1
|
Su J, Desmarais J, Chu CQ, Zhu J. Potential therapeutic targets of fibrosis in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2024; 38:101945. [PMID: 38627168 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2024.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024]
Abstract
Fibrosis is commonly associated with chronic rheumatic diseases, and causes substantial morbidity and mortality. Treatment of fibrosis is extremely challenging but is badly needed, as approved antifibrotic therapies fibrosis do not halt its progression, which will be discussed with a focus on pulmonary fibrosis. Findings from recent studies indicate several therapeutic targets for treating fibrosis. Interleukin-11 is emerging as a fibrogenic cytokine whose activity can be blocked with neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is highly expressed by activated fibroblasts in inflammatory and fibrotic tissues. Targeting FAP with different modalities has been extensively explored as adjunct treatment for cancer, which can also apply to treating fibrosis in rheumatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Su
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Julianna Desmarais
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Cong-Qiu Chu
- Division of Arthritis and Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA; Rheumatology Section, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zuo D, Zheng Q, Xiao M, Wang X, Chen H, Xu J, Zhang Q, Xiong Y, Ye L, Feng Z. Anti-apoptosis effect of recombinant human interleukin-11 in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic rats through activating the IL-11Rα/STAT3 signaling pathway. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:106923. [PMID: 36521373 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is one of the most common causes of death and disability in neonates. Apoptosis contributes to HI development. Interleukin-11(IL-11) has been shown to protect mice from cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. However, whether IL-11 exerts the anti-apoptotic effect on HI injury is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that recombinant human IL-11 (rhIL-11) prevented apoptosis of rat neonates with HI through activating IL-11Rα/STAT3 signaling. Sprague-Dawley rat pups on the 7th day after birth were used to establish an HI injury model. The expression levels of IL-11Rα and GP130 were increased first and then decreased after HI. In contrast, IL-11 expression was first decreased and then increased. Immunofluorescence staining showed that IL-11Rα was localized in neurons and oligodendrocytes. RhIL-11 treatment alleviated hippocampal and cortical damages, significantly reduced cerebral infarction volumes, cerebral edema, and loss of the Nissl body and nerve cells, and also ameliorated the outcomes of HI injury and long-term neurological deficits. In addition, rhIL-11 treatment upregulated the expressions levels of Bcl-2 and p-STAT3/STAT3, and downregulated the protein concentrations of the lytic protease, and cleaved-caspase-3. Furthermore, GP130 inhibitor and JAK1 inhibitor reversed the protective effects of rhIL-11. Overall, rhIL-11 showed an anti-apoptosis effect on the brain after HI injury. Our results indicated that rhIL-11 reduced neuronal apoptosis by activating the brain IL-11Rα/STAT3 pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zuo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Department of neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- The Pharmacy Department, People's Hospital of Nayong County, Nayong County, China
| | - Xiaoya Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huixin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Guizhou Vocational and Technical College of Nursing, Qiannan Prefecture, China
| | - Jianwei Xu
- Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Research, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- The Medical Function Laboratory of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Lan Ye
- The Medical Function Laboratory of Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Zhanhui Feng
- Department of neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Interleukin-11 (IL11) inhibits myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Cell Signal 2023; 101:110509. [PMID: 36328118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a multifactorial wasting syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle. Interleukin-11 (IL11), one of the IL6 family cytokines, is highly expressed in various types of cancer including cancers frequently associated with cachexia. However, the impact of IL11 on muscle metabolism remains to be determined. Since one of the mechanisms of muscle wasting in cachexia is defective muscle regeneration due to impaired myogenic differentiation, we examined the effect of IL11 on the differentiation of C2C12 mouse myoblasts. Treatment of C2C12 cells with recombinant mouse IL11 resulted in decreased myotube formation. In addition, IL11 treatment reduced the protein and mRNA levels of myosin heavy chain (MHC), a marker of myogenic differentiation. Moreover, the levels of myogenic regulatory factors including myogenin and Mrf4 were significantly reduced by IL11 treatment. IL11 treatment increased the number of BrdU-positive cells and the level of phosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, while the levels of p21Waf1 and p27Kip1 were reduced by IL11 treatment in differentiating C2C12 cells, suggesting that IL11 interferes with cell cycle exit during the early stages of myogenic differentiation. Consistent with this, IL11 treatment at the late stage of differentiation did not affect myotube formation and MHC expression. IL11 treatment resulted in an activation of ERK, STAT3, and AKT in differentiating C2C12 cells. However, only ERK inhibitors including PD98059 and U0126 were able to ameliorate the suppressive effect of IL11 on the expression of MHC and myogenin. Additionally, pretreatment with PD98059 and U0126 resulted in improved myotube formation and reduced BrdU staining in IL11-treated cells. Together, our results suggest that IL11 inhibits myogenic differentiation through delayed cell cycle exit in an ERK-dependent manner. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate an inhibitory role of IL11 in myogenic differentiation and identifies the previously unrecognized role of IL11 as a possible mediator of CAC.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li XP, Chen GY, Jin Q, Lou FR, Liu BJ, Zhang J, Feng JX, Chen TT. CsIL-11, a teleost interleukin-11, is involved in promoting phagocytosis and antibacterial immune defense. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:1021-1028. [PMID: 34666131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 is a multifunctional cytokine belonging to the IL-6 family, which plays essential roles in immune response. However, much less is known about the immunological functions of IL-11 in teleost. In this study, we investigated the immune properties of a teleost IL-11 homologue (CsIL-11) from tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis. CsIL-11 possesses four conserved α-helices and conserved CsIL-11 receptor binding residues L86 and R187, and shares 23.3%-80.1% identities with other IL-11 homologues. CsIL-11 expression was constitutive in tissues, with most abundant in blood and least abundant in spleen, and upregulated by bacterial challenge in blood, spleen, and head kidney. Recombinant CsIL-11 (rCsIL-11) in the native form of monomer, could bind to peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) membrane and enhance the activation and phagocytosis of PBLs. When administered in vivo, rCsIL-11 could markedly promote the host to defend against microbial infection. Overall, our findings show that CsIL-11 plays a pivotal role in regulating PBLs phagocytosis and antibacterial immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Peng Li
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Guan-Yu Chen
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiu Jin
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Fang-Rui Lou
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Bing-Jian Liu
- Marine Sciences and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Ji-Xing Feng
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Tian-Tian Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lokau J, Garbers Y, Grötzinger J, Garbers C. A single aromatic residue in sgp130Fc/olamkicept allows the discrimination between interleukin-6 and interleukin-11 trans-signaling. iScience 2021; 24:103309. [PMID: 34765926 PMCID: PMC8571719 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Blocking the activity of cytokines is an efficient strategy to combat inflammatory diseases. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) fulfills its pro-inflammatory properties via its soluble receptor (IL-6 trans-signaling). The selective trans-signaling inhibitor olamkicept (sgp130Fc) is currently in clinical development. We have previously shown that sgp130Fc can also efficiently block trans-signaling of the closely related cytokine IL-11, which elicits the question how selectivity for one of the two cytokines can be achieved. Using structural information, we show that the interfaces between IL-6R-gp130 and IL-11R-gp130, respectively, within the so-called site III are different between the two cytokines. Modification of an aromatic cluster around Q113 of gp130 within these interfaces allows the discrimination between IL-6 and IL-11 trans-signaling. Using recombinant sgp130Fc variants, we demonstrate that these differences can indeed be exploited to generate a truly selective IL-6 trans-signaling inhibitor. Our data highlight how the selectivity of a clinically relevant designer protein can be further improved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Garbers
- Institute of Psychology, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation, Otto-von-Guericke-University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fung KY, Louis C, Metcalfe RD, Kosasih CC, Wicks IP, Griffin MDW, Putoczki TL. Emerging roles for IL-11 in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2021; 149:155750. [PMID: 34689057 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a cytokine that has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases and solid malignancies. Elevated IL-11 expression is also associated with several non-malignant inflammatory diseases where its function remains less well-characterized. Here, we summarize current literature surrounding the contribution of IL-11 to the pathogenesis of autoimmune inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and systemic sclerosis, as well as other chronic inflammatory conditions such as periodontitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, psoriasis and colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Yee Fung
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia.
| | - Cynthia Louis
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia; Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Riley D Metcalfe
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Clara C Kosasih
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ian P Wicks
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia; Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052, Australia; Rheumatology Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Technology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Personalised Oncology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kortekaas RK, Burgess JK, van Orsoy R, Lamb D, Webster M, Gosens R. Therapeutic Targeting of IL-11 for Chronic Lung Disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:354-366. [PMID: 33612289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 was originally recognized as an immunomodulatory and hematopoiesis-inducing cytokine. However, although IL-11 is typically not found in healthy individuals, it is now becoming evident that IL-11 may play a role in diverse pulmonary conditions, including IPF, asthma, and lung cancer. Additionally, experimental strategies targeting IL-11, such as humanized antibodies, have recently been developed, revealing the therapeutic potential of IL-11. Thus, further insight into the underlying mechanisms of IL-11 in lung disease may lead to the ability to interfere with pathological conditions that have a clear need for disease-modifying treatments, such as IPF. In this review, we outline the effects, expression, signaling, and crosstalk of IL-11 and focus on its role in lung disease and its potential as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa K Kortekaas
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Janette K Burgess
- Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Biology and Pathology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roël van Orsoy
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Lamb
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Megan Webster
- Department of Immunology and Respiratory Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wei J, Ma L, Lai YH, Zhang R, Li H, Li C, Lin J. Bazedoxifene as a novel GP130 inhibitor for Colon Cancer therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:63. [PMID: 30736824 PMCID: PMC6368818 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Interleukin-11 (IL-11), a dominant IL-6 family cytokine, is involved in tumorigenesis, tumor progression and differentiation in colon cancer cells. IL-11 signaling has been recently identified as a potential therapeutic target in colon cancer. Bazedoxifene, a third- generation selective estrogen modulator approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), is a novel inhibitor of IL-11/GP130 signaling discovered by docking modeling. Methods In this study, the inhibition efficacy of bazedoxifene in colon cancer cells and its potential mechanism were investigated in vitro and in vivo by using MTT cell viability assay, BrdU cell proliferation assay, colony formation assay, wound-healing/cell migration assay, immunofluorescence, western blot assay and the mouse xenograft tumor model. Results Bazedoxifene inhibits phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (p-STAT3) and its nuclear translocation induced by IL-11 in colon cancer cells. It also inhibits p-STAT3 induced by IL-6 and IL-11 but not by OSM or STAT1 phosphorylation induced by INF-γ in human colon cancer cells. In addition, bazedoxifene can significantly inhibit phosphorylation of AKT and STAT3 downstream targets. Furthermore, bazedoxifene alone or together with oxaliplatin can significantly induce apoptosis, inhibit cell viability, cell colony formation and cell migration in colon cancer cells. Knock-down of IL-11R can reduce the sensitivity of colon cancer cells to bazedoxifene. IL-11 can reduce the efficacy of oxaliplatin-mediated inhibition of cell viability. Consistent with in vitro findings, bazedoxifene alone also attenuated HCT-15 xenograft tumor burden and reduced p-STAT3, p-AKT and p-ERK in vivo. Its combination with oxaliplatin attenuated DLD-1 xenograft tumor burden and reduced p-STAT3 in vivo. Conclusions Taken together, these results support bazedoxifene as a novel and effective therapeutic agent targeting IL-11/GP130 signaling for human colorectal cancer therapy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1072-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wei
- Department of Hematology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Ling Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Yi-Hui Lai
- 33 Linsen Road, Chungshan District, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Huameng Li
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Chenglong Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jiayuh Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 108 N. Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Agthe M, Brügge J, Garbers Y, Wandel M, Kespohl B, Arnold P, Flynn CM, Lokau J, Aparicio-Siegmund S, Bretscher C, Rose-John S, Waetzig GH, Putoczki T, Grötzinger J, Garbers C. Mutations in Craniosynostosis Patients Cause Defective Interleukin-11 Receptor Maturation and Drive Craniosynostosis-like Disease in Mice. Cell Rep 2018; 25:10-18.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
10
|
Winship A, Menkhorst E, Van Sinderen M, Dimitriadis E. Interleukin 11: similar or opposite roles in female reproduction and reproductive cancer? Reprod Fertil Dev 2017; 28:395-405. [PMID: 25151993 DOI: 10.1071/rd14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During placental development and carcinogenesis, cell invasion and migration are critical events in establishing a self-supporting vascular supply. Interleukin (IL)-11 is a pleiotropic cytokine that affects the invasive and migratory capabilities of trophoblast cells that form the placenta during pregnancy, as well as various malignant cell types. The endometrium is the site of embryo implantation during pregnancy; conversely, endometrial carcinoma is the most common gynaecological malignancy. Here, we review what is known about the role of IL-11 in trophoblast function and in gynaecological malignancies, focusing primarily on the context of the uterine environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy Winship
- Embryo Implantation Laboratory, MIMR-PHI Institute, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Ellen Menkhorst
- Embryo Implantation Laboratory, MIMR-PHI Institute, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Michelle Van Sinderen
- Embryo Implantation Laboratory, MIMR-PHI Institute, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Embryo Implantation Laboratory, MIMR-PHI Institute, 27-31 Wright Street, Clayton, Vic. 3168, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
MohanKumar K, Namachivayam K, Ho TT, Torres BA, Ohls RK, Maheshwari A. Cytokines and growth factors in the developing intestine and during necrotizing enterocolitis. Semin Perinatol 2017; 41:52-60. [PMID: 27832931 PMCID: PMC5334139 DOI: 10.1053/j.semperi.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines and growth factors play diverse roles in the uninflamed fetal/neonatal intestinal mucosa and in the development of inflammatory bowel injury during necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). During gestational development and the early neonatal period, the fetal/premature intestine is exposed to high levels of many "inflammatory" cytokines and growth factors, first via swallowed amniotic fluid in utero and then, after birth, in colostrum and mother's milk. This article reviews the dual, seemingly counter-intuitive roles of cytokines, where these agents play a "trophic" role and promote maturation of the uninflamed mucosa, but can also cause inflammation and promote intestinal injury during NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thao T.B. Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL
| | | | - Robin K. Ohls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM
| | - Akhil Maheshwari
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Departments of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL; Department of Community and Family Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 1 Tampa General Circle, Suite F170, Tampa, FL.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
A panoramic review and in silico analysis of IL-11 structure and function. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:41-61. [PMID: 27312790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human Interleukin (IL)-11 is a multifunctional cytokine, recognized for its thrombopoietic effects for more than two decades; clinically, IL-11 is used in the treatment of thrombocytopenia. IL-11 shares structural and functional similarities with IL-6, a related family member. In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in IL-11, because its distinct biological activities associated with cancers of epithelial origin and inflammatory disorders have been revealed. Although the crystal structure of IL-11 was resolved more than two years, a better understanding of the mechanisms of IL-11 action is required to further extend the clinical use of IL-11. This review will discuss the available structural, functional, and bioinformatics knowledge concerning IL-11 and will summarize its relationship with several diseases.
Collapse
|
13
|
The role of IL-11 in immunity and cancer. Cancer Lett 2016; 373:156-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
14
|
Abstract
IL-11 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines. While it was discovered over 20 years ago, we have very little understanding of the role of IL-11 during normal homeostasis and disease. Recently, IL-11 has gained interest for its newly recognized role in the pathogenesis of diseases that are attributed to deregulated mucosal homeostasis, including gastrointestinal cancers. IL-11 can increase the tumorigenic capacity of cells, including survival of the cell or origin, proliferation of cancerous cells and survival of metastatic cells at distant organs. Here we outline our current understanding of IL-11 biology and recent advances in our understanding of its role in cancer. We advocate that inhibition of IL-11 signaling may represent an emerging therapeutic opportunity for numerous cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Putoczki
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research & Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lokau J, Nitz R, Agthe M, Monhasery N, Aparicio-Siegmund S, Schumacher N, Wolf J, Möller-Hackbarth K, Waetzig GH, Grötzinger J, Müller-Newen G, Rose-John S, Scheller J, Garbers C. Proteolytic Cleavage Governs Interleukin-11 Trans-signaling. Cell Rep 2016; 14:1761-1773. [PMID: 26876177 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 has been shown to be a crucial factor for intestinal tumorigenesis, lung carcinomas, and asthma. IL-11 is thought to exclusively mediate its biological functions through cell-type-specific expression of the membrane-bound IL-11 receptor (IL-11R). Here, we show that the metalloprotease ADAM10, but not ADAM17, can release the IL-11R ectodomain. Chimeric proteins of the IL-11R and the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) revealed that a small juxtamembrane portion is responsible for this substrate specificity of ADAM17. Furthermore, we show that the serine proteases neutrophil elastase and proteinase 3 can also cleave the IL-11R. The resulting soluble IL-11R (sIL-11R) is biologically active and binds IL-11 to activate cells. This IL-11 trans-signaling pathway can be inhibited specifically by the anti-inflammatory therapeutic compound sgp130Fc. In conclusion, proteolysis of the IL-11R represents a molecular switch that controls the IL-11 trans-signaling pathway and widens the number of cells that can be activated by IL-11.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Rebecca Nitz
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Maria Agthe
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niloufar Monhasery
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Janina Wolf
- Institute of Biochemistry, Kiel University, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Gerhard Müller-Newen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Scheller
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Johnstone CN, Chand A, Putoczki TL, Ernst M. Emerging roles for IL-11 signaling in cancer development and progression: Focus on breast cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015. [PMID: 26209885 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines that is defined by the shared use of the GP130 signal transducing receptor subunit. In addition of its long recognized activities as a hemopoietic growth factor, IL-11 has an emerging role in epithelial cancer biology. Through the activation of the GP130-Janus kinase signaling cascade and associated transcription factor STAT3, IL-11 can confer many of the tumor intrinsic 'hallmark' capabilities to neoplastic cells, if they express the ligand-specific IL-11Rα receptor subunit. Accordingly, IL-11 signaling has recently been identified as a rate-limiting step for the growth tumors arising from the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract. However, there is less appreciation for a potential role of IL-11 to support breast cancer progression, apart from its well documented capacity to facilitate bone metastasis. Here we review evidence that IL-11 expression in breast cancer correlates with poor disease outcome and discuss some of the molecular mechanisms that are likely to underpin these observations. These include the capacity of IL-11 to stimulate survival and proliferation of cancer cells alongside angiogenesis of the primary tumor and of metastatic progenies at distant organs. We review current strategies to interfere with IL-11 signaling and advocate that inhibition of IL-11 signaling may represent an emerging therapeutic opportunity for numerous cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cameron N Johnstone
- Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5, Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; Cancer Metastasis Laboratory, Cancer Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia
| | - Ashwini Chand
- Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5, Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Inflammation Division, Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, Melbourne University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Matthias Ernst
- Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Level 5, Olivia Newton-John Cancer & Wellness Centre, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia; School of Cancer Medicine, LaTrobe University, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anti-inflammatory cytokines: important immunoregulatory factors contributing to chemotherapy-induced gastrointestinal mucositis. CHEMOTHERAPY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2012; 2012:490804. [PMID: 22973511 PMCID: PMC3437608 DOI: 10.1155/2012/490804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
“Mucositis” is the clinical term used to describe ulceration and damage of the mucous membranes of the entire gastrointestinal tract (GIT) following cytotoxic cancer chemotherapy and radiation therapy common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhoea, vomiting, and constipation resulting in both a significant clinical and financial burden. Chemotherapeutic drugs cause upregulation of stress response genes including NFκB, that in turn upregulate the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). These proinflammatory cytokines are responsible for initiating inflammation in response to tissue injury. Anti-inflammatory cytokines and specific cytokine inhibitors are also released to limit the sustained or excessive inflammatory reactions. In the past decade, intensive research has determined the role of proinflammatory cytokines in development of mucositis. However, a large gap remains in the knowledge of the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in the setting of chemotherapy-induced mucositis. This critical paper will highlight current literature available relating to what is known regarding the development of mucositis, including the molecular mechanisms involved in inducing inflammation particularly with respect to the role of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as provide a detailed discussion of why it is essential to consider extensive research in the role of anti-inflammatory cytokines in chemotherapy-induced mucositis so that effective targeted treatment strategies can be developed.
Collapse
|
18
|
Putoczki T, Ernst M. More than a sidekick: the IL-6 family cytokine IL-11 links inflammation to cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2010; 88:1109-17. [PMID: 20610798 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0410226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-11, a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines, exerts pleiotropic activities by stimulating hemopoiesis and thrombopoiesis, regulating macrophage differentiation, and conferring mucosal protection in the intestine. These effects are mediated by a multimeric complex comprising the ligand-binding IL-11Rα and the ubiquitously expressed gp130R β-subunit, which together, trigger intracellular signaling and engagement of Stat3. In turn, activated Stat3 promotes cell survival and proliferation as well as immune responses associated with inflammatory diseases and tumor progression. IL-6 and IL-11 compete for interaction with gp130, resulting in tissue-specific functions depending on the expression patterns of their respective α-subunit receptors. Although traditionally, IL-6 has been associated with aberrant Stat3 activation and associated pathologies, here, we discuss newly emerging roles for IL-11 in linking inflammation to cancer progression. We propose that in light of the recurrence of persistent STAT3 activation and elevated IL-11 expression in inflammation-associated gastrointestinal cancers in humans, inhibition of Stat3 or pharmacologically, more amenable upstream molecules such as IL-11 may represent novel, therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Putoczki
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Menkhorst E, Salamonsen L, Robb L, Dimitriadis E. IL11 antagonist inhibits uterine stromal differentiation, causing pregnancy failure in mice. Biol Reprod 2009; 80:920-7. [PMID: 19144959 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.073601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormonal contraceptives are unsuitable for many women; thus, the development of new, nonhormonal contraceptives is of great interest. In women, uterine epithelial expression of interleukin 11 (IL11) and its receptor (IL11RA) suggests IL11 is critical for blastocyst attachment during implantation. Il11ra-deficient mice are infertile due to a defective decidualization response to the blastocyst, leading to total pregnancy loss. We examined the effect of administering a PEGylated IL11 antagonist, PEGIL11A (where PEG is polyethylene glycol), on pregnancy outcomes in mice and IL11 signaling in human endometrial epithelial cells (HES). PEGIL11A was detected in sera up to 72 h after intraperitoneal (IP) injection versus up to 2 h for the non-PEGylated antagonist. Following IP injection, PEGIL11A localized to uterine decidual cells and reduced immunoreactive cyclin D3 (IL11 decidual target). To inhibit IL11 action during early decidualization, PEGIL11A or control were administered IP on Days 3-6 (beginning just prior to maximal decidual Il11 expression). On Day 6, mesometrial decidualization was disturbed in PEGIL11A-treated animals with regions of hemorrhage visible in the mesometrial decidua. On Day 10, severe decidual destruction was visible: implantation sites contained significant hemorrhage, and the uterine luminal epithelium had reformed, suggesting a return to estrous cycling. These results demonstrate that PEGIL11A blocked IL11 action in the decidua during early decidualization, which totally abolished pregnancy and which is equivalent to the Il11ra(-/-) mouse. PEGIL11A significantly diminished STAT3 phosphorylation in HES cells in vitro (P < or = 0.05). This study provides valuable information for PEGIL11A that could lead to the development of this protein as a nonhormonal contraceptive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Menkhorst
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Naugler KM, Baer KA, Ropeleski MJ. Interleukin-11 antagonizes Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis in IEC-18 intestinal epithelial crypt cells: role of MEK and Akt-dependent signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2008; 294:G728-37. [PMID: 18202115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00002.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) displays epithelial cytoprotective effects during intestinal injury. Antiapoptotic effects of IL-11 have been described, yet mechanisms remain unclear. Fas/CD95 death receptor signaling is upregulated in ulcerative colitis, leading to mucosal breakdown. We hypothesized that IL-11 inhibits Fas ligand (FasL)-mediated apoptosis in intestinal epithelia. Cell death was monitored in IEC-18 cells by microscopy, caspase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, and abundance of cytoplasmic oligonucleosomal DNA. RT-PCR was used to monitor Fas, cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, cFLIP, survivin, and Bcl-2 family members. Fas membrane expression was detected by immunoblot. Inhibitors of JAK2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-kinase), Akt 1, MEK1 and MEK2, and p38 MAPK were used to delineate IL-11's antiapoptotic mechanisms. IL-11 did not alter Fas expression. Pretreatment with IL-11 for 24 h before FasL reduced cytoplasmic oligonucleosomal DNA by 63.2%. IL-11 also attenuated caspase-3, caspase-9, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage without affecting expression of activated caspase-8 p20 or cytochrome c release. IL-11 did not affect mRNA expression of the candidate antiapoptotic genes. The MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitors U-0126 and PD-98059 significantly attenuated the protection of IL-11 against caspase-3 and caspase-9 cleavage and cytoplasmic oligonucleosomal DNA accumulation. Although Akt inhibition reversed IL-11-mediated effects on caspase cleavage, it did not reverse the protective effects of IL-11 by DNA ELISA. We conclude that IL-11-dependent MEK1 and MEK2 signaling inhibits FasL-induced apoptosis. The lack of reversal of the IL-11 effect on DNA cleavage by Akt inhibition, despite antagonism of caspase cleavage, suggests that IL-11 inhibits caspase-independent cell death signaling by FasL in a MEK-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M Naugler
- Department of Medicine, Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Unit, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Giraud AS, Jackson C, Menheniott TR, Judd LM. Differentiation of the Gastric Mucosa IV. Role of trefoil peptides and IL-6 cytokine family signaling in gastric homeostasis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2007; 292:G1-5. [PMID: 16935852 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00382.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gastric trefoil peptides mediate mucosal repair by stimulating cell migration, inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation, and likely augmenting the barrier function of mucus. One of these, tff1, is a gastric-specific tumor suppressor gene, which when repressed is associated with gastric cancer progression. IL-6 family cytokines play an important role in maintaining gastric homeostasis by regulating tff1 and other mediators of mucosal proliferation, inflammation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis. In this review the signaling cascades downstream of the common IL-6 cytokine family coreceptor gp130 that contribute to control of this homeostasis are described, as are the pathological outcomes of imbalancing these pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Giraud
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne at Western Hospital, Footscray, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ali BA, Huang TH, Salem HH, Xie QD. Expression of hepatitis B virus genes in early embryonic cells originated from hamster ova and human spermatozoa transfected with the complete viral genome. Asian J Androl 2006; 8:273-9. [PMID: 16625276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2006.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To detect the expression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genes (HB S and C genes) in early embryonic cells after introducing motile human sperm carrying HBV DNA into zona-free hamster oocytes via the in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique. METHODS Human sperm-mediated HBV genes were delivered into zona-free hamster oocytes by the IVF method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect HB S and pre-Core/Core (pre-C/C) coding genes both in one- and two-cell embryos. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis was used to study the expression of the two genes. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using the full-length HBV DNA as the hybridization probe was performed to confirm the integration of viral DNA in the host embryonic genome. RESULTS Both HB S and pre-C/C coding genes are present and transcribed in one- and two-cell embryos originated from hamster ova IVF with human spermatozoa carrying HBV DNA sequences. CONCLUSION Sperm-mediated HBV genes are able to replicate and express themselves in early embryonic cells. These results provide direct evidence that HBV DNA could transmit vertically to the next generation via the male germ line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bahy Ahmed Ali
- Research Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cell Biology and Medical Genetics Department, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Road, Shantou 515041, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chien JW, Chen WL, Tsui YG, Lee MC, Lin AY, Lin CY. Daily urinary interleukin-11 excretion correlated with proteinuria in IgA nephropathy and lupus nephritis. Pediatr Nephrol 2006; 21:490-6. [PMID: 16528544 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-006-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2005] [Revised: 10/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/17/2005] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-11 (IL-11) is a multifunctional cytokine with both thrombopoietic and anti-inflammatory effects. In an animal study IL-11 was shown to reduce proteinuria in mice with necrotizing glomerulonephritis. The purpose of this current study is to explore the role of IL-11 in human glomerulonephritis. Subjects of this study were patients with proteinuria (daily urine protein excretion >40 mg/m2 per hour) and underlying pathology of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) (n=20), lupus nephritis (LN) (n=40), and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) (n=68). Daily urinary IL-11 level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlation between urinary IL-11 and urinary protein was determined by Pearson's correlation coefficient. Another five patients with serial data of urinary protein, IL-11 and IL-11 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in urine sediment are presented. The correlation between urinary IL-11 and daily urinary protein was significant for patients with IgAN (r=0.596, P=0.006) and LN (r=0.630, P<0.001), but not for patients with INS (r=0.030, P=0.812). Serial data revealed the same correlation. Furthermore, the peak of urinary IL-11 mRNA preceded that of urinary IL-11. We conclude that daily urinary IL-11 excretion is correlated with urinary protein loss in nephritis having local T helper (Th)1 predominant immune response, such as IgAN and LN. Local IL-11 production may serve as a counter cytokine against Th1-mediated inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jien-Wen Chien
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital, Changhua Christian Hospital, 135, Nanshsiao Street, Changhua, 500, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang T, Holland JW, Bols N, Secombes CJ. Cloning and expression of the first nonmammalian interleukin-11 gene in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. FEBS J 2005; 272:1136-47. [PMID: 15720388 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2005.04544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 is a multifunctional cytokine that stimulates hematopoietic progenitor cells and exerts a series of important immunomodulatory effects. It was believed to be restricted to mammals, but here we report the first nonmammalian IL-11 gene, in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A trout IL-11 cDNA clone was isolated that contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 400 bp, an open reading frame of 612 bp and a large 3'-UTR of 1924 bp. Analysis of a genomic DNA clone from a trout lambda library revealed that the trout IL-11 gene has the same five exon/four intron gene organization, as well as the same intron phase, as mammalian IL-11 genes. The 204 amino acid trout IL-11 translation has a predicted signal peptide of 26 amino acids and mature peptide of 178 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 20.5 kDa and a theoretical pI of 9.83. The mature peptide contains a cysteine residue and a potential N-linked glycosylation site that are not present in mammals. Phylogenetic analysis clearly grouped trout IL-11 with IL-11 molecules from other species and separated from other members of the IL-6 family. The IL-11 gene is highly expressed in intestine and gills in healthy fish and its expression can also be detected in spleen, head kidney, brain, skin and muscle. Bacterial infection of rainbow trout markedly up-regulates IL-11 expression in liver, head kidney and spleen. IL-11 expression is also up-regulated in RTS-11 cells (a trout macrophage cell line), which constitutively expressed the lowest level of IL-11 of the four trout cell lines examined, after stimulation with bacteria, lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C) and recombinant trout IL-1beta. Only a single transcript of 3.2 kb could be detected in lipopolysaccharide or recombinant IL-1beta-stimulated RNA samples by northern blotting. The expression results, showing that IL-11 is widely distributed and modulated by infection and other cytokines, suggest that fish IL-11 is an active player in the cytokine network and the host immune response to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Kiessling S, Muller-Newen G, Leeb SN, Hausmann M, Rath HC, Strater J, Spottl T, Schlottmann K, Grossmann J, Montero-Julian FA, Scholmerich J, Andus T, Buschauer A, Heinrich PC, Rogler G. Functional Expression of the Interleukin-11 Receptor α-Chain and Evidence of Antiapoptotic Effects in Human Colonic Epithelial Cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:10304-15. [PMID: 14701802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312757200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A tissue-protective effect of interleukin-11 (IL-11) for the intestinal mucosa has been postulated from animal models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Despite the fact that the clinical usefulness of the anti-inflammatory effects of this cytokine is presently investigated in patients with IBD, there are no data available regarding the target cells of IL-11 action and the mechanisms of tissue protection within the human colonic mucosa. IL-11 responsiveness is restricted to cells that express the interleukin-11 receptor alpha-chain (IL-11Ralpha) and an additional signal-transducing subunit (gp130). In this study, we identified the target cells for IL-11 within the human colon with a new IL-11Ralpha monoclonal antibody and investigated the functional expression of the receptor and downstream effects of IL-11-induced signaling. Immunohistochemistry revealed expression of the IL-11Ralpha selectively on colonic epithelial cells. HT-29 and colonic epithelial cells (CEC) constitutively expressed IL-11Ralpha mRNA and protein. Co-expression of the signal-transducing subunit gp130 was also demonstrated. IL-11 induced signaling through triggering activation of the Jak-STAT pathway without inducing anti-inflammatory or proliferative effects in colonic epithelial cells. However, IL-11 stimulation resulted in a dose-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of Akt, a decreased activation of caspase-9, and a reduced induction of apoptosis in cultured CEC. In HLA-B27 transgenic rats treated with IL-11, a reduction of apoptotic cell numbers was found. This study demonstrates functional expression of the IL-11Ralpha restricted on CEC within the human colonic mucosa. IL-11 induced signaling through triggering activation of the Jak-STAT pathway, without inducing anti-inflammatory or proliferative effects. The beneficial effects of IL-11 therapy are likely to be mediated by CEC via activation of the Akt-survival pathway, mediating antiapoptotic effects to support mucosal integrity.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Genetically Modified
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Apoptosis
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Caspase 9
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Colon/cytology
- Cytokine Receptor gp130
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Enzyme Activation
- Epithelial Cells/cytology
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin-11/metabolism
- Interleukin-11 Receptor alpha Subunit
- Interleukin-8/metabolism
- Janus Kinase 1
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Mucous Membrane/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/chemistry
- Receptors, Interleukin-11
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- STAT3 Transcription Factor
- Time Factors
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
- Tyrosine/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kiessling
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Villous development of the intestine is beginning to be understood in terms of the underlying molecular mechanisms. There is increasing information on the role of cytokines as extrinsic regulators in this process. This article summarizes information available on various cytokines that have been studied in this context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Maheshwari
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NHB 525, 619 19th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ropeleski MJ, Tang J, Walsh-Reitz MM, Musch MW, Chang EB. Interleukin-11-induced heat shock protein 25 confers intestinal epithelial-specific cytoprotection from oxidant stress. Gastroenterology 2003; 124:1358-68. [PMID: 12730876 DOI: 10.1016/s0016-5085(03)00282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The mechanisms of interleukin-11 (IL-11) cytoprotection in intestinal epithelial injury are largely unknown. IL-11 protects barrier integrity during oxidant stress, a common endpoint of numerous types of intestinal injury including ischemia and immune-mediated inflammation. Because heat shock proteins (hsp) are cytoprotective in intestinal epithelia, we hypothesized that IL-11-conferred cytoprotection is mediated by inducible hsps. METHODS IL-11 receptor (IL-11R) activation was determined using phospho-specific antibodies to STAT3. IL-11 induction of hsp72 and hsp25 was determined by immunoblot in IEC-18 crypt and young adult mouse colon colonic epithelial cells. Epithelial resistance to oxidant injury by monochloramine was determined by (51)Cr release. Stable hsp anti-sense IEC-18 cell clones were obtained by electroporation and hygromycin B selection. The IL-11 effect on hsp25 distribution was characterized by analysis of Triton x-100 insoluble fractions, 2-D isoelectric focusing gels, and confocal microscopy. RESULTS IL-11R signaling was detected in all cells under study. IL-11 induces hsp25 in an intestinal epithelial-specific manner that significantly preserves cellular viability in the presence of monochloramine. This effect was significantly reversed in intestinal epithelia stably expressing anti-sense to hsp25. IL-11 induced a shift of hsp25 to Triton x-100 insoluble fractions containing cytoskeletal elements, which was not associated with altered hsp25 phosphorylation. The shift was not paralleled by increased hsp25 co-localization with F-actin by confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS The induction of hsp25 by IL-11 confers epithelial-specific cytoprotection that is independent of phosphorylation-dependent co-localization of hsp25 to F-actin, thereby contributing to the protective effects of IL-11 in models of intestinal epithelial injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Ropeleski
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wen CY, Ito M, Matsuu M, Fukuda E, Shichijo K, Nakashima M, Nakayama T, Sekine I. Mechanism of the antiulcerogenic effect of IL-11 on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Life Sci 2002; 70:2997-3005. [PMID: 12138013 DOI: 10.1016/s0024-3205(02)01552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of interleukin-11 (IL-11) on acetic acid-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Gastric ulcers were induced in male Wistar rats by applying acetic acid to the fundus of the stomach. Recombinant human interleukin-11 (rhIL-11 100 microg/kg/twice daily, subcutaneously) was administered starting on the 2nd day before ulcer induction up through the 7th day after ulcer induction. Control rats were injected with bovine serum albumin. At 12 hours and 7 days after ulcer induction, the animals were sacrificed, and the ulcer index, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression, and IL-11alpha receptor expression in the gastric tissues were studied. The ulcer index of the rhIL-11-treated rats was significantly lower than that of the control rats at the 7th day. The expression of PCNA as evaluated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry, was enhanced in both the mucosal proliferative zone and proper muscle layer of the rhIL-11-treated rats in comparison with that in the control rats. IL-11alpha receptor expression was observed in the mucosal neck cells of the rhIL-11-treated rats and control rats. These findings suggest that IL-11 accelerates ulcer healing by inducing the proliferation of mucosal and muscular cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang Wen
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Dejucq N, Jégou B. Viruses in the mammalian male genital tract and their effects on the reproductive system. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:208-31 ; first and second pages, table of contents. [PMID: 11381100 PMCID: PMC99025 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.2.208-231.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the various viruses identified in the semen and reproductive tracts of mammals (including humans), their distribution in tissues and fluids, their possible cell targets, and the functional consequences of their infectivity on the reproductive and endocrine systems. The consequences of these viral infections on the reproductive tract and semen can be extremely serious in terms of organ integrity, development of pathological and cancerous processes, and transmission of diseases. Furthermore, of essential importance is the fact that viral infection of the testicular cells may result not only in changes in testicular function, a serious risk for the fertility and general health of the individual (such as a fall in testosteronemia leading to cachexia), but also in the possible transmission of virus-induced mutations to subsequent generations. In addition to providing an exhaustive account of the data available in these domains, this review focuses attention on the fact that the interface between endocrinology and virology has so far been poorly explored, particularly when major health, social and economical problems are posed. Our conclusions highlight the research strategies that need to be developed. Progress in all these domains is essential for the development of new treatment strategies to eradicate viruses and to correct the virus-induced dysfunction of the endocrine system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Dejucq
- GERM-INSERM U435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cork BA, Li TC, Warren MA, Laird SM. Interleukin-11 (IL-11) in human endometrium: expression throughout the menstrual cycle and the effects of cytokines on endometrial IL-11 production in vitro. J Reprod Immunol 2001; 50:3-17. [PMID: 11254938 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(00)00089-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-11 is a member of the IL-6 family of cytokines. Its presence in mouse decidua has been shown and experiments in genetically modified mice have suggested the importance of its receptor in stromal cell decidualization. In this study we used immunocytochemistry to determine expression of IL-11 in human endometrium. The effects of TNFalpha, IL-1alpha and TGFbeta on IL-11 production by epithelial and stromal cells was also investigated. Immunocytochemical staining in sections cut from 19 endometrial biopsies obtained throughout the menstrual cycle showed that IL-11 was expressed in both human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells, with epithelial staining being more intense than that seen in the stromal cells, at all times except the late secretory phase when the intensity was similar. Basal IL-11 production by cultured epithelial cells was greater than basal production by stromal cells. IL-1alpha, TNFalpha and TGFbeta (0.1-10 ng/ml) all caused a concentration-dependent increase in IL-11 production by both epithelial and stromal cells, but stimulated: basal values were greater for stromal than epithelial cells for all three cytokines. This work shows, for the first time, the presence of IL-11 within the human endometrium and that its production is controlled by other cytokines, which are postulated to play a role in implantation. Thus IL-11 may also play an important role in human endometrial function and embryo implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B A Cork
- Biomedical Research Centre, Division of Biomedical Sciences, Owen Building, Sheffield Hallam University, City Campus, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Denis CV, Kwack K, Saffaripour S, Maganti S, André P, Schaub RG, Wagner DD. Interleukin 11 significantly increases plasma von Willebrand factor and factor VIII in wild type and von Willebrand disease mouse models. Blood 2001; 97:465-72. [PMID: 11154224 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.2.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 is a cytokine with thrombopoietic activity that has been shown to increase plasma von Willebrand factor (vWf) in preliminary clinical studies. This led to further evaluation of the effect of recombinant human (rh)IL-11 on vWf and factor VIII (FVIII) secretion. In vitro, rhIL-11 did not increase vWf production by cultured endothelial cells, which suggests an indirect mechanism. Also, in vivo, plasma vWf was not elevated in mice shortly after a single intravenous (IV) bolus injection of 250 or 1000 microg/kg rhIL-11. The effect of continuous exposure to rhIL-11 was accessed by treating wild type mice for 7 consecutive days with subcutaneous 250 microg/kg/d rhIL-11. Platelet counts increased by 25% and 40% after 4 and 7 days, respectively. Plasma vWf and FVIII levels increased 2-fold after 4 and 7 days. Surprisingly, no effect of rhIL-11 on vWf or FVIII messenger RNA was observed, which suggests that the regulation by rhIL-11 occurs after transcription. No increase in soluble P-selectin was observed after rhIL-11 treatment, indicating that platelet activation is not the source of elevated vWf. Similarly to wild type mice, vWf heterozygous mice responded to rhIL-11 treatment by a significant increase in platelet counts and vWf and FVIII levels. Importantly, in vWf-deficient mice, rhIL-11 also induced a significant increase in FVIII independent of vWf and was able to reduce skin bleeding time. These results suggest that a clinical evaluation of the effects of rhIL-11-induced vWf/FVIII elevation in maintaining hemostasis in mild hemophilia A or von Willebrand disease would be worthwhile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C V Denis
- The Center for Blood Research and the Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115-6399, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The names of the hematopoietic cytokines are misleading because in addition to their effects on bone marrow and bone marrow-derived cells, they have many diverse effects, including effects on the gastrointestinal tract. These effects may be directly mediated by interaction with specific receptors on gastrointestinal epithelial cells, or they may result from their effects on circulating or bowel wall leukocytes and the cytokines these cells produce. As might be expected of factors largely defined by their effects on inflammatory cells, the hematopoietic cytokines are intimately involved in the processes of bowel injury. Further investigations are needed to define the role of hematopoietic cytokines in the human neonate's balance between local gastrointestinal host defense and bowel wall injury. This could lead to effective strategies for the treatment and prevention of NEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J Ledbetter
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dessus-Babus S, Knight ST, Wyrick PB. Chlamydial infection of polarized HeLa cells induces PMN chemotaxis but the cytokine profile varies between disseminating and non-disseminating strains. Cell Microbiol 2000; 2:317-27. [PMID: 11207588 DOI: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2000.00058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
While genital infections caused by Chlamydia trachomatis are generally asymptomatic, the density and pattern of inflammation varies considerably. The purpose of this study was to try to dissect the signalling in chlamydiae-infected epithelial cells that triggers innate responses and regulates polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) chemotaxis. Polarized endocervical epithelial HeLa cells, grown in commercial inserts, were inoculated either with the non-disseminating (luminal) serovar E or the disseminating serovar L2. At 12-48 h after infection, the chambers were used in a quantitative chemotaxis assay, and cytokine production by infected cells was examined using cDNA microarray technology and confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Infection of HeLa cells with C. trachomatis E or L2 induced a strong and similar PMN chemotactic response, but larger amounts of interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-11 were released after infection with serovar L2. IL-6 was also produced in modest amounts after infection with either strain, but no IL-1alpha or tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha was detected in any of the culture supernatants tested. IL-11 did not appear to influence the PMN response to chlamydial infection, but secretion of large amounts of this anti-inflammatory cytokine, mainly active on macrophages, in the very early stages of the infection may allow C. trachomatis to escape some innate defences to establish infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Dessus-Babus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7290, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Auernhammer CJ, Melmed S. Interleukin-11 stimulates proopiomelanocortin gene expression and adrenocorticotropin secretion in corticotroph cells: evidence for a redundant cytokine network in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Endocrinology 1999; 140:1559-66. [PMID: 10098488 DOI: 10.1210/endo.140.4.6636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We recently characterized leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) as an important modulator of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. We now describe the role of interleukin (IL)-11, another member of the IL-6 cytokine family, in the neuro-immuno-endocrine modulation of the HPA axis. In murine hypothalamus, pituitary and corticotroph AtT-20 cells, IL-11 messenger RNA (mRNA) was detectable by RT-PCR only, whereas IL-11R mRNA transcripts were demonstrated by Northern blot. Using RT-PCR, IL-11 and IL-11R gene expression were also detected in normal human pituitaries, as well as in corticotropic and nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Incubation of AtT-20 cells for 24 h with 10(-9) M IL-11 stimulated ACTH secretion 1.4 +/- 0.1-fold (P < 0.01), whereas LIF at the same concentration caused a 1.5 +/- 0.1-fold increase (P < 0.001). POMC mRNA expression was induced by IL-11 (0.5 x 10(-9) M) and LIF (0.5 x 10(-9) M) 1.5 +/- 0.18-fold (P < 0.05) and 1.7 +/- 0.13-fold (P < 0.01), respectively. POMC promoter activity, assayed by a -706/+64 rat POMC promoter-luciferase construct, was stimulated by 0.5 x 10(-9) M IL-11 (1.9 +/- 0.06-fold; P < 0.001) and 5 mM Bu2cAMP (7.1 +/- 0.52-fold, P < 0.001), and combined treatment of IL-11 plus Bu2cAMP caused a synergistic 11.7+/-0.71-fold increase ofluciferase activity (P < 0.001 vs. Bu2cAMP alone). Gene expression of SOCS-3, an intracellular inhibitor of cytokine action, peaked as early as 60 min after incubation with IL-11 (0.5 x 10(-9) M) and was induced 3.5-fold. In comparison to mock-transfected AtT-20 cells (AtT-20M), stable overexpression of SOCS-3 (AtT-20S) resulted in significant inhibition of ACTH secretion induced by IL-11 alone (1.5 +/- 0.09 vs. 1.1 +/- 0.04-fold induction, P < 0.01) and IL-11 plus Bu2cAMP (2.1 +/- 0.21 vs. 1.5 +/- 0.06-fold, P < 0.05), but not by Bu2cAMP alone (1.5 +/- 0.12 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.06). In summary, human and murine pituitary express IL-11 and IL-11R transcripts. In murine corticotroph AtT-20 cells, IL- 11 induces POMC gene transcription and ACTH secretion. IL-11 induction of SOCS-3 indicates an intracellular negative feedback control of cytokine-induced POMC expression and ACTH secretion. Thus, IL-11 regulates the HPA axis similarly to LIF, providing further evidence for a redundant cytokine network in the neuro-immuno-endocrine regulation of the HPA axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Auernhammer
- Cedars-Sinai Research Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-11 is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines. Comparison of IL-11 with another gp130 family member, IL-6, indicates that these two cytokines share many overlapping signal transduction mechanisms. However, unlike IL-6, treatment of patients with a recombinant human form of IL-11 (rhIL-11) does not increase body temperature, suggesting significant differences in the in vivo function of these two molecules. Recent studies demonstrate that IL-11 has potent anti-inflammatory activity in a variety of preclinical animal models of disease. rhIL-11 reduces production of proinflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-12 from activated macrophages. This effect on proinflammatory cytokine production is mediated at the transcriptional level by inhibition of the transcription factor, NF- kappa B. To further understand the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of rhIL-11 and to elucidate differences between IL-11 and IL-6 signal transduction pathways, the effects of these two cytokines on in vitro macrophage function were compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William L Trepicchio
- Department of Preclinical Molecular and Cellular Biology, Genetics Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
| | - Andrew J Dorner
- Department of Preclinical Molecular and Cellular Biology, Genetics Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, USA
| |
Collapse
|