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Cao S, Liu M, Han Y, Li S, Zhu X, Li D, Shi Y, Liu B. Effects of Saponins on Lipid Metabolism: The Gut-Liver Axis Plays a Key Role. Nutrients 2024; 16:1514. [PMID: 38794751 PMCID: PMC11124185 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy lifestyles (high-fat diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, too little exercise, etc.) in the current society are prone to cause lipid metabolism disorders affecting the health of the organism and inducing the occurrence of diseases. Saponins, as biologically active substances present in plants, have lipid-lowering, inflammation-reducing, and anti-atherosclerotic effects. Saponins are thought to be involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the body; it suppresses the appetite and, thus, reduces energy intake by modulating pro-opiomelanocortin/Cocaine amphetamine regulated transcript (POMC/CART) neurons and neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide (NPY/AGRP) neurons in the hypothalamus, the appetite control center. Saponins directly activate the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway and related transcriptional regulators such as peroxisome-proliferator-activated-receptors (PPAR), CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBP), and sterol-regulatory element binding proteins (SREBP) increase fatty acid oxidation and inhibit lipid synthesis. It also modulates gut-liver interactions to improve lipid metabolism by regulating gut microbes and their metabolites and derivatives-short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids (BAs), trimethylamine (TMA), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), et al. This paper reviews the positive effects of different saponins on lipid metabolism disorders, suggesting that the gut-liver axis plays a crucial role in improving lipid metabolism processes and may be used as a therapeutic target to provide new strategies for treating lipid metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shixi Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Mengqi Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Yao Han
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Shouren Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Defeng Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yinghua Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Boshuai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (S.C.); (M.L.); (Y.H.); (S.L.); (X.Z.); (D.L.)
- Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Forage Resource Innovation and Utilization, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Forage Engineering Technology Research Center, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Lee YY, Oh Y, Seo MS, Seo MG, Han JE, Kim KT, Park JK, Kim SD, Park SJ, Kwak D, Rhee MH. The anti-platelet activity of panaxadiol fraction and panaxatriol fraction of Korean Red Ginseng in vitro and ex vivo. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:638-644. [PMID: 37720569 PMCID: PMC10499584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The anti-platelet activity of the saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng has been widely studied. The saponin fraction consists of the panaxadiol fraction (PDF) and panaxatriol fraction (PTF); however, their anti-platelet activity is yet to be compared. Our study aimed to investigate the potency of anti-platelet activity of PDF and PTF and to elucidate how well they retain their anti-platelet activity via different administration routes. Methods For ex vivo studies, Sprague-Dawley rats were orally administered 250 mg/kg PDF and PTF for 7 consecutive days before blood collection via cardiac puncture. Platelet aggregation was conducted after isolation of the washed platelets. For in vitro studies, washed platelets were obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats. Collagen and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were used to induce platelet aggregation. Collagen was used as an agonist for assaying adenosine triphosphate release, thromboxane B2, serotonin, cyclic adenosine monophosphate, and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) release. Results When treated ex vivo, PDF not only inhibited ADP and collagen-induced platelet aggregation, but also upregulated cGMP levels and reduced platelet adhesion to fibronectin. Furthermore, it also inhibited Akt phosphorylation induced by collagen treatment. Panaxadiol fraction did not exert any anti-platelet activity in vitro, whereas PTF exhibited potent anti-platelet activity, inhibiting ADP, collagen, and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, but significantly elevated levels of cGMP. Conclusion Our study showed that in vitro and ex vivo PDF and PTF treatments exhibited different potency levels, indicating possible metabolic conversions of ginsenosides, which altered the content of ginsenosides capable of preventing platelet aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yee Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, United States
| | - Yein Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Goo Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Eun Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoo-Tae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Kyu Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Dae Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Joon Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmi Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Gopan G, Jose J, Khot KB, Bandiwadekar A. The use of cellulose, chitosan and hyaluronic acid in transdermal therapeutic management of obesity: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125374. [PMID: 37330096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a clinical condition with rising popularity and detrimental impacts on human health. According to the World Health Organization, obesity is the sixth most common cause of death worldwide. It is challenging to combat obesity because medications that are successful in the clinical investigation have harmful side effects when administered orally. The conventional approaches for treating obesity primarily entail synthetic compounds and surgical techniques but possess severe adverse effects and recurrences. As a result, a safe and effective strategy to combat obesity must be initiated. Recent studies have shown that biological macromolecules of the carbohydrate class, such as cellulose, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan, can enhance the release and efficacy of medications for obesity but due to their short biological half-lives and poor oral bioavailability, their distribution rate is affected. This helps to comprehend the need for an effective therapeutic approach via a transdermal drug delivery system. This review focuses on the transdermal administration, utilizing cellulose, chitosan, and hyaluronic acid via microneedles, as it offers a promising solution to overcome existing therapy limitations in managing obesity and it also highlights how microneedles can effectively deliver therapeutic substances through the skin's outer layer, bypassing pain receptors and specifically targeting adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Gopan
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Jobin Jose
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India.
| | - Kartik Bhairu Khot
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
| | - Akshay Bandiwadekar
- NITTE Deemed-to-be University, NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangalore 575018, India
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Jin W, Li C, Yang S, Song S, Hou W, Song Y, Du Q. Hypolipidemic effect and molecular mechanism of ginsenosides: a review based on oxidative stress. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1166898. [PMID: 37188264 PMCID: PMC10175615 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1166898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular and endocrine diseases. However, effective approaches for treating this common metabolic disorder remain limited. Ginseng has traditionally been used as a natural medicine for invigorating energy or "Qi" and has been demonstrated to possess antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. A large number of studies have shown that ginsenosides, the main active ingredient of ginseng, have lipid-lowering effects. However, there remains a lack of systematic reviews detailing the molecular mechanisms by which ginsenosides reduce blood lipid levels, especially in relation to oxidative stress. For this article, research studies detailing the molecular mechanisms through which ginsenosides regulate oxidative stress and lower blood lipids in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and its related diseases (diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis) were comprehensively reviewed. The relevant papers were search on seven literature databases. According to the studies reviewed, ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Re, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, Rh4, and F2 inhibit oxidative stress by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, promoting fatty acid β-oxidation and autophagy, and regulating the intestinal flora to alleviate high blood pressure and improve the body's lipid status. These effects are related to the regulation of various signaling pathways, such as those of PPARα, Nrf2, mitogen-activated protein kinases, SIRT3/FOXO3/SOD, and AMPK/SIRT1. These findings suggest that ginseng is a natural medicine with lipid-lowering effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jin
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunrun Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Shihui Yang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Shiyi Song
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan, China
| | - Weiwei Hou
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Song
- Emergency Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Song, ; Quanyu Du,
| | - Quanyu Du
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Song, ; Quanyu Du,
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Li D, Li Z, Peng F, Su XQ, Zhang L, Cai Y, Ju A. Ultrafiltration Process Yield Study on Aqueous Solution of Total Ginsenosides. Nat Prod Commun 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x221094110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafiltration membrane separation is a technology used to separate large and small molecules in solution by using the principle of membrane screening. This technology can retain the effective components of traditional Chinese medicine extract, remove macromolecular impurities and endotoxin, and meet the requirements of high quality, high efficiency, and low pollution in the modern production of traditional Chinese medicine. The study investigated the impact of 100 KDa molecular weight prepared from different ultrafiltration membrane on the ginsenosides ingredient composition of ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rb3, ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rg3. Changes in retention rates were compared by the component changes in high-performance liquid chromatography in the volume concentrates, par volume of water constant volume diafiltration and 50% ethanol constant volume diafiltration ultrafiltration process. The results demonstrate that the 100 K cellulose ultrafiltration membrane was used for ginsenosides ultrafiltration. The yield and retention were superior to those of the polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membrane with the same molecular weight cutoffs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dekun Li
- Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin, China
| | - Fei Peng
- Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiao Q. Su
- Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiting Cai
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aichun Ju
- Tianjin Tasly Pride Pharmaceutical CO. Ltd, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Safety Evaluation Enterprise of TCM Injections, Tianjin, China
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Phung HM, Jang D, Trinh TA, Lee D, Nguyen QN, Kim CE, Kang KS. Regulation of appetite-related neuropeptides by Panax ginseng: A novel approach for obesity treatment. J Ginseng Res 2022; 46:609-619. [PMID: 35818423 PMCID: PMC9270656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a primary factor provoking various chronic disorders, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer, and causes the death of 2.8 million individuals each year. Diet, physical activity, medications, and surgery are the main therapies for overweightness and obesity. During weight loss therapy, a decrease in energy stores activates appetite signaling pathways under the regulation of neuropeptides, including anorexigenic [corticotropin-releasing hormone, proopiomelanocortin (POMC), cholecystokinin (CCK), and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript] and orexigenic [agouti-related protein (AgRP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and melanin-concentrating hormone] neuropeptides, which increase food intake and lead to failure in attaining weight loss goals. Ginseng and ginsenosides reverse these signaling pathways by suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides (NPY and AgRP) and provoking anorexigenic neuropeptides (CCK and POMC), which prevent the increase in food intake. Moreover, the results of network pharmacology analysis have revealed that constituents of ginseng radix, including campesterol, beta-elemene, ginsenoside Rb1, biotin, and pantothenic acid, are highly correlated with neuropeptide genes that regulate energy balance and food intake, including ADIPOQ, NAMPT, UBL5, NUCB2, LEP, CCK, GAST, IGF1, RLN1, PENK, PDYN, and POMC. Based on previous studies and network pharmacology analysis data, ginseng and its compounds may be a potent source for obesity treatment by regulating neuropeptides associated with appetite.
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Park HJ, Rhie SJ, Shim I. Neuronal mechanisms of ginseng on antiobesity effects: implication of its synergistic benefits with physical exercise. J Exerc Rehabil 2022; 17:388-394. [PMID: 35036387 PMCID: PMC8743603 DOI: 10.12965/jer.2142668.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease of increasing prevalence in most countries, which leads to substantial increase in morbidity, and mortality in association with diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases. Many factors have been attributed to an epidemic of obesity including sedentary lifestyle, high-fat diets (HFD), and consumption of large amount of modern fast foods. Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (PG) has several pharmacological and physiological effects. In particular, PG and saponin fractions from PG show a variety of efficacies such as antifatigue, hyperlipidemia, hypertension and noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. We have revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can decrease food intake energy expenditure by stimulating appetite regulatory hormones and can reduce energy intake. Exercise/ physical activity is well known as modality for treating the disease of overweight and obesity. It is suggested that natural products and their combinations with exercise may produce a synergistic activity that increases their bioavailability and action on multiple molecular targets, offering advantages over chemical treatments. This review is aimed at evaluating the antiobesity efficacy of ginseng and ginsenosides and delineating the mechanisms by which they function. Finally, we review information regarding interactions between ginseng and physical exercise in protecting against weight gain and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sung Ja Rhie
- Department of Beauty Design, Halla University, Wonju, Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul Korea
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Kumatia EK, Ayertey F, Appiah-Opong R, Bagyour GK, Asare KO, Mbatcho VC, Dabo J. Intervention of standardized ethanol leaf extract of Annickia polycarpa, (DC.) Setten and Maas ex I.M. Turner. (Annonaceae), in Plasmodium berghei infested mice produced anti-malaria action and normalized gross hematological indices. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 267:113449. [PMID: 33129949 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is a global public health burden due to large number of annual infections and casualties caused by its hematological complications. The bark of Annickia polycarpa is an effective anti-malaria agent in African traditional medicine. However, there is no standardization parameters for A. polycarpa. The anti-malaria properties of its leaf are also not known. AIM OF THE STUDY To standardize the ethanol leaf extract of A. polycarpa (APLE) and investigate its anti-malaria properties and the effect of its treatment on hematological indices in Plasmodium berghei infected mice in the Rane's test. MATERIALS AND METHODS Malaria was induced by inoculating female ICR mice with 1.0 × 107P. berghei-infected RBCs in 0.2 mL (i.p.) of blood. Treatment was commenced 3 days later with APLE 50, 200, 400 mg/kg p.o., Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. (Standard drug) or sterile water (Negative control) once daily per group for 4 successive days. Anti-malarial activity and gross malaria indices such as hyperparasitemia, mean change in body weight and mean survival time (MST) were determined for each group. Changes in white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelets (PLT) counts, hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, hematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were also measured in the healthy mice before infection as baseline and on day 3 and 8 after inoculation using complete blood count. Standardization was achieved by UHPLC-MS chemical fingerprint analysis and quantitative phytochemical tests. RESULTS APLE, standardized to its total alkaloids, phenolics and saponin contents, produced significant (P < 0.05) dose-dependent clearance of mean hyperparasitemia of 22.78 ± 0.93% with the minimum parasitemia level of 2.01 ± 0.25% achieved at 400 mg/kg p.o. on day 8. Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. achieved a minimum parasitemia level of 6.15 ± 0.92%. Moreover, APLE (50-400 mg/kg p.o.) evoked very significant anti-malaria activity of 89.22-95.50%. Anti-malaria activity of Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. was 86.22%. APLE also inverse dose-dependently promotes weight gain with the effect being significant (P < 0.05) at 50 mg/kg p.o. Moreover, APLE dose-dependently increased the MST of malaria infested mice with 100% survival at 400 mg/kg p.o. Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. also produce 100% survival rate but did not promote (P > 0.05) weight gain. Hematological studies revealed the development of leukocytopenia, erythrocytosis, microcytic anemia and thrombocytopenia in the malaria infected mice which were reverted with the treatment of APLE 50-400 mg/kg p.o. or Quinine 30 mg/kg i.m. but persisted in the negative control. The UHPLC-MS fingerprint analysis of APLE led to identification of one oxoaporphine and two aporphine alkaloids (1-3). Alkaloids 1 and 3 are being reported in this plant for the first time. CONCLUSION These results indicate that APLE possessed significant anti-malaria, immunomodulatory, erythropoietic and hematinic actions against malaria infection. APLE also has the ability to revoke deleterious physiological alteration produced by malaria and hence, promote clinical cure. These properties of APLE are due to its constituents especially, aporphine and oxoaporphine alkaloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kofi Kumatia
- Phytochemistry Department, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana.
| | - Frederick Ayertey
- Phytochemistry Department, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana
| | - Regina Appiah-Opong
- Chemical Pathology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Godfrey Kyaakyile Bagyour
- Chemistry and Applied Biochemistry Department, University of Development Studies, Navrongo-Campus, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Kenneth Opare Asare
- Clinical Resaerch Department, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana
| | - Valentine Chi Mbatcho
- Chemistry and Applied Biochemistry Department, University of Development Studies, Navrongo-Campus, Tamale, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Dabo
- Biodiversity Conservation and Ecoservices Division, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana
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Kumatia EK, Ayertey F, Appiah-Opong R, Bolah P, Ehun E, Dabo J. Antrocaryon micraster (A. Chev. And Guillaumin) stem bark extract demonstrated anti-malaria action and normalized hematological indices in Plasmodium berghei infested mice in the Rane's test. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113427. [PMID: 33022339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Malaria is caused by infection with some species of Plasmodium parasite which leads to adverse alterations in physical and hematological features of infected persons and ultimately results in death. Antrocaryon micraster is used to treat malaria in Ghanaian traditional medicine. However, there is no scientific validation of its anti-malaria properties. The plant does not also have any chemical fingerprint or standardization parameters. AIM OF THE STUDY This study sought to evaluate the anti-malaria activity of standardized A. micraster stem bark extract (AMSBE) and its effect on mean survival time (MST) and body weight reduction of Plasmodiumberghei infested mice. And to study the effect of treatment of AMSBE on hematological indices of the P. berghei infested mice in order to partly elucidate its anti-malarial mechanism of action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Malaria was induced in female ICR mice by infecting them with 0.2 mL of blood (i.p.) containing 1.0 × 107P. berghei-infested RBCs from a donor mouse and leaving them without treatment for 3 days. AMSBE or Lonart (standard control) was then orally administered at 50, 200 and 400 mg/kg or 10 mg/kg once daily for 4 consecutive days. The untreated control received sterile water. Malaria parasitemia reduction, anti-malarial activity, mean change in body weight and MST of the parasitized mice were evaluated. Furthermore, changes in white blood cells (WBCs), red blood cells (RBCs), platelets count, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were also determined in the healthy animals before infection as baseline and on days 3, 5 and 8 after infection by employing complete blood count. Standardization of AMSBE was achieved by quantification of its constituents and chemical fingerprint analysis using UHPLC-MS. RESULTS Administration of AMSBE, standardized to 41.51% saponins and 234.960 ± 0.026 mg/g of GAE phenolics, produced significant (P < 0.05) reduction of parasitemia development, maximum anti-malaria activity of 46.01% (comparable to 32.53% produced by Lonart) and significantly (P < 0.05) increased body weight and MST of P. berghei infected mice compared to the untreated control. Moreover, there were significant (P > 0.05) elevation in WBCs, RBCs, HGB, HCT and platelets in the parasitized-AMSBE (especially at 400 mg/kg p.o.) treated mice compared to their baseline values. Whereas, the non-treated parasitized control recorded significant reduction (P < 0.05) in all the above-mentioned parameters compared to its baseline values. The UHPLC-MS fingerprint of AMSBE revealed four compounds with their retention times, percentage composition in their chromatograms and m/z of the molecular ions and fragments in the spectra. CONCLUSIONS These results show that A. micraster stem bark possessed significant anti-malaria effect and also has the ability to abolish body weight loss, leucopenia, anemia and thrombocytopenia in P. berghei infected mice leading to prolonged life span. The UHPLC-MS fingerprint developed for AMSBE can be used for rapid authentication and standardization of A. micraster specimens and herbal preparations produced from its hydroethanolic stem bark extract to ensure consistent biological activity. The results justify A. micraster's use as anti-malaria agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kofi Kumatia
- Department of Phytochemistry, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana.
| | - Fredrick Ayertey
- Department of Phytochemistry, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana
| | - Regina Appiah-Opong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Peter Bolah
- Department of Phytochemistry, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Ehun
- Department of Phytochemistry, Centre for Plant Medicine Research, Mampong-Akwapim, Ghana
| | - Jonathan Dabo
- Division of Biodiversity Conservation and Ecoservices, Forestry Research Institute of Ghana, Kumasi, Ghana
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Miraghajani M, Hadi A, Hajishafiee M, Arab A, Ghaedi E, Moodi V. The effects of ginseng supplementation on anthropometric indices and body composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Herb Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Luo Z, Xu W, Zhang Y, Di L, Shan J. A review of saponin intervention in metabolic syndrome suggests further study on intestinal microbiota. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105088. [PMID: 32683035 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a series of symptoms including insulin resistance, obesity, dyslipidemia, elevated fasting blood glucose levels, and hepatic steatosis. As a key criterion in MetS, the onset of insulin resistance is related to abnormal levels of circulating free fatty acids and adipokines. It has been discovered in recent years that metabolites and pathogen-associated molecular patterns of intestinal/gut microbiota are also important factors that cause insulin resistance and MetS. Saponins are the main components of many botanicals and traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs), such as ginseng, platycodon, licorice, and alfalfa. They have poor bioavailability, but can be transformed into secondary glycosides and aglycones by intestinal microbiota, further being absorbed. Based on in vivo and in vitro data, we found that saponins and their secondary metabolites have a preventive effect on MetS, and the effective targets are distributed in the intestine and other organs in human body. Intestinal targets involve pancreatic lipase, dietary cholesterol, and intestinal microbiota. Other targets include central appetite, nuclear receptors such as PPAR and LXR, AMPK signaling pathway and adipokines levels, etc. In view of the poor bioavailability of saponins, it is inferred that targets for prototype-saponins to interfere with MetS is mainly located in the intestine, and the activation of other targets may be related to secondary glycosides and aglycones transformed from saponins by intestinal flora. We suggest that the role of intestinal microbiota in saponin intervention in MetS should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Luo
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weichen Xu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Genome Center of UC Davis, NIH West Coast Metabolomics Center, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Liuqing Di
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinjun Shan
- Institute of Pediatrics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Pediatric Respiratory Disease, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Medical Metabolomics Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Efficient Delivery System of TCM, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Cho YN, Saravana PS, David N, Chun BS. Biofunctional properties of wild cultivated and cultivated Ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) extracts obtained using subcritical water extraction. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2020.1781893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Nam Cho
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Namgu, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Nkurunziza David
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Namgu, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Soo Chun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Pukyong National University, Namgu, Republic of Korea
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13
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The Effect of a 2-Week Red Ginseng Supplementation on Food Efficiency and Energy Metabolism in Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061726. [PMID: 32526977 PMCID: PMC7352690 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Red ginseng (RG) ingestion reportedly affects body weight, food intake, and fat accumulation reduction. It also induces changes in energy metabolism regulation and glycemic control. Previously, 2-week RG ingestion with endurance training was found to enhance fat oxidation during exercise. However, such effects on energy metabolism and the expression of mRNAs related to energy substrate utilization in resting mice (untrained mice) are still unclear. Here, we determined the effect of RG on energy metabolism and substrate utilization in untrained male mice. Twenty-four mice were separated into an RG group that received a daily dosage of 1 g/kg RG for 2 weeks, and a control (CON). Energy expenditure, blood and tissue glycogen levels, and expression of mRNAs related to energy substrate utilization in muscles were measured before and 2 weeks after treatment. Total food intake was significantly lower in the RG than in the CON group (p < 0.05), but final body weights did not differ. Carbohydrate and fat oxidation over 24 h did not change in either group. There were no significant differences in gastrocnemius GLUT4, MCT1, MCT4, FAT/CD36, and CPT1b mRNA levels between groups. Thus, the effects of RG ingested during rest differ from the effects of RG ingestion in combination with endurance exercise; administering RG to untrained mice for 2 weeks did not change body weight and energy metabolism. Therefore, future studies should consider examining the RG ingestion period and dosage for body weight control and improving energy metabolism.
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Impromptu Effects of Nt8U with Soyasaponins on Obesity-related Lipid Parameters in High Fat Fed C57BL/6 Mice. Int J Pept Res Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-019-09846-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Ju C, Jeon SM, Jun HS, Moon CK. Diol-ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng delay the development of type 1 diabetes in diabetes-prone biobreeding rats. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:619-626. [PMID: 32617042 PMCID: PMC7322746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of diol-ginsenoside fraction (Diol-GF) and triol-ginsenoside fraction (Triol-GF) from Korean Red Ginseng on the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) were examined in diabetes-prone biobreeding (DP-BB) rats that spontaneously develop T1D through an autoimmune process. Methods DP-BB female rats were treated with Diol-GF or Triol-GF daily from the age of 3-4 weeks up to 11-12 weeks (1 mg/g body weight). Results Diol-GF delayed the onset, and reduced the incidence, of T1D. Islets of Diol-GF-treated DP-BB rats showed significantly lower insulitis and preserved higher plasma and pancreatic insulin levels. Diol-GF failed to change the proportion of lymphocyte subsets such as T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages in the spleen and blood. Diol-GF had no effect on the ability of DP-BB rat splenocytes to induce diabetes in recipients. Diol-GF and diol-ginsenoside Rb1 significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor α production, whereas diol-ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd decreased interleukin 1β production in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, mixed cytokine- and chemical-induced β-cell cytotoxicity was greatly inhibited by Diol-GF and diol-ginsenosides Rc and Rd in RIN5mF cells. However, nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells was unaffected by diol-ginsenosides. Conclusion Diol-GF, but not Triol-GF, significantly delayed the development of insulitis and T1D in DP-BB rats. The antidiabetogenic action of Diol-GF may result from the decrease in cytokine production and increase in β-cell resistance to cytokine/free radical-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kiu Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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16
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Liu C, Li H, Zhou Z, Li J, Chen H, Liu Y, Huang C, Fan S. Protopanaxadiol alleviates obesity in high-fat diet-fed mice via activation of energy-sensing neuron in the paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:1092-1099. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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17
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Park HJ, Kim JH, Shim I. Anti-obesity Effects of Ginsenosides in High-Fat Diet-Fed Rats. Chin J Integr Med 2019; 25:895-901. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-019-3200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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18
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Park SJ, Nam J, Ahn CW, Kim Y. Anti-diabetic properties of different fractions of Korean red ginseng. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 236:220-230. [PMID: 30849506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Korean red ginseng (KRG) has been traditionally used to treat diabetes. Ginsenosides are considered as the major bioactive components mediating anti-diabetic effects of KRG. However, considering that ginsenosides account for only about 3-4% of ginsengs, other fractions of KRG may also carry potential anti-diabetic effects. There is no study reporting the differentiated effects of ginsenosides (Spn) and non-saponin fractions (NSpn) of KRG on glycemic control. AIM OF THE STUDY We investigated the effects of KRG, Spn, and NSpn on the indications of glycemic control and sought to elucidate physiological factors contributing their effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human T2DM mimicking Nagoya-Shibata-Yasuda (NSY/hos) mice were given KRG, Spn, or NSpn admixed in rodent diet at 200 mg/kg/day for 24 weeks. Glycemic and obesity indications, blood lipid profile, systematic and local oxidative stress markers in metabolically important organs, and systematic inflammatory markers were assessed. Molecular assessments associated with glycemic control in liver and skeletal muscle were further performed. RESULTS KRG attenuated deterioration in glucose homeostasis as evidenced by significantly lower fasting blood glucose from 22nd week and AUC during GTT at the end of the experiment compare to control. Spn enhanced insulin secretion in response to glucose stimulation and reduced protein level of glycogen phosphorylase in liver. On the other hand, NSpn ameliorated oxidative stress and inflammation. Some beneficial effects of Spn and NSpn were reflected in KRG treated mice. KRG also attenuated the accumulation of malondialdehyde in skeletal muscle and, accordingly, enhanced insulin responsiveness compare to control. CONCLUSION Anti-diabetic properties of KRG are not solely determined by the contents of ginsenosides but the harmonic functions of its different fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jeong Park
- Brain Korea 21 Plus Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jisun Nam
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chul Woo Ahn
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - YuSik Kim
- Severance Institute for Vascular and Metabolic Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-Ro Seodaemun-Gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Liao W, Ma X, Li J, Li X, Guo Z, Zhou S, Sun H. A review of the mechanism of action of Dantonic® for the treatment of chronic stable angina. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 109:690-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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20
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Karri S, Sharma S, Hatware K, Patil K. Natural anti-obesity agents and their therapeutic role in management of obesity: A future trend perspective. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:224-238. [PMID: 30481727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present scenario, obesity is a challenging health problem and its prevalence along with comorbidities are on the rise around the world. According to world health organization and organisation for economic co-operation and development epidemiology reports, overweight and obesity are the fifth foremost causes of deaths globally. The increasing rate of obesity is becoming a mammoth problem which enormously affects an individual's quality of life. The conventional therapy of obesity mainly involves synthetic moieties and surgical procedures, which has many harmful side effects and chances of recurrence with severity. Hence, the Present review is a metanalysis of all the available data on the use of the plants with their biological source, active phytochemical constituents and a probable mechanism of action as natural anti-obesity agents. The metanalysis of data during the period of 2000-2018 was performed with the help of scientific data search engine National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI/PubMed). This data reveals the need and scope of further research in the development of new natural phytoconstituents for the management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sravani Karri
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sanjay Sharma
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Ketan Hatware
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kiran Patil
- NMIMS, School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
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21
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Park HS, Cho JH, Kim KW, Chung WS, Song MY. Effects of Panax ginseng on Obesity in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:2719794. [PMID: 29861768 PMCID: PMC5976977 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2719794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the antiobesity effects of Panax ginseng in animals. METHODS We conducted a systematic search for all controlled trials (up to March 2017) that assessed the antiobesity effects of P. ginseng in animal obesity models in the PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. The primary outcome was final body weight measured at the longest follow-up time after administration of the intervention. The secondary outcome was the lipid profile. We assessed methodological quality using the SYRCLE risk of bias tool, and RevMan 5.3 was used to perform a meta-analysis. Finally, a subgroup analysis of parameters including intervention duration, animal models, and type of ginseng was performed. RESULT We identified 16 studies that met the inclusion criteria. Data from the meta-analysis indicated that the intervention group had a significantly lower body weight than the control group (SMD: -1.50, 95% CI: -1.90 to -1.11, χ2: 78.14, P < 0.0001, I2 = 58%). Final body weight was lower in an animal obesity model induced by high-fat diet than in genetic models. Also the intervention group had a significantly higher serum HDL level and lower serum LDL, TG, and TC level than the control group. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis indicated that oral administration of P. ginseng significantly inhibits weight gain and improves serum lipid profiles in animal obesity models. However, causes of obesity and type of ginseng may affect treatment effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Sung Park
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Heung Cho
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Koh-Woon Kim
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Seok Chung
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Yeon Song
- Department of Korean Rehabilitation Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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22
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Biswas T, Mathur AK, Mathur A. A literature update elucidating production of Panax ginsenosides with a special focus on strategies enriching the anti-neoplastic minor ginsenosides in ginseng preparations. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:4009-4032. [PMID: 28411325 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8279-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng, an oriental gift to the world of healthcare and preventive medicine, is among the top ten medicinal herbs globally. The constitutive triterpene saponins, ginsenosides, or panaxosides are attributed to ginseng's miraculous efficacy towards anti-aging, rejuvenating, and immune-potentiating benefits. The major ginsenosides such as Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd., Re, and Rg1, formed after extensive glycosylations of the aglycone "dammaranediol," dominate the chemical profile of this genus in vivo and in vitro. Elicitations have successfully led to appreciable enhancements in the production of these major ginsenosides. However, current research on ginseng biotechnology has been focusing on the enrichment or production of the minor ginsenosides (the less glycosylated precursors of the major ginsenosides) in ginseng preparations, which are either absent or are produced in very low amounts in nature or via cell cultures. The minor ginsenosides under current scientific scrutiny include diol ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rh2, compound K, and triol ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1, which are being touted as the next "anti-neoplastic pharmacophores," with better bioavailability and potency as compared to the major ginsenosides. This review aims at describing the strategies for ginsenoside production with special attention towards production of the minor ginsenosides from the major ginsenosides via microbial biotransformation, elicitations, and from heterologous expression systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Biswas
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - A K Mathur
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India
| | - Archana Mathur
- Plant Biotechnology Division, Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants; Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, PO- CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India.
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23
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Li Z, Kim HJ, Park MS, Ji GE. Effects of fermented ginseng root and ginseng berry on obesity and lipid metabolism in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Ginseng Res 2017; 42:312-319. [PMID: 29983612 PMCID: PMC6026359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have shown that both ginseng root and ginseng berry exhibit antiobesity and antidiabetic effects. However, a direct comparison of the efficacy and mechanisms between the root and the berry after oral administration remains to be illuminated. Methods In this study, we observed the effects of fermented ginseng root (FGR) and fermented ginseng berry (FGB) on obesity and lipid metabolism in high-fat diet induced obese mice. Results FGR and FGB significantly inhibited the activity of pancreatic lipase in vitro. Both FGR and FGB significantly suppressed weight gain and excess food intake and improved hypercholesterolemia and fatty liver, while only FGR significantly attenuated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Both FGR and FGB significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of Ldlr and Acsl1 while FGR also significantly inhibited expression of Cebpa and Dgat2 in liver. FGR significantly decreased the epididymal fat weight of mice while FGB significantly inhibited the mRNA expression of genes Cebpa, Fas, Hsl, Il1b, and Il6 in adipose tissue. Conclusion Saponin from both FGR and FGB had a beneficial effect on high-fat diet-induced obesity. Compared to FGB, FGR exhibited more potent antihyperglycemic and antiobesity effect. However, only FGB significantly inhibited mRNA expression of inflammatory markers such as interleukins 1β and 6 in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Li
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Soo Park
- Department of Hotel Culinary Arts, Yeonsung University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Eog Ji
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute, Bifido Co., Ltd., Hongchun, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Although ginseng has been shown to have an antiobesity effect, antiobesity-related mechanisms are complex and have not been completely elucidated. In the present study, we evaluated ginseng’s effects on food intake, the digestion, and absorption systems, as well as liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in order to identify the mechanisms involved. A review of previous in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that ginseng and ginsenosides can increase energy expenditure by stimulating the adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase pathway and can reduce energy intake. Moreover, in high fat diet-induced obese and diabetic individuals, ginseng has shown a two-way adjustment effect on adipogenesis. Nevertheless, most of the previous studies into antiobesity effects of ginseng have been animal based, and there is a paucity of evidence supporting the suggestion that ginseng can exert an antiobesity effect in humans.
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25
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Fu C, Jiang Y, Guo J, Su Z. Natural Products with Anti-obesity Effects and Different Mechanisms of Action. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:9571-9585. [PMID: 27931098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a primary influence on health condition, causes numerous comorbidities and complications and, therefore, pharmacotherapy is considered a strategy for its treatment. However, the adverse effects of most chemical drugs targeting weight loss complicate their approval by regulatory authorities. Recently, interest has increased in the development of ingredients from natural sources with fewer adverse effects for preventing and ameliorating obesity. This review provides an overview of current anti-obesity drugs and natural products with anti-obesity properties as well as their mechanisms of action, which include interfering with nutrient absorption, decreasing adipogenesis, increasing energy expenditure (thermogenesis), appetite suppression, modifying intestinal microbiota composition, and increasing fecal fat excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuhan Fu
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhengquan Su
- Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Centre, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Marrelli M, Conforti F, Araniti F, Statti GA. Effects of Saponins on Lipid Metabolism: A Review of Potential Health Benefits in the Treatment of Obesity. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101404. [PMID: 27775618 PMCID: PMC6273086 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is one of the greatest public health problems. This complex condition has reached epidemic proportions in many parts of the world, and it constitutes a risk factor for several chronic disorders, such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes. In the last few decades, several studies dealt with the potential effects of natural products as new safe and effective tools for body weight control. Saponins are naturally-occurring surface-active glycosides, mainly produced by plants, whose structure consists of a sugar moiety linked to a hydrophobic aglycone (a steroid or a triterpene). Many pharmacological properties have been reported for these compounds, such as anti-inflammatory, immunostimulant, hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, antifungal and cytotoxic activities. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent studies about the anti-obesity therapeutic potential of saponins isolated from medicinal plants. Results on the in vitro and in vivo activity of this class of phytochemicals are here presented and discussed. The most interesting findings about their possible mechanism of action and their potential health benefits in the treatment of obesity are reported, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariangela Marrelli
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS) I-87036, Italy.
| | - Filomena Conforti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS) I-87036, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Araniti
- Department of AGRARIA, University "Mediterranea" of Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria (RC) I-89124, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo A Statti
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende (CS) I-87036, Italy.
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Kucukkurt I, Akkol EK, Karabag F, Ince S, Süntar I, Eryavuz A, Sözbilir NB. Determination of the regulatory properties of Yucca schidigera extracts on the biochemical parameters and plasma hormone levels associated with obesity. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Lee B, Sur B, Cho SG, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Ginsenoside Rb1 rescues anxiety-like responses in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder. J Nat Med 2015; 70:133-44. [PMID: 26611866 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-015-0943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Single prolonged stress (SPS), a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), induces alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Korean red ginseng, whose major active component is ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1), is one of the widely used traditional anxiolytics. However, the efficacy of GRb1 in alleviating PTSD-associated anxiety-like abnormalities has not been investigated. The present study used several behavioral tests to examine the effects of GRb1 on symptoms of anxiety in rats after SPS exposure and on the central noradrenergic system. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received GRb1 (10 or 30 mg/kg, i.p., once daily) during 14 days of SPS. Daily GRb1 (30 mg/kg) administration significantly increased the number and duration of open-arm visits in the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, reduced the anxiety index, increased the risk assessment, reduced grooming behaviors in the EPM test, and increased the total number of line crossings of an open field after SPS. The higher dose of GRb1 also blocked SPS-induced decreases in hypothalamic neuropeptide Y expression, increases in locus coeruleus tyrosine hydroxylase expression, and decreases in hippocampal mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. These findings suggest that GRb1 has anxiolytic-like effects on both behavioral and biochemical symptoms similar to those observed in patients with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bongjun Sur
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Guk Cho
- The Graduate School of Basic Science of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Mijung Yeom
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.,The Graduate School of Basic Science of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyejung Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Hahm
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea. .,The Graduate School of Basic Science of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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Role of the Red Ginseng in Defense against the Environmental Heat Stress in Sprague Dawley Rats. Molecules 2015; 20:20240-53. [PMID: 26569207 PMCID: PMC6331845 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Global temperature change causes heat stress related disorders in humans. A constituent of red ginseng has been known the beneficial effect on the resistance to many diseases. However, the mechanism of red ginseng (RG) against heat stress still remains unclear. To determine the effect of RG on heat stress, we examined the effect of the RG on the gene expression profiles in rats subjected to environmental heat stress. We evaluated the transcripts associated with hepatic lipid accumulation and oxidative stress in rats subjected to heat stress. We also analyzed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) contents. Our results suggested RG inhibited heat stress mediated altering mRNA expressions include HSPA1, DEAF1, HMGCR, and FMO1. We also determined RG attenuated fat accumulation in the liver by altering C/EBPβ expression. RG promoted to repress the heat stress mediated hepatic cell death by inhibiting of Bcl-2 expression in rats subjected to heat stress. Moreover, RG administered group during heat stress dramatically decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and ROS associated genes compared with the control group. Thus, we suggest that RG might influence inhibitory effect on environmental heat stress induced abnormal conditions in humans.
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Park SB, Chun JH, Ban YW, Han JY, Choi YE. Alteration of Panax ginseng saponin composition by overexpression and RNA interference of the protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase gene (CYP716A53v2). J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:47-54. [PMID: 26843821 PMCID: PMC4703803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The roots of Panax ginseng contain noble tetracyclic triterpenoid saponins derived from dammarenediol-II. Dammarene-type ginsenosides are classified into the protopanaxadiol (PPD) and protopanaxatriol (PPT) groups based on their triterpene aglycone structures. Two cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes (CYP716A47 and CYP716A53v2) are critical for the production of PPD and PPT aglycones, respectively. CYP716A53v2 is a protopanaxadiol 6-hydroxylase that catalyzes PPT production from PPD in P. ginseng. Methods We constructed transgenic P. ginseng lines overexpressing or silencing (via RNA interference) the CYP716A53v2 gene and analyzed changes in their ginsenoside profiles. Result Overexpression of CYP716A53v2 led to increased accumulation of CYP716A53v2 mRNA in all transgenic roots compared to nontransgenic roots. Conversely, silencing of CYP716A53v2 mRNA in RNAi transgenic roots resulted in reduced CYP716A53v2 transcription. HPLC analysis revealed that transgenic roots overexpressing CYP716A53v2 contained higher levels of PPT-group ginsenosides (Rg1, Re, and Rf) but lower levels of PPD-group ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd). By contrast, RNAi transgenic roots contained lower levels of PPT-group compounds and higher levels of PPD-group compounds. Conclusion The production of PPD- and PPT-group ginsenosides can be altered by changing the expression of CYP716A53v2 in transgenic P. ginseng. The biological activities of PPD-group ginsenosides are known to differ from those of the PPT group. Thus, increasing or decreasing the levels of PPT-group ginsenosides in transgenic P. ginseng may yield new medicinal uses for transgenic P. ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Bum Park
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyeon Chun
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Wook Ban
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Yeon Han
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eui Choi
- Department of Forest Resources, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Republic of Korea
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Liu C, Hu MY, Zhang M, Li F, Li J, Zhang J, Li Y, Guo HF, Xu P, Liu L, Liu XD. Association of GLP-1 secretion with anti-hyperlipidemic effect of ginsenosides in high-fat diet fed rats. Metabolism 2014; 63:1342-51. [PMID: 25060691 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ginsenosides, major bioactive constituents in Panax ginseng, have been shown to exert anti-hyperlipidemia effects. However, the underlying mechanism was not well-elucidated due to the low bioavailability of ginsenosides. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was considered to be a critical regulator of energy homeostasis. Our previous studies have showed that ginseng total saponins (GTS) exhibited antidiabetic effects partly via modulating GLP-1 release. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential role of GLP-1 in anti-hyperlipidemia effect of GTS in rats fed with high-fat diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with normal diet (CON) or high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks. Then, the HFD rats orally received vehicle (HFD), 150 mg/kg/day (HFD-GL) and 300 mg/kg/day of GTS (HFD-GH) for another 4 weeks, respectively. RESULTS Four-week GTS treatment significantly ameliorated hyperlipidemia, decreased body fat, liver weight and improved insulin resistance. It was found that high-dose GTS treatment increased portal GLP-1 level induced by glucose loading, accompanied by increased intestinal GLP-1 content, L-cell number and prohormone convertase 3 mRNA expression. Data from NCI-H716 cells showed that both GTS and ginsenoside Rb1 significantly increased GLP-1 secretion as well as proglucagon mRNA level in NCI-H716 cells supplemented with 10% HFD-rat serum. CONCLUSIONS Hyperlipidemia and insulin resistance were attenuated effectively in response to GTS treatment. These improvements may be associated with the increased secretion of GLP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Meng-yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Mian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jia Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ji Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Hai-fang Guo
- Bioanalytical and PK/TK Center, Jiangsu Tripod Preclinical Research Laboratories Inc., Nanjing 211899, China.
| | - Ping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Xiao-dong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Xu FX, Yuan C, Wan JB, Yan R, Hu H, Li SP, Zhang QW. A novel strategy for rapid quantification of 20(S)-protopanaxatriol and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol saponins inPanax notoginsengP. ginsengandP. quinquefolium. Nat Prod Res 2014; 29:46-52. [DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2014.957698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Yang Y, Lee J, Rhee MH, Yu T, Baek KS, Sung NY, Kim Y, Yoon K, Kim JH, Kwak YS, Hong S, Kim JH, Cho JY. Molecular mechanism of protopanaxadiol saponin fraction-mediated anti-inflammatory actions. J Ginseng Res 2014; 39:61-8. [PMID: 25535478 PMCID: PMC4268567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is a representative traditional herbal medicine with many different pharmacological properties including anticancer, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetes, and anti-inflammatory activities. Only a few studies have explored the molecular mechanism of KRG-mediated anti-inflammatory activity. Methods We investigated the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of the protopanaxadiol saponin fraction (PPD-SF) of KRG using in vitro and in vivo inflammatory models. Results PPD-SF dose-dependently diminished the release of inflammatory mediators [nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin E2], and downregulated the mRNA expression of their corresponding genes (inducible NO synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cyclooxygenase-2), without altering cell viability. The PPD-SF-mediated suppression of these events appeared to be regulated by a blockade of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and TANK (TRAF family member-associated NF-kappa-B activator)-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), which are linked to the activation of activating transcription factor 2 (ATF2) and interferon regulatory transcription factor 3 (IRF3). Moreover, this fraction also ameliorated HCl/ethanol/-induced gastritis via suppression of phospho-JNK2 levels. Conclusion These results strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory action of PPD-SF could be mediated by a reduction in the activation of p38-, JNK2-, and TANK-binding-kinase-1-linked pathways and their corresponding transcription factors (ATF2 and IRF3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Dermatological Health Management, Eulji University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Baek
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Nak Yoon Sung
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yong Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Ji Hye Kim
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Ginseng Corporation Central Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungyoul Hong
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju 561-756, Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
- Corresponding author. Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon 440-746, Korea.
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Hwang H, Kim J, Park J, Yun H, Cheon WK, Kim B, Lee CH, Suh H, Lim K. Red ginseng treatment for two weeks promotes fat metabolism during exercise in mice. Nutrients 2014; 6:1874-85. [PMID: 24803098 PMCID: PMC4042568 DOI: 10.3390/nu6051874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE: Red ginseng (RG) has been reported to improve the blood and organ lipid profile when combined with exercise. However, the effect of RG on energy metabolism during exercise is poorly understood. Therefore, this study was designed to investigate whether RG treatment alters fat utilization during exercise; METHODS: We used seven-week-old ICR mice (n = 42). RG (1 g/kg) was administered orally daily during two weeks of endurance training. All mice were randomized into two groups: training only group (CON group) and training with RG group (RG group). Endurance training consisted of 20~25 m/min on a slope of 8° for one hour five times a week. After a two-week experimental period, we measured substrate utilization during exercise at the same intensity and duration of training using a respiratory calorimetry chamber. Mice were dissected for glycogen measurement of muscles and liver before, immediately after, and one hour after the exercise; RESULT: Fat oxidation during the initial 20 min of the one-hour exercise significantly increased in the RG group compared to the CON group. In addition, the liver glycogen stores significantly decreased immediately after the one-hour exercise compared to at rest in the RG group, but did not differ between immediately after the one-hour exercise and at rest in the RG group. The glycogen concentration in white and red gastrocnemius muscle did not differ between the groups immediately after the one-hour exercise; CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that RG treatment for two weeks promotes fat oxidation and a glycogen-sparing effect during exercise. This might lead to a delay in peripheral fatigue during endurance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejung Hwang
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Jisu Kim
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Heayeon Yun
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Woo-Kwang Cheon
- Department of Physical Education, Keimyung University, Daegu 704-701, Korea.
| | - Bokyung Kim
- Department of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju 380-701, Korea.
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Heajung Suh
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Laboratory of Exercise Nutrition, Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangin-gu, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
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Song JH, Choi HJ, Song HH, Hong EH, Lee BR, Oh SR, Choi K, Yeo SG, Lee YP, Cho S, Ko HJ. Antiviral activity of ginsenosides against coxsackievirus B3, enterovirus 71, and human rhinovirus 3. J Ginseng Res 2014; 38:173-9. [PMID: 25378991 PMCID: PMC4213867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenosides are the major components responsible for the biochemical and pharmacological actions of ginseng, and have been shown to have various biological activities. In this study, we investigated the antiviral activities of seven ginsenosides [protopanaxatriol (PT) type: Re, Rf, and Rg2; protopanaxadiol (PD) type: Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd)] against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), enterovirus 71 (EV71), and human rhinovirus 3 (HRV3). Methods Assays of antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were evaluated by the sulforhodamine B method using the cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assay. Results The antiviral assays demonstrated that, of the seven ginsenosides, the PT-type ginsenosides (Re, Rf, and Rg2) possess significant antiviral activities against CVB3 and HRV3 at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Among the PT-type ginsenosides, only ginsenoside Rg2 showed significant anti-EV71 activity with no cytotoxicity to cells at 100 μg/mL. The PD-type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, and Rd), by contrast, did not show any significant antiviral activity against CVB3, EV71, and HRV3, and exhibited cytotoxic effects to virus-infected cells. Notably, the antiviral efficacies of PT-type ginsenosides were comparable to those of ribavirin, a commonly used antiviral drug. Conclusion Collectively, our findings suggest that the ginsenosides Re, Rf, and Rg2 have the potential to be effective in the treatment of CVB3, EV71, and HRV3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hyoung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hwa-Jung Choi
- Department of Beauty Science, Kwangju Women's University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyuk-Hwan Song
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Bo-Ra Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Sei-Ryang Oh
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Kwangman Choi
- Targeted Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Yeo
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Yong-Pyo Lee
- Division of Vaccine Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Korea Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Sungchan Cho
- Targeted Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Ko
- College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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Lee B, Sur B, Park J, Kim SH, Kwon S, Yeom M, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Ginsenoside rg3 alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced learning and memory impairments by anti-inflammatory activity in rats. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2013; 21:381-90. [PMID: 24244826 PMCID: PMC3825202 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2013.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) could improve learning and memory impairments and inflammatory reactions induced by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the brains of rats. The effects of GRg3 on proinflammatory mediators in the hippocampus and the underlying mechanisms of these effects were also investigated. Injection of LPS into the lateral ventricle caused chronic inflammation and produced deficits in learning in a memory-impairment animal model. Daily administration of GRg3 (10, 20, and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 consecutive days markedly improved the LPS-induced learning and memory disabilities demonstrated on the step-through passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. GRg3 administration significantly decreased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampus, as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry. Together, these findings suggest that GRg3 significantly attenuated LPS-induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the rat brain. These results suggest that GRg3 may be effective for preventing or slowing the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, by improving cognitive and memory functions due to its anti-inflammatory activity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bombi Lee
- Acupuncture and Meridian Science Research Center
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The effects of sensory functional ingredients on food preferences, intake and weight gain in juvenile pigs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bak MJ, Jun M, Jeong WS. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of the red ginseng essential oil in H(2)O(2)-treated hepG2 cells and CCl(4)-treated mice. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2314-2330. [PMID: 22408456 PMCID: PMC3292025 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant mechanisms of red ginseng essential oil (REO) in cells as well as in an animal model. REO was prepared by a supercritical CO(2) extraction of waste-products generated after hot water extraction of red ginseng. In HepG2 cells, REO diminished the H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidative stress and also restored both the activity and expression of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Administration of REO inhibited the phosphorylation of upstream mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) such as c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and p38. In mice, the CCl(4)-mediated elevation of serum aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase as well as the induction of hepatic lipid peroxidation were decreased by REO administration. REO treatments also resulted in up-regulation of the antioxidant enzyme expression in the liver. Moreover, increased phosphorylations of MAPKs were inhibited after REO administration. Overall, REO seems to protect the liver from oxidative stress through the activation and induction of antioxidant enzymes via inhibition of MAPKs pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Bak
- Institute for Phytochemical-Drug Interactions, Department of Food & Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Mira Jun
- Department of Food Science & Nutrition, Dong-A University, Busan 604-714, Korea; E-Mail:
| | - Woo-Sik Jeong
- Institute for Phytochemical-Drug Interactions, Department of Food & Life Sciences, College of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae 621-749, Korea; E-Mail:
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Jung HJ, Choi H, Lim HW, Shin D, Kim H, Kwon B, Lee JE, Park EH, Lim CJ. Enhancement of anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive actions of red ginseng extract by fermentation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:756-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This work aimed to compare some pharmacological properties of red ginseng extract (RG) and fermented red ginseng extract (FRG).
Methods
Antinociceptive activity was analysed using the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acetic acid-induced vascular permeability and carrageenan-induced inflammation in the air pouch, and analysed through the measurement of nitrite content in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells. Anti-angiogenic activity was determined using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay.
Key findings
In-vivo anti-inflammatory activity of FRG was stronger than that of RG in two animal models, vascular permeability and air-pouch models. In the vascular permeability model, the doses of RG and FRG required for half-maximal inhibition (IC50) were 181 and 59 mg/kg, respectively. FRG exhibited significantly stronger antinociceptive activity than RG. In the acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction response, the IC50 values of RG and FRG were 153 and 27 mg/kg, respectively. Although both RG and FRG were able to suppress production of nitric oxide in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells, the suppressive activity of FRG appeared to be stronger than that of RG. However, RG and FRG showed similar anti-angiogenic activity.
Conclusions
FRG possesses enhanced anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activity but similar anti-angiogenic activity than RG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Joo Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hojin Choi
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Won Lim
- Shebah Biotech Inc., Chuncheon Biotechnology Foundation, Hi-Tech Venture Town, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Daehyun Shin
- R & D Center, Somang Cosmetics Co., Incheon, Korea
| | - Hacksoo Kim
- R & D Team, Seoul Cosmetics Co., Incheon, Korea
| | | | - Jong Eun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
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41
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Song YB, An YR, Kim SJ, Park HW, Jung JW, Kyung JS, Hwang SY, Kim YS. Lipid metabolic effect of Korean red ginseng extract in mice fed on a high-fat diet. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2012; 92:388-396. [PMID: 21918993 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.4589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginseng saponin and ginsenosides exert anti-obesity effects via the modulation of physiological lipid metabolism in vivo or intracellular signalling in cell culture systems. However, the complicated relationship between the anti-obesity effects of ginseng and gene expression has yet to be defined under in vivo conditions. Therefore, we evaluated the relationship between the anti-obesity effects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) and hepatic gene expression profiles in mice fed long-term on a high-fat diet (HFD) in this study. RESULTS KRGE reduces the levels of cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), serum triglycerides, and atherogenic indices. Levels of leptin, adiponectin and insulin, which regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, were impaired profoundly by HFD. However, KRGE treatment brought these levels back to normal. KRGE was found to down-regulate genes associated with lipid metabolism or cholesterol metabolism (Lipa, Cyp7a1, Il1rn, Acot2, Mogat1, Osbpl3, Asah3l, Insig1, Anxa2, Vldlr, Hmgcs1, Sytl4, Plscr4, Pla2g4e, Slc27a3, Enpp6), all of which were up-regulated by HFD. CONCLUSION KRGE regulated the expression of genes associated with abnormal physiology via HFD. Leptin, insulin, and adiponectin, which carry out critical functions in energy and lipid metabolism, were shown to be modulated by KRGE. These results show that KRGE is effective in preventing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bum Song
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Ginseng Research Institute, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Korea
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42
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Kiew PL, Don MM. Jewel of the seabed: sea cucumbers as nutritional and drug candidates. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63:616-36. [DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.641944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Poddar K, Kolge S, Bezman L, Mullin GE, Cheskin LJ. Nutraceutical Supplements for Weight Loss. Nutr Clin Pract 2011; 26:539-52. [DOI: 10.1177/0884533611419859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Poddar
- Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanjivani Kolge
- Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lena Bezman
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gerard E. Mullin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Lawrence J. Cheskin
- Johns Hopkins Weight Management Center, Department of Health, Behavior & Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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44
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Preventive effects of protopanaxadiol and protopanaxatriol ginsenosides on liver inflammation and apoptosis in hyperlipidemic apoE KO mice. GENES AND NUTRITION 2011; 7:319-29. [PMID: 21853335 DOI: 10.1007/s12263-011-0245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenosides, bioactive compounds of Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer, are divided into protopanaxadiol (PD) and protopanaxtriol (PT). The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of different PD and PT combination ratios on liver inflammation and apoptosis in hyperlipidemic apo E KO mice. R1 (PD/PT = 1, high Rg(1) and Rb(1)) and R2 (PD/PT = 2, high Re and Rd) extracts were intraperitoneally injected by 100 mg/kg/day at the 8th week. R1 and R2 improved atherogenic indices by increasing HDL and lowering total cholesterol (TC) and triacylglyceride (TG) selectively. R1 decreased lipid peroxides (LPO) level in plasma and liver tissue of hyperlipidemic mice, and R2 lowered plasma malondialdehyde(MDA) level. R1 and R2 not only regulated the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, IκB-α, phopho-ERK 1/2, and phopho-SAPK/JNK levels but also were significantly effective in blocking apoptotic signals, such as caspase-8, -9, as well as the cleavage of PARP in liver. Different combinational treatment of PD and PT extracts might ameliorate the liver inflammation and apoptosis in hyperlipidemic apo E KO mice, which is atherosclerotic animal model.
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45
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Yuliana ND, Jahangir M, Korthout H, Choi YH, Kim HK, Verpoorte R. Comprehensive review on herbal medicine for energy intake suppression. Obes Rev 2011; 12:499-514. [PMID: 20659298 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2010.00790.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The obesity drug development is present not a bright and successful story. So far, drugs reported to be effective, either from synthetic or natural sources, mostly stimulated controversy because of serious adverse effects, which ended with stopping clinical trials or even withdrawal from the market. However, obesity and its comorbidities have become rapidly a major problem in both developed and developing countries. This has encouraged pharmaceutical companies and academia to keep on struggling on developing novel effective but safe obesity drugs, and on characterizing novel obesity drug targets. From existing scientific work on obesity drug discovery and commercial slimming preparations, compounds originating from nature, especially from plants, seem to be the first choice. Traditional belief that herbal medicine is safer than synthetic ones is one of the classical arguments, although scientifically this is not always true (e.g. ban on Ephedra). But in general, it has been widely acknowledged that a plant compound, with its unique scaffolds and rich diversity is an unlimited source of novel lead compounds. This paper aims to summarize all works focused on screening plant materials by targeting important pathways related to energy intake regulation, either by in vivo or in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Yuliana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Section of Metabolomics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Kim HJ, Kang HJ, Seo JY, Lee CH, Kim YS, Kim JS. Antiobesity Effect of Oil Extract of Ginseng. J Med Food 2011; 14:573-83. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2010.1313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hui Jung Kang
- Food Research Institute, Pukyung National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Seo
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Ehwa Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Sang Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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47
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Yeo CR, Yang C, Wong TY, Popovich DG. A quantified ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) extract influences lipid acquisition and increases adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Molecules 2011; 16:477-92. [PMID: 21221064 PMCID: PMC6259216 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16010477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A Panax ginseng extract (PGE) with a quantified amount of ginsenosides was utilized to investigate its potential to inhibit proliferation, influence lipid acquisition and adiponectin expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Seven fingerprint ginsenosides were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography and their respective molecular weights were further confirmed via LC-ESI-MS analysis from four different extraction methods. Extraction using methanol under reflux produced significantly higher amounts of ginsenosides. The methanol extract consisted of Rg1 (47.40 ± 4.28 mg/g, dry weight of extract), Re (61.62 ± 5.10 mg/g), Rf (6.14 ± 0.28 mg/g), Rb1 (21.73 ± 1.29 mg/g), Rc (78.79 ± 4.15 mg/g), Rb2 (56.80 ± 3.79 mg/g), Rd (5.90 ± 0.41 mg/g). MTT analysis showed that PGE had a concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte and the LC(50) value was calculated to be 18.2 ± 5 µg/mL. Cell cycle analysis showed minimal changes in all four phases. Differentiating adipocytes treated with ginseng extract had a visible decrease in lipid droplets formation measured by Oil red O staining. Consequently, triglycerides levels in media significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by 39.5% and 46.1% when treated at concentrations of 1 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL compared to untreated control cells. Western blot analysis showed that the adiponectin protein expression was significantly (P < 0.05) increased at 10 µg/mL, but not at 1 µg/mL. A quantified PGE reduced the growth of 3T3-L1 cells, down-regulated lipid accumulation and up-regulated adiponectin expression in the 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - David G. Popovich
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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48
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Vermaak I, Viljoen AM, Hamman JH. Natural products in anti-obesity therapy. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:1493-533. [DOI: 10.1039/c1np00035g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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49
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Xiong Y, Shen L, Liu KJ, Tso P, Xiong Y, Wang G, Woods SC, Liu M. Antiobesity and antihyperglycemic effects of ginsenoside Rb1 in rats. Diabetes 2010; 59:2505-12. [PMID: 20682695 PMCID: PMC3279544 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Obesity and type 2 diabetes are national and worldwide epidemics. Because currently available antiobesity and antidiabetic drugs have limited efficacy and/or safety concerns, identifying new medicinal agents, such as ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) as reported here, offers exciting possibilities for future development of successful antiobesity and antidiabetic therapies. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Changes in feeding behavior after acute intraperitoneal administration of Rb1 and the effects of intraperitoneal Rb1 for 4 weeks on body weight, energy expenditure, and glucose tolerance in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats were assessed. We also examined the effects of Rb1 on signaling pathways and neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. RESULTS Acute intraperitoneal Rb1 dose-dependently suppressed food intake without eliciting signs of toxicity. This inhibitory effect on feeding may be mediated by central mechanisms because Rb1 stimulated c-Fos expression in brain areas involved in energy homeostasis. Consistent with this, Rb1 activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway and inhibited NPY gene expression in the hypothalamus. Four-week administration of Rb1 significantly reduced food intake, body weight gain, and body fat content and increased energy expenditure in HFD-induced obese rats. Rb1 also significantly decreased fasting blood glucose and improved glucose tolerance, and these effects were greater than those observed in pair-fed rats, suggesting that although Rb1's antihyperglycemic effect is partially attributable to reduced food intake and body weight; there may be additional effects of Rb1 on glucose homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS These results identify Rb1 as an antiobesity and antihyperglycemic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Shen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | | | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yuqing Xiong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical College of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stephen C. Woods
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding author: Min Liu,
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50
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Liu R, Zhang J, Liu W, Kimura Y, Zheng Y. Anti-Obesity effects of protopanaxdiol types of Ginsenosides isolated from the leaves of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) in mice fed with a high-fat diet. Fitoterapia 2010; 81:1079-87. [PMID: 20627120 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 06/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Effects of protopanaxdiol (PDG) and protopanaxatriol (PTG) types of ginsenosides isolated from the leaves of American ginseng on porcine pancreatic lipase activity were determined in vitro. PDG inhibited the pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent manner at the concentrations of 0.25-1mg/ml. It inhibited hydrolysis of about 83.2% of triolein at about 1mg/ml of PDG. However, PTG showed no inhibitory activity. Therefore, anti-obesity activity of PDG was evaluated in mice fed a high-fat diet. The results demonstrated that PDG was effective in preventing and healing obesity, fatty liver and hypertriglyceridemia in mice fed with a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun-shi, Jilin 130118, China
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