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Arita M. An efficient trans complementation system for in vivo replication of defective poliovirus mutants. J Virol 2024:e0052324. [PMID: 38837378 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00523-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus genome encodes a large, single polyprotein that is processed by viral proteases to form an active replication complex. The replication complex is formed with the viral genome, host proteins, and viral proteins that are produced/translated directly from each of the viral genomes (viral proteins provided in cis). Efficient complementation in vivo of replication complex formation by viral proteins provided in trans, thus exogenous or ectopically expressed viral proteins, remains to be demonstrated. Here, we report an efficient trans complementation system for the replication of defective poliovirus (PV) mutants by a viral polyprotein precursor in HEK293 cells. Viral 3AB in the polyprotein, but not 2BC, was processed exclusively in cis. Replication of a defective PV replicon mutant, with a disrupted cleavage site for viral 3Cpro protease between 3Cpro and 3Dpol (3C/D[A/G] mutant) could be rescued by a viral polyprotein provided in trans. Only a defect of 3Dpol activity of the replicon could be rescued in trans; inactivating mutations in 2CATPase/hel, 3B, and 3Cpro of the replicon completely abrogated the trans-rescued replication. An intact N-terminus of the 3Cpro domain of the 3CDpro provided in trans was essential for the trans-active function. By using this trans complementation system, a high-titer defective PV pseudovirus (PVpv) (>107 infectious units per mL) could be produced with the defective mutants, whose replication was completely dependent on trans complementation. This work reveals potential roles of exogenous viral proteins in PV replication and offers insights into protein/protein interaction during picornavirus infection. IMPORTANCE Viral polyprotein processing is an elaborately controlled step by viral proteases encoded in the polyprotein; fully processed proteins and processing intermediates need to be correctly produced for replication, which can be detrimentally affected even by a small modification of the polyprotein. Purified/isolated viral proteins can retain their enzymatic activities required for viral replication, such as protease, helicase, polymerase, etc. However, when these proteins of picornavirus are exogenously provided (provided in trans) to the viral replication complex with a defective viral genome, replication is generally not rescued/complemented, suggesting the importance of viral proteins endogenously provided (provided in cis) to the replication complex. In this study, I discovered that only the viral polymerase activity of poliovirus (PV) (the typical member of picornavirus family) could be efficiently rescued by exogenously expressed viral proteins. The current study reveals potential roles for exogenous viral proteins in viral replication and offers insights into interactions during picornavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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Kobayashi T, Kadowaki T. Slowly progressive insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in type 1 diabetes endotype 2. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:312. [PMID: 38514816 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-024-00975-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takashi Kadowaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
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Sanfaçon H, Skern T. AlphaFold modeling of nepovirus 3C-like proteinases provides new insights into their diverse substrate specificities. Virology 2024; 590:109956. [PMID: 38052140 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The majority of picornaviral 3C proteinases (3Cpro) cleavage sites possess glutamine at the P1 position. Plant nepovirus 3C-like proteinases (3CLpro) show however much broader specificity, cleaving not only after glutamine, but also after several basic and hydrophobic residues. To investigate this difference, we employed AlphaFold to generate structural models of twelve selected 3CLpro, representing six substrate specificities. Generally, we observed favorable correlations between the architecture and charge of nepovirus proteinase S1 subsites and their ability to accept or restrict larger residues. The models identified a conserved aspartate residue close to the P1 residue in the S1 subsites of all nepovirus proteinases examined, consistent with the observed strong bias against negatively-charged residues at the P1 position of nepovirus cleavage sites. Finally, a cramped S4 subsite along with the presence of two unique histidine and serine residues explains the strict requirement of the grapevine fanleaf virus proteinase for serine at the P4 position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, V0H 1Z0, Summerland, BC, Canada.
| | - Tim Skern
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
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Pei J, Liu RL, Yang ZH, Du YX, Qian SS, Meng SL, Guo J, Zhang B, Shen S. Identification of Critical Amino Acids of Coxsackievirus A10 Associated with Cell Tropism and Viral RNA Release during Uncoating. Viruses 2023; 15:2114. [PMID: 37896891 PMCID: PMC10611408 DOI: 10.3390/v15102114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) is a prevailing causative agent of hand-foot-mouth disease, necessitating the isolation and adaptation of appropriate strains in cells allowed for human vaccine development. In this study, amino acid sequences of CV-A10 strains with different cell tropism on RD and Vero cells were compared. Various amino acids on the structural and non-structural proteins related to cell tropism were identified. The reverse genetic systems of several CV-A10 strains with RD+/Vero- and RD+/Vero+ cell tropism were developed, and a set of CV-A10 recombinants were produced. The binding, entry, uncoating, and proliferation steps in the life cycle of these viruses were evaluated. P1 replacement of CV-A10 strains with different cell tropism revealed the pivotal role of the structural proteins in cell tropism. Further, seven amino acid substitutions in VP2 and VP1 were introduced to further investigate their roles played in cell tropism. These mutations cooperated in the growth of CV-A10 in Vero cells. Particularly, the valine to isoleucine mutation at the position VP1-236 (V1236I) was found to significantly restrict viral uncoating in Vero cells. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that the release of viral RNA from the KREMEN1 receptor-binding virions was restricted in r0195-V1236I compared with the parental strain r0195 (a RD+/Vero+ strain). Overall, this study highlights the dominant effect of structural proteins in CV-A10 adaption in Vero cells and the importance of V1236 in viral uncoating, providing a foundation for the mechanism study of CV-A10 cell tropism, and facilitating the development of vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Pei
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (J.P.); (R.-L.L.); (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-X.D.); (S.-S.Q.); (S.-L.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Rui-Lun Liu
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (J.P.); (R.-L.L.); (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-X.D.); (S.-S.Q.); (S.-L.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Zhi-Hui Yang
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (J.P.); (R.-L.L.); (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-X.D.); (S.-S.Q.); (S.-L.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Ya-Xin Du
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (J.P.); (R.-L.L.); (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-X.D.); (S.-S.Q.); (S.-L.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Sha-Sha Qian
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (J.P.); (R.-L.L.); (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-X.D.); (S.-S.Q.); (S.-L.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Sheng-Li Meng
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (J.P.); (R.-L.L.); (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-X.D.); (S.-S.Q.); (S.-L.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Jing Guo
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (J.P.); (R.-L.L.); (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-X.D.); (S.-S.Q.); (S.-L.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China;
| | - Shuo Shen
- Wuhan Institute of Biological Products Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430207, China; (J.P.); (R.-L.L.); (Z.-H.Y.); (Y.-X.D.); (S.-S.Q.); (S.-L.M.); (J.G.)
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Fukui T, Kobayashi T, Jimbo E, Aida K, Shimada A, Oikawa Y, Mori Y, Fujii T, Koyama R, Kobayashi K, Takeshita A, Yagihashi S. Bi-glandular and persistent enterovirus infection and distinct changes of the pancreas in slowly progressive type 1 diabetes mellitus. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6977. [PMID: 37117225 PMCID: PMC10147722 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33011-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In slowly progressive type 1 diabetes mellitus (SPIDDM), the pancreas shows sustained islet inflammation, pancreatitis, pancreatic acinar cell metaplasia/dysplasia (ADM), and intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), a precancerous lesion. The mechanisms underlying these changes remain unclear. The presence of enterovirus (EV) encoded-capsid protein 1 (VP1) and -2A protease (2Apro) and the innate immune responses of the pancreas were studied using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization in 12 SPIDDM and 19 non-diabetic control pancreases. VP1, 2Apro, and EV-RNA were detected in islets and the exocrine pancreas in all SPIDDM pancreases. Innate immune receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), and interferon (IFN)-beta1 were intensified in the islets of SPIDDM patients with short disease duration. However, expressions of MDA5 and IFN-beta1were suppressed in those with longer disease duration. CD3+ T cell infiltration was observed in the VP1- and insulin-positive islets (insulitis) and exocrine acinar cells. CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) in islets were scarce in long-term SPIDDM. This study showed the consistent presence of EV, suggesting an association with inflammatory changes in the endocrine and exocrine pancreas in SPIDDM. Suppressed expressions of MDA5 and IFN-beta1, as well as decreased numbers of DCs in the host cells, may contribute to persistent EV infection and induction of ADM/PanIN lesions, which may potentially provide a scaffold for pancreatic neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Fukui
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Erika Jimbo
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Aida
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kanoiwa Hospital, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Akira Shimada
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoichi Oikawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Mori
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Fujii
- Department of Pathology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rikako Koyama
- Department of Gastroenterology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Takeshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Exploratory Medicine on Nature, Life, and Man, Toho University of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Zhang J, Jiang Y, Wu C, Zhou D, Gong J, Zhao T, Jin Z. Development of FRET and Stress Granule Dual-Based System to Screen for Viral 3C Protease Inhibitors. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073020. [PMID: 37049786 PMCID: PMC10096049 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
3C proteases (3Cpros) of picornaviruses and 3C-like proteases (3CLpros) of coronaviruses and caliciviruses represent a group of structurally and functionally related viral proteases that play pleiotropic roles in supporting the viral life cycle and subverting host antiviral responses. The design and screening for 3C/3CLpro inhibitors may contribute to the development broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics against viral diseases related to these three families. However, current screening strategies cannot simultaneously assess a compound’s cytotoxicity and its impact on enzymatic activity and protease-mediated physiological processes. The viral induction of stress granules (SGs) in host cells acts as an important antiviral stress response by blocking viral translation and stimulating the host immune response. Most of these viruses have evolved 3C/3CLpro-mediated cleavage of SG core protein G3BP1 to counteract SG formation and disrupt the host defense. Yet, there are no SG-based strategies screening for 3C/3CLpro inhibitors. Here, we developed a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) and SG dual-based system to screen for 3C/3CLpro inhibitors in living cells. We took advantage of FRET to evaluate the protease activity of poliovirus (PV) 3Cpro and live-monitor cellular SG dynamics to cross-verify its effect on the host antiviral response. Our drug screen uncovered a novel role of Telaprevir and Trifluridine as inhibitors of PV 3Cpro. Moreover, Telaprevir and Trifluridine also modulated 3Cpro-mediated physiological processes, including the cleavage of host proteins, inhibition of the innate immune response, and consequent facilitation of viral replication. Taken together, the FRET and SG dual-based system exhibits a promising potential in the screening for inhibitors of viral proteases that cleave G3BP1.
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Zhang D, Wang Y, Chen X, He Y, Zhao M, Lu X, Lu J, Ji L, Shen Q, Wang X, Yang S, Zhang W. Diversity of viral communities in faecal samples of farmed red foxes. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12826. [PMID: 36685457 PMCID: PMC9850053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging and existing viruses from various human and animal samples have been studied and analyzed using viral metagenomics, which has proven to be an effective technique. Foxes, as a kind of significant economic animal, are widely raised in China. Viruses carried by foxes may potentially infect humans or other animals. There are currently very few studies of faecal virome in farmed foxes. Using viral metagenomics, we evaluated the faecal virome of twenty-four foxes collected from the same farm in Jilin Province, China. Some sequences more closely related to the families Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Smacoviridae, Anelloviridae, and Herpesviridae were detected in the faecal sample. The main animal viruses that infect farmed red foxes were parvovirus and picornavirus. Five smacovirus strains were found and provided evidence for genetic diversity in the genus Smacoviridae. In addition, some viruses infecting avian species or rats were detected in this study. The study helped us better understand faecal virome in farmed red foxes and assisted in the surveillance and prevention of viral diseases in these animals.
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Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Associated Enterovirus and the Development of Multivalent HFMD Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010169. [PMID: 36613612 PMCID: PMC9820767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is an infectious disease of children caused by more than 20 types of enteroviruses, with most cases recovering spontaneously within approximately one week. Severe HFMD in individual children develops rapidly, leading to death, and is associated with other complications such as viral myocarditis and type I diabetes mellitus. The approval and marketing of three inactivated EV-A71 vaccines in China in 2016 have provided a powerful tool to curb the HFMD epidemic but are limited in cross-protecting against other HFMD-associated enteroviruses. This review focuses on the epidemiological analysis of HFMD-associated enteroviruses since the inactivated EV-A71 vaccine has been marketed, collates the progress in the development of multivalent enteroviruses vaccines in different technical routes reported in recent studies, and discusses issues that need to be investigated for safe and effective HFMD multivalent vaccines.
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Mou C, Wang Y, Pan S, Shi K, Chen Z. Porcine sapelovirus 2A protein induces mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050354. [PMID: 36505441 PMCID: PMC9732094 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine sapelovirus (PSV) is an emerging pathogen associated with symptoms of enteritis, pneumonia, polioencephalomyelitis and reproductive disorders in swine, resulting in significant economic losses. Although PSV is reported to trigger cell apoptosis, its specific molecular mechanism is unclear. In this research, the cell apoptosis induced by PSV infection and its underlying mechanisms were investigated. The morphologic features of apoptosis include nuclear condensation and fragmentation, were observed after PSV infection. The cell apoptosis was confirmed by analyzing the apoptotic rates, caspase activation, and PARP1 cleavage. Caspase inhibitors inhibited the PSV-induced intrinsic apoptosis pathway and reduced viral replication. Among the proteins encoded by PSV, 2A is an important factor in inducing the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. The conserved residues H48, D91, and C164 related to protease activity in PSV 2A were crucial for 2A-induced apoptosis. In conclusion, our results provide insights into how PSV induces host cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Mou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuonan Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Kaichuang Shi
- Guangxi Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenhai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, the Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China,*Correspondence: Zhenhai Chen,
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Activation of Host Cellular Signaling and Mechanism of Enterovirus 71 Viral Proteins Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102190. [PMID: 36298746 PMCID: PMC9609926 DOI: 10.3390/v14102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are members of the Picornaviridae family consisting of human enterovirus groups A, B, C, and D as well as nonhuman enteroviruses. Human enterovirus type 71 (EV71) has emerged as a major cause of viral encephalitis, known as hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), in children worldwide, especially in the Asia-Pacific region. EV71 and coxsackievirus A16 are the two viruses responsible for HFMD which are members of group A enteroviruses. The identified EV71 receptors provide useful information for understanding viral replication and tissue tropism. Host factors interact with the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of EV71 to regulate viral translation. However, the specific molecular features of the respective viral genome that determine virulence remain unclear. Although a vaccine is currently approved, there is no effective therapy for treating EV71-infected patients. Therefore, understanding the host-pathogen interaction could provide knowledge in viral pathogenesis and further benefits to anti-viral therapy development. The aim of this study was to investigate the latest findings about the interaction of viral ligands with the host receptors as well as the activation of immunerelated signaling pathways for innate immunity and the involvement of different cytokines and chemokines during host-pathogen interaction. The study also examined the roles of viral proteins, mainly 2A and 3C protease, interferons production and their inhibitory effects.
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Peters CE, Schulze-Gahmen U, Eckhardt M, Jang GM, Xu J, Pulido EH, Bardine C, Craik CS, Ott M, Gozani O, Verba KA, Hüttenhain R, Carette JE, Krogan NJ. Structure-function analysis of enterovirus protease 2A in complex with its essential host factor SETD3. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5282. [PMID: 36075902 PMCID: PMC9453702 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses cause a number of medically relevant and widespread human diseases with no approved antiviral therapies currently available. Host-directed therapies present an enticing option for this diverse genus of viruses. We have previously identified the actin histidine methyltransferase SETD3 as a critical host factor physically interacting with the viral protease 2A. Here, we report the 3.5 Å cryo-EM structure of SETD3 interacting with coxsackievirus B3 2A at two distinct interfaces, including the substrate-binding surface within the SET domain. Structure-function analysis revealed that mutations of key residues in the SET domain resulted in severely reduced binding to 2A and complete protection from enteroviral infection. Our findings provide insight into the molecular basis of the SETD3-2A interaction and a framework for the rational design of host-directed therapeutics against enteroviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Peters
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ursula Schulze-Gahmen
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Manon Eckhardt
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gwendolyn M Jang
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jiewei Xu
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernst H Pulido
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Conner Bardine
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Melanie Ott
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kliment A Verba
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Ruth Hüttenhain
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Jan E Carette
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Nevan J Krogan
- QBI Coronavirus Research Group (QCRG), San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Mersinoglu B, Cristinelli S, Ciuffi A. The Impact of Epitranscriptomics on Antiviral Innate Immunity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081666. [PMID: 36016289 PMCID: PMC9412694 DOI: 10.3390/v14081666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epitranscriptomics, i.e., chemical modifications of RNA molecules, has proven to be a new layer of modulation and regulation of protein expression, asking for the revisiting of some aspects of cellular biology. At the virological level, epitranscriptomics can thus directly impact the viral life cycle itself, acting on viral or cellular proteins promoting replication, or impacting the innate antiviral response of the host cell, the latter being the focus of the present review.
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13
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Lin M, Li YR, Lan QW, Long LJ, Liu JQ, Chen YW, Cao XJ, Wu GY, Li YP, Guo XG. Evaluation of GeneXpert EV assay for the rapid diagnosis of enteroviral meningitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2022; 21:25. [PMID: 35681153 PMCID: PMC9185958 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-022-00517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GeneXpert enterovirus Assay is a PCR-based assay for Enterovirus meningitis diagnosis. However, there is currently no research about the performance of GeneXpert enterovirus assay in the diagnosis of enterovirus meningitis. Thus, a systematic review and meta-analysis is significant on the topic. Methods Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PubMed were systematically reviewed with retrieval types. Some criteria were used to filter the studies. Only studies published in English, that made a comparison between GeneXpert enterovirus assay and RT-PCR, and could be formulated in a 2*2 table, were included. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by QUADAS-2. The effect of the GeneXpert enterovirus assay was assessed by the Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Likelihood Ratio, Negative Likelihood Ratio, Diagnosis Odds Ratio, and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve. Publication bias and heterogeneity were evaluated by the Deeks' funnel test and Bivariate Box plot respectively. Results 7 studies were recruited in the analysis. The Pooled Sensitivity was 0.96 [95% CI (0.94–0.97)], Pooled Specificity was 0.99 [95% CI (0.98–0.99)], Positive Likelihood Ratio was 130.46 [95% CI (35.79–475.58)], Negative Likelihood Ratio was 0.04 [95% CI (0.02–0.10)], and Diagnostic Odds Ratio was 3648.23 (95% CI [963.99–13,806.72)]. In SROC Curve, Area Under Curve (AUC) was 0.9980, and Q*= 0.9849. In Deeks' funnel test, the P-value was 0.807 (P > 0.05), indicating no publication bias. The Bivariate Box plot indicated no evident heterogeneity. Conclusions The GeneXpert enterovirus assay demonstrated high diagnostic accuracy in diagnosing enterovirus meningitis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-022-00517-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.,Department of Chinese and Western Medicine in Clinical Medicine, The Clinical School of Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Yun-Ran Li
- Department of Chinese and Western Medicine in Clinical Medicine, The Clinical School of Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Qi-Wen Lan
- Department of Medical Imageology, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Li-Jun Long
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, The KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Jia-Qi Liu
- Department of Chinese and Western Medicine in Clinical Medicine, The Clinical School of Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ying-Wen Chen
- Department of Chinese and Western Medicine in Clinical Medicine, The Clinical School of Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xun-Jie Cao
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ge-Yuan Wu
- Department of Chinese and Western Medicine in Clinical Medicine, The Clinical School of Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Ya-Ping Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Second Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China
| | - Xu-Guang Guo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, The Third Clinical School of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China. .,Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510150, China.
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14
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Zhou X, Tian L, Wang J, Zheng B, Zhang W. EV71 3C protease cleaves host anti-viral factor OAS3 and enhances virus replication. Virol Sin 2022; 37:418-426. [PMID: 35504537 PMCID: PMC9243667 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of enteroviruses (EVs) has become more frequent, severe and life-threatening. Intereron (IFN) I has been proved to control EVs by regulating IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) expression. 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetases 3 (OAS3) is an important ISG in the OAS/RNase L antiviral system. The relationship between OAS3 and EVs is still unclear. Here, we reveal that OAS3, superior to OAS1 and OAS2, significantly inhibited EV71 replication in vitro. However, EV71 utilized autologous 3C protease (3Cpro) to cleave intracellular OAS3 and enhance viral replication. Rupintrivir, a human rhinovirus 3C protease inhibitor, completely abolished the cleavage of EV71 3Cpro on OAS3. And the proteolytically deficient mutants H40G, E71A, and C147G of EV71 3Cpro also lost the ability of OAS3 cleavage. Mechanistically, the Q982-G983 motif in C-terminal of OAS3 was identified as a crucial 3Cpro cutting site. Further investigation indicated that OAS3 inhibited not only EV71 but also Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), Coxsackievirus A16 (CA16), Enterovirus D68 (EVD68), and Coxsackievirus A6 (CA6) subtypes. Notably, unlike other four subtypes, CA16 3Cpro could not cleave OAS3. Two key amino acids variation Ile36 and Val86 in CA16 3Cpro might result in weak and delayed virus replication of CA16 because of failure of OAS and 3AB cleavage. Our works elucidate the broad anti-EVs function of OAS3, and illuminate a novel mechanism by which EV71 use 3Cpro to escape the antiviral effect of OAS3. These findings can be an important entry point for developing novel therapeutic strategies for multiple EVs infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Zhou
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Li Tian
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China
| | - Baisong Zheng
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China.
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Pathogen Biology, Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin, 130021, China.
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15
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Vijayakumar A, Park A, Steitz JA. Modulation of mRNA 3'-End Processing and Transcription Termination in Virus-Infected Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:828665. [PMID: 35222412 PMCID: PMC8866245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.828665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic mRNA 3´-end processing is a multi-step process beginning with pre-mRNA transcript cleavage followed by poly(A) tail addition. Closely coupled to transcription termination, 3´-end processing is a critical step in the regulation of gene expression, and disruption of 3´-end processing is known to affect mature mRNA levels. Various viral proteins interfere with the 3´-end processing machinery, causing read-through transcription and altered levels of mature transcripts through inhibition of cleavage and polyadenylation. Thus, disruption of 3´-end processing contributes to widespread host shutoff, including suppression of the antiviral response. Additionally, observed features of read-through transcripts such as decreased polyadenylation, nuclear retention, and decreased translation suggest that viruses may utilize these mechanisms to modulate host protein production and dominate cellular machinery. The degree to which the effects of read-through transcript production are harnessed by viruses and host cells remains unclear, but existing research highlights the importance of host 3´-end processing modulation during viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Vijayakumar
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Annsea Park
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joan A Steitz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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16
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Coxsackie B virus. Trends Microbiol 2022; 30:606-607. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Persistent coxsackievirus B1 infection triggers extensive changes in the transcriptome of human pancreatic ductal cells. iScience 2022; 25:103653. [PMID: 35024587 PMCID: PMC8728469 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses, particularly the group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs), have been associated with the development of type 1 diabetes. Several CVB serotypes establish chronic infections in human cells in vivo and in vitro. However, the mechanisms leading to enterovirus persistency and, possibly, beta cell autoimmunity are not fully understood. We established a carrier-state-type persistent infection model in human pancreatic cell line PANC-1 using two distinct CVB1 strains and profiled the infection-induced changes in cellular transcriptome. In the current study, we observed clear changes in the gene expression of factors associated with the pancreatic microenvironment, the secretory pathway, and lysosomal biogenesis during persistent CVB1 infections. Moreover, we found that the antiviral response pathways were activated differently by the two CVB1 strains. Overall, our study reveals extensive transcriptional responses in persistently CVB1-infected pancreatic cells with strong opposite but also common changes between the two strains. Establishment of persistent CVB1 infection in PANC-1 cells using two CVB1 strains Extensive transcriptional responses in persistently CVB1-infected pancreatic cells Changes in pancreatic microenvironment, secretory pathway, and lysosomes Antiviral immune response was activated differently by the two CVB1 strains
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18
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Singh S, Mane SS, Kasniya G, Cartaya S, Rahman MM, Maheshwari A, Motta M, Dudeja P. Enteroviral Infections in Infants. NEWBORN (CLARKSVILLE, MD.) 2022; 1:297-305. [PMID: 36304567 PMCID: PMC9599990 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-11002-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) are major pathogens in young infants. These viruses were traditionally classified into the following four subgenera: polio, coxsackie A and B, and echoviruses. Now that poliomyelitis seems to be controlled in most parts of the world, coxsackie and echoviruses are gaining more attention because (i) the structural and pathophysiological similarities and (ii) the consequent possibilities in translational medicine. Enteroviruses are transmitted mainly by oral and fecal-oral routes; the clinical manifestations include a viral prodrome including fever, feeding intolerance, and lethargy, which may be followed by exanthema; aseptic meningitis and encephalitis; pleurodynia; myopericarditis; and multi-system organ failure. Laboratory diagnosis is largely based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, cell culture, and serology. Prevention and treatment can be achieved using vaccination, and administration of immunoglobulins and antiviral drugs. In this article, we have reviewed the properties of these viruses, their clinical manifestations, and currently available methods of detection, treatment, and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijan Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sushant Satish Mane
- Department of Pediatrics, Grant Government Medical College and Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gangajal Kasniya
- Department of Pediatrics, Cohen Children’s Medical Center, New Hyde Park, New York, United States of America
| | - Sofia Cartaya
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Mohd Mujibur Rahman
- Department of Neonatology, Institute of Child and Mother Health, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Global Newborn Society, Clarksville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mario Motta
- Neonatologia e Terapia Intensiva Neonatale ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, Italy
| | - Pradeep Dudeja
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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19
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Sanfaçon H. Re-examination of nepovirus polyprotein cleavage sites highlights the diverse specificities and evolutionary relationships of nepovirus 3C-like proteases. Arch Virol 2022; 167:2529-2543. [PMID: 36042138 PMCID: PMC9741568 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05564-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant-infecting viruses of the genus Nepovirus (subfamily Comovirinae, family Secoviridae, order Picornavirales) are bipartite positive-strand RNA viruses with each genomic RNA encoding a single large polyprotein. The RNA1-encoded 3C-like protease cleaves the RNA1 polyprotein at five sites and the RNA2 polyprotein at two or three sites, depending on the nepovirus. The specificity of nepovirus 3C-like proteases is notoriously diverse, making the prediction of cleavage sites difficult. In this study, the position of nepovirus cleavage sites was systematically re-evaluated using alignments of the RNA1 and RNA2 polyproteins, phylogenetic relationships of the proteases, and sequence logos to examine specific preferences for the P6 to P1' positions of the cleavage sites. Based on these analyses, the positions of previously elusive cleavage sites, notably the 2a-MP cleavage sites of subgroup B nepoviruses, are now proposed. Distinct nepovirus protease clades were identified, each with different cleavage site specificities, mostly determined by the nature of the amino acid at the P1 and P1' positions of the cleavage sites, as well as the P2 and P4 positions. The results will assist the prediction of cleavage sites for new nepoviruses and help refine the taxonomy of nepoviruses. An improved understanding of the specificity of nepovirus 3C-like proteases can also be used to investigate the cleavage of plant proteins by nepovirus proteases and to understand their adaptation to a broad range of hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, V0H1Z0, Summerland, BC, Canada.
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20
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Tsu BV, Fay EJ, Nguyen KT, Corley MR, Hosuru B, Dominguez VA, Daugherty MD. Running With Scissors: Evolutionary Conflicts Between Viral Proteases and the Host Immune System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:769543. [PMID: 34790204 PMCID: PMC8591160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.769543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens encode proteases that serve to antagonize the host immune system. In particular, viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome [(+)ssRNA], including picornaviruses, flaviviruses, and coronaviruses, encode proteases that are not only required for processing viral polyproteins into functional units but also manipulate crucial host cellular processes through their proteolytic activity. Because these proteases must cleave numerous polyprotein sites as well as diverse host targets, evolution of these viral proteases is expected to be highly constrained. However, despite this strong evolutionary constraint, mounting evidence suggests that viral proteases such as picornavirus 3C, flavivirus NS3, and coronavirus 3CL, are engaged in molecular ‘arms races’ with their targeted host factors, resulting in host- and virus-specific determinants of protease cleavage. In cases where protease-mediated cleavage results in host immune inactivation, recurrent host gene evolution can result in avoidance of cleavage by viral proteases. In other cases, such as recently described examples in NLRP1 and CARD8, hosts have evolved ‘tripwire’ sequences that mimic protease cleavage sites and activate an immune response upon cleavage. In both cases, host evolution may be responsible for driving viral protease evolution, helping explain why viral proteases and polyprotein sites are divergent among related viruses despite such strong evolutionary constraint. Importantly, these evolutionary conflicts result in diverse protease-host interactions even within closely related host and viral species, thereby contributing to host range, zoonotic potential, and pathogenicity of viral infection. Such examples highlight the importance of examining viral protease-host interactions through an evolutionary lens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Tsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth J Fay
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Katelyn T Nguyen
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Miles R Corley
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Bindhu Hosuru
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Viviana A Dominguez
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Matthew D Daugherty
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
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21
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Abstract
The NIa protease of potyviruses is a chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease related to the picornavirus 3C protease. It is also a multifunctional protein known to play multiple roles during virus infection. Picornavirus 3C proteases cleave hundreds of host proteins to facilitate virus infection. However, whether or not potyvirus NIa proteases cleave plant proteins has so far not been tested. Regular expression search using the cleavage site consensus sequence [EQN]xVxH[QE]/[SGTA] for the plum pox virus (PPV) protease identified 90 to 94 putative cleavage events in the proteomes of Prunus persica (a crop severely affected by PPV), Arabidopsis thaliana, and Nicotiana benthamiana (two experimental hosts). In vitro processing assays confirmed cleavage of six A. thaliana and five P. persica proteins by the PPV protease. These proteins were also cleaved in vitro by the protease of turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), which has a similar specificity. We confirmed in vivo cleavage of a transiently expressed tagged version of AtEML2, an EMSY-like protein belonging to a family of nuclear histone readers known to be involved in pathogen resistance. Cleavage of AtEML2 was efficient and was observed in plants that coexpressed the PPV or TuMV NIa proteases or in plants that were infected with TuMV. We also showed partial in vivo cleavage of AtDUF707, a membrane protein annotated as lysine ketoglutarate reductase trans-splicing protein. Although cleavage of the corresponding endogenous plant proteins remains to be confirmed, the results show that a plant virus protease can cleave host proteins during virus infection and highlight a new layer of plant-virus interactions. IMPORTANCE Viruses are highly adaptive and use multiple molecular mechanisms to highjack or modify the cellular resources to their advantage. They must also counteract or evade host defense responses. One well-characterized mechanism used by vertebrate viruses is the proteolytic cleavage of host proteins to inhibit the activities of these proteins and/or to produce cleaved protein fragments that are beneficial to the virus infection cycle. Even though almost half of the known plant viruses encode at least one protease, it was not known whether plant viruses employ this strategy. Using an in silico prediction approach and the well-characterized specificity of potyvirus NIa proteases, we were able to identify hundreds of putative cleavage sites in plant proteins, several of which were validated by downstream experiments. It can be anticipated that many other plant virus proteases also cleave host proteins and that the identification of these cleavage events will lead to novel antiviral strategies.
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22
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Jimbo E, Kobayashi T, Takeshita A, Mine K, Nagafuchi S, Fukui T, Yagihashi S. Immunohistochemical detection of enteroviruses in pancreatic tissues of patients with type 1 diabetes using a polyclonal antibody against 2A protease of Coxsackievirus. J Diabetes Investig 2021; 13:435-442. [PMID: 34669264 PMCID: PMC8902398 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The need for antiserum for immunohistochemical detection (IHC) of enterovirus (EV) in formaldehyde fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples is increasing. The gold standard monoclonal antibody (clone 5D8/1) against EV-envelope protein (VP1) was proven to cross-react with other proteins. Another candidate marker of EV proteins is 2A protease (2Apro ), which is encoded by EV gene and translated by the host cells during EV replication and participates processing proproteins to viral capsid proteins. MATERIALS AND METHODS We raised polyclonal antiserum by immunizing a rabbit with an 18-mer peptide of Coxsackievirus B1 (CVB1)-2Apro and examined the specificity and sensitivity for EV on FFPE tissue samples. RESULTS ELISA study showed a high titer of antibody for 18-mer peptide of CVB1-2Apro , cross reacting with CVB3-2Apro peptide. IHC demonstrated that antiserum against 2Apro reacted with CVB1-infected and VP1-positive Vero-cells. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that antigen stained by the 2Apro antibody located in the same cell with VP1 stained by 5D8/1. IHC using 2Apro antiserum showed dense staining in the islets of EV-associated fulminant type 1 diabetic pancreas and that located in the same cell stained positive for VP1 (5D8/1). Specificity of 2Apro antiserum by IHC staining was confirmed by negative 2Apro in 14 VP1-negative non-diabetic control pancreases. CONCLUSION Our study provides a new polyclonal antiserum against CVB1-2Apro which may be useful for IHC of EV-infected human tissues stored as archive of FFPE tissue samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Jimbo
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Medicine, Okinaka Memorial Institute for Medical Research, 2-2-2 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Takeshita
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Mine
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan
| | - Seiho Nagafuchi
- Division of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima, Saga, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Fukui
- Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Soroku Yagihashi
- Department of Exploratory Medicine on Nature, Toho University of Medicine, Life, and Man, Chiba, Japan
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23
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Witecka A, Kwiatkowski S, Ishikawa T, Drozak J. The Structure, Activity, and Function of the SETD3 Protein Histidine Methyltransferase. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1040. [PMID: 34685411 PMCID: PMC8537074 DOI: 10.3390/life11101040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
SETD3 has been recently identified as a long sought, actin specific histidine methyltransferase that catalyzes the Nτ-methylation reaction of histidine 73 (H73) residue in human actin or its equivalent in other metazoans. Its homologs are widespread among multicellular eukaryotes and expressed in most mammalian tissues. SETD3 consists of a catalytic SET domain responsible for transferring the methyl group from S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) to a protein substrate and a RuBisCO LSMT domain that recognizes and binds the methyl-accepting protein(s). The enzyme was initially identified as a methyltransferase that catalyzes the modification of histone H3 at K4 and K36 residues, but later studies revealed that the only bona fide substrate of SETD3 is H73, in the actin protein. The methylation of actin at H73 contributes to maintaining cytoskeleton integrity, which remains the only well characterized biological effect of SETD3. However, the discovery of numerous novel methyltransferase interactors suggests that SETD3 may regulate various biological processes, including cell cycle and apoptosis, carcinogenesis, response to hypoxic conditions, and enterovirus pathogenesis. This review summarizes the current advances in research on the SETD3 protein, its biological importance, and role in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apolonia Witecka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Sebastian Kwiatkowski
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.K.)
| | - Takao Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Drozak
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (S.K.)
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Filipe IC, Guedes MS, Zdobnov EM, Tapparel C. Enterovirus D: A Small but Versatile Species. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1758. [PMID: 34442837 PMCID: PMC8400195 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) from the D species are the causative agents of a diverse range of infectious diseases in spite of comprising only five known members. This small clade has a diverse host range and tissue tropism. It contains types infecting non-human primates and/or humans, and for the latter, they preferentially infect the eye, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system. Although several Enterovirus D members, in particular EV-D68, have been associated with neurological complications, including acute myelitis, there is currently no effective treatment or vaccine against any of them. This review highlights the peculiarities of this viral species, focusing on genome organization, functional elements, receptor usage, and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Cordeiro Filipe
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Mariana Soares Guedes
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Evgeny M. Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Switzerland and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland;
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25
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Marjomäki V, Kalander K, Hellman M, Permi P. Enteroviruses and coronaviruses: similarities and therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:479-489. [PMID: 34253126 PMCID: PMC8330013 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1952985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Enteroviruses are common viruses causing a huge number of acute and chronic infections and producing towering economic costs. Similarly, coronaviruses cause seasonal mild infections, epidemics, and even pandemics and can lead to severe respiratory symptoms. It is important to develop broadly acting antiviral molecules to efficiently tackle the infections caused by thes.Areas covered: This review illuminates the differences and similarities between enteroviruses and coronaviruses and examines the most appealing therapeutic targets to combat both virus groups. Publications of both virus groups and deposited structures discovered through PubMed to March 2021 for viral proteases have been evaluated.Expert opinion: The main protease of coronaviruses and enteroviruses share similarities in their structure and function. These proteases process their viral polyproteins and thus drugs that bind to the active site have potential to target both virus groups. It is important to develop drugs that target more evolutionarily conserved processes and proteins. Moreover, it is a wise strategy to concentrate on processes that are similar between several virus families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kerttu Kalander
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Maarit Hellman
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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26
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Komissarov AA, Karaseva MA, Roschina MP, Shubin AV, Lunina NA, Kostrov SV, Demidyuk IV. Individual Expression of Hepatitis A Virus 3C Protease Induces Ferroptosis in Human Cells In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7906. [PMID: 34360671 PMCID: PMC8348068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulated cell death (RCD) is a fundamental process common to nearly all living beings and essential for the development and tissue homeostasis in animals and humans. A wide range of molecules can induce RCD, including a number of viral proteolytic enzymes. To date, numerous data indicate that picornaviral 3C proteases can induce RCD. In most reported cases, these proteases induce classical caspase-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, the human hepatitis A virus 3C protease (3Cpro) has recently been shown to cause caspase-independent cell death accompanied by previously undescribed features. Here, we expressed 3Cpro in HEK293, HeLa, and A549 human cell lines to characterize 3Cpro-induced cell death morphologically and biochemically using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. We found that dead cells demonstrated necrosis-like morphological changes including permeabilization of the plasma membrane, loss of mitochondrial potential, as well as mitochondria and nuclei swelling. Additionally, we showed that 3Cpro-induced cell death was efficiently blocked by ferroptosis inhibitors and was accompanied by intense lipid peroxidation. Taken together, these results indicate that 3Cpro induces ferroptosis upon its individual expression in human cells. This is the first demonstration that a proteolytic enzyme can induce ferroptosis, the recently discovered and actively studied type of RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A. Komissarov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (M.P.R.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.L.); (S.V.K.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ilya V. Demidyuk
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (M.A.K.); (M.P.R.); (A.V.S.); (N.A.L.); (S.V.K.)
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27
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Deutschmann-Olek KM, Yue WW, Bezerra GA, Skern T. Defining substrate selection by rhinoviral 2A proteinase through its crystal structure with the inhibitor zVAM.fmk. Virology 2021; 562:128-141. [PMID: 34315103 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Picornavirus family members cause disease in humans. Human rhinoviruses (RV), the main causative agents of the common cold, increase the severity of asthma and COPD; hence, effective agents against RVs are required. The 2A proteinase (2Apro), found in all enteroviruses, represents an attractive target; inactivating mutations in poliovirus 2Apro result in an extension of the VP1 protein preventing infectious virion assembly. Variations in sequence and substrate specificity on eIF4G isoforms between RV 2Apro of genetic groups A and B hinder 2Apro as drug targets. Here, we demonstrate that although RV-A2 and RV-B4 2Apro cleave the substrate GAB1 at different sites, the 2Apro from both groups cleave equally efficiently an artificial site containing P1 methionine. We determined the RV-A2 2Apro structure complexed with zVAM.fmk, containing P1 methionine. Analysis of this first 2Apro-inhibitor complex reveals a conserved hydrophobic P4 pocket among enteroviral 2Apro as a potential target for broad-spectrum anti-enteroviral inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M Deutschmann-Olek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gustavo A Bezerra
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Skern
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max Perutz Labs, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, A-1030, Vienna, Austria.
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28
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Development of Group B Coxsackievirus as an Oncolytic Virus: Opportunities and Challenges. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061082. [PMID: 34198859 PMCID: PMC8227215 DOI: 10.3390/v13061082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have emerged as a promising strategy for cancer therapy due to their dual ability to selectively infect and lyse tumor cells and to induce systemic anti-tumor immunity. Among various candidate viruses, coxsackievirus group B (CVBs) have attracted increasing attention in recent years. CVBs are a group of small, non-enveloped, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, belonging to species human Enterovirus B in the genus Enterovirus of the family Picornaviridae. Preclinical studies have demonstrated potent anti-tumor activities for CVBs, particularly type 3, against multiple cancer types, including lung, breast, and colorectal cancer. Various approaches have been proposed or applied to enhance the safety and specificity of CVBs towards tumor cells and to further increase their anti-tumor efficacy. This review summarizes current knowledge and strategies for developing CVBs as oncolytic viruses for cancer virotherapy. The challenges arising from these studies and future prospects are also discussed in this review.
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29
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Saarenpää M, Roslund MI, Puhakka R, Grönroos M, Parajuli A, Hui N, Nurminen N, Laitinen OH, Hyöty H, Cinek O, Sinkkonen A. Do Rural Second Homes Shape Commensal Microbiota of Urban Dwellers? A Pilot Study among Urban Elderly in Finland. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18073742. [PMID: 33918486 PMCID: PMC8038225 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
According to the hygiene and biodiversity hypotheses, increased hygiene levels and reduced contact with biodiversity can partially explain the high prevalence of immune-mediated diseases in developed countries. A disturbed commensal microbiota, especially in the gut, has been linked to multiple immune-mediated diseases. Previous studies imply that gut microbiota composition is associated with the everyday living environment and can be modified by increasing direct physical exposure to biodiverse materials. In this pilot study, the effects of rural-second-home tourism were investigated on the gut microbiota for the first time. Rural-second-home tourism, a popular form of outdoor recreation in Northern Europe, North America, and Russia, has the potential to alter the human microbiota by increasing exposure to nature and environmental microbes. The hypotheses were that the use of rural second homes is associated with differences in the gut microbiota and that the microbiota related to health benefits are more diverse or common among the rural-second-home users. Based on 16S rRNA Illumina MiSeq sequencing of stool samples from 10 urban elderly having access and 15 lacking access to a rural second home, the first hypothesis was supported: the use of rural second homes was found to be associated with lower gut microbiota diversity and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway levels. The second hypothesis was not supported: health-related microbiota were not more diverse or common among the second-home users. The current study encourages further research on the possible health outcomes or causes of the observed microbiological differences. Activities and diet during second-home visits, standard of equipment, surrounding environment, and length of the visits are all postulated to play a role in determining the effects of rural-second-home tourism on the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Saarenpää
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; (M.S.); (M.I.R.); (R.P.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (N.H.)
| | - Marja I. Roslund
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; (M.S.); (M.I.R.); (R.P.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (N.H.)
| | - Riikka Puhakka
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; (M.S.); (M.I.R.); (R.P.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (N.H.)
| | - Mira Grönroos
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; (M.S.); (M.I.R.); (R.P.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (N.H.)
| | - Anirudra Parajuli
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; (M.S.); (M.I.R.); (R.P.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (N.H.)
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nan Hui
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; (M.S.); (M.I.R.); (R.P.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (N.H.)
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan RD. Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Noora Nurminen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (N.N.); (O.H.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (N.N.); (O.H.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Arvo Ylpön katu 34, 33520 Tampere, Finland; (N.N.); (O.H.L.); (H.H.)
| | - Ondrej Cinek
- Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Úvalu 84, 150 06 Prague 5, Czech Republic;
| | - Aki Sinkkonen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Niemenkatu 73, 15140 Lahti, Finland; (M.S.); (M.I.R.); (R.P.); (M.G.); (A.P.); (N.H.)
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4 A, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Correspondence:
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30
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Mattenberger F, Latorre V, Tirosh O, Stern A, Geller R. Globally defining the effects of mutations in a picornavirus capsid. eLife 2021; 10:64256. [PMID: 33432927 PMCID: PMC7861617 DOI: 10.7554/elife.64256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The capsids of non-enveloped viruses are highly multimeric and multifunctional protein assemblies that play key roles in viral biology and pathogenesis. Despite their importance, a comprehensive understanding of how mutations affect viral fitness across different structural and functional attributes of the capsid is lacking. To address this limitation, we globally define the effects of mutations across the capsid of a human picornavirus. Using this resource, we identify structural and sequence determinants that accurately predict mutational fitness effects, refine evolutionary analyses, and define the sequence specificity of key capsid-encoded motifs. Furthermore, capitalizing on the derived sequence requirements for capsid-encoded protease cleavage sites, we implement a bioinformatic approach for identifying novel host proteins targeted by viral proteases. Our findings represent the most comprehensive investigation of mutational fitness effects in a picornavirus capsid to date and illuminate important aspects of viral biology, evolution, and host interactions. A virus is made up of genetic material that is encased with a protective protein coat called the capsid. The capsid also helps the virus to infect host cells by binding to the host receptor proteins and releasing its genetic material. Inside the cell, the virus hitchhikes the infected cell’s machinery to grow or replicate its own genetic material. Viral capsids are the main target of the host’s defence system, and therefore, continuously change in an attempt to escape the immune system by introducing alterations (known as mutations) into the genes encoding viral capsid proteins. Mutations occur randomly, and so while some changes to the viral capsid might confer an advantage, others may have no effect at all, or even weaken the virus. To better understand the effect of capsid mutations on the virus’ ability to infect host cells, Mattenberger et al. studied the Coxsackievirus B3, which is linked to heart problems and acute heart failure in humans. The researchers analysed around 90% of possible amino acid mutations (over 14,800 mutations) and correlated each mutation to how it influenced the virus’ ability to replicate in human cells grown in the laboratory. Based on these results, Mattenberger et al. developed a computer model to predict how a particular mutation might affect the virus. The analysis also identified specific amino acid sequences of capsid proteins that are essential for certain tasks, such as building the capsid. It also included an analysis of sequences in the capsid that allow it to be recognized by another viral protein, which cuts the capsid proteins into the right size from a larger precursor. By looking for similar sequences in human genes, the researchers identified several ones that the virus may attack and inactivate to support its own replication. These findings may help identify potential drug targets to develop new antiviral therapies. For example, proteins of the capsid that are less likely to mutate will provide a better target as they lower the possibility of the virus to become resistant to the treatment. They also highlight new proteins in human cells that could potentially block the virus in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Mattenberger
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio (Universitat de València-CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Victor Latorre
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio (Universitat de València-CSIC), Paterna, Spain
| | - Omer Tirosh
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Adi Stern
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology, I2SysBio (Universitat de València-CSIC), Paterna, Spain
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31
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Tsu BV, Beierschmitt C, Ryan AP, Agarwal R, Mitchell PS, Daugherty MD. Diverse viral proteases activate the NLRP1 inflammasome. eLife 2021; 10:60609. [PMID: 33410748 PMCID: PMC7857732 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The NLRP1 inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that is a potent activator of inflammation. Mouse NLRP1B can be activated through proteolytic cleavage by the bacterial Lethal Toxin (LeTx) protease, resulting in degradation of the N-terminal domains of NLRP1B and liberation of the bioactive C-terminal domain, which includes the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD). However, natural pathogen-derived effectors that can activate human NLRP1 have remained unknown. Here, we use an evolutionary model to identify several proteases from diverse picornaviruses that cleave human NLRP1 within a rapidly evolving region of the protein, leading to host-specific and virus-specific activation of the NLRP1 inflammasome. Our work demonstrates that NLRP1 acts as a 'tripwire' to recognize the enzymatic function of a wide range of viral proteases and suggests that host mimicry of viral polyprotein cleavage sites can be an evolutionary strategy to activate a robust inflammatory immune response. The immune system recognizes disease-causing microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, and removes them from the body before they can cause harm. When the immune system first detects these foreign invaders, a multi-part structure known as the inflammasome launches an inflammatory response to help fight the microbes off. Several sensor proteins can activate the inflammasome, including one in mice called NLRP1B. This protein has evolved a specialized site that can be cut by a bacterial toxin. Once cleaved, this region acts like a biological tripwire and sparks NLRP1B into action, allowing the sensor to activate the inflammasome system. Humans have a similar protein called NLRP1, but it is unclear whether this protein has also evolved a tripwire region that can sense microbial proteins. To answer this question, Tsu, Beierschmitt et al. set out to find whether NLRP1 can be activated by viruses in the Picornaviridae family, which are responsible for diseases like polio, hepatitis A, and the common cold. This revealed that NLRP1 contains a cleavage site for enzymes produced by some, but not all, of the viruses in the picornavirus family. Further experiments confirmed that when a picornavirus enzyme cuts through this region during a viral infection, it triggers NLRP1 to activate the inflammasome and initiate an immune response. The enzymes from different viruses were also found to cleave human NLRP1 at different sites, and the protein’s susceptibility to cleavage varied between different animal species. For instance, Tsu, Beierschmitt et al. discovered that NLRP1B in mice is also able to sense picornaviruses, and that different enzymes activate and cleave NLRP1B and NLRP1 to varying degrees: this affected how well the two proteins are expected to be able to sense specific viral infections. This variation suggests that there is an ongoing evolutionary arms-race between viral proteins and the immune system: as viral proteins change and new ones emerge, NLRP1 rapidly evolves new tripwire sites that allow it to sense the infection and launch an inflammatory response. What happens when NLRP1B activates the inflammasome during a viral infection is still an open question. The discovery that mouse NLRP1B shares features with human NLRP1 could allow the development of animal models to study the role of the tripwire in antiviral defenses and the overactive inflammation associated with some viral infections. Understanding the types of viruses that activate the NLRP1 inflammasome, and the outcomes of the resulting immune response, may have implications for future treatments of viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian V Tsu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | | | - Andrew P Ryan
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Rimjhim Agarwal
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Patrick S Mitchell
- Division of Immunology & Pathogenesis, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Matthew D Daugherty
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
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32
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Inhibition of Type III Interferon Expression in Intestinal Epithelial Cells-A Strategy Used by Coxsackie B Virus to Evade the Host's Innate Immune Response at the Primary Site of Infection? Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9010105. [PMID: 33466313 PMCID: PMC7824802 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence highlights the importance of the antiviral activities of the type III interferons (IFNλs; IL-28A, IL-28B, IL29, and IFNλ4) in the intestine. However, many viruses have developed strategies to counteract these defense mechanisms by preventing the production of IFNs. Here we use infection models, a clinical virus isolate, and several molecular biology techniques to demonstrate that both type I and III IFNs induce an antiviral state and attenuate Coxsackievirus group B (CVB) replication in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). While treatment of IECs with a viral mimic (poly (I:C)) induced a robust expression of both type I and III IFNs, no such up-regulation was observed after CVB infection. The blunted IFN response was paralleled by a reduction in the abundance of proteins involved in the induction of interferon gene transcription, including TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF), mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein (MAVS), and the global protein translation initiator eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G). Taken together, this study highlights a potent anti-Coxsackieviral effect of both type I and III IFNs in cells located at the primary site of infection. Furthermore, we show for the first time that the production of type I and III IFNs in IECs is blocked by CVBs. These findings suggest that CVBs evade the host immune response in order to successfully infect the intestine.
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33
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Defining the proteolytic landscape during enterovirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008927. [PMID: 32997711 PMCID: PMC7549765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses cleave cellular proteins to remodel the host proteome. The study of these cleavages has revealed mechanisms of immune evasion, resource exploitation, and pathogenesis. However, the full extent of virus-induced proteolysis in infected cells is unknown, mainly because until recently the technology for a global view of proteolysis within cells was lacking. Here, we report the first comprehensive catalog of proteins cleaved upon enterovirus infection and identify the sites within proteins where the cleavages occur. We employed multiple strategies to confirm protein cleavages and assigned them to one of the two enteroviral proteases. Detailed characterization of one substrate, LSM14A, a p body protein with a role in antiviral immunity, showed that cleavage of this protein disrupts its antiviral function. This study yields a new depth of information about the host interface with a group of viruses that are both important biological tools and significant agents of disease. Enteroviruses are associated with a variety of human diseases, including gastroenteritis, the common cold, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and skin rash. In some cases, the infection can lead to myocarditis, encephalitis, progressive muscle weakness, and paralysis. Exactly how enteroviruses invade human tissues, defeat the host immune system, and alter normal cell biology is unknown. Understanding these cellular and molecular mechanisms will blaze the trail for the development of novel vaccine and therapeutic strategies. Here, we have applied a global N-terminomics approach to investigate how various enteroviruses recruit their proteases to remodel an infected cell, disarm host immunity, and create a favorable environment for their replication. This effort identified several new protease substrates, which we then confirmed by other experimental approaches. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic analysis of host proteins targeted for cleavage during enterovirus infection. The data generated in this study will serve as a valuable resource for the research community in the quest to uncover the molecular details of enterovirus cell biology and disease pathogenesis.
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34
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Mast FD, Navare AT, van der Sloot AM, Coulombe-Huntington J, Rout MP, Baliga NS, Kaushansky A, Chait BT, Aderem A, Rice CM, Sali A, Tyers M, Aitchison JD. Crippling life support for SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses through synthetic lethality. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:152015. [PMID: 32785687 PMCID: PMC7659715 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2, we have become acutely aware of the inadequacies of our ability to respond to viral epidemics. Although disrupting the viral life cycle is critical for limiting viral spread and disease, it has proven challenging to develop targeted and selective therapeutics. Synthetic lethality offers a promising but largely unexploited strategy against infectious viral disease; as viruses infect cells, they abnormally alter the cell state, unwittingly exposing new vulnerabilities in the infected cell. Therefore, we propose that effective therapies can be developed to selectively target the virally reconfigured host cell networks that accompany altered cellular states to cripple the host cell that has been converted into a virus factory, thus disrupting the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Arti T Navare
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Almer M van der Sloot
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Michael P Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian T Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - John D Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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35
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Hankaniemi MM, Baikoghli MA, Stone VM, Xing L, Väätäinen O, Soppela S, Sioofy-Khojine A, Saarinen NVV, Ou T, Anson B, Hyöty H, Marjomäki V, Flodström-Tullberg M, Cheng RH, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. Structural Insight into CVB3-VLP Non-Adjuvanted Vaccine. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091287. [PMID: 32846899 PMCID: PMC7565060 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) enteroviruses are common pathogens that can cause acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy, aseptic meningitis, and they are hypothesized to be a causal factor in type 1 diabetes. The licensed enterovirus vaccines and those currently in clinical development are traditional inactivated or live attenuated vaccines. Even though these vaccines work well in the prevention of enterovirus diseases, new vaccine technologies, like virus-like particles (VLPs), can offer important advantages in the manufacturing and epitope engineering. We have previously produced VLPs for CVB3 and CVB1 in insect cells. Here, we describe the production of CVB3-VLPs with enhanced production yield and purity using an improved purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography, which is compatible with industrial scale production. We also resolved the CVB3-VLP structure by Cryo-Electron Microscopy imaging and single particle reconstruction. The VLP diameter is 30.9 nm on average, and it is similar to Coxsackievirus A VLPs and the expanded enterovirus cell-entry intermediate (the 135s particle), which is ~2 nm larger than the mature virion. High neutralizing and total IgG antibody levels, the latter being a predominantly Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in C57BL/6J mice immunized with non-adjuvanted CVB3-VLP vaccine. The structural and immunogenic data presented here indicate the potential of this improved methodology to produce highly immunogenic enterovirus VLP-vaccines in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minna M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (V.P.H.); Tel.: +358-504176882 (M.M.H.); +358-401901517 (V.P.H.)
| | - Mo A. Baikoghli
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, P.O. Box 20, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virginia M. Stone
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.M.S.); (M.F.-T.)
| | - Li Xing
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Outi Väätäinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Saana Soppela
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Amirbabak Sioofy-Khojine
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Niila V. V. Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
| | - Tingwei Ou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Brandon Anson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 52 Stockholm, Sweden; (V.M.S.); (M.F.-T.)
| | - R. Holland Cheng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.A.B.); (L.X.); (T.O.); (B.A.); (R.H.C.)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
- Fimlab Laboratories, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
- Correspondence: (M.M.H.); (V.P.H.); Tel.: +358-504176882 (M.M.H.); +358-401901517 (V.P.H.)
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (O.V.); (S.S.); (A.S.-K.); (N.V.V.S.); (H.H.); (O.H.L.)
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Sanfaçon H. Modulation of disease severity by plant positive-strand RNA viruses: The complex interplay of multifunctional viral proteins, subviral RNAs and virus-associated RNAs with plant signaling pathways and defense responses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:87-131. [PMID: 32711736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses induce a range of symptoms of varying intensity, ranging from severe systemic necrosis to mild or asymptomatic infection. Several evolutionary constraints drive virus virulence, including the dependence of viruses on host factors to complete their infection cycle, the requirement to counteract or evade plant antiviral defense responses and the mode of virus transmission. Viruses have developed an array of strategies to modulate disease severity. Accumulating evidence has highlighted not only the multifunctional role that viral proteins play in disrupting or highjacking plant factors, hormone signaling pathways and intracellular organelles, but also the interaction networks between viral proteins, subviral RNAs and/or other viral-associated RNAs that regulate disease severity. This review focusses on positive-strand RNA viruses, which constitute the majority of characterized plant viruses. Using well-characterized viruses with different genome types as examples, recent advances are discussed as well as knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada.
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37
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Chen L, Xu SJ, Yao XJ, Yang H, Zhang HL, Meng J, Zeng HR, Huang XH, Zhang RL, He YQ. Molecular epidemiology of enteroviruses associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease in Shenzhen, China, 2014-2018. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2213-2227. [PMID: 32666145 PMCID: PMC7360124 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04734-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of enteroviruses associated with severe hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in Shenzhen, China, during 2014-2018. A total of 137 fecal specimens from patients with severe HFMD were collected. Enterovirus (EV) types were determined using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), RT nested PCR, and sequencing. Sequences were analyzed using bioinformatics programs. Of 137 specimens tested, 97 (70.8%), 12 (8.8%), and 10 (7.3%) were positive for EV-A71, coxsackievirus A6 (CVA6), and CVA16, respectively. Other pathogens detected included CVA2 (2.9%, 4/137), CVA10 (2.9%, 4/137), CVA5 (0.7%, 1/137), echovirus 6 (E6) (0.7%, 1/137) and E18 (0.7%, 1/137). The most frequent complication in patients with proven EV infections was myoclonic jerk, followed by aseptic encephalitis, tachypnea, and vomiting. The frequencies of vomiting and abnormal eye movements were higher in EV-A71-infected patients than that in CVA6-infected or CVA16-infected patients. Molecular phylogeny based on the complete VP1 gene revealed no association between the subgenotype of the virus and disease severity. Nevertheless, 12 significant mutations that were likely to be associated with virulence or the clinical phenotype were observed in the 5’UTR, 2Apro, 2C, 3A, 3Dpol and 3’UTR of CVA6. Eight significant mutations were observed in the 5’UTR, 2B, 3A, 3Dpol and 3’UTR of CVA16, and 10 significant mutations were observed in the 5’UTR, VP1, 3A and 3Cpro of CVA10. In conclusion, EV-A71 is still the main pathogen causing severe HFMD, although other EV types can also cause severe complications. Potential virulence or phenotype-associated sites were identified in the genomes of CVA6, CVA16, and CVA10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Chen
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shao-Jian Xu
- District Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Longhua District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518109, China
| | - Xiang-Jie Yao
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Han-Ri Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Xu-He Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Institution of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Ren-Li Zhang
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ya-Qing He
- Major Infectious Disease Control Key Laboratory and Shenzhen Public Service Platform of Pathogenic Microorganisms Repository, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Laajala M, Reshamwala D, Marjomäki V. Therapeutic targets for enterovirus infections. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2020; 24:745-757. [DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2020.1784141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mira Laajala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dhanik Reshamwala
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Varpu Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Meng B, Lan K, Xie J, Lerner RA, Wilson IA, Yang B. Inhibitory antibodies identify unique sites of therapeutic vulnerability in rhinovirus and other enteroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13499-13508. [PMID: 32467165 PMCID: PMC7306783 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918844117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The existence of multiple serotypes renders vaccine development challenging for most viruses in the Enterovirus genus. An alternative and potentially more viable strategy for control of these viruses is to develop broad-spectrum antivirals by targeting highly conserved proteins that are indispensable for the virus life cycle, such as the 3C protease. Previously, two single-chain antibody fragments, YDF and GGVV, were reported to effectively inhibit human rhinovirus 14 proliferation. Here, we found that both single-chain antibody fragments target sites on the 3C protease that are distinct from its known drug site (peptidase active site) and possess different mechanisms of inhibition. YDF does not block the active site but instead noncompetitively inhibits 3C peptidase activity through an allosteric effect that is rarely seen for antibody protease inhibitors. Meanwhile, GGVV antagonizes the less-explored regulatory function of 3C in genome replication. The interaction between 3C and the viral genome 5' noncoding region has been reported to be important for enterovirus genome replication. Here, the interface between human rhinovirus 14 3C and its 5' noncoding region was probed by hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled mass spectrometry and found to partially overlap with the interface between GGVV and 3C. Consistently, prebinding of GGVV completely abolishes interaction between human rhinovirus 14 3C and its 5' noncoding region. The epitopes of YDF and GGVV, therefore, represent two additional sites of therapeutic vulnerability in rhinovirus. Importantly, the GGVV epitope appears to be conserved across many enteroviruses, suggesting that it is a promising target for pan-enterovirus inhibitor screening and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Meng
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Lan
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Xie
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Richard A Lerner
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ian A Wilson
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China;
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Bei Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, 201210 Shanghai, People's Republic of China;
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40
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Zhao G, Zhang HM, Qiu Y, Ye X, Yang D. Cleavage of Desmosomal Cadherins Promotes γ-Catenin Degradation and Benefits Wnt Signaling in Coxsackievirus B3-Induced Destruction of Cardiomyocytes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:767. [PMID: 32457708 PMCID: PMC7225294 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is the primary etiologic agent of viral myocarditis, a major heart disease that occurs predominantly in children and young adolescents. In the heart, intercalated disks (ICD) are important structural formations that connect adjacent cardiomyocytes to maintain cardiac architecture and mediate signal communication. Deficiency in ICD components, such as desmosome proteins, leads to heart dysfunction. γ-catenin, a component protein of desmosomes, normally binds directly to desmocollin-2 and desmoglein-2. In this study, we found that CVB3 infection downregulated γ-catenin at the protein level but not the mRNA level in mouse HL-1 cardiomyocytes. We further found that this reduction of γ-catenin protein is a result of ubiquitin proteasome-mediated degradation, since the addition of proteasome inhibitor MG132 inhibited γ-catenin downregulation. In addition, we found that desmocollin-2 and desmoglein-2 were cleaved by both viral protease 3C and virus-activated cellular caspase, respectively. These cleavages led to the release of bound γ-catenin from the desmosome into the cytosol, resulting in rapid degradation of γ-catenin. Since γ-catenin shares high sequence homology with β-catenin in binding the TCF/LEF transcription factor, we further studied the effect of γ-catenin degradation on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Luciferase assay showed that γ-catenin expression inhibited Wnt/β-catenin signaling. This finding was substantiated by qPCR to show that overexpression of γ-catenin downregulated transcription of Wnt signal target genes, c-myc and MMP9, while silencing γ-catenin upregulated these target genes. Finally, we demonstrated that γ-catenin expression inhibited CVB3 replication. In search for the underlying mechanism, we found that silencing γ-catenin caused down-regulation of interferon-β and its stimulated antiviral genes MDA5, MAVS, and ISG15. Taken together, our results indicate, for the first time, that CVB3 infection causes cardiomyocyte death through, at least in part, direct damage to the desmosome structure and reduction of γ-catenin protein, which in return promotes Wnt/β-catenin signaling and downregulates interferon-β stimulated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Huifang M Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Ye
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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41
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Zhang HM, Qiu Y, Zhao G, Wang H, Chen YT, Aghakeshmiri S, Hanson P, Yang D. Cleavage and degradation of EDEM1 promotes coxsackievirus B3 replication via ATF6a-mediated unfolded protein response signalling. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13198. [PMID: 32083795 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)-induced unfolded protein responses (UPR) found that overexpression of ATF6a enhances CVB3 VP1 capsid protein production and increases viral particle formation. These findings implicate that ATF6a signalling benefits CVB3 replication. However, the mechanism by which ATF6a signalling is transduced to promote virus replication is unclear. In this study, using a Tet-On inducible ATF6a HeLa cell line, we found that ATF6a signalling downregulated the protein expression of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation-enhancing α-mannosidase-like protein 1 (EDEM1), resulting in accumulation of CVB3 VP1 protein; in contrast, expression of a dominant negative ATF6a had the opposite effect. Furthermore, we found that EDEM1 was cleaved by both CVB3 protease 3C and virus-activated caspase and subsequently degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. However, overexpression of EDEM1 caused VP1 degradation, likely via a glycosylation-independent and ubiquitin-lysosome pathway. Finally, we demonstrated that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of EDEM1 increased VP1 accumulation and thus CVB3 replication. This is the first study to report the ER protein quality control of non-enveloped RNA virus and reveals a novel mechanism by which CVB3 evades host ER quality control pathways through cleavage and degradation of the UPR target gene EDEM1, to ultimately benefit its own replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifang M Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Guangze Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yankuan T Chen
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sana Aghakeshmiri
- The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Hanson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Decheng Yang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,The Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, Canada
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42
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Saarinen NVV, Stone VM, Hankaniemi MM, Mazur MA, Vuorinen T, Flodström-Tullberg M, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Laitinen OH. Antibody Responses against Enterovirus Proteases are Potential Markers for an Acute Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E78. [PMID: 31936473 PMCID: PMC7020046 DOI: 10.3390/v12010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteroviruses are a group of common non-enveloped RNA viruses that cause symptoms ranging from mild respiratory infections to paralysis. Due to the abundance of enterovirus infections it is hard to distinguish between on-going and previous infections using immunological assays unless the IgM fraction is studied. METHODS In this study we show using Indirect ELISA and capture IgM ELISA that an IgG antibody response against the nonstructural enteroviral proteins 2A and 3C can be used to distinguish between IgM positive (n = 22) and IgM negative (n = 20) human patients with 83% accuracy and a diagnostic odds ratio of 30. Using a mouse model, we establish that the antibody response to the proteases is short-lived compared to the antibody response to the structural proteins in. As such, the protease antibody response serves as a potential marker for an acute infection. CONCLUSIONS Antibody responses against enterovirus proteases are shorter-lived than against structural proteins and can differentiate between IgM positive and negative patients, and therefore they are a potential marker for acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niila V. V. Saarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Virginia M. Stone
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Minna M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Magdalena A. Mazur
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Tytti Vuorinen
- Turku University Hospital, Clinical Microbiology and University of Turku, Institute of Biomedicine, 20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
- Karolinska Institutet, The Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska University Hospital, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
| | - Olli H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; (N.V.V.S.); (V.M.S.); (M.M.H.); (M.F.-T.); (H.H.); (V.P.H.)
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43
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Host Cell Calpains Can Cleave Structural Proteins from the Enterovirus Polyprotein. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121106. [PMID: 31795245 PMCID: PMC6950447 DOI: 10.3390/v11121106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses are small RNA viruses that cause diseases with various symptoms ranging from mild to severe. Enterovirus proteins are translated as a single polyprotein, which is cleaved by viral proteases to release capsid and nonstructural proteins. Here, we show that also cellular calpains have a potential role in the processing of the enteroviral polyprotein. Using purified calpains 1 and 2 in an in vitro assay, we show that addition of calpains leads to an increase in the release of VP1 and VP3 capsid proteins from P1 of enterovirus B species, detected by western blotting. This was prevented with a calpain inhibitor and was dependent on optimal calcium concentration, especially for calpain 2. In addition, calpain cleavage at the VP3-VP1 interface was supported by a competition assay using a peptide containing the VP3-VP1 cleavage site. Moreover, a mass spectrometry analysis showed that calpains can cleave this same peptide at the VP3-VP1 interface, the cutting site being two amino acids aside from 3C’s cutting site. Furthermore, we show that calpains cannot cleave between P1 and 2A. In conclusion, we show that cellular proteases, calpains, can cleave structural proteins from enterovirus polyprotein in vitro. Whether they assist polyprotein processing in infected cells remains to be shown.
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Lietzén N, Hirvonen K, Honkimaa A, Buchacher T, Laiho JE, Oikarinen S, Mazur MA, Flodström-Tullberg M, Dufour E, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Hyöty H, Lahesmaa R. Coxsackievirus B Persistence Modifies the Proteome and the Secretome of Pancreatic Ductal Cells. iScience 2019; 19:340-357. [PMID: 31404834 PMCID: PMC6699423 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The group B Coxsackieviruses (CVB), belonging to the Enterovirus genus, can establish persistent infections in human cells. These persistent infections have been linked to chronic diseases including type 1 diabetes. Still, the outcomes of persistent CVB infections in human pancreas are largely unknown. We established persistent CVB infections in a human pancreatic ductal-like cell line PANC-1 using two distinct CVB1 strains and profiled infection-induced changes in cellular protein expression and secretion using mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Persistent infections, showing characteristics of carrier-state persistence, were associated with a broad spectrum of changes, including changes in mitochondrial network morphology and energy metabolism and in the regulated secretory pathway. Interestingly, the expression of antiviral immune response proteins, and also several other proteins, differed clearly between the two persistent infections. Our results provide extensive information about the protein-level changes induced by persistent CVB infection and the potential virus-associated variability in the outcomes of these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niina Lietzén
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Karoliina Hirvonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Anni Honkimaa
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Tanja Buchacher
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jutta E Laiho
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Magdalena A Mazur
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden
| | - Eric Dufour
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, BioMediTech Institute and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere, Finland; Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, FI-33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Riitta Lahesmaa
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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45
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Formalin treatment increases the stability and immunogenicity of coxsackievirus B1 VLP vaccine. Antiviral Res 2019; 171:104595. [PMID: 31491431 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Type B Coxsackieviruses (CVBs) are a common cause of acute and chronic myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy and aseptic meningitis. However, no CVB-vaccines are available for human use. We have previously produced virus-like particles (VLPs) for CVB3 with a baculovirus-insect cell production system. Here we have explored the potential of a VLP-based vaccine targeting CVB1 and describe the production of CVB1-VLPs with a scalable VLP purification method. The developed purification method consisting of tangential flow filtration and ion exchange chromatography is compatible with industrial scale production. CVB1-VLP vaccine was treated with UV-C or formalin to study whether stability and immunogenicity was affected. Untreated, UV treated and formalin treated VLPs remained morphologically intact for 12 months at 4 °C. Formalin treatment increased, whereas UV treatment decreased the thermostability of the VLP-vaccine. High neutralising and total IgG antibody levels, the latter predominantly of a Th2 type (IgG1) phenotype, were detected in female BALB/c mice immunised with non-adjuvanted, untreated CVB1-VLP vaccine. The immunogenicity of the differently treated CVB1-VLPs (non-adjuvanted) were compared in C57BL/6 J mice and animals vaccinated with formalin treated CVB1-VLPs mounted the strongest neutralising and, CVB1-specific IgG and IgG1 antibody responses. This study demonstrates that formalin treatment increases the stability and immunogenicity of CVB1-VLP vaccine and may offer a universal tool for the stabilisation of VLPs in the production of more efficient vaccines.
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Lin JY, Kung YA, Shih SR. Antivirals and vaccines for Enterovirus A71. J Biomed Sci 2019; 26:65. [PMID: 31481071 PMCID: PMC6720414 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-019-0560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is an important emerging virus posing a threat to children under five years old. EV-A71 infection in infants or young children can cause hand-foot-and-mouth disease, herpangina, or severe neurological complications. However, there are still no effective antivirals for treatment of these infections. In this review, we summarize the antiviral compounds developed to date based on various targets of the EV-A71 life cycle. Moreover, development of a vaccine would be the most effective approach to prevent EV-A71 infection. Therefore, we also summarize the development and clinical progress of various candidate EV-A71 vaccines, including inactivated whole virus, recombinant VP1 protein, synthetic peptides, viral-like particles, and live attenuated vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Kung
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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47
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Enterovirus 71 3C Protease Does Not Disrupt Interferon Type I Signaling Pathway. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.91745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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48
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Dial CN, Tate PM, Kicmal TM, Mounce BC. Coxsackievirus B3 Responds to Polyamine Depletion via Enhancement of 2A and 3C Protease Activity. Viruses 2019; 11:E403. [PMID: 31052199 PMCID: PMC6563312 DOI: 10.3390/v11050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are small positively-charged molecules abundant in eukaryotic cells that are crucial to RNA virus replication. In eukaryotic cells, polyamines facilitate processes such as transcription, translation, and DNA replication, and viruses similarly rely on polyamines to facilitate transcription and translation. Whether polyamines function at additional stages in viral replication remains poorly understood. Picornaviruses, including Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), are sensitive to polyamine depletion both in vitro and in vivo; however, precisely how polyamine function in picornavirus infection has not been described. Here, we describe CVB3 mutants that arise with passage in polyamine-depleted conditions. We observe mutations in the 2A and 3C proteases, and we find that these mutant proteases confer resistance to polyamine depletion. Using a split luciferase reporter system to measure protease activity, we determined that polyamines facilitate viral protease activity. We further observe that the 2A and 3C protease mutations enhance reporter protease activity in polyamine-depleted conditions. Finally, we find that these mutations promote cleavage of cellular eIF4G during infection of polyamine-depleted cells. In sum, our results suggest that polyamines are crucial to protease function during picornavirus infection. Further, these data highlight viral proteases as potential antiviral targets and highlight how CVB3 may overcome polyamine-depleting antiviral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N Dial
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Patrick M Tate
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Thomas M Kicmal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
| | - Bryan C Mounce
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
- Infectious Disease and Immunology Research Institute, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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49
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Abstract
Very little is known about aquatic RNA virus populations and genome evolution. This is the first study that analyzes marine environmental RNA viral assemblages in an evolutionary and broad geographical context. This study contributes the largest marine RNA virus metagenomic data set to date, substantially increasing the sequencing space for RNA viruses and also providing a baseline for comparisons of marine RNA virus diversity. The new viruses discovered in this study are representative of the most abundant family of marine RNA viruses, the Marnaviridae, and expand our view of the diversity of this important group. Overall, our data and analyses provide a foundation for interpreting marine RNA virus diversity and evolution. RNA viruses, particularly genetically diverse members of the Picornavirales, are widespread and abundant in the ocean. Gene surveys suggest that there are spatial and temporal patterns in the composition of RNA virus assemblages, but data on their diversity and genetic variability in different oceanographic settings are limited. Here, we show that specific RNA virus genomes have widespread geographic distributions and that the dominant genotypes are under purifying selection. Genomes from three previously unknown picorna-like viruses (BC-1, -2, and -3) assembled from a coastal site in British Columbia, Canada, as well as marine RNA viruses JP-A, JP-B, and Heterosigma akashiwo RNA virus exhibited different biogeographical patterns. Thus, biotic factors such as host specificity and viral life cycle, and not just abiotic processes such as dispersal, affect marine RNA virus distribution. Sequence differences relative to reference genomes imply that virus quasispecies are under purifying selection, with synonymous single-nucleotide variations dominating in genomes from geographically distinct regions resulting in conservation of amino acid sequences. Conversely, sequences from coastal South Africa that mapped to marine RNA virus JP-A exhibited more nonsynonymous mutations, probably representing amino acid changes that accumulated over a longer separation. This biogeographical analysis of marine RNA viruses demonstrates that purifying selection is occurring across oceanographic provinces. These data add to the spectrum of known marine RNA virus genomes, show the importance of dispersal and purifying selection for these viruses, and indicate that closely related RNA viruses are pathogens of eukaryotic microbes across oceans. IMPORTANCE Very little is known about aquatic RNA virus populations and genome evolution. This is the first study that analyzes marine environmental RNA viral assemblages in an evolutionary and broad geographical context. This study contributes the largest marine RNA virus metagenomic data set to date, substantially increasing the sequencing space for RNA viruses and also providing a baseline for comparisons of marine RNA virus diversity. The new viruses discovered in this study are representative of the most abundant family of marine RNA viruses, the Marnaviridae, and expand our view of the diversity of this important group. Overall, our data and analyses provide a foundation for interpreting marine RNA virus diversity and evolution.
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50
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Mann KS, Chisholm J, Sanfaçon H. Strawberry Mottle Virus (Family Secoviridae, Order Picornavirales) Encodes a Novel Glutamic Protease To Process the RNA2 Polyprotein at Two Cleavage Sites. J Virol 2019; 93:e01679-18. [PMID: 30541838 PMCID: PMC6384087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01679-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV) belongs to the family Secoviridae (order Picornavirales) and has a bipartite genome with each RNA encoding one polyprotein. All characterized secovirids encode a single protease related to the picornavirus 3C protease. The SMoV 3C-like protease was previously shown to cut the RNA2 polyprotein (P2) at a single site between the predicted movement protein and coat protein (CP) domains. However, the SMoV P2 polyprotein includes an extended C-terminal region with a coding capacity of up to 70 kDa downstream of the presumed CP domain, an unusual characteristic for this family. In this study, we identified a novel cleavage event at a P↓AFP sequence immediately downstream of the CP domain. Following deletion of the PAFP sequence, the polyprotein was processed at or near a related PKFP sequence 40 kDa further downstream, defining two protein domains in the C-terminal region of the P2 polyprotein. Both processing events were dependent on a novel protease domain located between the two cleavage sites. Mutagenesis of amino acids that are conserved among isolates of SMoV and of the related Black raspberry necrosis virus did not identify essential cysteine, serine, or histidine residues, suggesting that the RNA2-encoded SMoV protease is not related to serine or cysteine proteases of other picorna-like viruses. Rather, two highly conserved glutamic acid residues spaced by 82 residues were found to be strictly required for protease activity. We conclude that the processing of SMoV polyproteins requires two viral proteases, the RNA1-encoded 3C-like protease and a novel glutamic protease encoded by RNA2.IMPORTANCE Many viruses encode proteases to release mature proteins and intermediate polyproteins from viral polyproteins. Polyprotein processing allows regulation of the accumulation and activity of viral proteins. Many viral proteases also cleave host factors to facilitate virus infection. Thus, viral proteases are key virulence factors. To date, viruses with a positive-strand RNA genome are only known to encode cysteine or serine proteases, most of which are related to the cellular papain, trypsin, or chymotrypsin proteases. Here, we characterize the first glutamic protease encoded by a plant virus or by a positive-strand RNA virus. The novel glutamic protease is unique to a few members of the family Secoviridae, suggesting that it is a recent acquisition in the evolution of this family. The protease does not resemble known cellular proteases. Rather, it is predicted to share structural similarities with a family of fungal and bacterial glutamic proteases that adopt a lectin fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krin S Mann
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joan Chisholm
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hélène Sanfaçon
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland Research and Development Centre, Summerland, British Columbia, Canada
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