad, Muree Road, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Abhijit Date
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Clark Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Ji Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road Building MR5, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - G Wilson Miller
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia, 480 Ray C Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States
| | - Jung Soo Suk
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Justin Hanes
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; Center for Nanomedicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Richard J Price
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, 415 Lane Road Building MR5, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States.
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23
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Huang Y, Coman D, Herman P, Rao JU, Maritim S, Hyder F. Towards longitudinal mapping of extracellular pH in gliomas. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:1364-1372. [PMID: 27472471 PMCID: PMC5035200 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biosensor imaging of redundant deviation in shifts (BIRDS), an ultrafast chemical shift imaging technique, requires infusion of paramagnetic probes such as 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis methylene phosphonate (DOTP(8-) ) complexed with thulium (Tm(3+) ) ion (i.e. TmDOTP(5-) ), where the pH-sensitive resonances of hyperfine-shifted non-exchangeable protons contained within the paramagnetic probe are detected. While imaging extracellular pH (pHe ) with BIRDS meets an important cancer research need by mapping the intratumoral-peritumoral pHe gradient, the surgical intervention used to raise the probe's plasma concentration limits longitudinal scans on the same subject. Here we describe using probenecid (i.e. an organic anion transporter inhibitor) to temporarily restrict renal clearance of TmDOTP(5-) , thereby facilitating molecular imaging by BIRDS without surgical intervention. Co-infusion of probenecid with TmDOTP(5-) increased the probe's distribution into various organs, including the brain, compared with infusing TmDOTP(5-) alone. In vivo BIRDS data using the probenecid-TmDOTP(5-) co-infusion method in rats bearing RG2, 9 L, and U87 brain tumors showed intratumoral-peritumoral pHe gradients that were unaffected by the probe dose. This co-infusion method can be used for pHe mapping with BIRDS in preclinical models for tumor characterization and therapeutic monitoring, given the possibility of repeated scans with BIRDS (e.g. over days and even weeks) in the same subject. The longitudinal pHe readout by the probenecid-TmDOTP(5-) co-infusion method for BIRDS adds translational value in tumor assessment and treatment. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuegao Huang
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Daniel Coman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Peter Herman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jyotsna U Rao
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel Maritim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.
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24
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Verma A, Kumar I, Verma N, Aggarwal P, Ojha R. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy - Revisiting the biochemical and molecular milieu of brain tumors. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:170-8. [PMID: 27158592 PMCID: PMC4845155 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is an established tool for in-vivo evaluation of the biochemical basis of human diseases. On one hand, such lucid depiction of ‘live biochemistry’ helps one to decipher the true nature of the pathology while on the other hand one can track the response to therapy at sub-cellular level. Brain tumors have been an area of continuous interrogation and instigation for mankind. Evaluation of these lesions by MRS plays a crucial role in the two aspects of disease management described above. Scope of review Presented is an overview of the window provided by MRS into the biochemical aspects of brain tumors. We systematically visit each metabolite deciphered by MRS and discuss the role of deconvoluting the biochemical aspects of pathologies (here in context of brain tumors) in the disease management cycle. We further try to unify a radiologist's perspective of disease with that of a biochemist to prove the point that preclinical work is the mother of the treatment we provide at bedside as clinicians. Furthermore, an integrated approach by various scientific experts help resolve a query encountered in everyday practice. Major conclusions MR spectroscopy is an integral tool for evaluation and systematic follow-up of brain tumors. A deeper understanding of this technology by a biochemist would help in a swift and more logical development of the technique while a close collaboration with radiologist would enable definitive application of the same. General significance The review aims at inciting closer ties between the two specialists enabling a deeper understanding of this valuable technology. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy is an established technology for non-invasive assessment of pathological tissue. Good understanding of the physical principles of the technique can help one exploit it maximally. An array of information from the technique is available and needs deep understanding of the results. Newer variations of this technology are being invented to evaluate different aspects of pathologies in a more refined manner. We also discuss the limitations of this technology and possible solutions there-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Verma
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Ishan Kumar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis and Imaging, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Nimisha Verma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Priyanka Aggarwal
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
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25
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Coman D, Huang Y, Rao JU, De Feyter HM, Rothman DL, Juchem C, Hyder F. Imaging the intratumoral-peritumoral extracellular pH gradient of gliomas. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 29:309-19. [PMID: 26752688 PMCID: PMC4769673 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors have an acidic extracellular pH (pHe ) but near neutral intracellular pH (pHi ). Because acidic pHe milieu is conducive to tumor growth and builds resistance to therapy, simultaneous mapping of pHe inside and outside the tumor (i.e., intratumoral-peritumoral pHe gradient) fulfills an important need in cancer imaging. We used Biosensor Imaging of Redundant Deviation in Shifts (BIRDS), which utilizes shifts of non-exchangeable protons from macrocyclic chelates (e.g., 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7,10-tetrakis(methylene phosphonate) or DOTP(8-) ) complexed with paramagnetic thulium (Tm(3) (+) ) ion, to generate in vivo pHe maps in rat brains bearing 9L and RG2 tumors. Upon TmDOTP(5-) infusion, MRI identified the tumor boundary by enhanced water transverse relaxation and BIRDS allowed imaging of intratumoral-peritumoral pHe gradients. The pHe measured by BIRDS was compared with pHi measured with (31) P-MRS. In normal tissue, pHe was similar to pHi , but inside the tumor pHe was lower than pHi . While the intratumoral pHe was acidic for both tumor types, peritumoral pHe varied with tumor type. The intratumoral-peritumoral pHe gradient was much larger for 9L than RG2 tumors because in RG2 tumors acidic pHe was found in distal peritumoral regions. The increased presence of Ki-67 positive cells beyond the RG2 tumor border suggested that RG2 was more invasive than the 9L tumor. These results indicate that extensive acidic pHe beyond the tumor boundary correlates with tumor cell invasion. In summary, BIRDS has sensitivity to map the in vivo intratumoral-peritumoral pHe gradient, thereby creating preclinical applications in monitoring cancer therapeutic responses (e.g., with pHe -altering drugs). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Coman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuegao Huang
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jyotsna U. Rao
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Henk M. De Feyter
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Douglas L. Rothman
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christoph Juchem
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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26
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Dong Y, Wu H, Rahman HNA, Liu Y, Pasula S, Tessneer KL, Cai X, Liu X, Chang B, McManus J, Hahn S, Dong J, Brophy ML, Yu L, Song K, Silasi-Mansat R, Saunders D, Njoku C, Song H, Mehta-D'Souza P, Towner R, Lupu F, McEver RP, Xia L, Boerboom D, Srinivasan RS, Chen H. Motif mimetic of epsin perturbs tumor growth and metastasis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4349-64. [PMID: 26571402 DOI: 10.1172/jci80349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor angiogenesis is critical for cancer progression. In multiple murine models, endothelium-specific epsin deficiency abrogates tumor progression by shifting the balance of VEGFR2 signaling toward uncontrolled tumor angiogenesis, resulting in dysfunctional tumor vasculature. Here, we designed a tumor endothelium-targeting chimeric peptide (UPI) for the purpose of inhibiting endogenous tumor endothelial epsins by competitively binding activated VEGFR2. We determined that the UPI peptide specifically targets tumor endothelial VEGFR2 through an unconventional binding mechanism that is driven by unique residues present only in the epsin ubiquitin-interacting motif (UIM) and the VEGFR2 kinase domain. In murine models of neoangiogenesis, UPI peptide increased VEGF-driven angiogenesis and neovascularization but spared quiescent vascular beds. Further, in tumor-bearing mice, UPI peptide markedly impaired functional tumor angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis, resulting in a notable increase in survival. Coadministration of UPI peptide with cytotoxic chemotherapeutics further sustained tumor inhibition. Equipped with localized tumor endothelium-specific targeting, our UPI peptide provides potential for an effective and alternative cancer therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/metabolism
- Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport/pharmacology
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood supply
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
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27
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Chaumeil MM, Lupo JM, Ronen SM. Magnetic Resonance (MR) Metabolic Imaging in Glioma. Brain Pathol 2015; 25:769-80. [PMID: 26526945 PMCID: PMC8029127 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on describing the use of magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy for metabolic imaging of brain tumors. We will first review the MR metabolic imaging findings generated from preclinical models, focusing primarily on in vivo studies, and will then describe the use of metabolic imaging in the clinical setting. We will address relatively well-established (1) H MRS approaches, as well as (31) P MRS, (13) C MRS and emerging hyperpolarized (13) C MRS methodologies, and will describe the use of metabolic imaging for understanding the basic biology of glioma as well as for improving the characterization and monitoring of brain tumors in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janine M. Lupo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingMission Bay Campus
| | - Sabrina M. Ronen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical ImagingMission Bay Campus
- Brain Tumor Research CenterUniversity of CaliforniaSan FranciscoCA
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28
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Coutinho de Souza P, Mallory S, Smith N, Saunders D, Li XN, McNall-Knapp RY, Fung KM, Towner RA. Inhibition of Pediatric Glioblastoma Tumor Growth by the Anti-Cancer Agent OKN-007 in Orthotopic Mouse Xenografts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134276. [PMID: 26248280 PMCID: PMC4527837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric glioblastomas (pGBM), although rare, are one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in children, with tumors essentially refractory to existing treatments. Here, we describe the use of conventional and advanced in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to assess a novel orthotopic xenograft pGBM mouse (IC-3752GBM patient-derived culture) model, and to monitor the effects of the anti-cancer agent OKN-007 as an inhibitor of pGBM tumor growth. Immunohistochemistry support data is also presented for cell proliferation and tumor growth signaling. OKN-007 was found to significantly decrease tumor volumes (p<0.05) and increase animal survival (p<0.05) in all OKN-007-treated mice compared to untreated animals. In a responsive cohort of treated animals, OKN-007 was able to significantly decrease tumor volumes (p<0.0001), increase survival (p<0.001), and increase diffusion (p<0.01) and perfusion rates (p<0.05). OKN-007 also significantly reduced lipid tumor metabolism in responsive animals [(Lip1.3 and Lip0.9)-to-creatine ratio (p<0.05)], as well as significantly decrease tumor cell proliferation (p<0.05) and microvessel density (p<0.05). Furthermore, in relationship to the PDGFRα pathway, OKN-007 was able to significantly decrease SULF2 (p<0.05) and PDGFR-α (platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α) (p<0.05) immunoexpression, and significantly increase decorin expression (p<0.05) in responsive mice. This study indicates that OKN-007 may be an effective anti-cancer agent for some patients with pGBMs by inhibiting cell proliferation and angiogenesis, possibly via the PDGFRα pathway, and could be considered as an additional therapy for pediatric brain tumor patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Coutinho de Souza
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
| | - Samantha Mallory
- University of Oklahoma Children's Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Xiao-Nan Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Texas Children's Cancer Center, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Rene Y. McNall-Knapp
- University of Oklahoma Children's Hospital, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging on fresh human brain tumor biopsies at microscopic resolution. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6771-80. [PMID: 26123440 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8847-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic composition and concentration knowledge provided by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) liquid and high-resolution magic angle spinning spectroscopy (HR-MAS) has a relevant impact in clinical practice during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) monitoring of human tumors. In addition, the combination of morphological and chemical information by MRI and MRS has been particularly useful for diagnosis and prognosis of tumor evolution. MRI spatial resolution reachable in human beings is limited for safety reasons and the demanding necessary conditions are only applicable on experimental model animals. Nevertheless, MRS and MRI can be performed on human biopsies at high spatial resolution, enough to allow a direct correlation between the chemical information and the histological features observed in such biopsies. Although HR-MAS is nowadays a well-established technique for spectroscopic analysis of tumor biopsies, with this approach just a mean metabolic profile of the whole sample can be obtained and thus the high histological heterogeneity of some important tumors is mostly neglected. The value of metabolic HR-MAS data strongly depends on a wide statistical analysis and usually the microanatomical rationale for the correlation between histology and spectroscopy is lost. We present here a different approach for the combined use of MRI and MRS on fresh human brain tumor biopsies with native contrast. This approach has been designed to achieve high spatial (18 × 18 × 50 μm) and spectral (0.031 μL) resolution in order to obtain as much spatially detailed morphological and metabolical information as possible without any previous treatment that can alter the sample. The preservation of native tissue conditions can provide information that can be translated to in vivo studies and additionally opens the possibility of performing other techniques to obtain complementary information from the same sample.
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30
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de Souza PC, Balasubramanian K, Njoku C, Smith N, Gillespie DL, Schwager A, Abdullah O, Ritchey JW, Fung KM, Saunders D, Jensen RL, Towner RA. OKN-007 decreases tumor necrosis and tumor cell proliferation and increases apoptosis in a preclinical F98 rat glioma model. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015; 42:1582-91. [PMID: 25920494 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.24935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is a malignant World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV glioma with a poor prognosis in humans. New therapeutics are desperately required. The nitrone OKN-007 (2,4-disulfophenyl-PBN) has demonstrated effective anti-glioma properties in several rodent models and is currently being used as a clinical investigational drug for recurrent gliomas. We assessed the regional effects of OKN-007 in the tumor necrotic core and non-necrotic tumor parenchyma. METHODS An F98 rat glioma model was evaluated using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1) H-MRS), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), morphological T2-weighted imaging (T2W) at 7 Tesla (30 cm-bore MRI), as well as immunohistochemistry and microarray assessments, at maximum tumor volumes (15-23 days following cell implantation in untreated (UT) tumors, and 18-35 days in OKN-007-treated tumors). RESULTS (1) H-MRS data indicates that Lip0.9/Cho, Lip0.9/Cr, Lip1.3/Cho, and Lip1.3/Cr ratios are significantly decreased (all P < 0.05) in the OKN-007-treated group compared with UT F98 gliomas. The Cho/Cr ratio is also significantly decreased in the OKN-007-treated group compared with UT gliomas. In addition, the OKN-007-treated group demonstrates significantly lower ADC values in the necrotic tumor core and the nonnecrotic tumor parenchyma (both P < 0.05) compared with the UT group. There was also an increase in apoptosis following OKN-007 treatment (P < 0.01) compared with UT. CONCLUSION OKN-007 reduces both necrosis and tumor cell proliferation, as well as seems to mediate multiple effects in different tumor regions (tumor necrotic core and nonnecrotic tumor parenchyma) in F98 gliomas, indicating the efficacy of OKN-007 as an anti-cancer agent and its potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Coutinho de Souza
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Krithika Balasubramanian
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Charity Njoku
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Natalyia Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - David L Gillespie
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Andrea Schwager
- Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Osama Abdullah
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jerry W Ritchey
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Kar-Ming Fung
- Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Randy L Jensen
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.,Departments of Neurosurgery, Radiation Oncology, Oncological Sciences, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA.,Department of Pathology, Oklahoma University Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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31
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Kumar M, Arlauckas SP, Saksena S, Verma G, Ittyerah R, Pickup S, Popov AV, Delikatny EJ, Poptani H. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy for detection of choline kinase inhibition in the treatment of brain tumors. Mol Cancer Ther 2015; 14:899-908. [PMID: 25657334 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal choline metabolism is a hallmark of cancer and is associated with oncogenesis and tumor progression. Increased choline is consistently observed in both preclinical tumor models and in human brain tumors by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Thus, inhibition of choline metabolism using specific choline kinase inhibitors such as MN58b may be a promising new strategy for treatment of brain tumors. We demonstrate the efficacy of MN58b in suppressing phosphocholine production in three brain tumor cell lines. In vivo MRS studies of rats with intracranial F98-derived brain tumors showed a significant decrease in tumor total choline concentration after treatment with MN58b. High-resolution MRS of tissue extracts confirmed that this decrease was due to a significant reduction in phosphocholine. Concomitantly, a significant increase in poly-unsaturated lipid resonances was also observed in treated tumors, indicating apoptotic cell death. MRI-based volume measurements demonstrated a significant growth arrest in the MN58b-treated tumors in comparison with saline-treated controls. Histologically, MN58b-treated tumors showed decreased cell density, as well as increased apoptotic cells. These results suggest that inhibition of choline kinase can be used as an adjuvant to chemotherapy in the treatment of brain tumors and that decreases in total choline observed by MRS can be used as an effective pharmacodynamic biomarker of treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sean P Arlauckas
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sona Saksena
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ranjit Ittyerah
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen Pickup
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anatoliy V Popov
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edward J Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Harish Poptani
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Hulsey KM, Mashimo T, Banerjee A, Soesbe TC, Spence JS, Vemireddy V, Maher EA, Bachoo RM, Choi C. ¹H MRS characterization of neurochemical profiles in orthotopic mouse models of human brain tumors. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:108-115. [PMID: 25394324 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor, is resistant to currently available treatments. The development of mouse models of human GBM has provided a tool for studying mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and growth as well as a platform for preclinical investigation of new drugs. In this study we used (1) H MR spectroscopy to study the neurochemical profile of a human orthotopic tumor (HOT) mouse model of human GBM. The goal of this study was to evaluate differences in metabolite concentrations in the GBM HOT mice when compared with normal mouse brain in order to determine if MRS could reliably differentiate tumor from normal brain. A TE =19 ms PRESS sequence at 9.4 T was used for measuring metabolite levels in 12 GBM mice and 8 healthy mice. Levels for 12 metabolites and for lipids/macromolecules at 0.9 ppm and at 1.3 ppm were reliably detected in all mouse spectra. The tumors had significantly lower concentrations of total creatine, GABA, glutamate, total N-acetylaspartate, aspartate, lipids/macromolecules at 0.9 ppm, and lipids/macromolecules at 1.3 ppm than did the brains of normal mice. The concentrations of glycine and lactate, however, were significantly higher in tumors than in normal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Hulsey
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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Garcia C, Dubois LG, Xavier AL, Geraldo LH, da Fonseca ACC, Correia AH, Meirelles F, Ventura G, Romão L, Canedo NHS, de Souza JM, de Menezes JRL, Moura-Neto V, Tovar-Moll F, Lima FRS. The orthotopic xenotransplant of human glioblastoma successfully recapitulates glioblastoma-microenvironment interactions in a non-immunosuppressed mouse model. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:923. [PMID: 25482099 PMCID: PMC4295410 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor and the most aggressive glial tumor. This tumor is highly heterogeneous, angiogenic, and insensitive to radio- and chemotherapy. Here we have investigated the progression of GBM produced by the injection of human GBM cells into the brain parenchyma of immunocompetent mice. Methods Xenotransplanted animals were submitted to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histopathological analyses. Results Our data show that two weeks after injection, the produced tumor presents histopathological characteristics recommended by World Health Organization for the diagnosis of GBM in humans. The tumor was able to produce reactive gliosis in the adjacent parenchyma, angiogenesis, an intense recruitment of macrophage and microglial cells, and presence of necrosis regions. Besides, MRI showed that tumor mass had enhanced contrast, suggesting a blood–brain barrier disruption. Conclusions This study demonstrated that the xenografted tumor in mouse brain parenchyma develops in a very similar manner to those found in patients affected by GBM and can be used to better understand the biology of GBM as well as testing potential therapies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-923) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Flavia Regina Souza Lima
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, CCS - Bloco F, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21949-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Park JH, Lee H, Makaryus R, Yu M, Smith SD, Sayed K, Feng T, Holland E, Van der Linden A, Bolwig TG, Enikolopov G, Benveniste H. Metabolic profiling of dividing cells in live rodent brain by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) and LCModel analysis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94755. [PMID: 24819091 PMCID: PMC4018321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale Dividing cells can be detected in the live brain by positron emission tomography or optical imaging. Here we apply proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1HMRS) and a widely used spectral fitting algorithm to characterize the effect of increased neurogenesis after electroconvulsive shock in the live rodent brain via spectral signatures representing mobile lipids resonating at ∼1.30 ppm. In addition, we also apply the same 1HMRS methodology to metabolically profile glioblastomas with actively dividing cells growing in RCAS-PDGF mice. Methods 1HMRS metabolic profiles were acquired on a 9.4T MRI instrument in combination with LCModel spectral analysis of: 1) rat brains before and after ECS or sham treatments and 2) RCAS-PDGF mice with glioblastomas and wild-type controls. Quantified 1HMRS data were compared to post-mortem histology. Results Dividing cells in the rat hippocampus increased ∼3-fold after ECS compared to sham treatment. Quantification of hippocampal metabolites revealed significant decreases in N-acetyl-aspartate but no evidence of an elevated signal at ∼1.3 ppm (Lip13a+Lip13b) in the ECS compared to the sham group. In RCAS-PDGF mice a high density (22%) of dividing cells characterized glioblastomas. Nile Red staining revealed a small fraction (3%) of dying cells with intracellular lipid droplets in the tumors of RCAS-PDGF mice. Concentrations of NAA were lower, whereas lactate and Lip13a+Lip13b were found to be significantly higher in glioblastomas of RCAS-PDGF mice, when compared to normal brain tissue in the control mice. Conclusions Metabolic profiling using 1HMRS in combination with LCModel analysis did not reveal correlation between Lip13a+Lip13b spectral signatures and an increase in neurogenesis in adult rat hippocampus after ECS. However, increases in Lip13a+Lip13b were evident in glioblastomas suggesting that a higher density of actively dividing cells and/or the presence of lipid droplets is necessary for LCModel to reveal mobile lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Hee Park
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Hedok Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Rany Makaryus
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Mei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - S. David Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Kasim Sayed
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Tian Feng
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, New York, United States of America
| | - Eric Holland
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Annemie Van der Linden
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bio-Imaging Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tom G. Bolwig
- Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, United States of America
| | - Helene Benveniste
- Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Craveiro M, Clément-Schatlo V, Marino D, Gruetter R, Cudalbu C. In vivobrain macromolecule signals in healthy and glioblastoma mouse models:1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy, post-processing and metabolite quantification at 14.1 T. J Neurochem 2014; 129:806-15. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Craveiro
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | | | - Denis Marino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Radiology; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
- Department of Radiology; University of Geneva; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Cristina Cudalbu
- Centre d'Imagerie Biomédicale; Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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Guidoni L, Ricci-Vitiani L, Rosi A, Palma A, Grande S, Luciani AM, Pelacchi F, di Martino S, Colosimo C, Biffoni M, De Maria R, Pallini R, Viti V. 1H NMR detects different metabolic profiles in glioblastoma stem-like cells. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2014; 27:129-145. [PMID: 24142746 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic profiles of glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) growing in neurospheres were examined by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Spectra of two GSC lines, labelled 1 and 83, from tumours close to the subventricular zone of the temporal lobe were studied in detail and compared with those of neural stem/progenitor cells from the adult olfactory bulb (OB-NPCs) and of the T98G glioblastoma cell line. In both GSCs, signals from myoinositol (Myo-I), UDP-hexosamines (UDP-Hex) and glycine indicated an astrocyte/glioma metabolism. For line 1, the presence of signals from N-acetyl aspartate, GABA and creatine pointed to a neuronal fingerprint. These metabolites were almost absent from line 83 spectra, whereas lipid signals, absent from normal neural lineages, were intense in line 83 spectra and remained low in those of line 1, irrespective of apoptotic fate. Spectra of OB-NPC cells displayed strong similarities with those from line 1, with low lipid signals and clearly detectable neuronal signals. In contrast, the spectral profile of line 83 was more similar to that of T98G, displaying high lipids and nearly complete absence of the neuronal markers. A mixed neural-astrocyte metabolic phenotype with a strong neuronal fingerprint was therefore found in line 1, while an astrocytic/glioma-like metabolism prevailed in line 83. We found a signal assigned to the amide proton of N-acetyl galactosamine in GSC lines and in OB-NPC spectra, whereas it was absent from those of T98G cells. This signal may be related to a stem-cell-specific protein glycosylation pattern and is therefore suggested as a marker of cell multipotency. Other GSC lines from patients with different clinical outcomes were then examined. Unsupervised analysis of spectral data from 13 lines yielded two clusters, with six lines resembling spectral features of line 1 and seven resembling those of line 83, suggesting that distinct metabolic phenotypes may be present in GSC lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Guidoni
- Department of Technology and Health and INFN Sanità Group, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Bokacheva L, Ackerstaff E, LeKaye HC, Zakian K, Koutcher JA. High-field small animal magnetic resonance oncology studies. Phys Med Biol 2013; 59:R65-R127. [PMID: 24374985 DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/2/r65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the applications of high magnetic field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS) to cancer studies in small animals. High-field MRI can provide information about tumor physiology, the microenvironment, metabolism, vascularity and cellularity. Such studies are invaluable for understanding tumor growth and proliferation, response to treatment and drug development. The MR techniques reviewed here include (1)H, (31)P, chemical exchange saturation transfer imaging and hyperpolarized (13)C MRS as well as diffusion-weighted, blood oxygen level dependent contrast imaging and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. These methods have been proven effective in animal studies and are highly relevant to human clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Bokacheva
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 415 East 68 Street, New York, NY 10065, USA
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38
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Dervishi E, Larrat B, Pernot M, Adam C, Marie Y, Fink M, Delattre JY, Boch AL, Tanter M, Aubry JF. Transcranial high intensity focused ultrasound therapy guided by 7 TESLA MRI in a rat brain tumour model: a feasibility study. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:598-608. [PMID: 23941242 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.820357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Transcranial high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) therapy guided by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising approach for the treatment of brain tumours. Our objective is to validate a dedicated therapy monitoring system for rodents for transcranial HIFU therapy under MRI guidance in an in vivo brain tumour model. MATERIALS AND METHODS A dedicated MR-compatible ultrasound therapy system and positioning frame was developed. Three MR-compatible prefocused ultrasonic monoelement transducers were designed, operating at 1.5 MHz and 2.5 MHz with different geometries. A full protocol of transcranial HIFU brain therapy under MRI guidance was applied in n = 19 rats without and n = 6 rats with transplanted tumours (RG2). Different heating strategies were tested. After treatment, histological study of the brain was performed in order to confirm thermal lesions. RESULTS Relying on a larger aperture and a higher frequency, the 2.5 MHz transducer was found to give better results than other ones. This single element transducer optimised the ratio of the temperature elevation at the focus to the one at the skull surface. Using optimised transducer and heating strategies enabled thermal necrosis both in normal and tumour tissues as verified by histology while limiting overheating in the tissues in contact with the skull. CONCLUSIONS In this study, a system for transcranial HIFU therapy guided by MRI was developed and tested in an in vivo rat brain tumour model. The feasibility of this therapy set-up to induce thermal lesions within brain tumours was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvis Dervishi
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Épinière, INSERM - UMRS 975, CNRS 7225, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris
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O'Brien ER, Howarth C, Sibson NR. The role of astrocytes in CNS tumors: pre-clinical models and novel imaging approaches. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:40. [PMID: 23596394 PMCID: PMC3627137 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis is a significant clinical problem, yet the mechanisms governing tumor cell extravasation across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and CNS colonization are unclear. Astrocytes are increasingly implicated in the pathogenesis of brain metastasis but in vitro work suggests both tumoricidal and tumor-promoting roles for astrocyte-derived molecules. Also, the involvement of astrogliosis in primary brain tumor progression is under much investigation. However, translation of in vitro findings into in vivo and clinical settings has not been realized. Increasingly sophisticated resources, such as transgenic models and imaging technologies aimed at astrocyte-specific markers, will enable better characterization of astrocyte function in CNS tumors. Techniques such as bioluminescence and in vivo fluorescent cell labeling have potential for understanding the real-time responses of astrocytes to tumor burden. Transgenic models targeting signaling pathways involved in the astrocytic response also hold great promise, allowing translation of in vitro mechanistic findings into pre-clinical models. The challenging nature of in vivo CNS work has slowed progress in this area. Nonetheless, there has been a surge of interest in generating pre-clinical models, yielding insights into cell extravasation across the BBB, as well as immune cell recruitment to the parenchyma. While the function of astrocytes in the tumor microenvironment is still unknown, the relationship between astrogliosis and tumor growth is evident. Here, we review the role of astrogliosis in both primary and secondary brain tumors and outline the potential for the use of novel imaging modalities in research and clinical settings. These imaging approaches have the potential to enhance our understanding of the local host response to tumor progression in the brain, as well as providing new, more sensitive diagnostic imaging methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma R. O'Brien
- Department of Oncology, CR-UK/MRC Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, Churchill Hospital, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Wehrl HF, Schwab J, Hasenbach K, Reischl G, Tabatabai G, Quintanilla-Martinez L, Jiru F, Chughtai K, Kiss A, Cay F, Bukala D, Heeren RMA, Pichler BJ, Sauter AW. Multimodal elucidation of choline metabolism in a murine glioma model using magnetic resonance spectroscopy and 11C-choline positron emission tomography. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1470-80. [PMID: 23345160 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolites, transporters, and enzymes involved in choline metabolism are regarded as biomarkers for disease progression in a variety of cancers, but their in vivo detection is not ideal. Both magnetic resonance spectroscopy [MRS using chemical shift imaging (CSI) total choline (tCho)] and C-choline positron emission tomography (PET) can probe this pathway, but they have not been compared side by side. In this study, we used the spontaneous murine astrocytoma model SMA560 injected intracranially into syngeneic VM/Dk mice, analyzing animals at various postimplantation time points using dynamic microPET imaging and CSI MRS. We observed an increase in tumor volume and C-choline uptake between days 5 and 18. Similarly, tCho levels decreased at days 5 to 18. We found a negative correlation between the tCho and PET results in the tumor and a positive correlation between the tCho tumor-to-brain ratio and choline uptake in the tumor. PCR results confirmed expected increases in expression levels for most of the transporters and enzymes. Using MRS quantification, a good agreement was found between CSI and C-choline PET data, whereas a negative correlation occurred when CSI was not referenced. Thus, C-choline PET and MRS methods seemed to be complementary in strengths. While advancing tumor proliferation caused an increasing C-choline uptake, gliosis and inflammation potentially accounted for a high peritumoral tCho signal in CSI, as supported by histology and secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging. Our findings provide definitive evidence of the use of MRS, CSI, and PET for imaging tumors in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans F Wehrl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center,Roentgenweg 13, Tuebingen, Germany
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Towner RA, Gillespie DL, Schwager A, Saunders DG, Smith N, Njoku CE, Krysiak RS, Larabee C, Iqbal H, Floyd RA, Bourne DWA, Abdullah O, Hsu EW, Jensen RL. Regression of glioma tumor growth in F98 and U87 rat glioma models by the Nitrone OKN-007. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:330-40. [PMID: 23328810 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme, a World Health Organization grade IV glioma, has a poor prognosis in humans despite current treatment options. Here, we present magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data regarding the regression of aggressive rat F98 gliomas and human U87 glioma xenografts after treatment with the nitrone compound OKN-007, a disulfonyl derivative of α-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone. METHODS MRI was used to assess tumor volumes in F98 and U87 gliomas, and bioluminescence imaging was used to measure tumor volumes in F98 gliomas encoded with the luciferase gene (F98(luc)). Immunohistochemistry was used to assess angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF] and microvessel density [MVD]), cell differentiation (carbonic anhydrase IX [CA-IX]), hypoxia (hypoxia-inducible factor-1α [HIF-1α]), cell proliferation (glucose transporter 1 [Glut-1] and MIB-1), proliferation index, and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3) markers in F98 gliomas. VEGF, CA-IX, Glut-1, HIF-1α, and cleaved caspase 3 were assessed in U87 gliomas. RESULTS Animal survival was found to be significantly increased (P < .001 for F98, P < .01 for U87) in the group that received OKN-007 treatment compared with the untreated groups. After MRI detection of F98 gliomas, OKN-007, administered orally, was found to decrease tumor growth (P < .05). U87 glioma volumes were found to significantly decrease (P < .05) after OKN-007 treatment, compared with untreated animals. OKN-007 administration resulted in significant decreases in tumor hypoxia (HIF-1α [P < .05] in both F98 and U87), angiogenesis (MVD [P < .05], but not VEGF, in F98 or U87), and cell proliferation (Glut-1 [P < .05 in F98, P < .01 in U87] and MIB-1 [P < .01] in F98) and caused a significant increase in apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3 [P < .001 in F98, P < .05 in U87]), compared with untreated animals. CONCLUSIONS OKN-007 may be considered as a promising therapeutic addition or alternative for the treatment of aggressive human gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rheal A Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, 825 NE 13th St., Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Park JM, Recht LD, Josan S, Merchant M, Jang T, Yen YF, Hurd RE, Spielman DM, Mayer D. Metabolic response of glioma to dichloroacetate measured in vivo by hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Neuro Oncol 2013; 15:433-41. [PMID: 23328814 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nos319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The metabolic phenotype that derives disproportionate energy via glycolysis in solid tumors, including glioma, leads to elevated lactate labeling in metabolic imaging using hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate. Although the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH)-mediated flux from pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A can be indirectly measured through the detection of carbon-13 ((13)C)-labeled bicarbonate, it has proven difficult to visualize (13)C-bicarbonate at high enough levels from injected [1-(13)C]pyruvate for quantitative analysis in brain. The aim of this study is to improve the detection of (13)C-labeled metabolites, in particular bicarbonate, in glioma and normal brain in vivo and to measure the metabolic response to dichloroacetate, which upregulates PDH activity. METHODS An optimized protocol for chemical shift imaging and high concentration of hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate were used to improve measurements of lactate and bicarbonate in C6 glioma-transplanted rat brains. Hyperpolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate was injected before and 45 min after dichloroacetate infusion. Metabolite ratios of lactate to bicarbonate were calculated to provide improved metrics for characterizing tumor metabolism. RESULTS Glioma and normal brain were well differentiated by lactate-to-bicarbonate ratio (P = .002, n = 5) as well as bicarbonate (P = .0002) and lactate (P = .001), and a stronger response to dichloroacetate was observed in glioma than in normal brain. CONCLUSION Our results clearly demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of quantitatively detecting (13)C-bicarbonate in tumor-bearing rat brain in vivo, permitting the measurement of dichloroacetate-modulated changes in PDH flux. The simultaneous detection of lactate and bicarbonate provides a tool for a more comprehensive analysis of glioma metabolism and the assessment of metabolic agents as anti-brain cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Mo Park
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, The Lucas Center for Imaging, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Preclinical (1)H-MRS neurochemical profiling in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:1787-804. [PMID: 22877223 DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing development of animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders in combination with the development of advanced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques and instrumentation has led to increased use of in vivo proton NMR spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) for neurochemical analyses. (1)H-MRS is one of only a few analytical methods that can assay in vivo and longitudinal neurochemical changes associated with neurological and psychiatric diseases, with the added advantage of being a technique that can be utilized in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, recent progress in the use of (1)H-MRS to investigate animal models of neurological and psychiatric disorders is summarized with examples from the literature and our own work.
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