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Uysalol EP, Uysalol M, Serin I, Pehlivan M, Oyaci Y, Pehlivan S, Karakas Z. The effect of leptin gene polymorphisms ( LEP rs7799039 and LEPR rs1137101) on febrile neutropenia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28788. [PMID: 38586343 PMCID: PMC10998141 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim Leptin is mainly produced in adipose tissue and released into systemic circulation. Leptin and its receptor LEPR activate the Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling cascade and increase cytokine discharge. In our study, we aimed to examine the role of leptin gene (LEP) rs7799039 and LEPR rs1137101 polymorphisms on the susceptibility for febrile neutropenia (FEN) attacks and their relationship with clinical findings during the course of FEN. Methods This study included pediatric patients with a diagnosis of malignancy who applied to the pediatric emergency department between December 2019 and June 2022 and healthy controls. The genotypes of the LEP rs7799039 and LEPR rs1137101 genes were statistically compared between patients and healthy controls. In addition, the relationship between the genotype distribution of LEP rs7799039 and LEPR rs1137101 polymorphisms and clinical features during the course of FEN was investigated. Results In the statistical analysis in terms of LEP rs7799039 and LEPR rs1137101 genotype distributions between the patient and healthy groups, there was no significant difference. Patients with the AA genotype of LEPR rs1137101 polymorphism had significantly more commonly a body mass index (BMI) value of <25, and all the patients with the AG/GG genotype had a BMI value of 25 and above. LEP rs7799039 and LEPR rs1137101 genotype distributions were not statistically significant with other clinical features. Conclusions It was revealed that leptin gene polymorphisms did not have a significant effect during the course of FEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Paslı Uysalol
- Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Pediatric Hematology- Oncology, Turkey
| | - Metin Uysalol
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency, Turkey
| | - Istemi Serin
- Agri Training and Research Hospital, Department of Hematology, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Pehlivan
- Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Department of Hematology, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Oyaci
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Turkey
| | - Sacide Pehlivan
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Karakas
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Hematology- Oncology, Turkey
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Dedinská I, Kleinová P, Macháleková K, Graňák K, Vnučák M, Beliančinová M. The role of hyperleptinaemia and low values of interleukin 10 in de novo DSA production after kidney transplantation. Transpl Immunol 2024; 83:101982. [PMID: 38218229 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2023.101982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White adipose tissue secretes a number of peptide hormones. The aim of this paper was to determine the role of leptin, adiponectin and interleukin-10 and interleukin-6 on the development of graft rejection in protocol biopsy after kidney transplantation. METHODS In a prospective analysis (n = 104), we monitored the values of leptin, adiponectin, IL-6, and IL-10 prior to the transplantation and in the 3rd month after the transplantation. The protocol biopsy of the graft was performed in the 3rd month after the transplantation. The group was divided into the following according to the biopsy result: negative result, IFTA 1, borderline, and DSA positive. RESULTS After adjusting for the differences in the baseline recipient and donor characteristics, we identified the hyperleptinaemia baseline (HR = 2.0444, P = 0.0341) and month 3 (HR = 49.8043, P < 0.0001) as independent risk factors for borderline changes in the protocol biopsy. The hyperleptinaemia baseline (HR = 7.4979, P = 0.0071) and month 3 (HR = 9.7432, P = 0.0057) are independent risk factors for de novo DSA positivity. A low value of IL-10 month 3 is a risk factor for de novo DSA positivity (HR = 3.0746, P = 0.0388). CONCLUSIONS Higher leptin levels and low values of IL-10 might play a role in rejection and de novo DSA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Dedinská
- Transplant Center, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic; Department of Internal Diseases I, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic.
| | - Patrícia Kleinová
- Transplant Center, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic; Department of Internal Diseases I, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarína Macháleková
- Department od Pathology, St. Elizabeth Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Karol Graňák
- Transplant Center, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic; Department of Internal Diseases I, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic
| | - Matej Vnučák
- Transplant Center, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic; Department of Internal Diseases I, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Beliančinová
- Transplant Center, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic; Department of Internal Diseases I, University Hospital Martin and Jessenius Faculty of Medicine Comenius University, Slovak Republic
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Cotterell A, Griffin M, Downer MA, Parker JB, Wan D, Longaker MT. Understanding wound healing in obesity. World J Exp Med 2024; 14:86898. [PMID: 38590299 PMCID: PMC10999071 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v14.i1.86898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become more prevalent in the global population. It is associated with the development of several diseases including diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, and metabolic syndrome. There are a multitude of factors impacted by obesity that may contribute to poor wound healing outcomes. With millions worldwide classified as obese, it is imperative to understand wound healing in these patients. Despite advances in the understanding of wound healing in both healthy and diabetic populations, much is unknown about wound healing in obese patients. This review examines the impact of obesity on wound healing and several animal models that may be used to broaden our understanding in this area. As a growing portion of the population identifies as obese, understanding the underlying mechanisms and how to overcome poor wound healing is of the utmost importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Cotterell
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94301, United States
| | - Michelle Griffin
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94301, United States
| | - Mauricio A Downer
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94301, United States
| | - Jennifer B Parker
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94301, United States
| | - Derrick Wan
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94301, United States
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94301, United States
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Mallick R, Basak S, Das RK, Banerjee A, Paul S, Pathak S, Duttaroy AK. Fatty Acids and their Proteins in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:35-51. [PMID: 37794302 PMCID: PMC10867084 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-023-01185-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic low-grade adipose tissue inflammation is associated with metabolic disorders. Inflammation results from the intertwined cross-talks of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pathways in the immune response of adipose tissue. In addition, adipose FABP4 levels and lipid droplet proteins are involved in systemic and tissue inflammation. Dysregulated adipocytes help infiltrate immune cells derived from bone marrow responsible for producing cytokines and chemokines. When adipose tissue expands in excess, adipocyte exhibits increased secretion of adipokines and is implicated in metabolic disturbances due to the release of free fatty acids. This review presents an emerging concept in adipose tissue fat metabolism, fatty acid handling and binding proteins, and lipid droplet proteins and their involvement in inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Mallick
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Sanjay Basak
- Molecular Biology Division, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Indian Council of Medical Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ranjit K Das
- Department of Health and Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Antara Banerjee
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Sujay Paul
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Queretaro, Av. Epigmenio Gonzalez, No. 500 Fracc, San Pablo, Queretaro, 76130, Mexico
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Asim K Duttaroy
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, POB 1046 Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
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Flores Gomez D, Bekkering S, Ter Horst R, Cossins B, van den Munckhof ICL, Rutten JHW, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Riksen NP. The effect of leptin on trained innate immunity and on systemic inflammation in subjects with obesity. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:374-384. [PMID: 37776323 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiad118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin is associated with cardiometabolic complications of obesity, such as metabolic syndrome and atherosclerosis. In obese men, the presence of metabolic syndrome is associated with higher circulating leptin and interleukin (IL)-6 concentrations and increased monocyte cytokine production capacity. Here, we investigated the effects of leptin on monocyte function and systemic inflammatory markers in obese individuals. We specifically explored whether leptin can induce long-term changes in innate immune function by inducing innate immune memory (also called trained immunity). We exposed human primary monocytes for 24 h to relevant leptin concentrations in vitro and measured cytokine production. In addition, after removing leptin, we incubated monocytes for 5 d in culture medium, and we restimulated them on day 6 to assess cytokine production capacity, phagocytosis, and foam cell formation. Direct stimulation with leptin did not induce cytokine production, but exposure to 50 ng/mL leptin augmented lipopolysaccharide- and R848-induced tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) production after 1 wk. In a separate in vivo study in a cohort of 302 obese subjects (body mass index [BMI] >27 kg/m2, 55 to 81 yr), we measured circulating leptin, inflammatory markers, and cytokine production upon ex vivo stimulation of isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Circulating leptin concentrations positively correlated with circulating IL-1β and IL-6, which was more pronounced in men than in women. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms in the leptin gene influenced circulating IL-6 concentrations in men, suggesting a direct effect of leptin on IL-6. In conclusion, in vitro, leptin does not directly stimulate monocytes to produce cytokines, yet induces long-term monocyte hyperresponsiveness, i.e. trained immunity. In obese subjects, leptin is associated with circulating IL-6 in a sex-dependent manner. The underlying mechanisms of the sex-specific effect of leptin on innate immune cells remain to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Flores Gomez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Siroon Bekkering
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Ter Horst
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Lazarettgasse 14, AKH BT 25.3, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Cossins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Inge C L van den Munckhof
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Joost H W Rutten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Strada Victor Babeș 8, Cluj-Napoca 400347, Romania
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Niels P Riksen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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de Nooijer AH, Pickkers P, Netea MG, Kox M. Inflammatory biomarkers to predict the prognosis of acute bacterial and viral infections. J Crit Care 2023; 78:154360. [PMID: 37343422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2023.154360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Mortality in acute infections is mostly associated with sepsis, defined as 'life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection'. It remains challenging to identify the patients with increased mortality risk due to the high heterogeneity in the dysregulated host immune response and disease progression. Biomarkers reflecting different pathways involved in the inflammatory response might improve prediction of mortality risk (prognostic enrichment) among patients with acute infections by reducing heterogeneity of the host response, as well as suggest novel strategies for patient stratification and treatment (predictive enrichment) through precision medicine approaches. The predictive value of inflammatory biomarkers has been extensively investigated in bacterial infections and the recent COVID-19 pandemic caused an increased interest in inflammatory biomarkers in this viral infection. However, limited research investigated whether the prognostic potential of these biomarkers differs between bacterial and viral infections. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the value of various inflammatory biomarkers for the prediction of mortality in bacterial and viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline H de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life & Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthijs Kox
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Radboud University Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Orange ST. What is the optimal type and dose of physical activity for colorectal cancer prevention? Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 66:101841. [PMID: 37852708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence shows that higher levels of physical activity reduce the relative risk of colon cancer by up to 20%. To design optimal physical activity interventions for primary prevention, it is important to understand how the specific characteristics of physical activity (type, intensity, overall volume) influence the magnitude of colon cancer risk reduction. Improving our understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms will also help to manipulate physical activity characteristics to precisely target mechanisms of action and identify populations most likely to benefit. This review synthesizes the best available evidence to explore how the type and dose of physical activity moderate the protective effect of physical activity on colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel T Orange
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK; School of Biomedical, Nutritional and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK.
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Saha A, Kolonin MG, DiGiovanni J. Obesity and prostate cancer - microenvironmental roles of adipose tissue. Nat Rev Urol 2023; 20:579-596. [PMID: 37198266 DOI: 10.1038/s41585-023-00764-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is known to have important roles in driving prostate cancer aggressiveness and increased mortality. Multiple mechanisms have been postulated for these clinical observations, including effects of diet and lifestyle, systemic changes in energy balance and hormonal regulation and activation of signalling by growth factors and cytokines and other components of the immune system. Over the past decade, research on obesity has shifted towards investigating the role of peri-prostatic white adipose tissue as an important source of locally produced factors that stimulate prostate cancer progression. Cells that comprise white adipose tissue, the adipocytes and their progenitor adipose stromal cells (ASCs), which proliferate to accommodate white adipose tissue expansion in obesity, have been identified as important drivers of obesity-associated cancer progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that adipocytes are a source of lipids that are used by adjacent prostate cancer cells. However, results of preclinical studies indicate that ASCs promote tumour growth by remodelling extracellular matrix and supporting neovascularization, contributing to the recruitment of immunosuppressive cells, and inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through paracrine signalling. Because epithelial-mesenchymal transition is associated with cancer chemotherapy resistance and metastasis, ASCs are considered to be potential targets of therapies that could be developed to suppress cancer aggressiveness in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achinto Saha
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Paediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mikhail G Kolonin
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Disease, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Dell Paediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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Cai M, Zhao D, Han X, Han S, Zhang W, Zang Z, Gai C, Rong R, Gao T. The role of perivascular adipose tissue-secreted adipocytokines in cardiovascular disease. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1271051. [PMID: 37822930 PMCID: PMC10562567 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1271051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue and the vessel wall are connected through intricate bidirectional paracrine and vascular secretory signaling pathways. The secretion of inflammatory factors and oxidative products by the vessel wall in the diseased segment has the ability to influence the phenotype of perivascular adipocytes. Additionally, the secretion of adipokines by perivascular adipose tissue exacerbates the inflammatory response in the diseased vessel wall. Therefore, quantitative and qualitative studies of perivascular adipose tissue are of great value in the context of vascular inflammation and may provide a reference for the assessment of cardiovascular ischemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichao Cai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shuang Han
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Zhennan Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Chenchen Gai
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Rong Rong
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tian Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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Ahmadi Hekmatikar A, Nelson A, Petersen A. Highlighting the idea of exerkines in the management of cancer patients with cachexia: novel insights and a critical review. BMC Cancer 2023; 23:889. [PMID: 37730552 PMCID: PMC10512651 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-023-11391-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exerkines are all peptides, metabolites, and nucleic acids released into the bloodstream during and after physical exercise. Exerkines liberated from skeletal muscle (myokines), the heart (cardiokines), liver (hepatokines), white adipose tissue (adipokines), brown adipose tissue (batokines), and neurons (neurokines) may benefit health and wellbeing. Cancer-related cachexia is a highly prevalent disorder characterized by weight loss with specific skeletal muscle and adipose tissue loss. Many studies have sought to provide exercise strategies for managing cachexia, focusing on musculoskeletal tissue changes. Therefore, understanding the responses of musculoskeletal and other tissue exerkines to acute and chronic exercise may provide novel insight and recommendations for physical training to counteract cancer-related cachexia. METHODS For the purpose of conducting this study review, we made efforts to gather relevant studies and thoroughly discuss them to create a comprehensive overview. To achieve this, we conducted searches using appropriate keywords in various databases. Studies that were deemed irrelevant to the current research, not available in English, or lacking full-text access were excluded. Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge the limited amount of research conducted in this specific field. RESULTS In order to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the findings, we prioritized human studies in order to obtain results that closely align with the scope of the present study. However, in instances where human studies were limited or additional analysis was required to draw more robust conclusions, we also incorporated animal studies. Finally, 295 studies, discussed in this review. CONCLUSION Our understanding of the underlying physiological mechanisms related to the significance of investigating exerkines in cancer cachexia is currently quite basic. Nonetheless, this demonstrated that resistance and aerobic exercise can contribute to the reduction and control of the disease in individuals with cancer cachexia, as well as in survivors, by inducing changes in exerkines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Ahmadi Hekmatikar
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences, Faculty of Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - André Nelson
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Aaron Petersen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
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Lim JY, Kim E. The Role of Organokines in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes and Their Functions as Molecular Transducers of Nutrition and Exercise. Metabolites 2023; 13:979. [PMID: 37755259 PMCID: PMC10537761 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining systemic homeostasis requires the coordination of different organs and tissues in the body. Our bodies rely on complex inter-organ communications to adapt to perturbations or changes in metabolic homeostasis. Consequently, the liver, muscle, and adipose tissues produce and secrete specific organokines such as hepatokines, myokines, and adipokines in response to nutritional and environmental stimuli. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of the interplay of organokines between organs is associated with the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Strategies aimed at remodeling organokines may be effective therapeutic interventions. Diet modification and exercise have been established as the first-line therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on organokines secreted by the liver, muscle, and adipose tissues in obesity and T2D. Additionally, we highlighted the effects of diet/nutrition and exercise on the remodeling of organokines in obesity and T2D. Specifically, we investigated the ameliorative effects of caloric restriction, selective nutrients including ω3 PUFAs, selenium, vitamins, and metabolites of vitamins, and acute/chronic exercise on the dysregulation of organokines in obesity and T2D. Finally, this study dissected the underlying molecular mechanisms by which nutrition and exercise regulate the expression and secretion of organokines in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ye Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Höpfinger A, Karrasch T, Schäffler A, Schmid A. Circulating Levels of Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide (CAMP) Are Affected by Oral Lipid Ingestion. Nutrients 2023; 15:3021. [PMID: 37447348 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity and related diseases are among the main public health issues in the western world. They are thought to be caused by a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation. Cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) was recently discovered to be expressed and secreted by adipocytes. Representing a novel immunomodulatory adipokine, CAMP might play an important role in the complex interaction between metabolism and inflammation. METHODS In a cohort of 80 volunteers, serum samples were collected prior to, and 2 h, 4 h, and 6 h after, oral lipid ingestion. CAMP, fatty acid binding proteins 2 and 4 (FABP-2/-4), and dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP-4) serum concentrations were measured via ELISA. Human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) adipocytes were treated with free fatty acids, and gene expression levels of CAMP, FABP-4, and DPP-4 were quantified by RT-PCR. RESULTS The mean base-line CAMP serum concentration was 55.78 ± 29.26 ng/mL, with a range of 10.77-146.24 ng/mL. Interestingly, CAMP serum levels were positively correlated with LDL cholesterol, but negatively correlated with HDL cholesterol and adiponectin. Men exhibited higher CAMP serum concentrations than women, an effect apparently linked to oral contraception in the majority of female participants. In both genders, CAMP serum concentrations significantly decreased in a stepwise manner 4 h and 6 h after oral lipid ingestion. This decline was paralleled by a rise of serum bile acid and triglyceride levels upon lipid ingestion. In human SGBS adipocytes, treatment with free fatty acids did not affect CAMP gene expression, but increased FABP-4 gene expression. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, systemic levels of the antimicrobial peptide and novel adipokine CAMP are significantly decreased upon oral lipid ingestion. While this decline might be linked to the simultaneous increase in bile acids, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, CAMP might indicate a putative novel cardiovascular biomarker of both inflammatory and metabolic relevance in metaflammation and adipose inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Höpfinger
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Karrasch
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffler
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Giessen, Klinikstr. 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Torosian K, Lal E, Kavanaugh A, Loomba R, Ajmera V, Guma M. Psoriatic disease and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease shared pathogenesis review. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2023; 59:152165. [PMID: 36716599 PMCID: PMC9992353 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Psoriatic disease (PD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) potentially share disease pathways given the numerous inflammatory pathways involved in both diseases and a higher prevalence of NAFLD in PD patients. Metabolic syndrome and obesity are a key link between the two diseases, but even when controlling for this, associations between both diseases are still seen. Therapeutics that impact metabolic or inflammatory pathways may be impactful in both PD and NAFLD. In this review, we describe common inflammatory pathways contributing to both PD and NAFLD and critically review the potential impact of treatments for and on both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Torosian
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Esha Lal
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Arthur Kavanaugh
- Department of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Rohit Loomba
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA; Division of Epidemiology, Department of Family and Preventative Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA
| | - Veeral Ajmera
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; NAFLD Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, USA.
| | - Monica Guma
- Department of Rheumatology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA 92093, USA; Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; San Diego VA Healthcare Service, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.
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14
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Zhou K, Yang C, Shi K, Liu Y, Hu D, He X, Yang Y, Chu B, Peng J, Zhou Z, Qian Z. Activated macrophage membrane-coated nanoparticles relieve osteoarthritis-induced synovitis and joint damage. Biomaterials 2023; 295:122036. [PMID: 36804660 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint condition that is a leading cause of disability worldwide. There are currently no disease-modifying treatments for osteoarthritis, which is associated with multiple kinds of inflammatory cytokines produced by M1 macrophages in the synovium of the joint. Despite recent therapeutic advancements with anti-cytokine biologics, the OA therapy response rate continues to be inadequate. To treat OA, the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses of synoviocytes and macrophages must be controlled simultaneously. Therefore, the immune regulation capabilities of an ideal nano-drug should not only minimize pro-inflammatory responses but also effectively boost anti-inflammatory responses. In this paper, an M2H@RPK nanotherapeutic system was developed, KAFAK and shRNA-LEPR were condensed with polyethylenimine (PEI) to form a complex, which was then modified with hyaluronic acid (HA) to negatively charge to cover the M2 membrane. It was discovered that the repolarization of macrophages from the M1 to the M2 phenotype lowered pro-inflammatory responses while enhancing anti-inflammatory responses in macrophages and synoviocytes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that M2H@RPK dramatically decreases proinflammatory cytokines, controls synovial inflammation, and provides significant therapeutic efficacy by reducing joint damage. Overall, it has been demonstrated that M2H@RPK provides inflammation-targeted therapy by macrophage repolarization, and it represents a promising OA therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China; Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China; Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Kun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Danrong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinlong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Bingyang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinrong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Zongke Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhiyong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China.
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15
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Picher-Martel V, Boutej H, Vézina A, Cordeau P, Kaneb H, Julien JP, Genge A, Dupré N, Kriz J. Distinct Plasma Immune Profile in ALS Implicates sTNFR-II in pAMPK/Leptin Homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065065. [PMID: 36982140 PMCID: PMC10049559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a clinically highly heterogeneous disease with a survival rate ranging from months to decades. Evidence suggests that a systemic deregulation of immune response may play a role and affect disease progression. Here, we measured 62 different immune/metabolic mediators in plasma of sporadic ALS (sALS) patients. We show that, at the protein level, the majority of immune mediators including a metabolic sensor, leptin, were significantly decreased in the plasma of sALS patients and in two animal models of the disease. Next, we found that a subset of patients with rapidly progressing ALS develop a distinct plasma assess immune–metabolic molecular signature characterized by a differential increase in soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II (sTNF-RII) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 16 (CCL16) and further decrease in the levels of leptin, mostly dysregulated in male patients. Consistent with in vivo findings, exposure of human adipocytes to sALS plasma and/or sTNF-RII alone, induced a significant deregulation in leptin production/homeostasis and was associated with a robust increase in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation. Conversely, treatment with an AMPK inhibitor restored leptin production in human adipocytes. Together, this study provides evidence of a distinct plasma immune profile in sALS which affects adipocyte function and leptin signaling. Furthermore, our results suggest that targeting the sTNF-RII/AMPK/leptin pathway in adipocytes may help restore assess immune–metabolic homeostasis in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Picher-Martel
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
- CHU de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hejer Boutej
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Alexandre Vézina
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Pierre Cordeau
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Hannah Kaneb
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Julien
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Angela Genge
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Nicolas Dupré
- CHU de Québec, Department of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jasna Kriz
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-663-5000 (ext. 6732)
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Arismendi E, Bantulà M, Picado C. Obese Asthma Syndrome: Much Work to Do. Arch Bronconeumol 2023:S0300-2896(23)00040-6. [PMID: 36894470 DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebymar Arismendi
- Servei de Pneumologia del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Marina Bantulà
- Fundació Clínica per la Recerca Biomèdica, Barcelona, Spain
| | - César Picado
- Servei de Pneumologia del Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Madrid, Spain
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17
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Tirandi A, Sgura C, Carbone F, Montecucco F, Liberale L. Inflammatory biomarkers of ischemic stroke. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:723-732. [PMID: 36745280 PMCID: PMC10082112 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke remains the second leading cause of death and among the major causes of morbidity worldwide. Therapeutic options are currently limited to early reperfusion strategies, while pharmacological neuroprotective strategies despite showing promising results in the experimental setting constantly failed to enter the clinical arena. Inflammation plays an important role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and mediators of inflammation have been longtime investigated as possible prognostic marker and therapeutic target for stroke patients. Here, we summarized available evidence on the role of cytokines, soluble adhesion molecules and adipokines in the pathophysiology, prognosis and therapy of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Tirandi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cosimo Sgura
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Carbone
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montecucco
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Luca Liberale
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 6, 16132, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino Genoa, Italian Cardiovascular Network, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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18
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Sureshchandra S, Doratt BM, Mendza N, Varlamov O, Rincon M, Marshall NE, Messaoudi I. Maternal obesity blunts antimicrobial responses in fetal monocytes. eLife 2023; 12:81320. [PMID: 36645353 PMCID: PMC9894585 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal pre-pregnancy (pregravid) obesity is associated with adverse outcomes for both mother and offspring. Amongst the complications for the offspring is increased susceptibility and severity of neonatal infections necessitating admission to the intensive care unit, notably bacterial sepsis and enterocolitis. Previous studies have reported aberrant responses to LPS and polyclonal stimulation by umbilical cord blood monocytes that were mediated by alterations in the epigenome. In this study, we show that pregravid obesity dysregulates umbilical cord blood monocyte responses to bacterial and viral pathogens. Specifically, interferon-stimulated gene expression and inflammatory responses to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and E. coli were significantly dampened, respectively . Although upstream signaling events were comparable, translocation of the key transcription factor NF-κB and chromatin accessibility at pro-inflammatory gene promoters following TLR stimulation was significantly attenuated. Using a rhesus macaque model of western style diet-induced obesity, we further demonstrate that this defect is detected in fetal peripheral monocytes and tissue-resident macrophages during gestation. Collectively, these data indicate that maternal obesity alters metabolic, signaling, and epigenetic profiles of fetal monocytes leading to a state of immune paralysis during late gestation and at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhas Sureshchandra
- Institute for Immunology, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Brianna M Doratt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of KentuckyLexingtonUnited States
| | - Norma Mendza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
| | - Oleg Varlamov
- Division of Cardiometabolic Health, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science UniversityBeavertonUnited States
| | - Monica Rincon
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Nicole E Marshall
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, IrvineIrvineUnited States
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Oregon Health & Science UniversityPortlandUnited States
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19
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Abend Bardagi A, Dos Santos Paschoal C, Favero GG, Riccetto L, Alexandrino Dias ML, Guerra Junior G, Degasperi G. Leptin's Immune Action: A Review Beyond Satiety. Immunol Invest 2023; 52:117-133. [PMID: 36278927 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2022.2129381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The adipose tissue is an endocrine organ that secretes adipokines such as leptin, which is one of the most important hormones for controlling satiety, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. This hormone acts in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses since immune cells have leptin receptors from which this hormone initiates its biological action. These receptors have been identified in hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow and mature immune cells, inducing signaling pathways mediated by JAK/STAT, PI3K, and ERK 1/2. It is known that the bone marrow also contains leptin-producing adipocytes, which are crucial for regulating hematopoiesis through largely unknown mechanisms. Therefore, we have reviewed the roles of leptin inside and outside the bone marrow, going beyond its action in the control of satiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Abend Bardagi
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Dos Santos Paschoal
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Ganem Favero
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Luisa Riccetto
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Maria Luisa Alexandrino Dias
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Gil Guerra Junior
- Center for Investigation in Pediatrics (CIPED), School of Medical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Degasperi
- Center for Health Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas (PUC-Campinas), Campinas, Brazil
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20
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Sánchez-Ortega H, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Novalbos-Ruiz JP, Gómez-Bastero A, Soto-Campos JG, Sánchez-Margalet V. Role of Leptin as a Link between Asthma and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010546. [PMID: 36613991 PMCID: PMC9820321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma and obesity are considered as highly prevalent diseases with a great impact on public health. Obesity has been demonstrated to be an aggravating factor in the pathogenesis of asthma. Adipose tissue secretes proinflammatory cytokines and mediators, including leptin, which may promote the development and severity of asthma in obese patients. This study is a systematic review and a meta-analysis based on the relationship between leptin and asthma during obesity. MEDLINE, Cochrane, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were used. Data heterogeneity was analyzed using Cochran’s Q and treatment effect with the DerSimonian and Laird method. Random effect analyses were carried out to test data sensitivity. Asymmetry was estimated using Begg’s and Egger’s tests. All studies showed significant differences in leptin levels. The effect of the measures (p < 0.001), data sensitivity (p < 0.05) and data asymmetry were statistically significant, as well as tBegg’s test (p = 0.010) and Egge’s test (p < 0.001). Despite the existing limiting factors, the results of this study support the relevant role of leptin in the pathophysiology of asthma in obese subjects. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to obtain better insight in the relationship between leptin and asthma in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Sánchez-Ortega
- Medicine Laboratory Service, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Av. Dr. Fedriani 3, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana
- Medicine Laboratory Service, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Av. Dr. Fedriani 3, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - José P. Novalbos-Ruiz
- Department of Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health, Medical School, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ana Gómez-Bastero
- Pneumology Service, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - José G. Soto-Campos
- Pneumology Service, Jerez University Hospital, University of Cadiz, 11003 Cádiz, Spain
| | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Medicine Laboratory Service, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Av. Dr. Fedriani 3, 41009 Seville, Spain
- Correspondence:
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21
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Singh A, Mayengbam SS, Yaduvanshi H, Wani MR, Bhat MK. Obesity Programs Macrophages to Support Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2022; 82:4303-4312. [PMID: 36191083 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Obesity induces multifactorial effects such as dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and arterial hypertension that influence the progression of many diseases. Obesity is associated with an increased incidence of cancers, and multiple mechanisms link obesity with cancer initiation and progression. Macrophages participate in the homeostasis of adipose tissue and play an important role in cancer. Adipose tissue expansion in obesity alters the balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory macrophages, which is a primary cause of inflammation. Chronic low-grade inflammation driven by macrophages is also an important characteristic of cancer. Adipocytes secrete various adipokines, including adiponectin, leptin, IL6, and TNFα, that influence macrophage behavior and tumor progression. Furthermore, other metabolic effects of obesity, such as hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and hypercholesterolemia, can also regulate macrophage functionality in cancer. This review summarizes how obesity influences macrophage-tumor cell interactions and the role of macrophages in the response to anticancer therapies under obese conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shyamananda Singh Mayengbam
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Himanshi Yaduvanshi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mohan R Wani
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, National Centre for Cell Science, Government of India, Savitribai Phule Pune University Campus, Ganeshkhind, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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22
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Wang Y, Hu C. Leptin and Asthma: What Are the Interactive Correlations? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12121780. [PMID: 36551211 PMCID: PMC9775505 DOI: 10.3390/biom12121780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is an adipokine directly correlated with the proinflammatory obese-associated phenotype. Leptin has been demonstrated to inhibit adipogenesis, promote fat demarcation, promote a chronic inflammatory state, increase insulin sensitivity, and promote angiogenesis. Leptin, a regulator of the immune response, is implicated in the pathology of asthma. Studies involved in the key cell reaction and animal models of asthma have provided vital insights into the proinflammatory role of leptin in asthma. Many studies described the immune cell and related cellular pathways activated by leptin, which are beneficial in asthma development and increasing exacerbations. Subsequent studies relating to animal models support the role of leptin in increasing inflammatory cell infiltration, airway hyperresponsiveness, and inflammatory responses. However, the conclusive effects of leptin in asthma are not well elaborated. In the present study, we explored the general functions and the clinical cohort study supporting the association between leptin and asthma. The main objective of our review is to address the knowns and unknowns of leptin on asthma. In this perspective, the arguments about the different faces of leptin in asthma are provided to picture the potential directions, thus yielding a better understanding of asthma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Chengping Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine (Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Correspondence:
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Stapelberg NJC, Bui TA, Mansour V, Johnson S, Branjerdporn G, Adhikary S, Ashton K, Taylor N, Headrick JP. The pathophysiology of major depressive disorder through the lens of systems biology: Network analysis of the psycho-immune-neuroendocrine physiome. J Neuroimmunol 2022; 372:577959. [PMID: 36095861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2022.577959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The psycho-immune-neuroendocrine (PINE) network is a predominantly physiological (metabolomic) model constructed from the literature, inter-linking multiple biological processes associated with major depressive disorder (MDD), thereby integrating putative mechanistic pathways for MDD into a single network. MATERIAL AND METHODS Previously published metabolomic pathways for the PINE network based on literature searches conducted in 1991-2021 were used to construct an edge table summarizing all physiological pathways in pairs of origin nodes and target nodes. The Gephi software program was used to calculate network metrics from the edge table, including total degree and centrality measures, to ascertain key network nodes and construct a directed network graph. RESULTS An edge table and directional network graph of physiological relationships in the PINE network is presented. The network has properties consistent with complex biological systems, with analysis yielding key network nodes comprising pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF- α, IL6 and IL1), glucocorticoids and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH). These may represent central structural and regulatory elements in the context of MDD. CONCLUSION The identified hubs have a high degree of connection and are known to play roles in the progression from health to MDD. These nodes represent strategic targets for therapeutic intervention or prevention. Future work is required to build a weighted and dynamic simulation of the network PINE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J C Stapelberg
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia; Gold Coast Health, Southport, Australia
| | | | - Verena Mansour
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia
| | | | - Grace Branjerdporn
- Gold Coast Health, Southport, Australia; Mater Young Adult Health Service, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Sam Adhikary
- Mater Young Adult Health Service, Mater Hospital, South Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kevin Ashton
- Bond University, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Robina, Australia
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24
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Stapelberg NJC, Branjerdporn G, Adhikary S, Johnson S, Ashton K, Headrick J. Environmental Stressors and the PINE Network: Can Physical Environmental Stressors Drive Long-Term Physical and Mental Health Risks? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13226. [PMID: 36293807 PMCID: PMC9603079 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Both psychosocial and physical environmental stressors have been linked to chronic mental health and chronic medical conditions. The psycho-immune-neuroendocrine (PINE) network details metabolomic pathways which are responsive to varied stressors and link chronic medical conditions with mental disorders, such as major depressive disorder via a network of pathophysiological pathways. The primary objective of this review is to explore evidence of relationships between airborne particulate matter (PM, as a concrete example of a physical environmental stressor), the PINE network and chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including mental health sequelae, with a view to supporting the assertion that physical environmental stressors (not only psychosocial stressors) disrupt the PINE network, leading to NCDs. Biological links have been established between PM exposure, key sub-networks of the PINE model and mental health sequelae, suggesting that in theory, long-term mental health impacts of PM exposure may exist, driven by the disruption of these biological networks. This disruption could trans-generationally influence health; however, long-term studies and information on chronic outcomes following acute exposure event are still lacking, limiting what is currently known beyond the acute exposure and all-cause mortality. More empirical evidence is needed, especially to link long-term mental health sequelae to PM exposure, arising from PINE pathophysiology. Relationships between physical and psychosocial stressors, and especially the concept of such stressors acting together to impact on PINE network function, leading to linked NCDs, evokes the concept of syndemics, and these are discussed in the context of the PINE network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas J. C. Stapelberg
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Grace Branjerdporn
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - Sam Adhikary
- Mater Young Adult Health Centre, Mater Hospital, Brisbane, QID 4101, Australia
| | - Susannah Johnson
- Gold Coast Hospital and Health Service, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Kevin Ashton
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD 4226, Australia
| | - John Headrick
- School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QID 4215, Australia
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25
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Mao Y, Zhao K, Li P, Sheng Y. The emerging role of leptin in obesity-associated cardiac fibrosis: evidence and mechanism. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 478:991-1011. [PMID: 36214893 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is a hallmark of various cardiovascular diseases, which is quite commonly found in obesity, and may contribute to the increased incidence of heart failure arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death in obese populations. As an endogenous regulator of adiposity metabolism, body mass, and energy balance, obesity, characterized by increased circulating levels of the adipocyte-derived hormone leptin, is a critical contributor to the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis. Although there are some gaps in our knowledge linking leptin and cardiac fibrosis, this review will focus on the interplay between leptin and major effectors involved in the pathogenesis underlying cardiac fibrosis at both cellular and molecular levels based on the current reports. The profibrotic effect of leptin is predominantly mediated by activated cardiac fibroblasts but may also involve cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and immune cells. Moreover, a series of molecular signals with a known profibrotic property is closely involved in leptin-induced fibrotic events. A more comprehensive understanding of the underlying mechanisms through which leptin contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiac fibrosis may open up a new avenue for the rapid emergence of a novel therapy for preventing or even reversing obesity-associated cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanhui Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Cardiology, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Alsenousy AHA, El-Tahan RA, Ghazal NA, Piñol R, Millán A, Ali LMA, Kamel MA. The Anti-Obesity Potential of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles against High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Rats: Possible Involvement of Mitochondrial Biogenesis in the Adipose Tissues. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102134. [PMID: 36297569 PMCID: PMC9607364 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a pandemic disease that is rapidly growing into a serious health problem and has economic impact on healthcare systems. This bleak image has elicited creative responses, and nanotechnology is a promising approach in obesity treatment. This study aimed to investigate the anti-obesity effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) on a high-fat-diet rat model of obesity and compared their effect to a traditional anti-obesity drug (orlistat). METHODS The obese rats were treated daily with orlistat and/or SPIONs once per week for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected for biochemical assays. Then, the animals were sacrificed to obtain white adipose tissues (WAT) and brown adipose tissues (BAT) for assessment of the expression of thermogenic genes and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN). RESULTS For the first time, we reported promising ameliorating effects of SPIONs treatments against weight gain, hyperglycemia, adiponectin, leptin, and dyslipidemia in obese rats. At the molecular level, surprisingly, SPIONs treatments markedly corrected the disturbed expression and protein content of inflammatory markers and parameters controlling mitochondrial biogenesis and functions in BAT and WAT. CONCLUSIONS SPIONs have a powerful anti-obesity effect by acting as an inducer of WAT browning and activator of BAT functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha H. A. Alsenousy
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.A.A.); (M.A.K.)
| | - Rasha A. El-Tahan
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Nesma A. Ghazal
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
| | - Rafael Piñol
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Angel Millán
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lamiaa M. A. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- IBMM, University Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Maher A. Kamel
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, 165 El-Horeya Rd, Alexandria 21561, Egypt
- Correspondence: (A.H.A.A.); (M.A.K.)
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27
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Yuan C, Liao J, Zheng L, Ding L, Teng X, Lin X, Wang L. Current knowledge of leptin in wound healing: A collaborative review. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:968142. [PMID: 36172174 PMCID: PMC9512445 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.968142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficacious wound healing is still a major concern for global healthcare due to the unsatisfactory outcomes under the current treatments. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, mainly acts in the hypothalamus and plays crucial roles in various biological processes. Recently, an increasing number of researches have shown that leptin played an important role in the wound healing process. In this review, we presented a first attempt to capture the current knowledge on the association between leptin and wound healing. After a comprehensive review, the molecular mechanisms underlying leptin in wound healing were speculated to be correlated to the regulation of inflammation of the macrophage and lymphocytes, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization, proliferation, and differentiation of fibroblasts. The affected genes and the signal pathways were multiple. For example, leptin was reported to ameliorate wound healing by its anti-inflammatory action, which might be correlated to the activation STAT1 and STAT3 via p38 MAPK or JAK2. However, the understanding of the specific role in each process (e.g., inflammatory, proliferative, and maturation phase) of wound repair is not entirely clear, and further studies are still warranted in both macrostructural and microscale factors. Therefore, identifying and validating the biological mechanisms of leptin in wound healing is of great significance to develop potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of wound healing in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Zheng
- Postgraduate Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical College, Ganzhou, China
| | - Lingzhi Ding
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Teng
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuesong Lin
- Department of Burn Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Burn Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Le Wang,
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28
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Sugimoto S, Mena HA, Sansbury BE, Kobayashi S, Tsuji T, Wang CH, Yin X, Huang TL, Kusuyama J, Kodani SD, Darcy J, Profeta G, Pereira N, Tanzi RE, Zhang C, Serwold T, Kokkotou E, Goodyear LJ, Cypess AM, Leiria LO, Spite M, Tseng YH. Brown adipose tissue-derived MaR2 contributes to cold-induced resolution of inflammation. Nat Metab 2022; 4:775-790. [PMID: 35760872 PMCID: PMC9792164 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity induces chronic inflammation resulting in insulin resistance and metabolic disorders. Cold exposure can improve insulin sensitivity in humans and rodents, but the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. Here, we find that cold resolves obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance and improves glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice. The beneficial effects of cold exposure on improving obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance depend on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and liver. Using targeted liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, we discovered that cold and β3-adrenergic stimulation promote BAT to produce maresin 2 (MaR2), a member of the specialized pro-resolving mediators of bioactive lipids that play a role in the resolution of inflammation. Notably, MaR2 reduces inflammation in obesity in part by targeting macrophages in the liver. Thus, BAT-derived MaR2 could contribute to the beneficial effects of BAT activation in resolving obesity-induced inflammation and may inform therapeutic approaches to combat obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Sugimoto
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hebe Agustina Mena
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian E Sansbury
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shio Kobayashi
- Section of Immunobiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tadataka Tsuji
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chih-Hao Wang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xuanzhi Yin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tian Lian Huang
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joji Kusuyama
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean D Kodani
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin Darcy
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerson Profeta
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nayara Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Serwold
- Section of Immunobiology, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Efi Kokkotou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laurie J Goodyear
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luiz Osório Leiria
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Matthew Spite
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Section on Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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29
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Flores-Cordero JA, Pérez-Pérez A, Jiménez-Cortegana C, Alba G, Flores-Barragán A, Sánchez-Margalet V. Obesity as a Risk Factor for Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease: The Role of Leptin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5202. [PMID: 35563589 PMCID: PMC9099768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing worldwide health problem, affecting many people due to excessive saturated fat consumption, lack of exercise, or a sedentary lifestyle. Leptin is an adipokine secreted by adipose tissue that increases in obesity and has central actions not only at the hypothalamic level but also in other regions and nuclei of the central nervous system (CNS) such as the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. These regions express the long form of leptin receptor LepRb, which is the unique leptin receptor capable of transmitting complete leptin signaling, and are the first regions to be affected by chronic neurocognitive deficits, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD). In this review, we discuss different leptin resistance mechanisms that could be implicated in increasing the risk of developing AD, as leptin resistance is frequently associated with obesity, which is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, and obesity is considered a risk factor for AD. Key players of leptin resistance are SOCS3, PTP1B, and TCPTP whose signalling is related to inflammation and could be worsened in AD. However, some data are controversial, and it is necessary to further investigate the underlying mechanisms of the AD-causing pathological processes and how altered leptin signalling affects such processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Víctor Sánchez-Margalet
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Virgen Macarena University Hospital, University of Seville, Av. Sánchez Pizjuan 4, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (J.A.F.-C.); (A.P.-P.); (C.J.-C.); (G.A.); (A.F.-B.)
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30
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Braga Tibaes JR, Azarcoya-Barrera J, Wollin B, Veida-Silva H, Makarowski A, Vine D, Tsai S, Jacobs R, Richard C. Sex Differences Distinctly Impact High-Fat Diet-Induced Immune Dysfunction in Wistar Rats. J Nutr 2022; 152:1347-1357. [PMID: 35102397 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune function is altered during obesity. Moreover, males and females across different species demonstrate distinct susceptibility to several diseases. However, less is known regarding the interplay between high-fat diet (HFD) and sex in the context of immune function. OBJECTIVES The objective was to determine sex differences on immune function in response to an HFD compared with a control low-fat diet (LFD) in Wistar rats. METHODS At 5 wk of age, male and female Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 diets for 9 wk: ad libitum control LFD (20 kcal% fat, 53 kcal% carbohydrate, and 27 kcal% protein) or HFD (50 kcal% fat, 23 kcal% carbohydrate, and 27 kcal% protein). At 13 wk of age, rats were killed and splenocytes were isolated. Immune cell subsets were determined by flow cytometry. Immune cell function was determined by measuring the ex vivo cytokine production following stimulation with mitogens. Two-factor ANOVA was used to assess the main effect of sex, diet, and their interaction. RESULTS Males gained more weight than females (410 ± 46 vs. 219 ± 45 g), independently of diet (P-sex < 0.01). The HFD led to a lower production of IL-2 while increasing the production of IL-10 (both P-diet ≤ 0.05), independently of sex. HFD-fed females had increased production of cytokines (IL-2 and IL-6) after stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate plus ionomycin (PMA+I), as well as a higher T-helper (Th) 1:Th2 balance compared with HFD-fed males (all P < 0.05). Males fed the HFD had significantly lower production of IL-2 upon stimulation compared with all other groups. CONCLUSIONS Female Wistar rats developed a milder obesity phenotype and maintained enhanced cytokine production compared with males fed the HFD. Sex differences modulate immune function in the context of high-fat feeding and it should be considered in research design to establish personalized health-related recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessy Azarcoya-Barrera
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bethany Wollin
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hellen Veida-Silva
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander Makarowski
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Donna Vine
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - René Jacobs
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases Laboratory, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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31
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Barrea L, Caprio M, Watanabe M, Cammarata G, Feraco A, Muscogiuri G, Verde L, Colao A, Savastano S. Could very low-calorie ketogenic diets turn off low grade inflammation in obesity? Emerging evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8320-8336. [PMID: 35373658 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2054935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is an emerging non-communicable disease associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and oxidative stress, compounded by the development of many obesity-related diseases, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a range of cancers. Originally developed for the treatment of epilepsy in drug non-responder children, the ketogenic diet (KD) is being increasingly used in the treatment of many diseases, including obesity and obesity-related conditions. The KD is a dietary pattern characterized by high fat intake, moderate to low protein consumption, and very low carbohydrate intake (<50 g) that has proved to be an effective and weight-loss tool. In addition, it also appears to be a dietary intervention capable of improving the inflammatory state and oxidative stress in individuals with obesity by means of several mechanisms. The main activity of the KD has been linked to improving mitochondrial function and decreasing oxidative stress. β-hydroxybutyrate, the most studied ketone body, has been shown to reduce the production of reactive oxygen species, improving mitochondrial respiration. In addition, KDs exert anti-inflammatory activity through several mechanisms, e.g., by inhibiting activation of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, and the inflammatory nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and inhibiting histone deacetylases. Given the rising interest in the topic, this review looks at the underlying anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms of KDs and their possible recruitment in the treatment of obesity and obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Barrea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Università Telematica Pegaso, Napoli, Italy
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Mikiko Watanabe
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Medical Pathophysiology, Food Science and Endocrinology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cammarata
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties (DiMI) and Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Feraco
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Muscogiuri
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ludovica Verde
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Colao
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Cattedra Unesco "Educazione alla salute e allo sviluppo sostenibile", University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Savastano
- Centro Italiano per la cura e il Benessere del paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Endocrinology Unit, University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Unit of Endocrinology, Federico II University Medical School of Naples, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Aging is associated with systemic inflammation and decreased production of protective antibodies while the production of autoimmune antibodies is increased. Our results have shown that the human obese adipose tissue (AT), which increases in size with aging, contributes to systemic and B cell intrinsic inflammation, reduced protective and increased pathogenic B cell responses leading to increased secretion of autoimmune antibodies. With this R56 funding, we have been able to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which the human obese AT induces intrinsic B cell inflammation and dysfunctional B cell responses, stimulates the secretion of autoimmune antibodies, whose specificity has been characterized, and engages different AT cell types in antigen presentation pathways to allow secretion of these autoimmune antibodies. Briefly, immune cells are recruited to the AT by chemokines released by both non-immune (adipocytes) and by resident and infiltrating immune cells. We have identified several mechanisms responsible for the release of “self” antigens, and we have shown that reduced oxygen availability and hypoxia, cell cytotoxicity and DNA damage induce cell death and lead to further release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, “self” protein antigens, cell-free DNA and lipids. We have also identified different antigen presenting cells in the AT, responsible for the activation of pathogenic B cells, class switch and secretion of autoimmune IgG antibodies. The experiments performed have allowed the discovery of novel mechanisms for pathogenic responses and the identification of pathways to target in order to promote better humoral immunity during aging.
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Caldari-Torres C, Beck J. Effects of co-incubation of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages on leptin production by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: a method for co-incubating distinct adipose tissue cell lines. BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:57. [PMID: 35283620 PMCID: PMC8899443 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00747-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ capable of releasing inflammatory adipokines that are linked to changes occurring in the overfed state, where tissue remodeling results in hypertrophic adipocytes that recruit monocytes to infiltrate the tissue and take on an inflammatory phenotype. Increases in macrophage-specific inflammatory mediator levels contribute to the inflamed state and worsen the inflammatory loop between the macrophages and adipocytes. Although most inflammatory adipokines are released by macrophages, adipocytes can also release immunomodulatory adipokines, such as leptin. The objective of this research was to determine if co-incubation of activated macrophages with mature adipocytes, using transwell inserts, affected adipocyte leptin release. We also examined if there were differences in levels of cell-secreted products quantified in cell-conditioned media collected from macrophage-containing (transwell insert) and adipocyte-containing (well) compartments. METHODS Mature adipocytes were co-incubated with control and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated (0.01 mg/ml) murine macrophages, and nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and leptin levels were quantified in the cell-conditioned media from both compartments. RESULTS Activation status of the macrophages did not affect leptin release by the adipocytes. We observed higher amounts of leptin in wells compared to transwells. Nitric oxide and interleukin-6 levels were similar between transwells and wells, suggesting that these adipokines travel through the transwell inserts and are reaching equilibrium between the two compartments. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that co-incubating activated macrophages and adipocytes using transwell inserts can result in distinct microenvironments in the different cellular compartments and that separate sampling of these compartments is required to detect the subtle signaling dynamics that exist between these cells. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42269-022-00747-7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordan Beck
- Department of Biology, Denison University, Granville, OH USA
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34
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Assumpção JAF, Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, Duarte MSV, Bonamino MH, Magalhães KG. The ambiguous role of obesity in oncology by promoting cancer but boosting antitumor immunotherapy. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:12. [PMID: 35164764 PMCID: PMC8842976 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is nowadays considered a pandemic which prevalence's has been steadily increasingly in western countries. It is a dynamic, complex, and multifactorial disease which propitiates the development of several metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. Excessive adipose tissue has been causally related to cancer progression and is a preventable risk factor for overall and cancer-specific survival, associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. The onset of obesity features a state of chronic low-grade inflammation and secretion of a diversity of adipocyte-derived molecules (adipokines, cytokines, hormones), responsible for altering the metabolic, inflammatory, and immune landscape. The crosstalk between adipocytes and tumor cells fuels the tumor microenvironment with pro-inflammatory factors, promoting tissue injury, mutagenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Although classically established as a risk factor for cancer and treatment toxicity, recent evidence suggests mild obesity is related to better outcomes, with obese cancer patients showing better responses to treatment when compared to lean cancer patients. This phenomenon is termed obesity paradox and has been reported in different types and stages of cancer. The mechanisms underlying this paradoxical relationship between obesity and cancer are still not fully described but point to systemic alterations in metabolic fitness and modulation of the tumor microenvironment by obesity-associated molecules. Obesity impacts the response to cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and immunotherapy, and has been reported as having a positive association with immune checkpoint therapy. In this review, we discuss obesity's association to inflammation and cancer, also highlighting potential physiological and biological mechanisms underlying this association, hoping to clarify the existence and impact of obesity paradox in cancer development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariana Saldanha Viegas Duarte
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Martín Hernan Bonamino
- Immunology and Tumor Biology Program - Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Vice - Presidency of Research and Biological Collections (VPPCB), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kelly Grace Magalhães
- Laboratory of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Cell Biology, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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35
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Leptin in Dental Pulp and Periapical Tissues: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041984. [PMID: 35216099 PMCID: PMC8880140 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a non-glycosylated 16 kDa protein synthesized mainly in adipose cells. The main function of leptin is to regulate energy homeostasis and weight control in a central manner. There is increasing evidence that leptin also has systemic effects, acting as a link between innate and acquired immune responses. The expression of leptin and its receptor in human dental pulp and periradicular tissues have already been described, as well as several stimulatory effects of leptin protein expression in dental and periodontal tissues. The aim of this paper was to review and to compile the reported scientific literature on the role and effects of leptin in the dental pulp and periapical tissues. Twelve articles accomplished the inclusion criteria, and a comprehensive narrative review was carried out. Review of the available scientific literature concluded that leptin has the following effects on pulpal and periapical physiology: 1) Stimulates odontogenic differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs), 2) Increases the expression of dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP-1), odontoblastic proteins involved in odontoblastic differentiation and dentin mineralization, 3) Stimulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in human dental pulp tissue and primary cultured cells of human dental pulp (hDPCs), 4) Stimulates angiogenesis in rat dental pulp cells, and 5) Induces the expression of interleucinas 6 and 8 in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs). There is evidence which suggests that leptin is implicated in the dentin mineralization process and in pulpal and periapical inflammatory and reparative responses.
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36
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Arabi T, Shafqat A, Sabbah BN, Fawzy NA, Shah H, Abdulkader H, Razak A, Sabbah AN, Arabi Z. Obesity-related kidney disease: Beyond hypertension and insulin-resistance. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1095211. [PMID: 36726470 PMCID: PMC9884830 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1095211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes considerable morbidity, mortality, and health expenditures worldwide. Obesity is a significant risk factor for CKD development, partially explained by the high prevalence of diabetes mellitus and hypertension in obese patients. However, adipocytes also possess potent endocrine functions, secreting a myriad of cytokines and adipokines that contribute to insulin resistance and induce a chronic low-grade inflammatory state thereby damaging the kidney. CKD development itself is associated with various metabolic alterations that exacerbate adipose tissue dysfunction and insulin resistance. This adipose-renal axis is a major focus of current research, given the rising incidence of CKD and obesity. Cellular senescence is a biologic hallmark of aging, and age is another significant risk factor for obesity and CKD. An elevated senescent cell burden in adipose tissue predicts renal dysfunction in animal models, and senotherapies may alleviate these phenotypes. In this review, we discuss the direct mechanisms by which adipose tissue contributes to CKD development, emphasizing the potential clinical importance of such pathways in augmenting the care of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Arabi
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Tarek Arabi,
| | - Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Hassan Shah
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Adhil Razak
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ziad Arabi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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37
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Álvarez-Vásquez JL, Bravo-Guapisaca MI, Gavidia-Pazmiño JF, Intriago-Morales RV. Adipokines in dental pulp: physiological, pathological, and potential therapeutic roles. J Oral Biosci 2021; 64:59-70. [PMID: 34808362 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hundreds of adipokines have been identified, and their extensive range of endocrine functions-regulating distant organs such as oral tissues-and local autocrine/paracrine roles have been studied. In dentistry, however, adipokines are poorly known proteins in the dental pulp; few of them have been studied despite their large number. This study reviews recent advances in the investigation of dental-pulp adipokines, with an emphasis on their roles in inflammatory processes and their potential therapeutic applications. HIGHLIGHTS The most recently identified adipokines in dental pulp include leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, oncostatin, chemerin, and visfatin. They have numerous physiological and pathological functions in the pulp tissue: they are closely related to pulp inflammatory mechanisms and actively participate in cell differentiation, mineralization, angiogenesis, and immune-system modulation. CONCLUSION Adipokines have potential clinical applications in regenerative endodontics and as biomarkers or targets for the pharmacological management of inflammatory and degenerative processes in dental pulp. A promising direction for the development of new therapies may be the use of agonists/antagonists to modulate the expression of the most studied adipokines.
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39
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Hulme KD, Noye EC, Short KR, Labzin LI. Dysregulated Inflammation During Obesity: Driving Disease Severity in Influenza Virus and SARS-CoV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:770066. [PMID: 34777390 PMCID: PMC8581451 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.770066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a critical host defense response during viral infection. When dysregulated, inflammation drives immunopathology and tissue damage. Excessive, damaging inflammation is a hallmark of both pandemic influenza A virus (IAV) infections and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. Chronic, low-grade inflammation is also a feature of obesity. In recent years, obesity has been recognized as a growing pandemic with significant mortality and associated costs. Obesity is also an independent risk factor for increased disease severity and death during both IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review focuses on the effect of obesity on the inflammatory response in the context of viral respiratory infections and how this leads to increased viral pathology. Here, we will review the fundamentals of inflammation, how it is initiated in IAV and SARS-CoV-2 infection and its link to disease severity. We will examine how obesity drives chronic inflammation and trained immunity and how these impact the immune response to IAV and SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we review both medical and non-medical interventions for obesity, how they impact on the inflammatory response and how they could be used to prevent disease severity in obese patients. As projections of global obesity numbers show no sign of slowing down, future pandemic preparedness will require us to consider the metabolic health of the population. Furthermore, if weight-loss alone is insufficient to reduce the risk of increased respiratory virus-related mortality, closer attention must be paid to a patient’s history of health, and new therapeutic options identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katina D Hulme
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ellesandra C Noye
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Larisa I Labzin
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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40
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Wilburn D, Ismaeel A, Machek S, Fletcher E, Koutakis P. Shared and distinct mechanisms of skeletal muscle atrophy: A narrative review. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101463. [PMID: 34534682 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of skeletal muscle mass and function is an incredibly nuanced balance of anabolism and catabolism that can become distorted within different pathological conditions. In this paper we intend to discuss the distinct intracellular signaling events that regulate muscle protein atrophy for a given clinical occurrence. Aside from the common outcome of muscle deterioration, several conditions have at least one or more distinct mechanisms that creates unique intracellular environments that facilitate muscle loss. The subtle individuality to each of these given pathologies can provide both researchers and clinicians with specific targets of interest to further identify and increase the efficacy of medical treatments and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Wilburn
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Ahmed Ismaeel
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Steven Machek
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
| | - Emma Fletcher
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA; Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706, USA
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41
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O'Brien CJO, Haberman ER, Domingos AI. A Tale of Three Systems: Toward a Neuroimmunoendocrine Model of Obesity. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2021; 37:549-573. [PMID: 34613819 PMCID: PMC7614880 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-114106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is on the rise. What was once considered a simple disease of energy imbalance is now recognized as a complex condition perpetuated by neuro- and immunopathologies. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the neuroimmunoendocrine mechanisms underlying obesity. We examine the pleiotropic effects of leptin action in addition to its established role in the modulation of appetite, and we discuss the neural circuitry mediating leptin action and how this is altered with obesity, both centrally (leptin resistance) and in adipose tissues (sympathetic neuropathy). Finally, we dissect the numerous causal and consequential roles of adipose tissue macrophages in obesity and highlight recent key studies demonstrating their direct role in organismal energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan J O O'Brien
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Emma R Haberman
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom;
| | - Ana I Domingos
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom;
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42
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Batty MJ, Chabrier G, Sheridan A, Gage MC. Metabolic Hormones Modulate Macrophage Inflammatory Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184661. [PMID: 34572888 PMCID: PMC8467249 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Macrophages are a type of immune cell which play an important role in the development of cancer. Obesity increases the risk of cancer and obesity also causes disruption to the normal levels of hormones that are produced to coordinate metabolism. Recent research now shows that these metabolic hormones also play important roles in macrophage immune responses and so through macrophages, disrupted metabolic hormone levels may promote cancer. This review article aims to highlight and summarise these recent findings so that the scientific community may better understand how important this new area of research is, and how these findings can be capitalised on for future scientific studies. Abstract Macrophages are phagocytotic leukocytes that play an important role in the innate immune response and have established roles in metabolic diseases and cancer progression. Increased adiposity in obese individuals leads to dysregulation of many hormones including those whose functions are to coordinate metabolism. Recent evidence suggests additional roles of these metabolic hormones in modulating macrophage inflammatory responses. In this review, we highlight key metabolic hormones and summarise their influence on the inflammatory response of macrophages and consider how, in turn, these hormones may influence the development of different cancer types through the modulation of macrophage functions.
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43
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Mintoff D, Benhadou F, Pace NP, Frew JW. Metabolic syndrome and hidradenitis suppurativa: epidemiological, molecular, and therapeutic aspects. Int J Dermatol 2021; 61:1175-1186. [PMID: 34530487 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic, suppurative condition of the pilosebaceous unit. Patients suffering from HS demonstrate a molecular profile in keeping with a state of systemic inflammation and are often found to fit the criteria for a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome (MetS). In this paper, we review the literature with regards to established data on the prevalence of MetS in HS patients and revise the odds ratio of comorbid disease. Furthermore, we attempt to draw parallels between inflammatory pathways in HS and MetS and evaluate how convergences may explain the risk of comorbid disease, necessitating the need for multidisciplinary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Mintoff
- Department of Dermatology, Mater Dei Hospital, Msida, Malta.,European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V, Dessau, Germany.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Farida Benhadou
- European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation e.V, Dessau, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nikolai P Pace
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta.,Centre for Molecular Medicine and Biobanking, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - John W Frew
- Department of Dermatology, Liverpool Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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44
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Ponvilawan B, Charoenngam N, Wongtrakul W, Ungprasert P. Association of atopic dermatitis with an increased risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Postgrad Med 2021; 67:139-145. [PMID: 34427279 PMCID: PMC8445124 DOI: 10.4103/jpgm.jpgm_1270_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Previous studies on the association between atopic dermatitis (AD) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have yielded inconsistent results. Aims: To investigate the relationship between atopic dermatitis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Settings and Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: A systematic review was conducted on EMBASE and MEDLINE databases from inception to March 2020 using a search strategy that consisted of terms related to AD and SLE. Eligible study must be either cohort or case-control study. For cohort studies, they must include patients with AD and comparators without AD, then follow them for incident SLE. For case-control studies, they must include cases with SLE and controls without SLE and examine their prior history of AD. Statistical Analysis Used: Meta-analysis of the studies was performed using a random-effect, generic inverse variance method to combine effect estimate and standard error. Funnel plot was used to assess publication bias. Results: A total of 21,486 articles were retrieved. After two rounds of review by three investigators, six case-control studies were qualified for the meta-analysis. The case-control study meta-analysis found a significantly increased odds of SLE among patients with AD with the pooled odds ratio of 1.46 (95% CI, 1.05–2.04). Conclusions: A significant association between AD and increased odds of SLE was observed by this systematic review and meta-analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Ponvilawan
- Department of Pharmacology, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - N Charoenngam
- Department of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - W Wongtrakul
- Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Ungprasert
- Department of Rheumatic and Immunologic Diseases, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Zipris D. Visceral Adipose Tissue: A New Target Organ in Virus-Induced Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:702506. [PMID: 34421908 PMCID: PMC8371384 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.702506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a proinflammatory pathology that leads to the specific destruction of insulin producing β-cells and hyperglycaemia. Much of the knowledge about type 1 diabetes (T1D) has focused on mechanisms of disease progression such as adaptive immune cells and the cytokines that control their function, whereas mechanisms linked with the initiation of the disease remain unknown. It has been hypothesized that in addition to genetics, environmental factors play a pivotal role in triggering β-cell autoimmunity. The BioBreeding Diabetes Resistant (BBDR) and LEW1.WR1 rats have been used to decipher the mechanisms that lead to virus-induced T1D. Both animals develop β-cell inflammation and hyperglycemia upon infection with the parvovirus Kilham Rat Virus (KRV). Our earlier in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that KRV-induced innate immune upregulation early in the disease course plays a causal role in triggering β-cell inflammation and destruction. Furthermore, we recently found for the first time that infection with KRV induces inflammation in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) detectable as early as day 1 post-infection prior to insulitis and hyperglycemia. The proinflammatory response in VAT is associated with macrophage recruitment, proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine upregulation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and oxidative stress responses, apoptosis, and downregulation of adipokines and molecules that mediate insulin signaling. Downregulation of inflammation suppresses VAT inflammation and T1D development. These observations are strikingly reminiscent of data from obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) in which VAT inflammation is believed to play a causal role in disease mechanisms. We propose that VAT inflammation and dysfunction may be linked with the mechanism of T1D progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Zipris
- Innate Biotechnologies LLC, Denver, CO, United States
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Zwartjes MSZ, Gerdes VEA, Nieuwdorp M. The Role of Gut Microbiota and Its Produced Metabolites in Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Adipocyte Dysfunction, and Its Interventions. Metabolites 2021; 11:531. [PMID: 34436472 PMCID: PMC8398981 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming an increasing problem worldwide and is often, but not invariably, associated with dyslipidemia. The gut microbiota is increasingly linked to cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, relatively little focus has been attributed to the role of gut-microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of dyslipidemia and alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we discuss current data involved in these processes and point out the therapeutic potentials. We cover the ability of gut microbiota metabolites to alter lipoprotein lipase action, VLDL secretion, and plasma triglyceride levels, and its effects on reverse cholesterol transport, adipocyte dysfunction, and adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, the current intervention strategies for treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia is addressed with emphasis on the role of gut microbiota metabolites and its ability to predict treatment efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max S. Z. Zwartjes
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Spaarnepoort 1, 2134 TM Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Victor E. A. Gerdes
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Spaarnepoort 1, 2134 TM Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by tumor-like hyperplasia and inflammation of the synovium, which causes synovial cell invasion into the bone and cartilage. In RA pathogenesis, various molecules in effector cells (i.e., immune cells and mesenchymal cells) are dysregulated by genetic and environmental factors. Consistent with the early stages of RA, these pathogenic cells cooperate and activate each other directly by cell-to-cell contact or indirectly via humoral factors. Recently, growing evidence has revealed essential role of adipokines, which are multifunctional signal transduction molecules, in the immune system. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the cross-talk between leptin, one of the most well-known and best-characterized adipokines, and osteoimmunology. Furthermore, we discuss the contribution of leptin to the pathogenesis of RA and its potential mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Tsuchiya
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keishi Fujio
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Possible Preventative/Rehabilitative Role of Gliflozins in OSA and T2DM. A Systematic Literature Review-Based Hypothesis. Adv Ther 2021; 38:4195-4214. [PMID: 34273093 PMCID: PMC8342338 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is characterized by frequent apnoea episodes during sleep due to upper airway obstruction. The present review summarizes current knowledge on inter-relationships between OSA and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and suggests the former as a possible target for sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2i). Based on pathophysiological mechanisms underlying OSA onset and renal SGLT-2 effects, we suggest that SGLT-2i indications might expand beyond current ones, including glucose, lipids, uric acid, blood pressure, and body weight control as well as chronic heart failure and kidney disease prevention.
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Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate exposure exacerbates metabolic disorders in diet-induced obese mice. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 156:112439. [PMID: 34303773 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Both phthalate exposure and obesity are positively associated with metabolic disorders. The study aimed to investigate whether DEHP exposure caused metabolic disorders in an obesity-dependent manner. Both lean and diet-induced obese mice were subjected to environmentally relevant DEHP exposure. DEHP-treated obese mice exhibited higher glucose intolerance and insulin resistance than obese mice; the metabolic disorders were accompanied by increased blood levels of leptin, LDL cholesterol, and alanine transaminase. In obese mice, DEHP enhanced macrophage infiltration into epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) and hepatic tissue, and promoted hepatic steatosis/steatohepatitis. The DEHP effects were not observed in lean mice. Transcriptomic changes in eWAT and hepatic tissue were determined with microarray analysis. Results indicated that obesity and DEHP synergistically regulated carbohydrate uptake, lipolysis, and abnormality of adipose tissue, via the upstream regulators Pparg, Lipe, Cd44, and Irs1. Meanwhile, obesity and DEHP differentially modulated transcriptomic changes in hepatic tissue. Obesity was associated with lipid/cholesterol synthesis, lipid accumulation, and inflammation in hepatic tissue via the upstream regulators Zbtb20 and Nr1i2. In obese mice, DEHP exposure caused hepatic injury, cell migration, and changes in glycogen quantity mainly via Cd44. Microarray analysis suggested the potential mechanism underlying the early onset of metabolic disorders in DEHP-treated obese mice.
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Myocardial Tissue Characterization in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: From Histopathology and Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Findings to Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147650. [PMID: 34299270 PMCID: PMC8304780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical syndrome responsible for high mortality and morbidity rates. It has an ever growing social and economic impact and a deeper knowledge of molecular and pathophysiological basis is essential for the ideal management of HFpEF patients. The association between HFpEF and traditional cardiovascular risk factors is known. However, myocardial alterations, as well as pathophysiological mechanisms involved are not completely defined. Under the definition of HFpEF there is a wide spectrum of different myocardial structural alterations. Myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis, coronary microvascular dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation are only some of the main pathological detectable processes. Furthermore, there is a lack of effective pharmacological targets to improve HFpEF patients' outcomes and risk factors control is the primary and unique approach to treat those patients. Myocardial tissue characterization, through invasive and non-invasive techniques, such as endomyocardial biopsy and cardiac magnetic resonance respectively, may represent the starting point to understand the genetic, molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this complex syndrome. The correlation between histopathological findings and imaging aspects may be the future challenge for the earlier and large-scale HFpEF diagnosis, in order to plan a specific and effective treatment able to modify the disease's natural course.
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