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Mendez-Gutierrez A, Aguilera CM, Cereijo R, Osuna-Prieto FJ, Martinez-Tellez B, Rico MC, Sanchez-Infantes D, Villarroya F, Ruiz JR, Sanchez-Delgado G. Cold exposure modulates potential brown adipokines in humans, but only FGF21 is associated with brown adipose tissue volume. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2024; 32:560-570. [PMID: 38247441 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study objective was to investigate the effect of cold exposure on the plasma levels of five potential human brown adipokines (chemokine ligand 14 [CXCL14], growth differentiation factor 15 [GDF15], fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF21], interleukin 6 [IL6], and bone morphogenic protein 8b [BMP8b]) and to study whether such cold-induced effects are related to brown adipose tissue (BAT) volume, activity, or radiodensity in young humans. METHODS Plasma levels of brown adipokines were measured before and 1 h and 2 h after starting an individualized cold exposure in 30 young adults (60% women, 21.9 ± 2.3 y; 24.9 ± 5.1 kg/m2 ). BAT volume, 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, and radiodensity were assessed by a static positron emission tomography-computerized tomography scan after cold exposure. RESULTS Cold exposure increased the concentration of CXCL14 (Δ2h = 0.58 ± 0.98 ng/mL; p = 0.007), GDF15 (Δ2h = 19.63 ± 46.2 pg/mL; p = 0.013), FGF21 (Δ2h = 33.72 ± 55.13 pg/mL; p = 0.003), and IL6 (Δ1h = 1.98 ± 3.56 pg/mL; p = 0.048) and reduced BMP8b (Δ2h = -37.12 ± 83.53 pg/mL; p = 0.022). The cold-induced increase in plasma FGF21 was positively associated with BAT volume (Δ2h: β = 0.456; R2 = 0.307; p = 0.001), but not with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake or radiodensity. None of the changes in the other studied brown adipokines was related to BAT volume, activity, or radiodensity. CONCLUSIONS Cold exposure modulates plasma levels of several potential brown adipokines in humans, whereas only cold-induced changes in FGF21 levels are associated with BAT volume. These findings suggest that human BAT might contribute to the circulatory pool of FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mendez-Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepcion M Aguilera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J Osuna-Prieto
- Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII de Tarragona, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Tarragona, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Maria C Rico
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Sanchez-Infantes
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Campus Alcorcón, University Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Center of Biomedical Research, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sports Science, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Jalloul W, Moscalu M, Moscalu R, Jalloul D, Grierosu IC, Gutu M, Haba D, Mocanu V, Gutu MM, Stefanescu C. Are MTV and TLG Accurate for Quantifying the Intensity of Brown Adipose Tissue Activation? Biomedicines 2024; 12:151. [PMID: 38255256 PMCID: PMC10813038 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent research has suggested that one novel mechanism of action for anti-obesity medications is to stimulate the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). 18FDG PET/CT remains the gold standard for defining and quantifying BAT. SUVmax is the most often used quantification tool in clinical practice. However, this parameter does not reflect the entire BAT volume. As a potential method for precisely evaluating BAT, we have utilised metabolic tumour volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) to answer the question: Are MTV and TLG accurate in quantifying the intensity of BAT activation? After analysing the total number of oncological 18F-FDG PET/CT scans between 2021-2023, we selected patients with active BAT. Based on the BAT SUVmax, the patients were divided into BAT-moderate activation (MA) vs. BAT-high activation (HA). Furthermore, we statistically analysed the accuracy of TLG and MTV in assessing BAT activation intensity. The results showed that both parameters increased their predictive value regarding BAT activation, and presented a significantly high sensitivity and specificity for the correct classification of BAT activation intensity. To conclude, these parameters could be important indicators with increased accuracy for classifying BAT expression, and could bring additional information about the volume of BAT to complement the limitations of the SUVmax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Jalloul
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (W.J.); (D.J.); (I.C.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Mihaela Moscalu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Moscalu
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK;
| | - Despina Jalloul
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (W.J.); (D.J.); (I.C.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Irena Cristina Grierosu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (W.J.); (D.J.); (I.C.G.); (C.S.)
| | - Mihaela Gutu
- County Hospital of Emergency “Saint John the New”, 720224 Suceava, Romania; (M.G.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Danisia Haba
- Department 1 Surgery, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Veronica Mocanu
- Department of Morpho-Functional Sciences (Pathophysiology), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Mihai Marius Gutu
- County Hospital of Emergency “Saint John the New”, 720224 Suceava, Romania; (M.G.); (M.M.G.)
| | - Cipriana Stefanescu
- Department of Biophysics and Medical Physics-Nuclear Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (W.J.); (D.J.); (I.C.G.); (C.S.)
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Da Rosa SE, Neves EB, Martinez EC, Marson RA, Reis VM. Subcutaneous and Visceral Fat: Relation with Brown Adipose Tissue Activation in Women. Sports Med Int Open 2024; 8:a21876974. [PMID: 38312927 PMCID: PMC10832575 DOI: 10.1055/a-2187-6974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) helps control body weight and is inversely correlated with body fat, but it is unclear whether it is subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) or visceral adipose tissue (VAT) that is related to BAT activation. The presented study aimed to verify the relation of SAT and VAT on BAT activation through infrared thermography (IRT) and cold stimulation in adult women. Forty women were evaluated in body composition and skin temperature (Tskin) acquisition by IRT. Student's independent t-test, Pearson's correlation, and two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc were applied. Women with low amounts of SAT and VAT had a significant increase in supraclavicular Tskin (SCVT). Medium negative degrees of linear variation were found before and after cold stimulation between SCVT, SAT and VAT. A significant effect of the moment factor and the group factor on the SCVT between subjects divided into the groups were pointed out. No difference was found in the relation between SAT, VAT, and BAT in adult women, pointing out that both types of fat are equally related. These results can help clinical practice understand clearly, through IRT, that the high accumulation of SAT and VAT can impair the activation of BAT and hinder the loss of weight in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ezequiel Da Rosa
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human
Development (CIDESD), Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, UTAD, Vila
Real, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em engenharia
Biomédica, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná,
Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Camilo Martinez
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human
Development (CIDESD), Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, UTAD, Vila
Real, Portugal
| | - Runer Augusto Marson
- Seção de Apoio à Operacionalidade, Brazilian
Army Physical Training Research Institute (IPCFEx), Rio de Janeiro,
Brazil
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human
Development (CIDESD), Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro University, UTAD, Vila
Real, Portugal
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Valenzuela PL, Carrera-Bastos P, Castillo-García A, Lieberman DE, Santos-Lozano A, Lucia A. Obesity and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. Nat Rev Cardiol 2023; 20:475-494. [PMID: 36927772 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00847-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has reached pandemic proportions, and now approximately 25% of adults in Westernized countries have obesity. Recognized as a major health concern, obesity is associated with multiple comorbidities, particularly cardiometabolic disorders. In this Review, we present obesity as an evolutionarily novel condition, summarize the epidemiological evidence on its detrimental cardiometabolic consequences and discuss the major mechanisms involved in the association between obesity and the risk of cardiometabolic diseases. We also examine the role of potential moderators of this association, with evidence for and against the so-called 'metabolically healthy obesity phenotype', the 'fatness but fitness' paradox or the 'obesity paradox'. Although maintenance of optimal cardiometabolic status should be a primary goal in individuals with obesity, losing body weight and, particularly, excess visceral adiposity seems to be necessary to minimize the risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
| | - Pedro Carrera-Bastos
- Center for Primary Health Care Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Daniel E Lieberman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alejandro Santos-Lozano
- Physical Activity and Health Research Group (PaHerg), Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i + 12"), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- CIBER of Frailty and Healthy Aging (CIBERFES), Madrid, Spain.
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Hropot T, Herman R, Janez A, Lezaic L, Jensterle M. Brown Adipose Tissue: A New Potential Target for Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists in the Treatment of Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108592. [PMID: 37239935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue can be divided into white adipose tissue (WAT), brown adipose tissue (BAT), and beige adipose tissue, according to the differences in morphology. WAT acts as a buffer for increased energy intake and decreased energy expenditure during the development of obesity, resulting in visceral and ectopic WAT accumulation. These WAT depots are strongly associated with chronic systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and cardiometabolic risk related to obesity. They represent a primary weight loss target in anti-obesity management. Second-generation anti-obesity medications glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) cause weight loss and improve body composition by reducing visceral and ectopic fat depots of WAT, resulting in improved cardiometabolic health. Recently, the understanding of the physiological significance of BAT beyond its primary function in generating heat through non-shivering thermogenesis has been expanded. This has raised scientific and pharmaceutical interest in the manipulation of BAT to further enhance weight reduction and body weight maintenance. This narrative review focuses on the potential impact of GLP-1 receptor agonism on BAT, particularly in human clinical studies. It provides an overview of the role of BAT in weight management and highlights the need for further research to elucidate the mechanisms by which GLP-1RAs affect energy metabolism and weight loss. Despite encouraging preclinical data, limited clinical evidence supports the notion that GLP-1RAs contribute to BAT activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hropot
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Children's Hospital, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Herman
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Janez
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Lezaic
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department for Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Jensterle
- Department for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Rastmanesh R, Flack KD. Dietary Temperature's Influence on Energy Balance in Humans: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial and Crossover Design. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e42846. [PMID: 36867437 PMCID: PMC10024216 DOI: 10.2196/42846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the first law of thermodynamics, energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. Water has a characteristically high heat capacity, indicating that the temperature of ingested fluids and meals could contribute to energy homeostasis. Citing the underlying molecular mechanisms, we present a novel hypothesis that states that the temperature of one's food and drink contributes to energy balance and plays a role in the development of obesity. We provide strong associations with certain molecular mechanisms that are activated by heat and correlate them with obesity and a hypothetical trial that could test this hypothesis. We conclude that if meal or drink temperature proves to contribute to energy homeostasis, then depending on its contribution and scale, future clinical trials should attempt to adjust this effect when analyzing data. In addition, previous research and established relationships of disease states with dietary patterns, energy intake, and food component intakes should be revisited. We understand the common assumption that thermal energy in food is absorbed by the body during digestion and dissipated as heat into the environment, not contributing to the energy balance. We challenge this assumption herein, including a proposed study design that would test our hypothesis. OBJECTIVE This paper hypothesizes that the temperature of ingested foods or fluids influences energy homeostasis through the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs), especially HSP-70 and HSP-90, which are expressed to a greater extent in obesity and are known to cause deficits in glucose metabolism. METHODS We provide preliminary evidence supporting our hypothesis that greater dietary temperatures disproportionally induce activation of both intracellular and extracellular HSPs and that these HSPs influence energy balance and contribute to obesity. RESULTS This trial protocol has not been initiated and funding has not been sought at the time of this publication. CONCLUSIONS To date, no clinical trials are available regarding the potential effects of meal and fluid temperature on weight status or its confounding effects in data analysis. A potential mechanism is proposed as a basis by which higher temperatures of foods and beverages might influence energy balance via HSP expression. On the basis of the evidence supporting our hypothesis, we propose a clinical trial that will further elucidate these mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/42846.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle D Flack
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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da Rosa SE, Borba Neves E, Martinez EC, de Barros Sena MA, Mello DBD, de Ribeiro Dos Reis VMM. Comparison of brown adipose tissue activation detected by infrared thermography in men with vs without metabolic syndrome. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103459. [PMID: 36796904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown adipose tissue (BAT) high density of mitochondria and its thermogenic characteristics promote the dissipation of chemical energy in the form of heat, increasing body caloric expenditure, decreasing plasma levels of lipids and glucose (GL). This makes BAT a potential therapeutic target of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). Position Emission Tomography Scanning (PET-CT) is the gold standard for estimating BAT, but it has several limitations, including high cost and high emission of radiation. On the other hand, Infrared Thermography (IRT) is considered a simpler, cheaper and non-invasive method to detect BAT. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare BAT activation through IRT and cold stimulation in men diagnosed without and with MetS. METHODS Sample of 124 (35.3 ± 9.4 years old) men was evaluated of body composition, anthropometric measurements and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) hemodynamics, biochemical tests and body skin temperature acquisition. The Student t-test with subsequent effect size by (d) Cohen and two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc comparisons were conducted. Level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS There was significant interaction between group factor (MetS) vs group moment (BAT activation) in supraclavicular skin temperatures right side (maximum (F(1,122) = 10.4, p < 0.002, η2 = 0.062), mean (F(1.122) = 13.0, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.081) and minimal (F(1,122) = 7.9, p < 0.006, η2 = 0.052)) and left side maximum (F(1,122) = 7.7, p < 0.006, η2 = 0.048), mean (F(1.122) = 13.0, p < 0.037, η2 = 0.007) and minimal (F(1,122) = 9.8, p < 0.002, η2 = 0.012)). The MetS risk factor group didn't present significant increase of SCV temperature BAT after cold stimulation. CONCLUSION Men diagnosed with MetS risk factors seem to activate less BAT, when exposed to cold stimulation, compared to group without MetS risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ezequiel da Rosa
- Researcher in University of Trás-os-Montes Alto Douro (UTAD) Health Superior School, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real CityVila Real, CP: 5000-801, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Researcher in Federal Technological University of Paraná (UTFPR), Av. Sete de Setembro, 3165, Rebouças, CEP 80230-901, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Camilo Martinez
- Researcher in University of Trás-os-Montes Alto Douro (UTAD) Health Superior School, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real CityVila Real, CP: 5000-801, Portugal.
| | - Marcio Antônio de Barros Sena
- Researcher in Brazilian Army Physical Fitness Research Institute (IPCFEx), Avenida João Luis Alves S/n°, Forte São João, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP:22291-090, Brazil.
| | - Danielli Braga de Mello
- Researcher in Physical Education College of the Brazilian Army (EsEFEx), Avenida João Luis Alves S/n°, Forte São João, Urca, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP:22291-090, Brazil.
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Leow MKS. Brown fat detection by infrared thermography-An invaluable research methodology with noteworthy uncertainties confirmed by a mathematical proof. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2022; 6:e378. [PMID: 36379014 PMCID: PMC9836251 DOI: 10.1002/edm2.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) represents a pivotal scientific renaissance worthy as a strategy for obesity and diabetes since its re-discovery in adults over a decade ago. Equally compelling is the adoption of infrared thermography (IRT) in recent times as a precise and viable alternative methodology over the 'gold standard' PET-CT scan, given constraints of the latter's high ionizing radiation doses and costs. Unravelling BAT metabolic physiology in live humans has been challenging until recent rigorous validation of IRT against PET. Nevertheless, IRT remains a nascent technique with pitfalls unbeknownst to many researchers. Factors impacting its accuracy merit an in-depth scientific scrutiny. This article discusses the strengths and pitfalls of IRT as an emergent BAT detection technique and provides a mathematical proof of its limitations that BAT researchers should be cognizant of. Understanding these limitations of IRT can prompt extra efforts to control these uncertainties with greater rigour. In conclusion, this warrants further investigations of improving IRT quality via advanced auto-segmentation, powerful image processing of thermograms and protocol standardization along the lines of BARCIST 1.0 to minimize errors and enhance the confidence of the global BAT research community in IRT as a robust and reliable BAT research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin K. S. Leow
- Department of Human DevelopmentSingapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STARSingapore CitySingapore,Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineSingapore CitySingapore,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders ProgramDuke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore CitySingapore,Department of EndocrinologyTan Tock Seng HospitalSingapore CitySingapore
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Sardjoe Mishre AS, Martinez-Tellez B, Acosta FM, Sanchez-Delgado G, Straat ME, Webb AG, Kan HE, Rensen PC, Ruiz JR. Association of shivering threshold time with body composition and brown adipose tissue in young adults. J Therm Biol 2022; 108:103277. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2022.103277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Activated Brown Adipose Tissue Releases Exosomes Containing Mitochondrial Methylene Tetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (NADP-dependent) 1-Like Protein (MTHFD1L). Biosci Rep 2022; 42:231255. [PMID: 35502767 PMCID: PMC9142831 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20212543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a promising weapon to combat obesity and metabolic disease. BAT is thermogenic and consumes substantial amounts of glucose and fatty acids as fuel for thermogenesis and energy expenditure. To study BAT function in large human longitudinal cohorts, safe and precise detection methodologies are needed. Although regarded a gold standard, the foray of PET-CT into BAT research and clinical applications is limited by its high ionizing radiation doses. Here, we show that brown adipocytes release exosomes in blood plasma that can be utilized to assess BAT activity. In the present study, we investigated circulating protein biomarkers that can accurately and reliably reflect BAT activation triggered by cold exposure, capsinoids ingestion and thyroid hormone excess in humans. We discovered an exosomal protein, methylene tetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+ dependent) 1-like (MTHFD1L), to be overexpressed and detectable in plasma for all three modes of BAT activation in human subjects. This mitochondrial protein is packaged as a cargo within multivesicular bodies of the endosomal compartment and secreted as exosomes via exocytosis from activated brown adipocytes into the circulation. To support MTHFD1L as a conserved BAT activation response in other vertebrates, we examined a rodent model and also proved its presence in blood of rats following BAT activation by cold exposure. Plasma concentration of exosomal MTHFD1L correlated with human BAT activity as confirmed by PET-MR in humans and supported by data from rats. Thus, we deduce that MTHFD1L appears to be overexpressed in activated BAT compared to BAT in the basal nonstimulated state.
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Sun L, Goh HJ, Verma S, Govindharajulu P, Sadananthan SA, Michael N, Henry CJ, Goh JPN, Velan SS, Leow MKS. Brown adipose tissues mediate the metabolism of branched chain amino acids during the transitioning from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism (TRIBUTE). Sci Rep 2022; 12:3693. [PMID: 35256693 PMCID: PMC8901628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-07701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractBoth hyperthyroidism and elevated plasma branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are associated with insulin resistance. BCAA utilization and clearance relative to thyroid status changes remains unclear. We investigate amino acids changes, specifically BCAA, during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism, and the impact of active brown adipose tissue (BAT) on the metabolic effects of BCAA. Newly diagnosed Graves’ disease participants were recruited. Hyperthyroidism was treated via a titration dosing regimen of thionamide anti-thyroid drug to establish euthyroidism over 12–24 weeks. All underwent energy expenditure (EE) measurement within a chamber calorimeter, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging and plasma amino acids measurement during hyperthyroidism and euthyroidism. PET BAT maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), SUVmean and MR supraclavicular fat fraction (FF) quantified BAT activity. Twenty-two patients completed the study. Plasma BCAA level was significantly reduced in BAT-positive but not in BAT-negative patients during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism. Plasma valine but not leucine and isoleucine correlated positively with insulin and HOMA-IR in hyperthyroidism. Plasma valine, leucine and isoleucine correlated with insulin and HOMA-IR in euthyroidism. Plasma valine correlated with insulin and HOMA-IR in BAT-negative but not in BAT-positive participants in both hyperthyroid and euthyroid state. However, the change (i.e. decrease) in plasma valine concentration from hyperthyroid to euthyroid state was affected by BAT-status. BAT utilizes and promotes BCAA plasma clearance from hyperthyroid to euthyroid state. Active BAT can potentially reduce circulating BCAA and may help to ameliorate insulin resistance and improve metabolic health.Clinical trial registration: The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03064542.
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Garcia-Beltran C, Cereijo R, Plou C, Gavaldà-Navarro A, Malpique R, Villarroya J, López-Bermejo A, de Zegher F, Ibáñez L, Villarroya F. Posterior Cervical Brown Fat and CXCL14 Levels in the First Year of Life: Sex Differences and Association With Adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e1148-e1158. [PMID: 34677618 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is particularly abundant in neonates, but its association with measures of adiposity and metabolic health in early infancy is poorly delineated. Besides sustaining nonshivering thermogenesis, BAT secretes brown adipokines that act on systemic metabolism. The chemokine CXCL14 has been identified as a brown adipokine in experimental studies. OBJECTIVE To determine the relationships among BAT activity, adiposity, and circulating CXCL14 levels in the first year of life in girls and boys. METHODS Indices of fat accretion, circulating endocrine-metabolic parameters and serum CXCL14 levels were assessed longitudinally in a cohort of infants at birth and at 4 and 12 months. BAT activity was estimated using infrared thermography only at age 12 months.The main outcome measures were weight and length Z-scores, total and abdominal fat content (by dual X-ray absorptiometry), BAT activity at the posterior cervical and supraclavicular regions, serum levels of glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, high-molecular-weight adiponectin, and CXCL14; CXCL14 transcript levels in neonatal BAT and liver. RESULTS Posterior cervical BAT was more active in girls than in boys (P = .02). BAT activity was negatively associated with adiposity parameters only in girls. CXCL14 levels were higher in girls than in boys at age 12 months and correlated positively with the area of active posterior cervical BAT in girls. Neonatal BAT showed high CXCL14 gene expression levels. CONCLUSION BAT activity and the levels of CXCL14-a potential surrogate of BAT activity-are sex specific in the first year of life. Posterior cervical BAT activity associates negatively with indices of adiposity only in girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garcia-Beltran
- Endocrinology Department, Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Cereijo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona & Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Plou
- Endocrinology Department, Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona & Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rita Malpique
- Endocrinology Department, Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Villarroya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona & Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Abel López-Bermejo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. Josep Trueta Hospital, 17007 Girona, and Girona Institute for Biomedical Research, 17007 Girona, Spain
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department of Development & Regeneration, University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lourdes Ibáñez
- Endocrinology Department, Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, University of Barcelona, 08950 Esplugues, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine Department, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Barcelona & Research Institute Sant Joan de Déu, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Sardjoe Mishre ASD, Straat ME, Martinez-Tellez B, Mendez Gutierrez A, Kooijman S, Boon MR, Dzyubachyk O, Webb A, Rensen PCN, Kan HE. The Infrared Thermography Toolbox: An Open-access Semi-automated Segmentation Tool for Extracting Skin Temperatures in the Thoracic Region including Supraclavicular Brown Adipose Tissue. J Med Syst 2022; 46:89. [PMID: 36319877 PMCID: PMC9626432 DOI: 10.1007/s10916-022-01871-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Infrared thermography (IRT) is widely used to assess skin temperature in response to physiological changes. Yet, it remains challenging to standardize skin temperature measurements over repeated datasets. We developed an open-access semi-automated segmentation tool (the IRT-toolbox) for measuring skin temperatures in the thoracic area to estimate supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (scBAT) activity, and compared it to manual segmentations. The IRT-toolbox, designed in Python, consisted of image pre-alignment and non-rigid image registration. The toolbox was tested using datasets of 10 individuals (BMI = 22.1 ± 2.1 kg/m2, age = 22.0 ± 3.7 years) who underwent two cooling procedures, yielding four images per individual. Regions of interest (ROIs) were delineated by two raters in the scBAT and deltoid areas on baseline images. The toolbox enabled direct transfer of baseline ROIs to the registered follow-up images. For comparison, both raters also manually drew ROIs in all follow-up images. Spatial ROI overlap between methods and raters was determined using the Dice coefficient. Mean bias and 95% limits of agreement in mean skin temperature between methods and raters were assessed using Bland-Altman analyses. ROI delineation time was four times faster with the IRT-toolbox (01:04 min) than with manual delineations (04:12 min). In both anatomical areas, there was a large variability in ROI placement between methods. Yet, relatively small skin temperature differences were found between methods (scBAT: 0.10 °C, 95%LoA[-0.13 to 0.33 °C] and deltoid: 0.05 °C, 95%LoA[-0.46 to 0.55 °C]). The variability in skin temperature between raters was comparable between methods. The IRT-toolbox enables faster ROI delineations, while maintaining inter-user reliability compared to manual delineations. (Trial registration number (ClinicalTrials.gov): NCT04406922, [May 29, 2020]).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashley S D Sardjoe Mishre
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Maaike E Straat
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Department of Education, Faculty of Education Sciences and SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Andrea Mendez Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, "José Mataix Verdú" Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INYTA), Biomedical Research Centre (CIBM), University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Biohealth Research Institute in Granada (Ibs. GRANADA), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Oleh Dzyubachyk
- Department of Radiology, Division of Image Processing (LKEB), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Section Electron Microscopy, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew Webb
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hermien E Kan
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Monfort-Pires M, Regeni-Silva G, Dadson P, Nogueira GA, U-Din M, Ferreira SRG, Sapienza MT, Virtanen K, Velloso LA. Brown fat triglyceride content is associated with cardiovascular risk markers in adults from a tropical region. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:919588. [PMID: 35928901 PMCID: PMC9343995 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.919588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is regarded as an interesting potential target for the treatment of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, and the detailed characterization of its structural and functional phenotype could enable an advance in these fields. Most studies evaluating BAT structure and function were performed in temperate climate regions, and we are yet to know how these findings apply to the 40% of the world's population living in tropical areas. Here, we used 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography - magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate BAT in 45 lean, overweight, and obese volunteers living in a tropical area in Southeast Brazil. We aimed at investigating the associations between BAT activity, volume, metabolic activity, and BAT content of triglycerides with adiposity and cardiovascular risk markers in a sample of adults living in a tropical area and we showed that BAT glucose uptake is not correlated with leanness; instead, BAT triglyceride content is correlated with visceral adiposity and markers of cardiovascular risk. This study expands knowledge regarding the structure and function of BAT in people living in tropical areas. In addition, we provide evidence that BAT triglyceride content could be an interesting marker of cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Monfort-Pires
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University ofCampinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Milena Monfort-Pires, ; Licio A. Velloso,
| | - Giulianna Regeni-Silva
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health -University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Prince Dadson
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Guilherme A. Nogueira
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University ofCampinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Mueez U-Din
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Sandra R. G. Ferreira
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health-University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Tatit Sapienza
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology and Oncology, Medical School of University of São Paulo (FMUSP), São Paulo, Finland
| | - Kirsi A. Virtanen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
- Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland (UEF), Kuopio, Finland
| | - Licio A. Velloso
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center, State University ofCampinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Milena Monfort-Pires, ; Licio A. Velloso,
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Yang J, Zhang H, Parhat K, Xu H, Li M, Wang X, Ran C. Molecular Imaging of Brown Adipose Tissue Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179436. [PMID: 34502347 PMCID: PMC8431742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), a uniquely thermogenic tissue that plays an important role in metabolism and energy expenditure, has recently become a revived target in the fight against metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Different from white adipose tissue (WAT), the brown adipocytes have distinctive features including multilocular lipid droplets, a large number of mitochondria, and a high expression of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1), as well as abundant capillarity. These histologic characteristics provide an opportunity to differentiate BAT from WAT using imaging modalities, such as PET/CT, SPECT/CT, MRI, NIRF and Ultrasound. However, most of the reported imaging methods were BAT activation dependent, and the imaging signals could be affected by many factors, including environmental temperatures and the states of the sympathetic nervous system. Accurate BAT mass detection methods that are independent of temperature and hormone levels have the capacity to track the development and changes of BAT throughout the lifetime of mammals, and such methods could be very useful for the investigation of potential BAT-related therapies. In this review, we focus on molecular imaging modalities that can detect and quantify BAT mass. In addition, their detection mechanism and limitations will be discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.R.)
| | - Haili Zhang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Kadirya Parhat
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Hui Xu
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Mingshuang Li
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (H.Z.); (K.P.); (H.X.); (M.L.); (X.W.)
| | - Chongzhao Ran
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Room 2301, Building 149, Charlestown, Boston, MA 02129, USA
- Correspondence: (J.Y.); (C.R.)
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16
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Sun L, Goh HJ, Verma S, Govindharajulu P, Sadananthan SA, Michael N, Jadegoud Y, Henry CJ, Velan SS, Yeo PS, Lee Y, Lim BSP, Liew H, Chew CK, Quek TPL, Abdul Shakoor SAKK, Hoi WH, Chan SP, Chew DE, Dalan R, Leow MKS. Metabolic effects of brown fat in transitioning from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism. Eur J Endocrinol 2021; 185:553-563. [PMID: 34342595 PMCID: PMC8428075 DOI: 10.1530/eje-21-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Brown adipose tissue (BAT) controls metabolic rate through thermogenesis. As its regulatory factors during the transition from hyperthyroidism to euthyroidism are not well established, our study investigated the relationships between supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (sBAT) activity and physiological/metabolic changes with changes in thyroid status. DESIGN Participants with newly diagnosed Graves' disease were recruited. A thionamide antithyroid drug (ATD) such as carbimazole (CMZ) or thiamazole (TMZ) was prescribed in every case. All underwent energy expenditure (EE) measurement and supraclavicular infrared thermography (IRT) within a chamber calorimeter, as well as 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging scanning, with clinical and biochemical parameters measured during hyperthyroidism and repeated in early euthyroidism. PET sBAT mean/maximum standardized uptake value (SUV mean/max), MR supraclavicular fat fraction (sFF) and mean temperature (Tscv) quantified sBAT activity. RESULTS Twenty-one (16 female/5 male) participants aged 39.5 ± 2.5 years completed the study. The average duration to attain euthyroidism was 28.6 ± 2.3 weeks. Eight participants were BAT-positive while 13 were BAT-negative. sFF increased with euthyroidism (72.3 ± 1.4% to 76.8 ± 1.4%; P < 0.01), but no changes were observed in PET SUV mean and Tscv. Significant changes in serum-free triiodothyronine (FT3) levels were related to BAT status (interaction P value = 0.04). FT3 concentration at hyperthyroid state was positively associated with sBAT PET SUV mean (r = 0.58, P = 0.01) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Hyperthyroidism does not consistently lead to a detectable increase in BAT activity. FT3 reduction during the transition to euthyroidism correlated with BAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Sun
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hui Jen Goh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sanjay Verma
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Priya Govindharajulu
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Yaligar Jadegoud
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Institute of Bioengineering and Bioimaging, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Departments of Physiology & Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Pei Shan Yeo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Yingshan Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Brenda Su Ping Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Huiling Liew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Chee Kian Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Timothy Peng Lim Quek
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Shaikh A K K Abdul Shakoor
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Wai Han Hoi
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Siew Pang Chan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Ek Chew
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Rinkoo Dalan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee Shing Leow
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Correspondence should be addressed to M K Leow Email
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PET/MRI of glucose metabolic rate, lipid content and perfusion in human brown adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14955. [PMID: 34294741 PMCID: PMC8298487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87768-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the MRI-derived fat fraction (FF), from a Cooling-reheating protocol, for estimating the cold-induced brown adipose tissue (BAT) metabolic rate of glucose (MRglu) and changes in lipid content, perfusion and arterial blood volume (VA) within cervical-supraclavicular fat (sBAT). Twelve volunteers underwent PET/MRI at baseline, during cold exposure and reheating. For each temperature condition, perfusion and VA were quantified with dynamic [15O]water-PET, and FF, with water-fat MRI. MRglu was assessed with dynamic [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose-PET during cold exposure. sBAT was defined using anatomical criteria, and its subregion sBATHI, by MRglu > 11 μmol/100 cm3/min. For all temperature conditions, sBAT-FF correlated negatively with sBAT-MRglu (ρ ≤ - 0.87). After 3 h of cold, sBAT-FF decreased (- 2.13 percentage points) but tended to normalize during reheating although sBATHI-FF remained low. sBAT-perfusion and sBAT-VA increased during cold exposure (perfusion: + 5.2 ml/100 cm3/min, VA: + 4.0 ml/100 cm3). sBAT-perfusion remained elevated and sBAT-VA normalized during reheating. Regardless of temperature condition during the Cooling-reheating protocol, sBAT-FF could predict the cold-induced sBAT-MRglu. The FF decreases observed after reheating were mainly due to lipid consumption, but could potentially be underestimated due to intracellular lipid replenishment. The influence of perfusion and VA, on the changes in FF observed during cold exposure, could not be ruled out.
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Kuroiwa M, Hamaoka-Fuse S, Sugimoto M, Kurosawa Y, Aita Y, Tomita A, Anjo M, Tanaka R, Endo T, Kime R, Hamaoka T. Correlation of Plasma Amino Acid and Anthropometric Profiles with Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112339. [PMID: 34071816 PMCID: PMC8199240 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between plasma amino acid (AA) concentrations, including branched-chain AAs, and brown adipose tissue density (BAT-d). One hundred and seventy-three subjects (69 men, 104 women) aged 22-68 years were recruited during the winter season. AAs were comprehensively quantified using liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. The total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region ([total-Hb]sup), an indicator of BAT-d, was assessed using near-infrared time-resolved spectroscopy. Anthropometric parameters, including age, percentage of body fat, and visceral fat, were evaluated. Factors associated with higher (≥74 µM) or lower (<74 µM) [total-Hb]sup were investigated by multiple logistic regression models that included AA concentrations alone (model 1) or AA concentrations and anthropometric parameters (model 2) as independent variables. When adjusted for the false discovery rate, [total-Hb]sup was positively correlated with glycine and asparagine levels in men and with the serine level in both men and women and was negatively correlated with the branched-chain AA concentration in men. Models 1 and 2 correlated with higher or lower BAT-d for men (r = 0.73, p = 0.015) and women (r = 0.58, p = 0.079) and for men (r = 0.82, p = 0.0070) and women (r = 0.70, p = 0.020), respectively. A combination of anthropometric parameters and plasma AA concentrations could be a reliable biomarker for higher and lower BAT-d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Sayuri Hamaoka-Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Yasuko Aita
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Atsumi Tomita
- Research and Development Center for Minimally Invasive Therapies, Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.S.); (Y.A.); (A.T.)
| | - Mikiko Anjo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Riki Tanaka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
| | - Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo 160-8402, Japan; (M.K.); (S.H.-F.); (Y.K.); (M.A.); (R.T.); (T.E.); (R.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Suchacki KJ, Stimson RH. Nutritional Regulation of Human Brown Adipose Tissue. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061748. [PMID: 34063868 PMCID: PMC8224032 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of brown adipose tissue in adult humans offers a new strategy to increase energy expenditure to treat obesity and associated metabolic disease. While white adipose tissue (WAT) is primarily for energy storage, brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that increases energy expenditure to generate heat. BAT is activated upon cold exposure and improves insulin sensitivity and lipid clearance, highlighting its beneficial role in metabolic health in humans. This review provides an overview of BAT physiology in conditions of overnutrition (obesity and associated metabolic disease), undernutrition and in conditions of altered fat distribution such as lipodystrophy. We review the impact of exercise, dietary macronutrients and bioactive compounds on BAT activity. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of dietary manipulations or supplementation to increase energy expenditure and BAT thermogenesis. We conclude that chronic nutritional interventions may represent a useful nonpharmacological means to enhance BAT mass and activity to aid weight loss and/or improve metabolic health.
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Bjerkreim BA, Hammerstad SS, Gulseth HL, Berg TJ, Lee-Ødegård S, Rangberg A, Jonassen CM, Budge H, Morris D, Law J, Symonds M, Eriksen EF. Effect of Liothyronine Treatment on Dermal Temperature and Activation of Brown Adipose Tissue in Female Hypothyroid Patients: A Randomized Crossover Study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:785175. [PMID: 34867829 PMCID: PMC8639573 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.785175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones are essential for the full thermogenic response of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and have been implicated in dermal temperature regulation. Nevertheless, persistent cold-intolerance exists among a substantial proportion of hypothyroid patients on adequate levothyroxine (LT4) substitution. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess if skin temperature and activation of BAT during treatment with liothyronine (LT3) differs from that of LT4 treatment, fifty-nine female hypothyroid patients with residual symptoms on LT4 or LT4/LT3 combination therapy were randomly assigned in a non-blinded crossover study to receive monotherapy with LT4 or LT3 for 12 weeks each. Change in supraclavicular (SCV) skin temperature overlying BAT, and sternal skin temperature not overlying BAT, during rest and cold stimulation were assessed by infrared thermography (IRT). In addition, abundance of exosomal miR-92a, a biomarker of BAT activation, was estimated as a secondary outcome. RESULTS Cold stimulated skin temperatures decreased less with LT3 vs. LT4 in both SCV (mean 0.009°C/min [95% CI: 0.004, 0.014]; P<0.001) and sternal areas (mean 0.014°C/min [95% CI: 0.008, 0.020]; P<0.001). No difference in serum exosomal miR-92a abundance was observed between the two treatment groups. CONCLUSION LT3 may reduce dermal heat loss. Thermography data suggested increased BAT activation in hypothyroid patients with cold-intolerance. However, this finding was not corroborated by assessment of the microRNA biomarker of BAT activation. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03627611.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Ann Bjerkreim
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Betty Ann Bjerkreim,
| | - Sara Salehi Hammerstad
- Endocrinology, Pilestredet Park Specialist Center, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hanne Løvdal Gulseth
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Ageing, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore Julsrud Berg
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Anbjørg Rangberg
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
| | - Christine Monceyron Jonassen
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust, Grålum, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Helen Budge
- Academic Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - David Morris
- Bioengineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James Law
- Academic Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Symonds
- Academic Child Health, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Fink Eriksen
- Endocrinology, Pilestredet Park Specialist Center, Oslo, Norway
- The Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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21
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Fischer JGW, Maushart CI, Becker AS, Müller J, Madoerin P, Chirindel A, Wild D, Ter Voert EEGW, Bieri O, Burger I, Betz MJ. Comparison of [ 18F]FDG PET/CT with magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of human brown adipose tissue activity. EJNMMI Res 2020; 10:85. [PMID: 32699996 PMCID: PMC7376767 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-020-00665-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue which can generate heat in response to mild cold exposure. As it constitutes a promising target in the fight against obesity, we need reliable techniques to quantify its activity in response to therapeutic interventions. The current standard for the quantification of BAT activity is [18F]FDG PET/CT. Various sequences in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including those measuring its relative fat content (fat fraction), have been proposed and evaluated in small proof-of-principle studies, showing diverging results. Here, we systematically compare the predictive value of adipose tissue fat fraction measured by MRI to the results of [18F]FDG PET/CT. Methods We analyzed the diagnostic reliability of MRI measured fat fraction (FF) for the estimation of human BAT activity in two cohorts of healthy volunteers participating in two prospective clinical trials (NCT03189511, NCT03269747). In both cohorts, BAT activity was stimulated by mild cold exposure. In cohort 1, we performed [18F]FDG PET/MRI; in cohort 2, we used [18F]FDG PET/CT followed by MRI. Fat fraction was determined by 2-point Dixon and 6-point Dixon measurement, respectively. Fat fraction values were compared to SUVmean in the corresponding tissue depot by simple linear regression. Results In total, 33 male participants with a mean age of 23.9 years and a mean BMI of 22.8 kg/m2 were recruited. In 32 participants, active BAT was visible. On an intra-individual level, FF was significantly lower in high-SUV areas compared to low-SUV areas (cohort 1: p < 0.0001 and cohort 2: p = 0.0002). The FF of the supraclavicular adipose tissue depot was inversely related to its metabolic activity (SUVmean) in both cohorts (cohort 1: R2 = 0.18, p = 0.09 and cohort 2: R2 = 0.42, p = 0.009). Conclusion MRI FF explains only about 40% of the variation in BAT glucose uptake. Thus, it can currently not be used to substitute [18F] FDG PET-based imaging for quantification of BAT activity. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT03189511, registered on June 17, 2017, actual study start date was on May 31, 2017, retrospectively registered. NCT03269747, registered on September 01, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Gabriel William Fischer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Irene Maushart
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton S Becker
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Julian Müller
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Madoerin
- Department of Radiology, Division of Radiological Physics, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alin Chirindel
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Damian Wild
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin E G W Ter Voert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Bieri
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital of Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Irene Burger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zürich, Rämistrasse 100, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Johannes Betz
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland, and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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22
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Sun L, Goh HJ, Govindharajulu P, Sun L, Henry CJ, Leow MKS. A Feedforward Loop within the Thyroid-Brown Fat Axis Facilitates Thermoregulation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9661. [PMID: 32541662 PMCID: PMC7296032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66697-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (TH) control brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and differentiation, but their subsequent homeostatic response following BAT activation remains obscure. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cold- and capsinoids-induced BAT activation and TH changes between baseline and 2 hours post-intervention. Nineteen healthy subjects underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron-emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) and whole-body calorimetry (WBC) after 2 hours of cold exposure (~14.5 °C) or capsinoids ingestion (12 mg) in a crossover design. Standardized uptake values (SUV-mean) of the region of interest and energy expenditure (EE) were measured. Plasma free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were measured before and 2 hours after each intervention. Subjects were divided into groups based on the presence (n = 12) or absence (n = 7) of BAT after cold exposure. 12 of 19 subjects were classified as BAT-positive. Subjects with BAT had higher baseline FT3 concentration, baseline FT3/FT4 ratio compared with subjects without BAT. Controlling for body fat percentage, FT3 concentration at baseline was associated with EE change from baseline after cold exposure (P = 0.037) and capsinoids (P = 0.047). Plasma FT4 level significantly increased associated with reciprocal decline in TSH after acute cold exposure and capsinoids independently of subject and treatment status. Circulating FT3 was higher in BAT-positive subjects and was a stronger predictor of EE changes after cold exposure and capsinoids in healthy humans. BAT activation elevates plasma FT4 acutely and may contribute towards augmentation of thermogenesis via a positive feedback response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Sun
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hui Jen Goh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Priya Govindharajulu
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Sun
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Singapore Institute of Food and Biotechnology Innovation, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, Singapore. .,Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore, Singapore.
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23
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Gu J, Wang X, Yang H, Li H, Wang J. Preclinical in vivo imaging for brown adipose tissue. Life Sci 2020; 249:117500. [PMID: 32147430 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) has multiple functions in the human body, including the production of heat and increasing energy consumption. However, BAT is also related to many kinds of diseases, such as obesity and metabolic disorders. The progression of such diseases occurs at the cellular level, and thus, imaging techniques could prove greatly beneficial for determining optimal therapeutic regimens. Currently, positron-emission tomography (PET) is considered to be the gold standard for assessing the function of activated BAT. However, PET also has inherent disadvantages, and, thus, recent efforts have been focused on exploring, and potentially developing, new imaging techniques to better observe BAT and evaluate its metabolic function. Researchers have already achieved promising success with computed tomography, magnetic resonance approaches, ultrasound, new tracers for use in PET, and other imaging techniques through in vivo and in vitro animal experiments. Since, these studies have shown that BAT may serve as an effective therapeutic target for treatment of metabolic dysfunction diseases, the development of an efficient in vivo BAT imaging technique that is applicable to humans will prove to be of great clinical value. In this review, classical PET imaging technique is highlighted as well as the current status of preclinical imaging methods developed for BAT examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Gu
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinlu Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - He Li
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shengjing Hospital, No. 36, Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Brasil S, Renck AC, de Meneck F, Brioschi ML, Costa EF, Teixeira MJ. A systematic review on the role of infrared thermography in the Brown adipose tissue assessment. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2020; 21:37-44. [PMID: 31965434 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09539-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an endocrine adipose tissue with attributes to dissipate energy as heat in response to changes in temperature and diet. Infrared thermography (IRT) has been studied in recent years in the assessment of BAT thermogenesis, as an option to positron emission tomography - computed tomography (PET-CT), because of several advantages. We performed a systematic review on the use of IRT in BAT assessment. Comprehensive online search was performed in different databases. The QUADAS 2 tool was used to evaluate studies' quality. 12 studies fit the inclusion criteria, whereas only one of these was considered of low risk of bias. 10 studies were favorable to IRT appliance in BAT evaluation, observing elevation of supraclavicular skin temperature correlated with BAT activity. Studies were heterogeneous in design, and a meta-analysis was precluded. Further studies with similar methodologies are needed. Conclusion: Despite the large number of published methodologies, IRT is a promising method for detecting BAT activation. Current knowledge already allows a better understanding of thermography to improve and standardize the technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Brasil
- Division of Neurological Surgery. Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra C Renck
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciele de Meneck
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos L Brioschi
- Division of Neurological Surgery. Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elaine F Costa
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel J Teixeira
- Division of Neurological Surgery. Hospital das Clínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Sun L, Yan J, Goh HJ, Govindharajulu P, Verma S, Michael N, Sadananthan SA, Henry CJ, Velan SS, Leow MKS. Fibroblast Growth Factor-21, Leptin, and Adiponectin Responses to Acute Cold-Induced Brown Adipose Tissue Activation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5698244. [PMID: 31912874 PMCID: PMC7015460 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipocyte-derived hormones play a role in insulin sensitivity and energy homeostasis. However, the relationship between circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), adipocytokines and cold-induced supraclavicular brown adipose tissue (sBAT) activation is underexplored. OBJECTIVE Our study aimed to investigate the relationships between cold-induced sBAT activity and plasma FGF21 and adipocytokines levels in healthy adults. DESIGN Nineteen healthy participants underwent energy expenditure (EE) and supraclavicular infrared thermography (IRT) within a whole-body calorimeter at baseline and at 2 hours post-cold exposure. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron-emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging scans were performed post-cold exposure. PET sBAT mean standardized uptake value (SUV mean), MR supraclavicular fat fraction (sFF), anterior supraclavicular maximum temperature (Tscv max) and EE change (%) after cold exposure were used to quantify sBAT activity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Plasma FGF21, leptin, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) at baseline and 2 hours post-cold exposure. Body composition at baseline by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). RESULTS Plasma FGF21 and adiponectin levels were significantly reduced after cold exposure in BAT-positive subjects but not in BAT-negative subjects. Leptin concentration was significantly reduced in both BAT-positive and BAT-negative participants after cold exposure. Adiponectin concentration at baseline was positively strongly associated with sBAT PET SUV mean (coefficient, 3269; P = 0.01) and IRT Tscv max (coefficient, 6801; P = 0.03), and inversely correlated with MR sFF (coefficient, -404; P = 0.02) after cold exposure in BAT-positive subjects but not in BAT-negative subjects. CONCLUSION Higher adiponectin concentrations at baseline indicate a greater cold-induced sBAT activity, which may be a novel predictor for sBAT activity in healthy BAT-positive adults. HIGHLIGHTS A higher adiponectin concentration at baseline was associated with higher cold-induced supraclavicular BAT PET SUV mean and IRT Tscv max, and lower MR supraclavicular FF. Adiponectin levels maybe a novel predictor for cold-induced sBAT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Sun
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Jianhua Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Imaging, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
- Molecular Imaging Precision Medicine Collaborative Innovation Centre, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Jen Goh
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Priya Govindharajulu
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
| | - Sanjay Verma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Navin Michael
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Suresh Anand Sadananthan
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Christiani Jeyakumar Henry
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Departments of Physiology & Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore
| | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) and National University Health System (NUHS), Singapore
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Melvin Khee-Shing Leow, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE (USA), FRCP (Edin), FRCPath, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive #07-02, MD 6 Building, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore 117599.
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Wu M, Junker D, Branca RT, Karampinos DC. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Brown Adipose Tissue Detection. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:421. [PMID: 32849257 PMCID: PMC7426399 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) methods can non-invasively assess brown adipose tissue (BAT) structure and function. Recently, MRI and MRS have been proposed as a means to differentiate BAT from white adipose tissue (WAT) and to extract morphological and functional information on BAT inaccessible by other means. Specifically, proton MR (1H) techniques, such as proton density fat fraction mapping, diffusion imaging, and intermolecular multiple quantum coherence imaging, have been employed to access BAT microstructure; MR thermometry, relaxometry, and MRI and MRS with 31P, 2H, 13C, and 129Xe have shown to provide complementary information on BAT function. The purpose of the present review is to provide a comprehensive overview of MR imaging and spectroscopy techniques used to detect BAT in rodents and in humans. The present work discusses common challenges of current methods and provides an outlook on possible future directions of using MRI and MRS in BAT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wu
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mingming Wu
| | - Daniela Junker
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosa Tamara Branca
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Dimitrios C. Karampinos
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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27
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Hamaoka T, Nirengi S, Fuse S, Amagasa S, Kime R, Kuroiwa M, Endo T, Sakane N, Matsushita M, Saito M, Yoneshiro T, Kurosawa Y. Near-Infrared Time-Resolved Spectroscopy for Assessing Brown Adipose Tissue Density in Humans: A Review. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:261. [PMID: 32508746 PMCID: PMC7249345 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) mediates adaptive thermogenesis upon food intake and cold exposure, thus potentially contributing to the prevention of lifestyle-related diseases. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) with computed tomography (CT) (18FDG-PET/CT) is a standard method for assessing BAT activity and volume in humans. 18FDG-PET/CT has several limitations, including high device cost and ionizing radiation and acute cold exposure necessary to maximally stimulate BAT activity. In contrast, near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) has been used for measuring changes in O2-dependent light absorption in the tissue in a non-invasive manner, without using radiation. Among NIRS, time-resolved NIRS (NIRTRS) can quantify the concentrations of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin ([oxy-Hb] and [deoxy-Hb], respectively) by emitting ultrashort (100 ps) light pulses and counts photons, which are scattered and absorbed in the tissue. The basis for assessing BAT density (BAT-d) using NIRTRS is that the vascular density in the supraclavicular region, as estimated using Hb concentration, is higher in BAT than in white adipose tissue. In contrast, relatively low-cost continuous wavelength NIRS (NIRCWS) is employed for measuring relative changes in oxygenation in tissues. In this review, we provide evidence for the validity of NIRTRS and NIRCWS in estimating human BAT characteristics. The indicators (IndNIRS) examined were [oxy-Hb]sup, [deoxy-Hb]sup, total hemoglobin [total-Hb]sup, Hb O2 saturation (StO2sup), and reduced scattering coefficient ( μs sup' ) in the supraclavicular region, as determined by NIRTRS, and relative changes in corresponding parameters, as determined by NIRCWS. The evidence comprises the relationships between the IndNIRS investigated and those determined by 18FDG-PET/CT; the correlation between the IndNIRS and cold-induced thermogenesis; the relationship of the IndNIRS to parameters measured by 18FDG-PET/CT, which responded to seasonal temperature fluctuations; the relationship of the IndNIRS and plasma lipid metabolites; the analogy of the IndNIRS to chronological and anthropometric data; and changes in the IndNIRS following thermogenic food supplementation. The [total-Hb]sup and [oxy-Hb]sup determined by NIRTRS, but not parameters determined by NIRCWS, exhibited significant correlations with cold-induced thermogenesis parameters and plasma androgens in men in winter or analogies to 18FDG-PET. We conclude that NIRTRS can provide useful information for assessing BAT-d in a simple, rapid, non-invasive way, although further validation study is still needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hamaoka
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Takafumi Hamaoka
| | - Shinsuke Nirengi
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sayuri Fuse
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiho Amagasa
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Kime
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miyuki Kuroiwa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tasuki Endo
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Sakane
- Division of Preventive Medicine, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Masayuki Saito
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yoneshiro
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Yuko Kurosawa
- Department of Sports Medicine for Health Promotion, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Pan R, Zhu X, Maretich P, Chen Y. Metabolic Improvement via Enhancing Thermogenic Fat-Mediated Non-shivering Thermogenesis: From Rodents to Humans. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:633. [PMID: 33013706 PMCID: PMC7511774 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown and beige adipose tissues play a large role in non-shivering thermogenesis (NST) in mammals, and subsequently have been studied for decades as potential therapeutic targets to treat obesity and its related metabolic diseases. However, the mechanistic regulation of brown/beige adipose tissue induction and maintenance in humans is very limited due to the ethical reasons. In fact, metabolic signaling has primarily been investigated using rodent models. A better understanding of non-shivering thermogenesis in humans is thus vital and urgent in order to treat obesity by targeting human brown adipose tissue (BAT). In this review, we summarize the anatomical and physiological differences between rodent and human BAT, current useful and mostly non-invasive methods in studying human BAT, as well as recent advancements targeting thermogenic adipocytes as a means to combat metabolic diseases in humans. Furthermore, we also discuss several novel relevant strategies of therapeutic interventions, which has been attempted in rodent experiments, and possible future investigations in humans in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruping Pan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Pema Maretich
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Internal Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Chen
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29
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Yaligar J, Verma SK, Gopalan V, Anantharaj R, Thu Le GT, Kaur K, Mallilankaraman K, Leow MKS, Velan SS. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI of brown and beige adipose tissues. Magn Reson Med 2019; 84:384-395. [PMID: 31799761 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The vascular blood flow in brown adipose tissue (BAT) is important for handling triglyceride clearance, increased blood flow and oxygenation. We used dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE)-MRI and fat fraction (FF) imaging for investigating vascular perfusion kinetics in brown and beige adipose tissues with cold exposure or treatment with β3-adrenergic agonist. METHODS FF imaging and DCE-MRI using gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid were performed in interscapular BAT (iBAT) and beige tissues using male Wister rats (n = 38). Imaging was performed at thermoneutral condition and with either cold exposure, treatment with pharmacological agent CL-316,243, or saline. DCE-MRI and FF data were co-registered to enhance the understanding of metabolic activity. RESULTS Uptake of contrast agent in activated iBAT and beige tissues were significantly (P < .05) higher than nonactivated iBAT. The Ktrans and kep increased significantly in iBAT and beige tissues after treatment with either cold exposure or β3-adrenergic agonist. The FF decreased in activated iBAT and beige tissues. The Ktrans and FF from iBAT and beige tissues were inversely correlated (r = 0.97; r = 0.94). Significant increase in vascular endothelial growth factor expression and Ktrans in activated iBAT and beige tissues were in agreement with the increased vasculature and vascular perfusion kinetics. The iBAT and beige tissues were validated by measuring molecular markers. CONCLUSION Increased Ktrans and decreased FF in iBAT and beige tissues were in agreement with the vascular perfusion kinetics facilitating the clearance of free fatty acids. The methodology can be extended for the screening of browning agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadegoud Yaligar
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sanjay Kumar Verma
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Venkatesh Gopalan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Rengaraj Anantharaj
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Giang Thi Thu Le
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Kavita Kaur
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Melvin Khee-Shing Leow
- Department of Endocrinology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorder Program, Duke-NUS.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore
| | - S Sendhil Velan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.,Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Estimating the cold-induced brown adipose tissue glucose uptake rate measured by 18F-FDG PET using infrared thermography and water-fat separated MRI. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12358. [PMID: 31451711 PMCID: PMC6710246 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) expends chemical energy to produce heat, which makes it a potential therapeutic target for combating metabolic dysfunction and overweight/obesity by increasing its metabolic activity. The most well-established method for measuring BAT metabolic activity is glucose uptake rate (GUR) measured using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET). However, this is expensive and exposes the subjects to potentially harmful radiation. Cheaper and safer methods are warranted for large-scale or longitudinal studies. Potential alternatives include infrared thermography (IRT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The aim of this study was to evaluate and further develop these techniques. Twelve healthy adult subjects were studied. The BAT GUR was measured using 18F-FDG PET during individualized cooling. The temperatures of the supraclavicular fossae and a control region were measured using IRT during a simple cooling protocol. The fat fraction and effective transverse relaxation rate of BAT were measured using MRI without any cooling intervention. Simple and multiple linear regressions were employed to evaluate how well the MRI and IRT measurements could estimate the GUR. Results showed that both IRT and MRI measurements correlated with the GUR. This suggest that these measurements may be suitable for estimating the cold-induced BAT GUR in future studies.
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31
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Abreu-Vieira G, Sardjoe Mishre ASD, Burakiewicz J, Janssen LGM, Nahon KJ, van der Eijk JA, Riem TT, Boon MR, Dzyubachyk O, Webb AG, Rensen PCN, Kan HE. Human Brown Adipose Tissue Estimated With Magnetic Resonance Imaging Undergoes Changes in Composition After Cold Exposure: An in vivo MRI Study in Healthy Volunteers. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:898. [PMID: 31998233 PMCID: PMC6964318 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used to evaluate brown adipose tissue (BAT) function. Reports on the extent and direction of cold-induced changes in MRI fat fraction and estimated BAT volume vary between studies. Here, we aimed to explore the effect of different fat fraction threshold ranges on outcomes measured by MRI. Moreover, we aimed to investigate the effect of cold exposure on estimated BAT mass and energy content. Methods: The effects of cold exposure at different fat fraction thresholding levels were analyzed in the supraclavicular adipose depot of nine adult males. MRI data were reconstructed, co-registered and analyzed in two ways. First, we analyzed cold-induced changes in fat fraction, T2* relaxation time, volume, mass, and energy of the entire supraclavicular adipose depot at different fat fraction threshold levels. As a control, we assessed fat fraction differences of deltoid subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Second, a local analysis was performed to study changes in fat fraction and T2* on a voxel-level. Thermoneutral and post-cooling data were compared using paired-sample t-tests (p < 0.05). Results: Global analysis unveiled that the largest cold-induced change in fat fraction occurred within a thermoneutral fat fraction range of 30-100% (-3.5 ± 1.9%), without changing the estimated BAT volume. However, the largest cold-induced changes in estimated BAT volume were observed when applying a thermoneutral fat fraction range of 70-100% (-3.8 ± 2.6%). No changes were observed for the deltoid SAT fat fractions. Tissue energy content was reduced from 126 ± 33 to 121 ± 30 kcal, when using a 30-100% fat fraction range, and also depended on different fat fraction thresholds. Voxel-wise analysis showed that while cold exposure changed the fat fraction across nearly all thermoneutral fat fractions, decreases were most pronounced at high thermoneutral fat fractions. Conclusion: Cold-induced changes in fat fraction occurred over the entire range of thermoneutral fat fractions, and were especially found in lipid-rich regions of the supraclavicular adipose depot. Due to the variability in response between lipid-rich and lipid-poor regions, care should be taken when applying fat fraction thresholds for MRI BAT analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Abreu-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Aashley S. D. Sardjoe Mishre
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jedrzej Burakiewicz
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Laura G. M. Janssen
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kimberly J. Nahon
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jari A. van der Eijk
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Titia T. Riem
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R. Boon
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Oleh Dzyubachyk
- Division of Image Processing (LKEB), Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andrew G. Webb
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Patrick C. N. Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Hermien E. Kan
- Department of Radiology, C.J. Gorter Center for High Field MRI, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Hermien E. Kan
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