1
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Zhang RH, Chen GQ, Wang W, Wang YC, Zhang WL, Chen T, Xiong QQ, Zhao YL, Liao SG, Li YJ, Yan GY, Zhou M. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of indole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives as novel HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:9020-9031. [PMID: 38500630 PMCID: PMC10945512 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra08320a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrase plays an important role in the life cycle of HIV-1, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) can effectively impair the viral replication. However, drug resistance mutations have been confirmed to decrease the efficacy of INSTI during the antiviral therapy. Herein, indole-2-carboxylic acid (1) was found to inhibit the strand transfer of integrase, and the indole nucleus of compound 1 was observed to chelate with two Mg2+ ions within the active site of integrase. Through optimization of compound 1, a series of indole-2-carboxylic acid derivatives were designed and synthesized, and compound 17a was proved to markedly inhibit the effect of integrase, with IC50 value of 3.11 μM. Binding mode analysis of 17a demonstrated that the introduced C6 halogenated benzene ring could effectively bind with the viral DNA (dC20) through π-π stacking interaction. These results indicated that indole-2-carboxylic acid is a promising scaffold for the development of integrase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 P. R. China
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Guizhou Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guian New District Guizhou 550025 P. R. China
| | - Weilin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Collaborative Innovation of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University Chengdu 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Yu-Chan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guian New District Guizhou 550025 P. R. China
| | - Wen-Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guian New District Guizhou 550025 P. R. China
| | - Ting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guian New District Guizhou 550025 P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Xiong
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guian New District Guizhou 550025 P. R. China
| | - Yong-Long Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guian New District Guizhou 550025 P. R. China
| | - Shang-Gao Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guian New District Guizhou 550025 P. R. China
| | - Yong-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 P. R. China
| | - Guo-Yi Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University Xinxiang 453000 P. R. China
| | - Meng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550004 P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University Guian New District Guizhou 550025 P. R. China
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2
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Synthetic approaches for BF2-containing adducts of outstanding biological potential. A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2021.103528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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3
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Karimi N, Vahabpour Roudsari R, Azami Movahed M, Hajimahdi Z, Zarghi A. 4-(1-Benzyl-1 H-benzo[ d]imidazol-2-yl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic Acid Derivatives: Design, Synthesis and Anti-HIV-1 Activity. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2021; 20:408-417. [PMID: 34400969 PMCID: PMC8170749 DOI: 10.22037/ijpr.2020.114341.14803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still an incurable disease with increasing mortality rate. Despite the development of effective FDA-approved anti-HIV drugs, there are some problems due to the growing of resistant viral strands. Therefore, discovery of novel anti-HIV agents is so needed. Integrase, targeted in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), is a crucial enzyme in viral replication. In this study, new benzimidazolyl diketo acid derivatives were designed according to required features for inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase. Designed compounds were synthesized and evaluated for anti-HIV-1 effects. According to the cell-based biological assay’s results, most of the tested compounds demonstrated good anti-HIV-1 activity, ranging from 40-90 µM concentration with no severe cytotoxicity. The most potent compound was 13g with EC50 value of 40 µM and CC50 value of 550 µM. Docking analysis of compound 13g in integrase active site was in good agreement with well-known integrase inhibitors, proposing that anti-HIV-1 potency of compounds may be via integrase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Karimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouhollah Vahabpour Roudsari
- Department of Medical Lab Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Azami Movahed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Hajimahdi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Wadhwa P, Jain P, Jadhav HR. Design, Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of 4-Oxo-6-Substituted Phenyl- 2-Thioxo1,2,3,4-Tetrahydropyrimidine-5-Carbonitrile Derivatives as HIV Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201022193325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim::
To design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 4-oxo-6-substituted phenyl-2-
thioxo1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile derivatives as HIV integrase strand transfer
inhibitors.
Background::
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), a member of retroviridae family, is the
primary causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Three enzymes viz: integrase
(IN), reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease play important role in its replication cycle. HIV-1
integrase is responsible for the incorporation of viral DNA into human chromosomal DNA by catalyzing
two independent reactions, 3′-processing (3′-P) and strand transfer (ST), which are observed
as the “point of no-return” in HIV infection.
Objective::
To develop inhibitors against HIV integrase strand transfer step.
Methods::
Our previous results indicated that tetrahydro pyrimidine-5-carboxamide derivatives are
potent HIV-1 IN inhibitors (unpublished results from our laboratory). Taking clue from above studies
and our own experience, we hypothesized 4-oxo-6-substituted phenyl-2-thioxo1,2,3,4-
tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile analogues (14a to 14n) as inhibitors of HIV-1 Integrase strand
transfer. Prototype compound 14 can be viewed as hybrid structure having characteristics of dihydropyrimidine
derivatives 10-12 and tyrphostin 13.
Result::
A total of fourteen derivatives of 4-oxo-6-substituted phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-
5-carbonitrile (14a-14n) were synthesized and evaluated using HIV-1 Integrase Assay
Kit (Xpressbio Life Science Products, USA). The percentage inhibition of all compounds was investigated
at 10 μM concentration and IC50 value of few highly active compounds was studied. The
obtained results were validated by in silico molecular docking study using Glide (maestro version
9.3, Schrödinger suite) in extra precision (XP) mode.
Conclusion::
Fourteen 4-oxo-6-substituted phenyl-2-thioxo 1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carbonitrile
analogues were synthesized and evaluated for HIV-1 IN inhibitory activity. Three compounds 14a,
14e, and 14h exhibited significant percentage inhibition of HIV-1 IN. There was good in vitro - in
silico correlation. However, none of the derivative was active against HIV-1 and HIV-2 below their
cytotoxic concentration. It needs to be seen whether these compounds can be explored further for
their anti-HIV or cytotoxic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Wadhwa
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan,India
| | - Priti Jain
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan,India
| | - Hemant R. Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan,India
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5
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Mohan S, Elhassan Taha MM, Makeen HA, Alhazmi HA, Al Bratty M, Sultana S, Ahsan W, Najmi A, Khalid A. Bioactive Natural Antivirals: An Updated Review of the Available Plants and Isolated Molecules. Molecules 2020; 25:E4878. [PMID: 33105694 PMCID: PMC7659943 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections and associated diseases are responsible for a substantial number of mortality and public health problems around the world. Each year, infectious diseases kill 3.5 million people worldwide. The current pandemic caused by COVID-19 has become the greatest health hazard to people in their lifetime. There are many antiviral drugs and vaccines available against viruses, but they have many disadvantages, too. There are numerous side effects for conventional drugs, and active mutation also creates drug resistance against various viruses. This has led scientists to search herbs as a source for the discovery of more efficient new antivirals. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 65% of the world population is in the practice of using plants and herbs as part of treatment modality. Additionally, plants have an advantage in drug discovery based on their long-term use by humans, and a reduced toxicity and abundance of bioactive compounds can be expected as a result. In this review, we have highlighted the important viruses, their drug targets, and their replication cycle. We provide in-depth and insightful information about the most favorable plant extracts and their derived phytochemicals against viral targets. Our major conclusion is that plant extracts and their isolated pure compounds are essential sources for the current viral infections and useful for future challenges.
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MESH Headings
- Antiviral Agents/chemistry
- Antiviral Agents/classification
- Antiviral Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Betacoronavirus/drug effects
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Betacoronavirus/physiology
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/drug therapy
- Coronavirus Infections/pathology
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Drug Discovery
- HIV/drug effects
- HIV/pathogenicity
- HIV/physiology
- HIV Infections/drug therapy
- HIV Infections/pathology
- HIV Infections/virology
- Hepacivirus/drug effects
- Hepacivirus/pathogenicity
- Hepacivirus/physiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/virology
- Herpes Simplex/drug therapy
- Herpes Simplex/pathology
- Herpes Simplex/virology
- Humans
- Influenza, Human/drug therapy
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae/drug effects
- Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity
- Orthomyxoviridae/physiology
- Pandemics
- Phytochemicals/chemistry
- Phytochemicals/classification
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
- Plants, Medicinal
- Pneumonia, Viral/drug therapy
- Pneumonia, Viral/pathology
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Simplexvirus/drug effects
- Simplexvirus/pathogenicity
- Simplexvirus/physiology
- Virus Internalization/drug effects
- Virus Replication/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Manal Mohamed Elhassan Taha
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
| | - Hafiz A. Makeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hassan A. Alhazmi
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Mohammed Al Bratty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Shahnaz Sultana
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Waquar Ahsan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asim Najmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.B.); (W.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.E.T.); (H.A.A.); (A.K.)
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6
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Fichez J, Soulie C, Le Corre L, Sayon S, Priet S, Alvarez K, Delelis O, Gizzi P, Prestat G, Gravier-Pelletier C, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Busca P. Discovery, SAR study and ADME properties of methyl 4-amino-3-cyano-1-(2-benzyloxyphenyl)-1 H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate as an HIV-1 replication inhibitor. RSC Med Chem 2020; 11:577-582. [PMID: 33479659 PMCID: PMC7593888 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00025f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the antiviral activity of known pyrazole-based HIV inhibitors, we screened our in-house library of pyrazole-based compounds to evaluate their in cellulo activity against HIV-1 replication. Two hits with very similar structures appeared from single and multiple-round infection assays to be non-toxic and active in a dose-dependent manner. Chemical expansion of their series allowed an in-depth and consistent structure-activity-relationship study (SAR) to be built. Further ADME evaluation led to the selection of 4-amino-3-cyano-1-(2-benzyloxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylate with an advantageous pharmacokinetic profile. Finally, examination of its mode of action revealed that this compound does not belong to the three main classes of anti-HIV drugs, a feature of prime interest in the context of viral resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne Fichez
- LCBPT , UMR CNRS 8601 , Université de Paris , Paris , France .
| | - Cathia Soulie
- Laboratoire de Virologie-CERVI , UMR S 1136 , Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | | | - Sophie Sayon
- Laboratoire de Virologie-CERVI , UMR S 1136 , Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | - Stéphane Priet
- Aix-Marseille Univ , Laboratoire AFMB , UMR CNRS 7257 , Marseille , France
- UMR EPV , Université Aix-Marseille - IRD 190 - INSERM 1207 - EHESP , Marseille , France
| | - Karine Alvarez
- Aix-Marseille Univ , Laboratoire AFMB , UMR CNRS 7257 , Marseille , France
| | | | - Patrick Gizzi
- PCBIS , UMS CNRS 3286 , ESBS - Université de Strasbourg , Illkirch , France
| | | | | | - Anne-Geneviève Marcelin
- Laboratoire de Virologie-CERVI , UMR S 1136 , Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | - Vincent Calvez
- Laboratoire de Virologie-CERVI , UMR S 1136 , Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière - Sorbonne Université , Paris , France
| | - Patricia Busca
- LCBPT , UMR CNRS 8601 , Université de Paris , Paris , France .
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7
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Faridoon, Mnkandhla D, Isaacs M, Hoppe HC, Kaye PT. Synthesis and evaluation of substituted 4-arylimino-3-hydroxybutanoic acids as potential HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1067-1070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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8
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Zhang X, Jia R, Zhou J, Wang M, Yin Z, Cheng A. Capsid-Targeted Viral Inactivation: A Novel Tactic for Inhibiting Replication in Viral Infections. Viruses 2016; 8:E258. [PMID: 27657114 PMCID: PMC5035972 DOI: 10.3390/v8090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Capsid-targeted viral inactivation (CTVI), a conceptually powerful new antiviral strategy, is attracting increasing attention from researchers. Specifically, this strategy is based on fusion between the capsid protein of a virus and a crucial effector molecule, such as a nuclease (e.g., staphylococcal nuclease, Barrase, RNase HI), lipase, protease, or single-chain antibody (scAb). In general, capsid proteins have a major role in viral integration and assembly, and the effector molecule used in CTVI functions to degrade viral DNA/RNA or interfere with proper folding of viral key proteins, thereby affecting the infectivity of progeny viruses. Interestingly, such a capsid-enzyme fusion protein is incorporated into virions during packaging. CTVI is more efficient compared to other antiviral methods, and this approach is promising for antiviral prophylaxis and therapy. This review summarizes the mechanism and utility of CTVI and provides some successful applications of this strategy, with the ultimate goal of widely implementing CTVI in antiviral research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcui Zhang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Renyong Jia
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Jiakun Zhou
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Mingshu Wang
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Zhongqiong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Anchun Cheng
- Avian Disease Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine of Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan Province, China.
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9
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Kim OK, Nam DE, Jun W, Lee J. Effects of StandardizedEriobotrya japonicaExtract in LP-BM5 Murine Leukemia Viruses-Induced Murine Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Immunol Invest 2016; 45:148-60. [DOI: 10.3109/08820139.2015.1122614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Nair V, Okello M. Integrase Inhibitor Prodrugs: Approaches to Enhancing the Anti-HIV Activity of β-Diketo Acids. Molecules 2015; 20:12623-51. [PMID: 26184144 PMCID: PMC6332332 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200712623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV integrase, encoded at the 3'-end of the HIV pol gene, is essential for HIV replication. This enzyme catalyzes the incorporation of HIV DNA into human DNA, which represents the point of "no-return" in HIV infection. Integrase is a significant target in anti-HIV drug discovery. This review article focuses largely on the design of integrase inhibitors that are β-diketo acids constructed on pyridinone scaffolds. Methodologies for synthesis of these compounds are discussed. Integrase inhibition data for the strand transfer (ST) step are compared with in vitro anti-HIV data. The review also examines the issue of the lack of correlation between the ST enzymology data and anti-HIV assay results. Because this disconnect appeared to be a problem associated with permeability, prodrugs of these inhibitors were designed and synthesized. Prodrugs dramatically improved the anti-HIV activity data. For example, for compound, 96, the anti-HIV activity (EC50) improved from 500 nM for this diketo acid to 9 nM for its prodrug 116. In addition, there was excellent correlation between the IC50 and IC90 ST enzymology data for 96 (6 nM and 97 nM, respectively) and the EC50 and EC90 anti-HIV data for its prodrug 116 (9 nM and 94 nM, respectively). Finally, it was confirmed that the prodrug 116 was rapidly hydrolyzed in cells to the active compound 96.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maurice Okello
- Center for Drug Discovery and College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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11
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Patel RV, Park SW. Pyrroloaryls and pyrroloheteroaryls: Inhibitors of the HIV fusion/attachment, reverse transcriptase and integrase. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:5247-63. [PMID: 26116177 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds execute a very important role in drug design and discovery. This article provides the basic milestones of the research for pyrroloaryl and pyrroloheteroaryl based components targeting HIV viral replication cycle. Anti-HIV activity is elaborated for several classes of pyrrolo-compounds as pyrrolopyridines, pyrrolopyrimidines, pyrrolopyridazines, pyrrolobenzodiazepinones, pyrrolobenzothiazepines, pyrrolobenzoxazepinones, pyrrolophenanthridines, pyrroloquinoxalines, pyrrolotriazines, pyrroloquinolines, pyrrolopyrazinones, pyrrolothiatriazines, arylthiopyrroles and pyrrolopyrazolones targeting two essential HIV enzymes, reverse transcriptase and integrase as well as attachment/fusion of HIV virons to the host CD-4 cell. Such attempts were resulted in a discovery of highly potent anti-HIV agents suitable for clinical trials, for example, BMS-378806, BMS-585248, BMS-626529, BMS-663068, BMS-488043 and BMS-663749, etc. as anti-HIV attachment agents, triciribine, QX432, BI-1 and BI-2 as HIV RT inhibitors which are in preclinical or clinical development. Mechanism of action of compounds presented in this article towards the suppression of HIV attachment/fusion as well as against the activities of HIV enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase has been discussed. Relationships of new compounds' molecular framework and HIV viral target has been overviewed in order to facilitate further construction of promising anti-HIV agents in future drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul V Patel
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Se Won Park
- Organic Research Laboratory, Department of Bioresources and Food Science, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143 701, South Korea
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12
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Nair V, Okello MO, Mangu NK, Seo BI, Gund MG. A novel molecule with notable activity against multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1269-73. [PMID: 25677656 PMCID: PMC4348211 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is emerging as a serious global health problem, which has been elevated through co-infection involving HIV and MDR-Mtb. The discovery of new compounds with anti-MDR TB efficacy and favorable metabolism profiles is an important scientific challenge. Using computational biology and ligand docking data, we have conceived a multifunctional molecule, 2, as a potential anti-MDR TB agent. This compound was produced through a multi-step synthesis. It exhibited significant in vitro activity against MDR-TB (MIC 1.56μg/mL) and its half-life (t1/2) in human liver microsomes was 14.4h. The metabolic profiles of compound 2 with respect to human cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isozymes were favorable. Compound 2 also had relatively low in vitro cytotoxicity in uninfected macrophages. It displayed synergistic behavior against MDR-TB in combination with PA-824. Interestingly, compound 2 also displayed in vitro anti-HIV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- UGA Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, R.C. Wilson Pharmacy, Room 320A, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maurice O Okello
- UGA Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, R.C. Wilson Pharmacy, Room 320A, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Naveen K Mangu
- UGA Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, R.C. Wilson Pharmacy, Room 320A, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Byung I Seo
- UGA Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, R.C. Wilson Pharmacy, Room 320A, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Machhindra G Gund
- UGA Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, R.C. Wilson Pharmacy, Room 320A, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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13
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Nair V, Okello M, Mishra S, Mirsalis J, O'Loughlin K, Zhong Y. Pharmacokinetics and dose-range finding toxicity of a novel anti-HIV active integrase inhibitor. Antiviral Res 2014; 108:25-9. [PMID: 24821255 PMCID: PMC4101043 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Integration of viral DNA into human chromosomal DNA catalyzed by HIV integrase represents the "point of no return" in HIV infection. For this reason, HIV integrase is considered a crucial target in the development of new anti-HIV therapeutic agents. We have discovered a novel HIV integrase inhibitor 1, that exhibits potent antiviral activity and a favorable metabolism profile. This paper reports on the pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetics of compound 1 and the relevance of these findings with respect to further development of this integrase-targeted antiviral agent. Oral administration of compound 1 in Sprague Dawley rats revealed rapid absorption. Drug exposure increased with increasing drug concentration, indicative of appropriate dose-dependence correlation. Compound 1 exhibited suitable plasma half-life, extensive extravascular distribution and acceptable bioavailability. Toxicity studies revealed no compound-related clinical pathology findings. There were no changes in erythropoietic, white blood cell or platelet parameters in male and female rats. There was no test-article related change in other clinical chemistry parameters. In addition, there were no detectable levels of bilirubin in the urine and there were no treatment-related effects on urobilinogen or other urinalysis parameters. The preclinical studies also revealed that the no observed adverse effect level and the maximum tolerated dose were both high (>500mg/kg/day). The broad and significant antiviral activity and favorable metabolism profile of this integrase inhibitor, when combined with the in vivo pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic data and their pharmacological relevance, provide compelling and critical support for its further development as an anti-HIV therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasu Nair
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Maurice Okello
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jon Mirsalis
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | - Yu Zhong
- Biosciences Division, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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14
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Zhang X, Cao R, Liu R, Zhao R, Huang Y, Gurley EC, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Wang G, Zhang L, Li X, Zhou H. Reduction of the HIV protease inhibitor-induced ER stress and inflammatory response by raltegravir in macrophages. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90856. [PMID: 24625618 PMCID: PMC3953206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV protease inhibitor (PI), the core component of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) for HIV infection, has been implicated in HAART-associated cardiovascular complications. Our previous studies have demonstrated that activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is linked to HIV PI-induced inflammation and foam cell formation in macrophages. Raltegravir is a first-in-its-class HIV integrase inhibitor, the newest class of anti-HIV agents. We have recently reported that raltegravir has less hepatic toxicity and could prevent HIV PI-induced dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by inhibiting ER stress. However, little information is available as to whether raltegravir would also prevent HIV PI-induced inflammatory response and foam cell formation in macrophages. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we examined the effect of raltegravir on ER stress activation and lipid accumulation in cultured mouse macrophages (J774A.1), primary mouse macrophages, and human THP-1-derived macrophages, and further determined whether the combination of raltegravir with existing HIV PIs would potentially exacerbate or prevent the previously observed activation of inflammatory response and foam cell formation. The results indicated that raltegravir did not induce ER stress and inflammatory response in macrophages. Even more interestingly, HIV PI-induced ER stress, oxidative stress, inflammatory response and foam cell formation were significantly reduced by raltegravir. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis further demonstrated that raltegravir did not affect the uptake of HIV PIs in macrophages. CONCLUSION AND SIGNIFICANCE Raltegravir could prevent HIV PI-induced inflammatory response and foam cell formation by inhibiting ER stress. These results suggest that incorporation of this HIV integrase inhibitor may reduce the cardiovascular complications associated with current HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Risheng Cao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Runping Liu
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Renping Zhao
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Yi Huang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R.China
| | - Emily C. Gurley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William M. Pandak
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Guangji Wang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
- * E-mail: (GW); (HZ)
| | - Luyong Zhang
- Center of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, P.R.China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R.China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R.China
- Department of Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (GW); (HZ)
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15
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Yu S, Wang P, Li Y, Liu Y, Zhao G. Docking-based CoMFA and CoMSIA study of azaindole carboxylic acid derivatives as promising HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2013; 24:819-839. [PMID: 23988186 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2013.820792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies were performed based on a series of azaindole carboxylic acid derivatives that had previously been reported as promising HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Docking studies to explore the binding mode were performed based on the highly active molecule 36. The best docked conformation of molecule 36 was used as template for alignment. The comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) model (including steric and electrostatic fields) yielded the cross validation q (2) = 0.655, non-cross validation r (2) = 0.989 and predictive r (2) pred = 0.979. The best comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) model (including steric, electrostatic, hydrophobic and hydrogen-bond acceptor fields) yielded the cross validation q (2) = 0.719, non-cross validation r (2) = 0.992 and predictive r (2) pred = 0.953. A series of new azaindole carboxylic acid derivatives were designed and the HIV-1 integrase inhibitory activities of these designed compounds were predicted based on the CoMFA and CoMSIA models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Yu
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Shandong University , Shandong , China
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16
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Okello MO, Mishra S, Nishonov M, Mankowski MK, Russell JD, Wei J, Hogan PA, Ptak RG, Nair V. A novel anti-HIV active integrase inhibitor with a favorable in vitro cytochrome P450 and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase metabolism profile. Antiviral Res 2013; 98:365-72. [PMID: 23602851 PMCID: PMC3677213 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Research efforts on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase have resulted in two approved drugs. However, co-infection of HIV with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other microbial and viral agents has introduced added complications to this pandemic, requiring favorable drug-drug interaction profiles for antiviral therapeutics targeting HIV. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) are pivotal determining factors in the occurrence of adverse drug-drug interactions. For this reason, it is important that anti-HIV agents, such as integrase inhibitors, possess favorable profiles with respect to CYP and UGT. We have discovered a novel HIV integrase inhibitor (compound 1) that exhibits low nM antiviral activity against a diverse set of HIV-1 isolates, and against HIV-2 and the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Compound 1 displays low in vitro cytotoxicity and its resistance and related drug susceptibility profiles are favorable. Data from in vitro studies revealed that compound 1 was not a substrate for UGT isoforms and that it was not an inhibitor or activator of key CYP isozymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice O. Okello
- The Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- The Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Malik Nishonov
- The Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Marie K. Mankowski
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Julie D. Russell
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Jiayi Wei
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Priscilla A. Hogan
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Roger G. Ptak
- Infectious Disease Research Department, Southern Research Institute, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Vasu Nair
- The Center for Drug Discovery and the College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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17
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Okello M, Mishra S, Nishonov M, Nair V. Notable difference in anti-HIV activity of integrase inhibitors as a consequence of geometric and enantiomeric configurations. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:4112-6. [PMID: 23746474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
While some examples are known of integrase inhibitors that exhibit potent anti-HIV activity, there are very few cases reported of integrase inhibitors that show significant differences in anti-HIV activity that result from distinctions in cis- and trans-configurations as well as enantiomeric stereostructure. We describe here the design and synthesis of two enantiomeric trans-hydroxycyclopentyl carboxamides which exhibit notable difference in anti-HIV activity. This difference is explained through their binding interactions within the active site of the HIV-1 integrase intasome. The more active enantiomer 3 (EC50 25nM) was relatively stable in human liver microsomes. Kinetic data revealed that its impact on key cytochrome P450 isozymes, as either an inhibitor or an activator, was minor, suggesting a favorable CYP profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Okello
- UGA Center for Drug Discovery, the College of Pharmacy, R.C. Wilson Pharmacy Bldg., Room 320, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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18
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Bacsa J, Okello M, Singh P, Nair V. Solid-state tautomeric structure and invariom refinement of a novel and potent HIV integrase inhibitor. Acta Crystallogr C 2013; 69:285-8. [PMID: 23459357 DOI: 10.1107/s0108270113003806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conformation and tautomeric structure of (Z)-4-[5-(2,6-difluorobenzyl)-1-(2-fluorobenzyl)-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridin-3-yl]-4-hydroxy-2-oxo-N-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)but-3-enamide, C27H22F3N3O5, in the solid state has been resolved by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The electron distribution in the molecule was evaluated by refinements with invarioms, aspherical scattering factors by the method of Dittrich et al. [Acta Cryst. (2005), A61, 314-320] that are based on the Hansen-Coppens multipole model [Hansen & Coppens (1978). Acta Cryst. A34, 909-921]. The β-diketo portion of the molecule exists in the enol form. The enol -OH hydrogen forms a strong asymmetric hydrogen bond with the carbonyl O atom on the β-C atom of the chain. Weak intramolecular hydrogen bonds exist between the weakly acidic α-CH hydrogen of the keto-enol group and the pyridinone carbonyl O atom, and also between the hydrazine N-H group and the carbonyl group in the β-position from the hydrazine N-H group. The electrostatic properties of the molecule were derived from the molecular charge density. The molecule is in a lengthened conformation and the rings of the two benzyl groups are nearly orthogonal. Results from a high-field (1)H and (13)C NMR correlation spectroscopy study confirm that the same tautomer exists in solution as in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Bacsa
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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19
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Carcelli M, Bacchi A, Pelagatti P, Rispoli G, Rogolino D, Sanchez TW, Sechi M, Neamati N. Ruthenium arene complexes as HIV-1 integrase strand transfer inhibitors. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 118:74-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2012.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Design, synthesis and antiviral activity of novel pyridazines. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Design, synthesis and antiviral activity of novel quinazolinones. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 53:275-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Nakamura K, Ohtsuki T, Mori H, Hoshino H, Hoque A, Oue A, Kano F, Sakagami H, Tanamoto KI, Ushijima H, Kawasaki N, Akiyama H, Ogawa H. Novel anti-HIV-1 activity produced by conjugating unsulfated dextran with polyl-lysine. Antiviral Res 2012; 94:89-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Seo BI, Uchil VR, Okello M, Mishra S, Ma XH, Nishonov M, Shu Q, Chi G, Nair V. Discovery of a Potent HIV Integrase Inhibitor that Leads to a Prodrug with Significant anti-HIV Activity. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011; 2:877-881. [PMID: 22328963 DOI: 10.1021/ml2001246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Worldwide research efforts in drug discovery involving HIV integrase have produced only one compound, raltegravir, that has been approved for clinical use in HIV/AIDS. As resistance, toxicity and drug-drug interactions are recurring issues with all classes of anti-HIV drugs, the discovery of novel integrase inhibitors remains a significant scientific challenge. We have designed a lead HIV-1 strand transfer (ST) inhibitor (IC(50) 70 nM), strategically assembled on a pyridinone scaffold. A focused structure-activity investigation of this parent compound led to a significantly more potent ST inhibitor, 2 (IC(50) 6 ± 3 nM). Compound 2 exhibits good stability in pooled human liver microsomes. It also displays a notably favorable profile with respect to key human cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes and human UDP glucuronosyl transferases (UGTs). The prodrug of inhibitor 2, i.e., compound 10, was found to possess remarkable anti-HIV-1 activity in cell culture (EC(50) 9 ± 4 nM, CC(50) 135 ± 7 μM, therapeutic index = 15,000).
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung I. Seo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Vinod R. Uchil
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Maurice Okello
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Sanjay Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xiao-Hui Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Malik Nishonov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Qingning Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Guochen Chi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Vasu Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences
and the Center for Drug Discovery, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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24
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Abstract
The current anti-HIV treatments fail to completely eradicate the virus in HIV-infected individuals, mainly as a result of a small pool of latently infected cells. This issue, together with the emergence of multidrug-resistant viruses, clearly highlights the need to find additional strategies. An overview of the Tat-mediated transcription inhibitors 6-desfluoroquinolones (6-DFQs), identified by our group, is given in this review along with a critical appraisal of their advantages and drawbacks. Attempts are also made to place them within the context of new potential anti-HIV therapeutics. Due to their innovative mechanism of action, the 6-DFQs could be interesting candidates for use in association with the currently used cocktail of drugs. Their potential as antivirals deserves further investigation.
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25
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Park AY, Kim WH, Kang JA, Lee HJ, Lee CK, Moon HR. Synthesis of enantiomerically pure D- and L-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl carbanucleosides and their antiviral evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3945-55. [PMID: 21658957 PMCID: PMC7126181 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Based upon the fact that L-nucleosides have been generally known to be less cytotoxic than D-counterparts, L-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenyl carbanucleoside derivatives with a fixed north conformation were designed and synthesized by employing a novel synthetic strategy starting from (R)-epichlorohydrin in order to search for new anti-HIV agents with high potency and less cytotoxicity. A tandem alkylation, γ-lactonization, a chemoselective reduction of ester in the presence of γ-lactone functional group, a RCM reaction, and a Mitsunobu coupling reaction were used as key reactions. D-Counterpart nucleosides were also prepared according to the same synthetic method. Among the synthesized carbanucleosides, D-thymine nucleoside, D-2 and L-thymine nucleoside, L-2 exhibited excellent anti-HIV-1 and -2 activities, in MT-4 cells, which were higher than those of ddI, an anti-AIDS drug. Whereas D-2 exhibited high cytotoxicity in MT-4 cell lines, L-2 did not show any discernible cytotoxicity in all cell lines tested, reflecting that L-2 may be a good candidate for an anti-AIDS drug. L-2 also showed weak anti-HSV-2 activity without cytotoxicity. However, none of the synthesized nucleosides exhibited antiviral activities against RNA viruses including coxsakie, influenza, corona and polio viruses, maybe due to their 2',3'-dideoxy structure. Potent antiviral effects of D-2 and L-2 indicate that nucleosides belonging to a class of D4Ns can be an excellent candidate for anti-DNA virus agents. This research strongly supports L-nucleosides of a class of D4Ns to be a very promising candidate for antiviral agents due to its low cytotoxicity and a good antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ah-Young Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Hee Kim
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ah Kang
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Pharmacology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon 305-600, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea
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26
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Fan X, Zhang FH, Al-Safi RI, Zeng LF, Shabaik Y, Debnath B, Sanchez TW, Odde S, Neamati N, Long YQ. Design of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors targeting the catalytic domain as well as its interaction with LEDGF/p75: a scaffold hopping approach using salicylate and catechol groups. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4935-52. [PMID: 21778063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) is a validated therapeutic target for antiviral drug design. However, the emergence of viral strains resistant to clinically studied IN inhibitors demands the discovery of novel inhibitors that are structurally as well mechanistically different. Herein, we describe the design and discovery of novel IN inhibitors targeting the catalytic domain as well as its interaction with LEDGF/p75, which is essential for the HIV-1 integration as an IN cofactor. By merging the pharmacophores of salicylate and catechol, the 2,3-dihydroxybenzamide (5a) was identified as a new scaffold to inhibit the strand transfer reaction efficiently. Further structural modifications on the 2,3-dihydroxybenzamide scaffold revealed that the heteroaromatic functionality attached on the carboxamide portion and the piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl substituted at the phenyl ring are beneficial for the activity, resulting in a low micromolar IN inhibitor (5p, IC(50)=5 μM) with more than 40-fold selectivity for the strand transfer over the 3'-processing reaction. More significantly, this active scaffold remarkably inhibited the interaction between IN and LEDGF/p75 cofactor. The prototype example, N-(cyclohexylmethyl)-2,3-dihydroxy-5-(piperidin-1-ylsulfonyl) benzamide (5u) inhibited the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction with an IC(50) value of 8 μM. Using molecular modeling, the mechanism of action was hypothesized to involve the chelation of the divalent metal ions inside the IN active site. Furthermore, the inhibitor of IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction was properly bound to the LEDGF/p75 binding site on IN. This work provides a new and efficient approach to evolve novel HIV-1 IN inhibitors from rational integration and optimization of previously reported inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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27
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Bacchi A, Carcelli M, Compari C, Fisicaro E, Pala N, Rispoli G, Rogolino D, Sanchez TW, Sechi M, Neamati N. HIV-1 IN Strand Transfer Chelating Inhibitors: A Focus on Metal Binding. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:507-19. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100343x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicolino Pala
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Tino W. Sanchez
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 304, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Mario Sechi
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tossicologico, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/A, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Nouri Neamati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, 1985 Zonal Avenue, PSC 304, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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28
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Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), relies heavily on protein-protein interactions in almost every step of its lifecycle. Targeting these interactions, especially those between virus and host proteins, is increasingly viewed as an ideal avenue for the design and development of new therapeutics. In this tutorial review, we outline the lifecycle of HIV and describe some of the protein-protein interactions that control and regulate each step of this process, also detailing efforts to develop therapies that target these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Tavassoli
- University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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29
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Menéndez-Arias L. Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome. Rev Med Virol 2010; 21:3-17. [PMID: 21294212 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer tissues and in the blood of individuals suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome has attracted considerable interest. However, the relevance and significance of XMRV to human disease remain unclear, since the association has not been confirmed in other studies. XMRV is the first gammaretrovirus to be found in humans. XMRV and murine leukaemia viruses share similar structures and genomic organisation. Human restriction factors such as APOBEC3 or tetherin inhibit XMRV replication. Although XMRV induces low rates of transformation in cell culture, it might be able to induce cancer by low-frequency insertional activation of oncogenes or through the generation of highly active transforming viruses. A preference for regulatory regions of transcriptional active genes has been observed after a genomic-wide analysis of XMRV integration sites. Genes related to carcinogenesis and androgen signalling have been identified in the vicinity of integration sites. The XMRV genome contains a glucocorticoid responsive element, and androgens could modulate viral replication in the prostate. Evidence supporting the involvement of XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome is still very weak, and needs further confirmation and validation. Currently approved anti-retroviral drugs such as zidovudine, tenofovir and raltegravir are efficient inhibitors of XMRV replication in vitro. These drugs might be useful to treat XMRV infection in humans. The identification of XMRV has potentially serious health implications for the implementation of novel techniques including gene therapy or xenotransplantation, while raising concerns on the need for screening donated blood to prevent transmission through transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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30
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Cao R, Hu Y, Wang Y, Gurley EC, Studer EJ, Wang X, Hylemon PB, Pandak WM, Sanyal AJ, Zhang L, Zhou H. Prevention of HIV protease inhibitor-induced dysregulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by raltegravir via endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 334:530-9. [PMID: 20472667 PMCID: PMC2913777 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.168484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia associated with the HIV protease inhibitor (PI), the major component of highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) for HIV infection, has stimulated interest in developing new agents that minimize these side effects in the clinic. HIV integrase inhibitor is a new class of anti-HIV agents. Raltegravir is a first-in-its-class oral integrase inhibitor and has potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 strains that are resistant to other antiretroviral regimens. Our previous studies have demonstrated that HIV PI-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress links to dysregulation of lipid metabolism. However, little information is available as to whether raltegravir would have similar effects as the HIV PIs. In this study, we examined the effect of raltegravir on lipid metabolism both in primary rat hepatocytes and in in vivo mouse models, and we further determined whether the combination of raltegravir with existing HIV PIs would potentially exacerbate or prevent the previously observed development of dyslipidemia. The results indicated that raltegravir did not induce ER stress or disrupt lipid metabolism either in vitro or in vivo. However, HIV PI-induced ER stress and lipid accumulation were significantly inhibited by raltegravir both in in vitro primary rat hepatocytes and in in vivo mouse liver. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis further demonstrated that raltegravir did not affect the uptake and metabolism of HIV PIs in hepatocytes. Thus, raltegravir has less hepatic toxicity and could prevent HIV PI-induced dysregulation of lipid metabolism by inhibiting ER stress. These results suggest that incorporation of this HIV integrase inhibitor may reduce the side effects associated with current HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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31
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Design, synthesis and structure-activity studies of rhodanine derivatives as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Molecules 2010; 15:3958-92. [PMID: 20657419 PMCID: PMC6264390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15063958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Raltegravir was the first HIV-1 integrase inhibitor that gained FDA approval for use in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Because of the emergence of IN inhibitor-resistant viral strains, there is a need to identify innovative second-generation IN inhibitors. Previously, we identified 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone (rhodanine)-containing compounds as IN inhibitors. Herein, we report the design, synthesis and docking studies of a series of novel rhodanine derivatives as IN inhibitors. All these compounds were further tested against human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) to determine their selectivity. Two compounds showed significant cytotoxicity in a panel of human cancer cell lines. Taken together, our results show that rhodanines are a promising class of compounds for developing drugs with antiviral and anticancer properties.
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Adamson CS, Salzwedel K, Freed EO. Virus maturation as a new HIV-1 therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2010; 13:895-908. [PMID: 19534569 DOI: 10.1517/14728220903039714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel therapeutic targets against HIV-1 is a high research priority owing to the serious clinical consequences associated with acquisition of resistance to current antiretroviral drugs. The HIV-1 structural protein Gag represents a potential new therapeutic target as it plays a central role in virus particle production yet is not targeted by any of the antiretroviral drugs approved at present. The Gag polyprotein precursor multimerizes to form immature particles that bud from the infected cell. Concomitant with virus release, the Gag precursor undergoes proteolytic processing by the viral protease to generate the mature Gag proteins, which include capsid (CA). Once liberated from the Gag polyprotein precursor, CA molecules interact to reassemble into a condensed conical core, which organizes the viral RNA genome and several viral proteins to facilitate virus replication in the next round of infection. Correct Gag proteolytic processing and core assembly are therefore essential for virus infectivity. In this review, we discuss new strategies to inhibit maturation by targeting proteolytic cleavage sites in Gag or CA-CA interactions required for core formation. The identification and development of lead maturation inhibitors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Adamson
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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33
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Massari S, Daelemans D, Barreca ML, Knezevich A, Sabatini S, Cecchetti V, Marcello A, Pannecouque C, Tabarrini O. A 1,8-naphthyridone derivative targets the HIV-1 Tat-mediated transcription and potently inhibits the HIV-1 replication. J Med Chem 2010; 53:641-8. [PMID: 19958026 DOI: 10.1021/jm901211d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant HIV-1 strains and the inability of the HAART to eradicate HIV-1 virus from infected patients demand new drugs able to interfere with an alternative step of the replicative cycle. The naphthyridone 3 (HM13N), described in the present study, is a promising anti-HIV agent due to its ability to inhibit the HIV-1 Tat-mediated transcription and the potent antiviral activity observed in acutely, chronically, and latently infected cells. The absence of any tendency to select for resistance mutations in vitro adds to the potential clinical value of this type of compounds, especially as these compounds are drug-like and obey the Lipinski rules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Massari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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34
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Marchand C, Maddali K, Métifiot M, Pommier Y. HIV-1 IN inhibitors: 2010 update and perspectives. Curr Top Med Chem 2010; 9:1016-37. [PMID: 19747122 DOI: 10.2174/156802609789630910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Integrase (IN) is the newest validated target against AIDS and retroviral infections. The remarkable activity of raltegravir (Isentress((R))) led to its rapid approval by the FDA in 2007 as the first IN inhibitor. Several other IN strand transfer inhibitors (STIs) are in development with the primary goal to overcome resistance due to the rapid occurrence of IN mutations in raltegravir-treated patients. Thus, many scientists and drug companies are actively pursuing clinically useful IN inhibitors. The objective of this review is to provide an update on the IN inhibitors reported in the last two years, including second generation STI, recently developed hydroxylated aromatics, natural products, peptide, antibody and oligonucleotide inhibitors. Additionally, the targeting of IN cofactors such as LEDGF and Vpr will be discussed as novel strategies for the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Marchand
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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35
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Pendri A, Troyer TL, Sofia MJ, Walker MA, Naidu BN, Banville J, Meanwell NA, Dicker I, Lin Z, Krystal M, Gerritz SW. Solid Phase Synthesis of Novel Pyrrolidinedione Analogs as Potent HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 12:84-90. [DOI: 10.1021/cc9001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annapurna Pendri
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Timothy L. Troyer
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Michael J. Sofia
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Michael A. Walker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - B. Narasimhulu Naidu
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Jacques Banville
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Nicholas A. Meanwell
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Ira Dicker
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Mark Krystal
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Samuel W. Gerritz
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
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36
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Aubert Y, Chassignol M, Roig V, Mbemba G, Weiss J, Meudal H, Mouscadet JF, Asseline U. Synthesis and anti-HIV-1 integrase activity of modified dinucleotides. Eur J Med Chem 2009; 44:5029-44. [PMID: 19796851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2009.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of thirty-eight new modified dinucleotides and dinucleotide conjugate analogues of d-(5')ApC(3') is described. The inhibitory activity of these compounds toward HIV-1 integrase was examined in enzymatic assays using the natural dinucleotide as a reference. Among the compounds, a perylene-dinucleotide conjugate has shown a two micromolar anti-integrase activity due to the presence of both the intercalator and the dinucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Aubert
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire CNRS UPR 4301, affiliated with the University of Orléans and with INSERM Rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02, France
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37
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LUO Z, ZENG C, YANG D, HUANG Y, WANG F, DU H, HU L. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of Dipeptide Derivatives. CHINESE J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.200990223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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38
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Jaskolski M, Alexandratos JN, Bujacz G, Wlodawer A. Piecing together the structure of retroviral integrase, an important target in AIDS therapy. FEBS J 2009; 276:2926-46. [PMID: 19490099 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Integrase (IN) is one of only three enzymes encoded in the genomes of all retroviruses, and is the one least characterized in structural terms. IN catalyzes processing of the ends of a DNA copy of the retroviral genome and its concerted insertion into the chromosome of the host cell. The protein consists of three domains, the central catalytic core domain flanked by the N-terminal and C-terminal domains, the latter being involved in DNA binding. Although the Protein Data Bank contains a number of NMR structures of the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of HIV-1 and HIV-2, simian immunodeficiency virus and avian sarcoma virus IN, as well as X-ray structures of the core domain of HIV-1, avian sarcoma virus and foamy virus IN, plus several models of two-domain constructs, no structure of the complete molecule of retroviral IN has been solved to date. Although no experimental structures of IN complexed with the DNA substrates are at hand, the catalytic mechanism of IN is well understood by analogy with other nucleotidyl transferases, and a variety of models of the oligomeric integration complexes have been proposed. In this review, we present the current state of knowledge resulting from structural studies of IN from several retroviruses. We also attempt to reconcile the differences between the reported structures, and discuss the relationship between the structure and function of this enzyme, which is an important, although so far rather poorly exploited, target for designing drugs against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Jaskolski
- Department of Crystallography, Faculty of Chemistry, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
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39
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Ramkumar K, Tambov KV, Gundla R, Manaev AV, Manaev AV, Yarovenko V, Traven VF, Neamati N. Discovery of 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyranone derivatives and their difluoridoborate complexes as a novel class of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:8988-98. [PMID: 18805696 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2008] [Revised: 08/15/2008] [Accepted: 08/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 integrase (IN) has emerged as an important therapeutic target for anti-HIV drug development. Its uniqueness to the virus and its critical role in the viral life cycle makes IN suitable for selective inhibition. The recent approval of Raltegravir (MK-0518) has created a surge in interest and great optimism in the field. In our ongoing IN drug design research, we herein report the discovery of substituted analogs of 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-2-pyranones and their difluoridoborate complexes as novel IN inhibitors. In many of these compounds, complexation with boron difluoride increased the potency and selectivity of IN inhibition. Compound 9 was most active with an IC(50) value of 9 microM and 3 microM for 3'-processing and strand transfer inhibition, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavya Ramkumar
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, School of Pharmacy, Room 304, 1985 Zonal Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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40
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Al-Mawsawi LQ, Al-Safi RI, Neamati N. Anti-infectives: clinical progress of HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2008; 13:213-25. [PMID: 18537517 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.13.2.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 integrase (IN) represents a therapeutically advantageous viral target to treat HIV/AIDS in the clinic. Over a decade of progress in the field has resulted in IN inhibitor chemical classes that display specificity for strand transfer catalysis of the enzyme, thus blocking viral DNA integration into host cell nuclear DNA, an essential step for viral infectivity. OBJECTIVE In this manuscript we provide an update on recent HIV-1 IN inhibitors that have been clinically evaluated, which include MK-0518, MK-2048, GS-9137, GS-9160, GS-9224, GSK-364735, and BMS-707035. The information presented here can aid in the IN drug developmental process. METHODS We have limited the scope of this review to information available on the clinical evaluation of promising strand transfer-specific IN inhibitors and their potential drug-drug interaction profiles with other antiretroviral agents. RESULTS/CONCLUSION The development of strand transfer-specific inhibitor classes is an important achievement for the IN drug design and development field. However, continued drug development is needed given that the ability of HIV to replicate under therapeutic pressure will undoubtedly lead to the emergence of IN drug-resistant viral strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laith Q Al-Mawsawi
- University of Southern California, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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41
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Zeng LF, Jiang XH, Sanchez T, Zhang HS, Dayam R, Neamati N, Long YQ. Novel dimeric aryldiketo containing inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase: effects of the phenyl substituent and the linker orientation. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7777-87. [PMID: 18644730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2008] [Revised: 06/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aryl diketoacids (ADK) and their bioisosteres are among the most promising HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors. Previously, we designed a series of ADK dimers as a new class of IN inhibitors that were hypothesized to target two divalent metal ions on the active site of IN. Herein we present a further structure-activity relationship (SAR) study with respect to the substituent effect of the ADK and the dimerization with conformationally constrained linkers such as piperazine, 4-amino-piperidine, piperidin-4-ol, and trans-cyclohexan-1,4-diamine. The substituents on the phenyl ring as well as the spatial orientation of the two diketo units were observed to play important roles in the IN inhibitory potency. The hydrophobic group was an optimal substitution at the 3-position of the aryl ring. The piperazine and 4-amino-piperidine linkers brought about the most potent analogs among the hydrophobic group or halogen substituted ADK dimers. The docking studies suggested that the bulky hydrophobic substitution at 3-phenyl ring and the linker of 4-amino-piperidine were beneficial for adopting an active conformation to achieve strong interactions with the active site Mg(2+) and the key residue E152 within the catalytic core domain. This study is a significant extension of our previous report on the dimeric ADK-containing IN inhibitors, providing a new promising template for further lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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42
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Adamson CS, Freed EO. Recent progress in antiretrovirals--lessons from resistance. Drug Discov Today 2008; 13:424-32. [PMID: 18468560 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent failures in efforts to develop an effective vaccine against HIV-1 infection have emphasized the importance of antiretroviral therapy in treating HIV-1-infected patients. Thus far, inhibitors of two viral enzymes, reverse transcriptase and protease, have had a profoundly positive impact on the survival of HIV-1-infected patients. However, new inhibitors that act at diverse steps in the viral replication cycle are urgently needed because of the development of resistance to currently available antiretrovirals. This review summarizes recent progress in antiretroviral drug discovery and development by specifically focusing on novel inhibitors of three phases of replication: viral entry, integration of the viral DNA into the host cell genome and virus particle maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Adamson
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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43
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Wu W, Kehn-Hall K, Pedati C, Zweier L, Castro I, Klase Z, Dowd CS, Dubrovsky L, Bukrinsky M, Kashanchi F. Drug 9AA reactivates p21/Waf1 and Inhibits HIV-1 progeny formation. Virol J 2008; 5:41. [PMID: 18348731 PMCID: PMC2315641 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been demonstrated that the p53 pathway plays an important role in HIV-1 infection. Previous work from our lab has established a model demonstrating how p53 could become inactivated in HIV-1 infected cells through binding to Tat. Subsequently, p53 was inactivated and lost its ability to transactivate its downstream target gene p21/waf1. P21/waf1 is a well-known cdk inhibitor (CKI) that can lead to cell cycle arrest upon DNA damage. Most recently, the p21/waf1 function was further investigated as a molecular barrier for HIV-1 infection of stem cells. Therefore, we reason that the restoration of the p53 and p21/waf1 pathways could be a possible theraputical arsenal for combating HIV-1 infection. In this current study, we show that a small chemical molecule, 9-aminoacridine (9AA) at low concentrations, could efficiently reactivate p53 pathway and thereby restoring the p21/waf1 function. Further, we show that the 9AA could significantly inhibit virus replication in activated PBMCs, likely through a mechanism of inhibiting the viral replication machinery. A mechanism study reveals that the phosphorylated p53ser15 may be dissociated from binding to HIV-1 Tat protein, thereby activating the p21/waf1 gene. Finally, we also show that the 9AA-activated p21/waf1 is recruited to HIV-1 preintegration complex, through a mechanism yet to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Wu
- The George Washington University Medical Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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44
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Mutations associated with failure of raltegravir treatment affect integrase sensitivity to the inhibitor in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008; 52:1351-8. [PMID: 18227187 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01228-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Raltegravir (MK-0518) is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) integrase and is clinically effective against viruses resistant to other classes of antiretroviral agents. However, it can select mutations in the HIV integrase gene. Nine heavily pretreated patients who received salvage therapy including raltegravir and who subsequently developed virological failure under raltegravir therapy were studied. For each patient, the sequences of the integrase-coding region were determined and compared to that at the beginning of the treatment. Four different mutation profiles were identified in these nine patients: E92Q, G140S Q148H, N155H, and E157Q mutations. For four patients, each harboring a different profile, the wild-type and mutated integrases were produced, purified, and assayed in vitro. All the mutations identified altered the activities of integrase protein: both 3' processing and strand transfer activities were moderately affected in the E92Q mutant; strand transfer was markedly impaired in the N155H mutant; both activities were strongly impaired in the G140S Q148H mutant; and the E157Q mutant was almost completely inactive. The sensitivities of wild-type and mutant integrases to raltegravir were compared. The E92Q and G140S Q148H profiles were each associated with a 7- to 8-fold decrease in sensitivity, and the N155H mutant was more than 14-fold less sensitive to raltegravir. At least four genetic profiles (E92Q, G140S Q148H, N155H, and E157Q) can be associated with in vivo treatment failure and resistance to raltegravir. These mutations led to strong impairment of enzymes in vitro in the absence of raltegravir: strand transfer activity was affected, and in some cases 3' processing was also impaired.
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45
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Al-Mawsawi LQ, Dayam R, Taheri L, Witvrouw M, Debyser Z, Neamati N. Discovery of novel non-cytotoxic salicylhydrazide containing HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:6472-5. [PMID: 17950601 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laith Q Al-Mawsawi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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46
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Uchil V, Seo B, Nair V. A novel strategy to assemble the beta-diketo acid pharmacophore of HIV integrase inhibitors on purine nucleobase scaffolds. J Org Chem 2007; 72:8577-9. [PMID: 17918897 PMCID: PMC2518961 DOI: 10.1021/jo701336r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Claisen condensation, the key step in constructing the pharmacophore of aryl beta-diketo acids (DKA) as integrase inhibitors, fails in certain cases of highly electron-deficient heterocycles such as purines. A general synthetic strategy to assemble the DKA motif on the purine scaffold has been accomplished. The synthetic sequence entails a palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling, a C-acylation involving a tandem addition/elimination reaction, and a novel ferric ion-catalyzed selective hydrolysis of an enolic ether in the presence of a carboxylic acid ester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Uchil
- The Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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