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Wu Y, Riehle A, Pollmeier B, Kadow S, Schumacher F, Drab M, Kleuser B, Gulbins E, Grassmé H. Caveolin-1 affects early mycobacterial infection and apoptosis in macrophages and mice. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 147:102493. [PMID: 38547568 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2024.102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains one of the deadliest infections in humans. Because Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) share genetic similarities with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is often used as a model to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of more severe tuberculosis infection. Caveolin-1 has been implied in many physiological processes and diseases, but it's role in mycobacterial infections has barely been studied. We isolated macrophages from Wildtype or Caveolin-1 deficient mice and analyzed hallmarks of infection, such as internalization, induction of autophagy and apoptosis. For in vivo assays we intravenously injected mice with BCG and investigated tissues for bacterial load with colony-forming unit assays, bioactive lipids with mass spectrometry and changes of protein expressions by Western blotting. Our results revealed that Caveolin-1 was important for early killing of BCG infection in vivo and in vitro, controlled acid sphingomyelinase (Asm)-dependent ceramide formation, apoptosis and inflammatory cytokines upon infection with BCG. In accordance, Caveolin-1 deficient mice and macrophages showed higher bacterial burdens in the livers. The findings indicate that Caveolin-1 plays a role in infection of mice and murine macrophages with BCG, by controlling cellular apoptosis and inflammatory host response. These clues might be useful in the fight against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Andrea Riehle
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Barbara Pollmeier
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Kadow
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Marek Drab
- Unit of Nanostructural Biointeractions, Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Weigla Street, 53-114, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Gulbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Heike Grassmé
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
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2
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Liu Q, Liu M, Yang T, Wang X, Cheng P, Zhou H. What can we do to optimize mitochondrial transplantation therapy for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury? Mitochondrion 2023; 72:72-83. [PMID: 37549815 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial transplantation is a promising solution for the heart following ischemia-reperfusion injury due to its capacity to replace damaged mitochondria and restore cardiac function. However, many barriers (such as inadequate mitochondrial internalization, poor survival of transplanted mitochondria, few mitochondria colocalized with cardiac cells) compromise the replacement of injured mitochondria with transplanted mitochondria. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize mitochondrial transplantation therapy to improve clinical effectiveness. By analogy, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury is like a withered flower, it needs to absorb enough nutrients to recover and bloom. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of "nutrients" (source of exogenous mitochondria and different techniques for mitochondrial isolation), "absorption" (mitochondrial transplantation approaches, mitochondrial transplantation dose and internalization mechanism), and "flowering" (the mechanism of mitochondrial transplantation in cardioprotection) for myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Liu
- Comprehensive treatment area of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guanghua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianshu Yang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinting Wang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peipei Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Zhou
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease of Integrated Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Azharuddin M, Zhu GH, Sengupta A, Hinkula J, Slater NKH, Patra HK. Nano toolbox in immune modulation and nanovaccines. Trends Biotechnol 2022; 40:1195-1212. [PMID: 35450779 PMCID: PMC10439010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Despite the great success of vaccines over two centuries, the conventional strategy is based on attenuated/altered microorganisms. However, this is not effective for all microbes and often fails to elicit a protective immune response, and sometimes poses unexpected safety risks. The expanding nano toolbox may overcome some of the roadblocks in vaccine development given the plethora of unique nanoparticle (NP)-based platforms that can successfully induce specific immune responses leading to exciting and novel solutions. Nanovaccines necessitate a thorough understanding of the immunostimulatory effect of these nanotools. We present a comprehensive description of strategies in which nanotools have been used to elicit an immune response and provide a perspective on how nanotechnology can lead to future personalized nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Azharuddin
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Geyunjian Harry Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anirban Sengupta
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences (BKV), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nigel K H Slater
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hirak K Patra
- Department of Surgical Biotechnology, University College London, London, UK.
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4
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Multifaceted Functions of Host Cell Caveolae/Caveolin-1 in Virus Infections. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050487. [PMID: 32357558 PMCID: PMC7291293 DOI: 10.3390/v12050487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus infection has drawn extensive attention since it causes serious or even deadly diseases, consequently inducing a series of social and public health problems. Caveolin-1 is the most important structural protein of caveolae, a membrane invagination widely known for its role in endocytosis and subsequent cytoplasmic transportation. Caveolae/caveolin-1 is tightly associated with a wide range of biological processes, including cholesterol homeostasis, cell mechano-sensing, tumorigenesis, and signal transduction. Intriguingly, the versatile roles of caveolae/caveolin-1 in virus infections have increasingly been appreciated. Over the past few decades, more and more viruses have been identified to invade host cells via caveolae-mediated endocytosis, although other known pathways have been explored. The subsequent post-entry events, including trafficking, replication, assembly, and egress of a large number of viruses, are caveolae/caveolin-1-dependent. Deprivation of caveolae/caveolin-1 by drug application or gene editing leads to abnormalities in viral uptake, viral protein expression, or virion release, whereas the underlying mechanisms remain elusive and must be explored holistically to provide potential novel antiviral targets and strategies. This review recapitulates our current knowledge on how caveolae/caveolin-1 functions in every step of the viral infection cycle and various relevant signaling pathways, hoping to provide a new perspective for future viral cell biology research.
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5
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Toscano MG, de Haan P. How Simian Virus 40 Hijacks the Intracellular Protein Trafficking Pathway to Its Own Benefit … and Ours. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1160. [PMID: 29892296 PMCID: PMC5985306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses efficiently transfer and express their genes in host cells and evolve to evade the host's defense responses. These properties render them highly attractive for use as gene delivery vectors in vaccines, gene, and immunotherapies. Among the viruses used as gene delivery vectors, the macaque polyomavirus Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is unique in its capacity to evade intracellular antiviral defense responses upon cell entry. We here describe the unique way by which SV40 particles deliver their genomes in the nucleus of permissive cells and how they prevent presentation of viral antigens to the host's immune system. The non-immunogenicity in its natural host is not only of benefit to the virus but also to us in developing effective SV40 vector-based treatments for today's major human diseases.
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Abstract
In 1971, the first human polyomavirus was isolated from the brain of a patient who died from a rapidly progressing demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The virus was named JC virus after the initials of the patient. In that same year a second human polyomavirus was discovered in the urine of a kidney transplant patient and named BK virus. In the intervening years it became clear that both viruses were widespread in the human population but only rarely caused disease. The past decade has witnessed the discovery of eleven new human polyomaviruses, two of which cause unusual and rare cancers. We present an overview of the history of these viruses and the evolution of JC polyomavirus-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy over three different epochs. We review what is currently known about JC polyomavirus, what is suspected, and what remains to be done to understand the biology of how this mostly harmless endemic virus gives rise to lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; ,
| | - Walter J Atwood
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912; ,
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7
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Trofe J, Gordon J, Roy-Chaudhury P, Koralnik IJ, Atwood WJ, Alloway RR, Khalili K, Woodle ES. Polyomavirus Nephropathy in Kidney Transplantation. Prog Transplant 2016; 14:130-40; quiz 141-2. [PMID: 15264457 DOI: 10.1177/152692480401400207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Polyomavirus nephropathy has become an important complication in kidney transplantation, with a prevalence of 1% to 8%. Unfortunately, the risk factors for polyomavirus nephropathy and renal allograft loss are not well defined. The definitive diagnosis is made through assessment of a kidney transplant biopsy. Recently, noninvasive urine and serum markers have been used to assist in polyomavirus nephropathy diagnosis and monitoring. Primary treatment is immunosuppression reduction, but must be balanced with the risks of rejection. No antiviral treatments for polyomavirus nephropathy have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Although cidofovir has shown in vitro activity against murine polyomaviruses, and has been effective in some patients, it is associated with significant nephrotoxicity. Graft loss due to polyomavirus nephropathy should not be a contraindication to retransplantation; however, experience is limited. This review presents potential risk factors, screening, diagnostic and monitoring methods, therapeutic management, and retransplantation experience for polyomavirus nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Trofe
- University of Cincinnati, Division of Transplantation, Ohio, USA
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8
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Hamill KM, McCoy LS, Wexselblatt E, Esko JD, Tor Y. Polymyxins Facilitate Entry into Mammalian Cells. Chem Sci 2016; 7:5059-5068. [PMID: 28044098 PMCID: PMC5201209 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc00488a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymyxin and guanidinylated polymyxin effectively deliver large biomolecules and liposomal assemblies into mammalian cells.
Polymyxin B is an antibiotic used against multi-resistant Gram negative infections, despite observed nephrotoxicity. Here we report the synthesis of functionalized derivatives of polymyxin B and its per-guanidinylated derivative in order to further explore the structural requirements necessary to facilitate uptake of the antibiotic into mammalian cells. We also investigate the possibility of using these novel scaffolds as molecular transporters. At nanomolar concentrations, both are capable of delivering large cargo (>300 kDa) into living cells. Their uptake depends exclusively on cell surface heparan sulfate. Mechanistic studies indicate these novel transporters are internalized through caveolae-mediated pathways and confocal microscopy show colocalization with lysosomes. The polymyxin-based transporters demonstrate cytosolic delivery through the delivery of a ribosome-inactivating protein. Furthermore, the natural polymyxin scaffold can be incorporated into liposomes and enhance their intracellular uptake. In addition to demonstrating the ability of the polymyxin scaffold to facilitate internalization into mammalian cells, these observations suggest the potential use of polymyxin and guanidinopolymyxin for intracellular delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina M Hamill
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Lisa S McCoy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Ezequiel Wexselblatt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0687, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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9
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Small Wonders-The Use of Nanoparticles for Delivering Antigen. Vaccines (Basel) 2015; 3:638-61. [PMID: 26350599 PMCID: PMC4586471 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines3030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the discovery of many potential antigens for subunit vaccines, universal protection is often lacking due to the limitations of conventional delivery methods. Subunit vaccines primarily induce antibody-mediated humoral responses, whereas potent antigen-specific cellular responses are required for prevention against some pathogenic infections. Nanoparticles have been utilised in nanomedicine and are promising candidates for vaccine or drug delivery. Nanoparticle vehicles have been demonstrated to be efficiently taken up by dendritic cells and induce humoral and cellular responses. This review provides an overview of nanoparticle vaccine development; in particular, the preparation of nanoparticles using a templating technique is highlighted, which would alleviate some of the disadvantages of existing nanoparticles. We will also explore the cellular fate of nanoparticle vaccines. Nanoparticle-based antigen delivery systems have the potential to develop new generation vaccines against currently unpreventable infectious diseases.
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10
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Boulant S, Stanifer M, Lozach PY. Dynamics of virus-receptor interactions in virus binding, signaling, and endocytosis. Viruses 2015; 7:2794-815. [PMID: 26043381 PMCID: PMC4488714 DOI: 10.3390/v7062747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During viral infection the first challenge that viruses have to overcome is gaining access to the intracellular compartment. The infection process starts when the virus contacts the surface of the host cell. A complex series of events ensues, including diffusion at the host cell membrane surface, binding to receptors, signaling, internalization, and delivery of the genetic information. The focus of this review is on the very initial steps of virus entry, from receptor binding to particle uptake into the host cell. We will discuss how viruses find their receptor, move to sub-membranous regions permissive for entry, and how they hijack the receptor-mediated signaling pathway to promote their internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steeve Boulant
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks and DKFZ (German cancer research center), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Megan Stanifer
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Schaller research group at CellNetworks and DKFZ (German cancer research center), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Pierre-Yves Lozach
- CellNetworks-Cluster of Excellence and Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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The nanoscale organization of signaling domains at the plasma membrane. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2015; 75:125-65. [PMID: 26015282 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, we present an overview of the role of the nanoscale organization of signaling domains in regulating key cellular processes. In particular, we illustrate the importance of protein and lipid nanodomains as triggers and mediators of cell signaling. As particular examples, we summarize the state of the art of understanding the role of nanodomains in the mounting of an immune response, cellular adhesion, intercellular communication, and cell proliferation. Thus, this chapter underlines the essential role the nanoscale organization of key signaling proteins and lipid domains. We will also see how nanodomains play an important role in the lifecycle of many pathogens relevant to human disease and therefore illustrate how these structures may become future therapeutic targets.
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12
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Abstract
Endocytosis is an essential process of eukaryotic cells that facilitates numerous cellular and organismal functions. The formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane serves the internalization of ligands and receptors and leads to their degradation or recycling. A number of distinct mechanisms have been described over the years, several of which are only partially characterized in terms of mechanism and function. These are often referred to as novel endocytic pathways. The pathways differ in their mode of uptake and in their intracellular destination. Here, an overview of the set of cellular proteins that facilitate the different pathways is provided. Further, the approaches to distinguish between the pathways by different modes of perturbation are critically discussed, emphasizing the use of genetic tools such as dominant negative mutant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kühling
- Emmy Noether Group: Virus Endocytosis, Institutes of Molecular Virology and Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, Westphalian Wilhelms University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, Münster, 48149, Germany
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13
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Integrin-mediated signaling induced by simian virus 40 leads to transient uncoupling of cortical actin and the plasma membrane. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55799. [PMID: 23409046 PMCID: PMC3567119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is a paradigm pathogen with multivalent binding sites for the sphingolipid GM1, via which it induces its endocytosis for infection. Here we report that SV40 also utilizes cell surface integrins to activate signaling networks required for infection, even in the absence of the previously implicated glycosphingolipids. We identify ILK, PDK1, the RhoGAP GRAF1 and RhoA as core nodes of the signaling network activated upon SV40 engagement of integrins. We show that integrin-mediated signaling through host SV40 engagement induces the de-phosphorylation of Ezrin leading to uncoupling of the plasma membrane and cortical actin. Our results provide functional evidence for a mechanism by which SV40 activates signal transduction in human epithelial cells via integrins in the context of clathrin-independent endocytosis.
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14
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Davies BSJ, Goulbourne CN, Barnes RH, Turlo KA, Gin P, Vaughan S, Vaux DJ, Bensadoun A, Beigneux AP, Fong LG, Young SG. Assessing mechanisms of GPIHBP1 and lipoprotein lipase movement across endothelial cells. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:2690-7. [PMID: 23008484 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m031559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is secreted into the interstitial spaces by adipocytes and myocytes but then must be transported to the capillary lumen by GPIHBP1, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein of capillary endothelial cells. The mechanism by which GPIHBP1 and LPL move across endothelial cells remains unclear. We asked whether the transport of GPIHBP1 and LPL across endothelial cells was uni- or bidirectional. We also asked whether GPIHBP1 and LPL are transported across cells in vesicles and whether this transport process requires caveolin-1. The movement of GPIHBP1 and LPL across cultured endothelial cells was bidirectional. Also, GPIHBP1 moved bidirectionally across capillary endothelial cells in live mice. The transport of LPL across endothelial cells was inhibited by dynasore and genistein, consistent with a vesicular transport process. Also, transmission electron microscopy (EM) and dual-axis EM tomography revealed GPIHBP1 and LPL in invaginations of the plasma membrane and in vesicles. The movement of GPIHBP1 across capillary endothelial cells was efficient in the absence of caveolin-1, and there was no defect in the internalization of LPL by caveolin-1-deficient endothelial cells in culture. Our studies show that GPIHBP1 and LPL move bidirectionally across endothelial cells in vesicles and that transport is efficient even when caveolin-1 is absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon S J Davies
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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15
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Disassembly of simian virus 40 during passage through the endoplasmic reticulum and in the cytoplasm. J Virol 2011; 86:1555-62. [PMID: 22090139 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05753-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonenveloped polyomavirus simian virus 40 (SV40) is taken up into cells by a caveola-mediated endocytic process that delivers the virus to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Within the ER lumen, the capsid undergoes partial disassembly, which exposes its internal capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 to immunostaining with antibodies. We demonstrate here that the SV40 genome does not become accessible to detection while the virus is in the ER. Instead, the genome becomes accessible two distinct detection procedures, one using anti-bromodeoxyuridine antibodies and the other using a 5-ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine-based chemical reaction, only after the emergence of partially disassembled SV40 particles in the cytoplasm. These cytoplasmic particles retain some of the SV40 capsid proteins, VP1, VP2, and VP3, in addition to the viral genome. Thus, SV40 particles undergo discrete disassembly steps during entry that are separated temporally and topologically. First, a partial disassembly of the particles occurs in the ER, which exposes internal capsid proteins VP2 and VP3. Then, in the cytoplasm, disassembly progresses further to also make the genomic DNA accessible to immune detection.
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16
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Plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein (PV1) modulates SV40 virus infectivity in CV-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 412:220-5. [PMID: 21827737 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasmalemmal vesicle associated protein (Plvap/PV1) is a structural protein required for the formation of the stomatal diaphragms of caveolae. Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations that were implicated in SV40 virus entry in primate cells. Here we show that de novo Plvap/PV1 expression in CV-1 green monkey epithelial cells significantly reduces the ability of SV40 virus to establish productive infection, when cells are incubated with low concentrations of the virus. However, in presence of high viral titers PV1 has no effect on SV40 virus infectivity. Mechanistically, PV1 expression does not reduce the cell surface expression of known SV40 receptors such as GM1 ganglioside and MHC class I proteins. Furthermore, PV1 does not reduce the binding of virus-like particles made by SV40 VP1 protein to the CV-1 cell surface and does not impact their internalization when cells are incubated with either high or low VLP concentrations. These results suggest that PV1 protein is able to block SV40 infectivity at low but not at high viral concentration either by interfering with the infective internalization pathway at the cell surface or at a post internalization step.
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17
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Abstract
Reovirus cell entry is initiated by viral attachment to cell surface glycans and junctional adhesion molecule A. Following receptor engagement, reovirus is internalized into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis using a process dependent on β1 integrin. Endocytosed virions undergo stepwise disassembly catalyzed by cathepsin proteases, followed by endosomal membrane penetration and delivery of transcriptionally active core particles into the cytoplasm. Cellular factors that mediate reovirus endocytosis are poorly defined. We found that both genistein, a broad-spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitor, and PP2, a specific Src-family kinase inhibitor, diminish reovirus infectivity by blocking a cell entry step. Although neither inhibitor impedes internalization of reovirus virions, both inhibitors target virions to lysosomes. Reovirus colocalizes with Src during cell entry, and reovirus infection induces phosphorylation of Src at the activation residue, tyrosine 416. Diminished Src expression by RNA interference reduces reovirus infectivity, suggesting that Src is required for efficient reovirus entry. Collectively, these data provide evidence that Src kinase is an important mediator of signaling events that regulate the appropriate sorting of reovirus particles in the endocytic pathway for disassembly and cell entry.
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18
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Akimoto J, Nakayama M, Sakai K, Okano T. Thermally controlled intracellular uptake system of polymeric micelles possessing poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based outer coronas. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:926-35. [PMID: 20459086 DOI: 10.1021/mp100021c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-induced intracellular uptake mechanism of thermoresponsive polymeric micelles comprising poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-b-poly(d,l-lactide) (P(IPAAm-DMAAm)-b-PLA) inside cultured bovine carotid endothelial cells is investigated by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hydrodynamic sizes of P(IPAAm-DMAAm)-b-PLA micelles are approximately 20 nm below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of 39.4 degrees C, and their sizes increased to ca. 600 nm above the LCST due to the aggregation of micelles. Intracellular uptake of P(IPAAm-DMAAm)-b-PLA micelles is significantly limited at a temperature below the micellar LCST, 37 degrees C. Of great interest, the P(IPAAm-DMAAm)-b-PLA micelles are internalized into the cells above the micellar LCST (42 degrees C), being dependent on polymer concentration, time, and temperature. By contrast, no intracellular uptake of polyethylene glycol-b-PLA micelles is observed regardless of temperature changes. Enhanced intracellular micelle uptake is probably due to the enhanced interactions between the micelles and cell membranes through the dehydration of corona-forming thermoresponsive polymer chains. Internalization of submicrometer-scale micellar aggregates inside the cells is probably due to their various endocytosis mechanisms. P(IPAAm-DMAAm)-b-PLA micelles localize at the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum, but not inside lysosomes. These results indicate that the thermoresponsive polymeric micelles are greatly promising as intracellular delivery tools of drugs, nucleic acids, and peptides/protein without lysosomal decomposition in conjunction with applied heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Akimoto
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWIns), Kawada-cho 8-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Hasebe R, Sasaki M, Sawa H, Wada R, Umemura T, Kimura T. Infectious entry of equine herpesvirus-1 into host cells through different endocytic pathways. Virology 2009; 393:198-209. [PMID: 19720389 PMCID: PMC7111996 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanism by which equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) enters primary cultured equine brain microvascular endothelial cells (EBMECs) and equine dermis (E. Derm) cells. EHV-1 colocalized with caveolin in EBMECs and the infection was greatly reduced by the expression of a dominant negative form of equine caveolin-1 (ecavY14F), suggesting that EHV-1 enters EBMECs via caveolar endocytosis. EHV-1 entry into E. Derm cells was significantly reduced by ATP depletion and treatments with lysosomotropic agents. Enveloped virions were detected from E. Derm cells by infectious virus recovery assay after viral internalization, suggesting that EHV-1 enters E. Derm cells via energy- and pH-dependent endocytosis. These results suggest that EHV-1 utilizes multiple endocytic pathways in different cell types to establish productive infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Hasebe
- Laboratory of Prion Diseases, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, West 9 North 18, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan.
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20
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Zheng YZ, Foster LJ. Biochemical and proteomic approaches for the study of membrane microdomains. J Proteomics 2009; 72:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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21
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Louboutin JP, Agrawal L, Liu B, Strayer DS. In vivogene transfer to the CNS using recombinant SV40-derived vectors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2008; 8:1319-35. [DOI: 10.1517/14712598.8.9.1319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Sverdlov M, Shajahan AN, Minshall RD. Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependence of caveolae-mediated endocytosis. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 11:1239-50. [PMID: 18205698 PMCID: PMC4401290 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2007.00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolae are flask-shaped plasma membrane invaginations that mediate endocytosis and transcytosis of plasma macromolecules, such as albumin, insulin and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), as well as certain viruses, bacteria and bacterial toxins. Caveolae-mediated transcytosis of macromolecules is critical for maintaining vascular homeostasis by regulating the oncotic pressure gradient and tissue delivery of drugs, vitamins, lipids and ions. Entrapment of cargo within caveolae induces activation of signalling cascades leading to caveolae fission and internalization. Activation of Src tyrosine kinase is an early and essential step that triggers detachment of loaded caveolae from the plasma membrane. In this review, we examine how Src-mediated phosphorylation regulates caveolae-mediated transport by orchestrating the localization and activity of essential proteins of the endocytic machinery to regulate caveolae formation and fission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sverdlov
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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23
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Moriyama T, Sorokin A. Intracellular trafficking pathway of BK Virus in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. Virology 2007; 371:336-49. [PMID: 17976677 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular trafficking of BK Virus (BKV) in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEC) is critical for BKV nephritis. However, the major trafficking components utilized by BKV remain unknown. Coincubation of HRPTEC with BKV and microtubule disrupting agents prevented BKV infection as detected by immunofluorescence and western blot analysis with antibodies which recognize BKV large T antigen. However, inhibition of a dynein, cellular motor protein, did not interfere with BKV infection in HRPTEC. A colocalization study of BKV with the markers of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi apparatus (GA), indicated that BKV reached the ER from 6 to 10 h, while bypassing the GA or passing through the GA too transiently to be detected. This study contributes to the understanding of mechanisms of intracellular trafficking used by BKV in the infection of HRPTEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Moriyama
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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24
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Martín-Acebes MA, González-Magaldi M, Sandvig K, Sobrino F, Armas-Portela R. Productive entry of type C foot-and-mouth disease virus into susceptible cultured cells requires clathrin and is dependent on the presence of plasma membrane cholesterol. Virology 2007; 369:105-18. [PMID: 17714753 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2007] [Revised: 05/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/14/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have characterized the entry leading to productive infection of a type C FMDV in two cell lines widely used for virus growth, BHK-21 and IBRS-2. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis by sucrose treatment decreased both cell entry and virus multiplication. Evidence of a direct requirement of clathrin for productive viral entry was obtained using BHK21-tTA/anti-CHC cells, which showed a significant reduction of viral entry and infection when the synthesis and functionality of clathrin heavy chain was inhibited (Tet- cells). This was also observed for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) productive entry. The effect of NH(4)Cl and concanamycin A on FMDV entry and infection was consistent with the requirement of acidic compartments for decapsidation and virus replication. As expected from its higher stability at acidic pH, this requirement was higher for VSV. Since BHK-21 and IBRS-2 cells expressed caveolin-1, we explored the effect on productive virus entry of drugs that interfere with caveolae-mediated endocytosis. Treatment with nystatin did not reduce entry and infection of FMDV or VSV, while cholesterol depletion with MbetaCD significantly inhibited both steps of the FMDV cycle, indicating that plasma membrane cholesterol is required for virus productive entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Martín-Acebes
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Cantoblanco 28049, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Ashok A, Atwood WJ. Virus receptors and tropism. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 577:60-72. [PMID: 16626027 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are small, tumorigenic, nonenveloped viruses that infect several different species. Interaction of these viruses with cell surface receptors represents the initial step during infection of host cells. This interaction can be a major determinant of viral host and tissue tropism. This chapter reviews what is currently known about the cellular receptors for each of five polyomavirus family members: Mouse polyomavirus (PyV), JC virus (JCV), BK virus (BKV), Lymphotropic papovavirus (LPV) and Simian virus 40 (SV40). These polyomaviruses serve to illustrate the enormous diversity of virus-cell surface interactions and allow us to closely evaluate the role of receptors in their life cycles. The contribution of other factors such as transcriptional regulators and signaling pathways are also summarized.
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Moriyama T, Marquez JP, Wakatsuki T, Sorokin A. Caveolar endocytosis is critical for BK virus infection of human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. J Virol 2007; 81:8552-62. [PMID: 17553887 PMCID: PMC1951339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00924-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, BK virus (BKV) nephritis after renal transplantation has become a severe problem. The exact mechanisms of BKV cell entry and subsequent intracellular trafficking remain unknown. Since human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HRPTEC) represent a main natural target of BKV nephritis, analysis of BKV infection of HRPTEC is necessary to obtain additional insights into BKV biology and to develop novel strategies for the treatment of BKV nephritis. We coincubated HRPTEC with BKV and the cholesterol-depleting agents methyl beta cyclodextrin (MBCD) and nystatin (Nys), drugs inhibiting caveolar endocytosis. The percentage of infected cells (detected by immunofluorescence) and the cellular levels of BKV large T antigen expression (detected by Western blot analysis) were significantly decreased in both MBCD- and Nys-treated HPRTEC compared to the level in HRPTEC incubated with BKV alone. HRPTEC infection by BKV was also tested after small interfering RNA (siRNA)-dependent depletion of either the caveolar structural protein caveolin-1 (Cav-1) or clathrin, the major structural protein of clathrin-coated pits. BKV infection was inhibited in HRPTEC transfected with Cav-1 siRNA but not in HRPTEC transfected with clathrin siRNA. The colocalization of labeled BKV particles with either Cav-1 or clathrin was investigated by using fluorescent microscopy and image cross-correlation spectroscopy. The rate of colocalization of BKV with Cav-1 peaked at 4 h after incubation. Colocalization with clathrin was insignificant at all time points. These results suggest that BKV entered into HRPTEC via caveolae, not clathrin-coated pits, and that BKV is maximally associated with caveolae at 4 h after infection, prior to relocation to a different intracellular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Moriyama
- Division of Nephrology and Kidney Disease Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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27
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Raghu H, Sharma-Walia N, Veettil MV, Sadagopan S, Caballero A, Sivakumar R, Varga L, Bottero V, Chandran B. Lipid rafts of primary endothelial cells are essential for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and RhoA-GTPases critical for microtubule dynamics and nuclear delivery of viral DNA but dispensable for binding and entry. J Virol 2007; 81:7941-59. [PMID: 17507466 PMCID: PMC1951274 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02848-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Early during de novo infection of human microvascular dermal endothelial (HMVEC-d) cells, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) (human herpesvirus 8 [HHV-8]) induces the host cell's preexisting FAK, Src, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), Rho-GTPases, Diaphanous-2 (Dia-2), Ezrin, protein kinase C-zeta, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), and NF-kappaB signal pathways that are critical for virus entry, nuclear delivery of viral DNA, and initiation of viral gene expression. Since several of these signal molecules are known to be associated with lipid raft (LR) domains, we investigated the role of LR during KSHV infection of HMVEC-d cells. Pretreatment of cells with LR-disrupting agents methyl beta-cyclo dextrin (MbetaCD) or nystatin significantly inhibited the expression of viral latent (ORF73) and lytic (ORF50) genes. LR disruption did not affect KSHV binding but increased viral DNA internalization. In contrast, association of internalized viral capsids with microtubules (MTs) and the quantity of infected nucleus-associated viral DNA were significantly reduced. Disorganized and disrupted MTs and thick rounded plasma membranes were observed in MbetaCD-treated cells. LR disruption did not affect KSHV-induced FAK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation; in contrast, it increased the phosphorylation of Src, significantly reduced the KSHV-induced PI3-K and RhoA-GTPase and NF-kappaB activation, and reduced the colocalizations of PI3-K and RhoA-GTPase with LRs. Biochemical characterization demonstrated the association of activated PI3-K with LR fractions which was inhibited by MbetaCD treatment. RhoA-GTPase activation was inhibited by PI3-K inhibitors, demonstrating that PI3-K is upstream to RhoA-GTPase. In addition, colocalization of Dia-2, a RhoA-GTPase activated molecule involved in MT activation, with LR was reduced. KSHV-RhoA-GTPase mediated acetylation and aggregation of MTs were also reduced. Taken together, these studies suggest that LRs of endothelial cells play critical roles in KSHV infection and gene expression, probably due to their roles in modulating KSHV-induced PI3-K, RhoA-GTPase, and Dia-2 molecules essential for postbinding and entry stages of infection such as modulation of microtubular dynamics, movement of virus in the cytoplasm, and nuclear delivery of viral DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Raghu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Road, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
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28
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Louboutin JP, Reyes BAS, Agrawal L, Van Bockstaele E, Strayer DS. Strategies for CNS-directed gene delivery: in vivo gene transfer to the brain using SV40-derived vectors. Gene Ther 2007; 14:939-49. [PMID: 17443215 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene transfer to the central nervous system (CNS) has been approached using various vectors. Recombinant SV40-derived vectors (rSV40s) transduce neurons and microglia effectively in vitro, so we tested rSV40s gene transfer to the CNS in vivo, and characterized the distribution, duration and cell types transduced. We used rSV40s carrying Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Net protein (HIV-1 Nef) with a C-terminal FLAG epitope tag as a marker, and another with Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1). Rats were given vectors stereotaxically, either intraparenchymally into the caudate-putamen (CP) or into the lateral ventricle (LV). FLAG expression was studied for 3 months by immunostaining serial brain sections. After intraparenchymal administration, numerous transgene-expressing cells were seen, many as far as 4 mm from the injection site. Transgene expression remained strong throughout the 3-month study period. Coimmunostaining for lineage markers showed that neurons and, more rarely, microglial cells were tranduced, except astrocytes and oligodendroglia. After injection into the LV, high levels of transgene expression were detected throughout the frontal cortex by Western analysis. Systemic mannitol-induced hyperosmolarity further augmented LV transgene delivery. SV40-derived vectors may, thus, be useful for long-term gene expression in the brain, whether locally by intraparenchymal administration or diffusely by intraventricular injection, with or without mannitol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-P Louboutin
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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29
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Mottram PL, Leong D, Crimeen-Irwin B, Gloster S, Xiang SD, Meanger J, Ghildyal R, Vardaxis N, Plebanski M. Type 1 and 2 immunity following vaccination is influenced by nanoparticle size: formulation of a model vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus. Mol Pharm 2007; 4:73-84. [PMID: 17274665 DOI: 10.1021/mp060096p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies compared uptake by dendritic cells (DC) of 20, 40, 100, 200, 500, 1000, and 2000 nm beads in vivo. When beads were used as antigen carriers, bead size influenced antibody responses and induction of IFN-gamma-producing CD4 and CD8 T cells. Beads of 40-50 nm were taken up preferentially by DC and induced particularly strong immunity. Herein, we examine immunity induced by minute differences in nanobead size, specifically within a narrow viral-sized range (20, 40, 49, 67, 93, 101, and 123 nm), to see if bead carrier size influenced the induction of type 1 or type 2 cells as demonstrated by the production of IFN-gamma or IL-4. In vivo uptake by DC was assessed for selected sizes in this range. Responses to whole ovalbumin (OVA) or the OVA-derived CD8 T cell peptide epitope (SIINFEKL) were tested. After one immunization with beads-OVA, IFN-gamma responses to both OVA and SIINFEKL were significantly better with 40 and 49 nm beads than other sizes, while, in contrast, IL-4 responses to OVA were higher after immunization with OVA conjugated to larger beads (93, 101, and 123 nm). Thus IFN-gamma induction from CD8 T cells was limited to 40-49 nm beads, while CD4 T cell activation and IL-4 were induced by 93-123 nm beads-OVA. After two immunizations, there were comparable high levels of IFN-gamma produced with 40 and 49 beads and IL-4 reactivity was still higher for larger beads (93, 101, 123 nm). Production of IgG1 was seen across the full range of bead sizes, increasing after two immunizations. Since protection against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) depends on strong IFN responses, while IL-4 responses are reported to cause asthma-like symptoms, immunization with RSV antigens on the 49 nm carrier beads could provide the basis for a suitable vaccine. When the 49 nm beads were conjugated to RSV proteins G88 (surface) or M2.1 (internal capsid), one immunization with G88 induced high levels of IFN-gamma and low levels of IL-4. IL-4 increased with two immunizations. Beads-M2.1 induced only moderate levels of IFN-gamma and low titer antibody after two immunizations. Mice vaccinated once with G88-conjugated 49 nm beads and challenged intranasally with RSV strain A2 subtype showed reduced viral titers and recovered from weight loss more rapidly than mice immunized with M2.1-conjugated 49 nm beads or naive control mice. These results show that precise selection of nanobead size for vaccination can influence the type 1/type 2 cytokine balance after one immunization, and this will be useful in the development of effective vaccines against common human pathogens such as RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia L Mottram
- The Burnet Institute at Austin (Austin Research Institute), Studley Road, Heidelberg 3084, VIC, Australia
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30
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Singh RD, Holicky EL, Cheng ZJ, Kim SY, Wheatley CL, Marks DL, Bittman R, Pagano RE. Inhibition of caveolar uptake, SV40 infection, and beta1-integrin signaling by a nonnatural glycosphingolipid stereoisomer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 176:895-901. [PMID: 17371832 PMCID: PMC2064075 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200609149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Caveolar endocytosis is an important mechanism for the uptake of certain pathogens and toxins and also plays a role in the internalization of some plasma membrane (PM) lipids and proteins. However, the regulation of caveolar endocytosis is not well understood. We previously demonstrated that caveolar endocytosis and β1-integrin signaling are stimulated by exogenous glycosphingolipids (GSLs). In this study, we show that a synthetic GSL with nonnatural stereochemistry, β-d-lactosyl-N-octanoyl-l-threo-sphingosine, (1) selectively inhibits caveolar endocytosis and SV40 virus infection, (2) blocks the clustering of lipids and proteins into GSLs and cholesterol-enriched microdomains (rafts) at the PM, and (3) inhibits β1-integrin activation and downstream signaling. Finally, we show that small interfering RNA knockdown of β1 integrin in human skin fibroblasts blocks caveolar endocytosis and the stimulation of signaling by a GSL with natural stereochemistry. These experiments identify a new compound that can interfere with biological processes by inhibiting microdomain formation and also identify β1 integrin as a potential mediator of signaling by GSLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raman Deep Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thoracic Diseases Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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31
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Martin JHJ, Crotty S, Warren P, Nelson PN. Does an apple a day keep the doctor away because a phytoestrogen a day keeps the virus at bay? A review of the anti-viral properties of phytoestrogens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2007; 68:266-74. [PMID: 17182070 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
From dengue to herpes and influenza to AIDS, the phytoestrogens that are present in many fruits and vegetables have been shown to exert anti-viral properties. Here we review the various different anti-viral mechanisms employed by phytoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H J Martin
- Research Institute of Healthcare Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1SB, United Kingdom.
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32
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Xiang SD, Scholzen A, Minigo G, David C, Apostolopoulos V, Mottram PL, Plebanski M. Pathogen recognition and development of particulate vaccines: does size matter? Methods 2007; 40:1-9. [PMID: 16997708 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Accepted: 05/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of particulate carriers holds great promise for the development of effective and affordable recombinant vaccines. Rational development requires a detailed understanding of particle up-take and processing mechanisms to target cellular pathways capable of stimulating the required immune responses safely. These mechanisms are in turn based on how the host has evolved to recognize and process pathogens. Pathogens, as well as particulate vaccines, come in a wide range of sizes and biochemical compositions. Some of these also provide 'danger signals' so that antigen 'senting cells (APC), usually dendritic cells (DC), acquire specific stimulatory activity. Herein, we provide an overview of the types of particles currently under investigation for the formulation of vaccines, discuss cellular uptake mechanisms (endocytosis, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, clathrin-dependent and/or caveloae-mediated) for pathogens and particles of different sizes, as well as antigen possessing and presentation by APC in general, and DC in particular. Since particle size and composition can influence the immune response, inducing humoral and/or cellular immunity, activating CD8 T cells and/or CD4 T cells of T helper 1 and/or T helper 2 type, particle characteristics have a major impact on vaccine efficacy. Recently developed methods for the formulation of particulate vaccines are presented in this issue of Methods, showcasing a range of "cutting edge" particulate vaccines that employ particles ranging from nano to micro-sized. This special issue of Methods further addresses practical issues of production, affordability, reproducibility and stability of formulation, and also includes a discussion of the economic and regulatory challenges encountered in developing vaccines for veterinary use and for common Third World infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue D Xiang
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Burnet Institute at Austin, Studley Road, Heidelberg, Vic. 3084, Australia
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Medina FA, Cohen AW, de Almeida CJ, Nagajyothi F, Braunstein VL, Teixeira MM, Tanowitz HB, Lisanti MP. Immune dysfunction in caveolin-1 null mice following infection with Trypanosoma cruzi (Tulahuen strain). Microbes Infect 2007; 9:325-33. [PMID: 17317261 PMCID: PMC2737390 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 12/11/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, host cell caveolae/caveolins have emerged as potentially important targets for pathogenic microorganisms; therefore, we investigated the role of caveolin-1 (Cav-1) in T. cruzi infection using Cav-1 null mice. Cav-1 null and wild type mice were infected with the virulent Tulahuen strain. The mortality was 100% in both groups, but death was slightly delayed in wild type mice. The parasitemia in the Cav-1 null mice was significantly reduced compared with wild type littermates. Histopathologic examination of the heart revealed numerous pseudocysts, myonecrosis, and marked inflammation, which was similar in both mouse groups. Real-time PCR confirmed these observations. Infection of cultured cardiac fibroblasts obtained from Cav-1 null and wild type mice revealed no differences in infectivity. Determination of serum levels of several inflammatory mediators revealed a striking reduction in IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and components of the nitric oxide pathway in infected Cav-1 null mice. Infection of wild type mice resulted in the expected enhancement of inflammatory mediators. The defective production of chemokines and cytokines observed in vivo is in part attributed to Cav-1 null macrophages. Despite these marked differences in the response to infection by inflammatory mediators between the two mouse strains, the final outcome was similar. These results suggest that Cav-1 may play an important role in the normal development of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy A. Medina
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Alex W. Cohen
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Cecilia J. de Almeida
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Fnu Nagajyothi
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Vicki L. Braunstein
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Bioquimica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil 31270-901
| | - Herbert B. Tanowitz
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Corresponding Authors: Dr. Michael P. Lisanti, Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Room 933, 233 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Phone: (215) 503-9295. Fax: (215) 923-1098., or . Dr. Herbert B. Tanowitz, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461. Phone: (718) 430-3342. Fax: (718) 430- 8543., E-mail:
| | - Michael P. Lisanti
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
- Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, University of Genova and G.Gaslini Pediatric Institute, Largo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Corresponding Authors: Dr. Michael P. Lisanti, Department of Cancer Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Bluemle Life Sciences Building, Room 933, 233 S. 10th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107. Phone: (215) 503-9295. Fax: (215) 923-1098., or . Dr. Herbert B. Tanowitz, Departments of Pathology and Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461. Phone: (718) 430-3342. Fax: (718) 430- 8543., E-mail:
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Weangsripanaval T, Murota K, Murakami Y, Kominami M, Kusudo T, Moriyama T, Ogawa T, Kawada T. Sodium cromoglycate inhibits absorption of the major soybean allergen, Gly m Bd 30K, in mice and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. J Nutr 2006; 136:2874-80. [PMID: 17056816 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.11.2874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous data showed that Gly m Bd 30K was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and circulated in blood in mice. This study was conducted to determine the mechanism and identify the inhibitor of such absorption. Using sandwich ELISA and immunoblotting, we found that intact Gly m Bd 30K was absorbed from apical to basolateral solutions and intracellularly accumulated by Caco-2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K were significantly suppressed when Caco-2 cells were treated with sodium cromoglycate (SCG) (0-50 mmol/L) in a dose-dependent manner. In 24-d-old mice orally treated with SCG (10-1000 mg/kg body weight), plasma Gly m Bd 30K concentration decreased significantly 30-120 min after Gly m Bd 30K (2000 mg/kg body weight) administration. Moreover, inhibitors that suppress the clathrin-dependent endocytosis dansylcadaverine, the caveolae-dependent endocytosis nystatin and clathrin, and the caveolae-dependent endocytosis methyl-beta-cyclodextrin had inhibitory effects on the absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K by Caco-2 cells. These data indicate that Gly m Bd 30K is absorbed and intracellularly accumulated in Caco-2 cells via clathrin- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis. We propose that the absorption and intracellular accumulation of Gly m Bd 30K are inhibited by SCG via clathrin- or caveolae-dependent endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanakorn Weangsripanaval
- Laboratory of Molecular Function of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
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35
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Querbes W, O'Hara BA, Williams G, Atwood WJ. Invasion of host cells by JC virus identifies a novel role for caveolae in endosomal sorting of noncaveolar ligands. J Virol 2006; 80:9402-13. [PMID: 16973546 PMCID: PMC1617268 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01086-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasion of glial cells by the human polyomavirus, JC virus (JCV), leads to a rapidly progressing and uniformly fatal demyelinating disease known as progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The endocytic trafficking steps used by JCV to invade cells and initiate infection are not known. We demonstrated that JCV infection was inhibited by dominant defective and constitutively active Rab5-GTPase mutants that acted at distinct steps in endosomal sorting. We also found that labeled JCV colocalized with labeled cholera toxin B and with caveolin-1 (cav-1) on early endosomes following internalization by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. JCV entry and infection were both inhibited by dominant defective mutants of eps15 and Rab5-GTPase. Expression of a dominant-negative scaffolding mutant of cav-1 did not inhibit entry or infection by JCV. A single-cell knockdown experiment using cav-1 shRNA did not inhibit JCV entry but interfered with a downstream trafficking event important for infection. These data show that JCV enters cells by clathrin-dependent endocytosis, is transported immediately to early endosomes, and is then sorted to a caveolin-1-positive endosomal compartment. This latter step is dependent on Rab5-GTPase, cholesterol, caveolin-1, and pH. This is the first example of a ligand that enters cells by clathrin-dependent endocytosis and is then sorted from early endosomes to caveosomes, indicating that caveolae-derived vesicles play a more important role than previously realized in sorting cargo from early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Querbes
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, 70 Ship Street, Box G-E434, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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36
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Roskopf J, Trofe J, Stratta RJ, Ahsan N. Pharmacotherapeutic options for the management of human polyomaviruses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:228-54. [PMID: 16626040 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses [BK virus (BKV), JC virus (JCV) and simian virus 40 (SV40)] have been known to be associated with diseases in humans for over thirty years. BKV-associated nephropathy and JCV-induced progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) were for many years rare diseases occurring only in patients with underlying severe impaired immunity. Over the past decade, the use of more potent immunosuppression (IS) in transplantation, and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) epidemic, have coincided with a significant increase in the prevalence of these viral complications. Prophylactic and therapeutic interventions for human polyomavirus diseases are limited by our current understanding of polyomaviral pathogenesis. Clinical trials are limited by small numbers of patients affected with clinically significant diseases, lack of defined risk factors and disease definitions, no proven effective treatment and the overall significant morbidity and mortality associated with these diseases. This chapter will focus on a review of the current and future research related to therapeutic targets and interventions for polyomavirus-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Roskopf
- Wake Forest University Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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37
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Randhawa P, Vats A, Shapiro R. The pathobiology of polyomavirus infection in man. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2006; 577:148-59. [PMID: 16626033 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-32957-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This article traces the discovery of polyomaviruses and outlines investigations, which shed light on potential modes of transmission of this increasingly important group of human pathogens. The pathobiology of the virus is summarized with particular reference to interactions with host cell receptors, cell entry, cytoplasmic trafficking, and targeting of the viral genome to the nucleus. This is followed by a discussion of sites of viral latency and factors leading to viral reactivation. Finally, we present biochemical mechanisms that could potentially explain several key elements of tissue pathology characteristic of BKV mediated damage to human kidney.
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Abstract
Detailed information about the replication cycle of viruses and their interactions with host organisms is required to develop strategies to stop them. Cell biology studies, live-cell imaging, and systems biology have started to illuminate the multiple and subtly different pathways that animal viruses use to enter host cells. These insights are revolutionizing our understanding of endocytosis and the movement of vesicles within cells. In addition, such insights reveal new targets for attacking viruses before they can usurp the host-cell machinery for replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Marsh
- Cell Biology Unit, MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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39
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Coyne CB, Bergelson JM. Virus-induced Abl and Fyn kinase signals permit coxsackievirus entry through epithelial tight junctions. Cell 2006; 124:119-31. [PMID: 16413486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2005.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) must cross the epithelium as they initiate infection, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains uncertain. The coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a component of the tight junction and is inaccessible to virus approaching from the apical surface. Many CVBs also interact with the GPI-anchored protein decay-accelerating factor (DAF). Here, we report that virus attachment to DAF on the apical cell surface activates Abl kinase, triggering Rac-dependent actin rearrangements that permit virus movement to the tight junction. Within the junction, interaction with CAR promotes conformational changes in the virus capsid that are essential for virus entry and release of viral RNA. Interaction with DAF also activates Fyn kinase, an event that is required for the phosphorylation of caveolin and transport of virus into the cell within caveolar vesicles. CVBs thus exploit DAF-mediated signaling pathways to surmount the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn B Coyne
- Division of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Villanueva RA, Rouillé Y, Dubuisson J. Interactions between virus proteins and host cell membranes during the viral life cycle. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 245:171-244. [PMID: 16125548 PMCID: PMC7112339 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(05)45006-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The structure and function of cells are critically dependent on membranes, which not only separate the interior of the cell from its environment but also define the internal compartments. It is therefore not surprising that the major steps of the life cycle of viruses of animals and plants also depend on cellular membranes. Indeed, interactions of viral proteins with host cell membranes are important for viruses to enter into host cells, replicate their genome, and produce progeny particles. To replicate its genome, a virus first needs to cross the plasma membrane. Some viruses can also modify intracellular membranes of host cells to create a compartment in which genome replication will take place. Finally, some viruses acquire an envelope, which is derived either from the plasma membrane or an internal membrane of the host cell. This paper reviews recent findings on the interactions of viral proteins with host cell membranes during the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Villanueva
- CNRS-UPR2511, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
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41
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Minshall RD, Malik AB. Transport across the endothelium: regulation of endothelial permeability. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2006:107-44. [PMID: 16999218 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-32967-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
An important function of the endothelium is to regulate the transport of liquid and solutes across the semi-permeable vascular endothelial barrier. Two cellular pathways controlling endothelial barrier function have been identified. The transcellular pathway transports plasma proteins of the size of albumin or greater via the process of transcytosis in vesicle carriers originating from cell surface caveolae. Specific signalling cues are able to induce the internalisation of caveolae and their movement to the basal side of the endothelium. Caveolin-1, the primary structural protein required for the formation of caveolae, is also important in regulating vesicle trafficking through the cell by controlling the activity and localisation of signalling molecules that mediate vesicle fission, endocytosis, fusion and finally exocytosis. An important function of the transcytotic pathways is to regulate the delivery of albumin and immunoglobulins, thereby controlling tissue oncotic pressure and host-defence. The paracellular pathway induced during inflammation is formed by gaps between endothelial cells at the level of adherens and tight junctional complexes. Paracellular permeability is increased by second messenger signalling pathways involving Ca2+ influx via activation of store-operated channels, protein kinase Calpha (PKCalpha), and Rho kinase that together participate in the stimulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation, actin-myosin contraction, and disruption of the junctions. In this review of the field, we discuss the current understanding of the signalling pathways regulating paracellular and transcellular endothelial permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Minshall
- Department of Pharmacology (m/c 868), University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ono
- Virus-Cell Interaction Section, HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Maryland 21702, USA
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43
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Liu B, Daviau J, Nichols CN, Strayer DS. In vivo gene transfer into rat bone marrow progenitor cells using rSV40 viral vectors. Blood 2005; 106:2655-62. [PMID: 15994284 PMCID: PMC1895314 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-01-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene transfer has been attempted almost entirely ex vivo and has been limited by cytokine-induced loss of self-renewal capacity and transplantation-related defects in homing and engraftment. Here, we attempted to circumvent such limitations by injecting vectors directly into the bone marrow (BM) to transduce HSCs in their native environment. Simian virus 40 (SV40)-derived gene delivery vectors were used because they transduce resting CD34+ cells very efficiently. Rats received SV-(Nef-FLAG), carrying FLAG marker epitope--or a control recombinant SV40 (rSV40)--directly into both femoral marrow cavities. Intracellular transgene expression by peripheral blood (PB) or BM cells was detected by cytofluorimetry. An average of 5.3% PB leukocytes expressed FLAG for the entire study--56 weeks. Transgene expression was sustained in multiple cell lineages, including granulocytes (average, 3.3% of leukocytes, 20.4% of granulocytes), CD3+ T lymphocytes (average, 0.53% of leukocytes, 1% of total T cells), and CD45R+ B lymphocytes, indicating gene transfer to long-lived progenitor cells with multilineage capacity. An average of 15% of femoral marrow cells expressed FLAG up to 16.5 months after transduction. Thus, direct intramarrow administration of rSV40s yields efficient gene transfer to rat BM progenitor cells and may be worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianling Liu
- Department of Pathology, Jefferson Medical College, 1020 Locust St, Rm 251, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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44
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Gower TL, Pastey MK, Peeples ME, Collins PL, McCurdy LH, Hart TK, Guth A, Johnson TR, Graham BS. RhoA signaling is required for respiratory syncytial virus-induced syncytium formation and filamentous virion morphology. J Virol 2005; 79:5326-36. [PMID: 15827147 PMCID: PMC1082718 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.9.5326-5336.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an important human pathogen that can cause severe and life-threatening respiratory infections in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised adults. RSV infection of HEp-2 cells induces the activation of RhoA, a small GTPase. We therefore asked whether RhoA signaling is important for RSV replication or syncytium formation. The treatment of HEp-2 cells with Clostridium botulinum C3, an enzyme that ADP-ribosylates and specifically inactivates RhoA, inhibited RSV-induced syncytium formation and cell-to-cell fusion, although similar levels of PFU were released into the medium and viral protein expression levels were equivalent. Treatment with another inhibitor of RhoA signaling, the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632, yielded similar results. Scanning electron microscopy of C3-treated infected cells showed reduced numbers of single blunted filaments, in contrast to the large clumps of long filaments in untreated infected cells. These data suggest that RhoA signaling is associated with filamentous virus morphology, cell-to-cell fusion, and syncytium formation but is dispensable for the efficient infection and production of infectious virus in vitro. Next, we developed a semiquantitative method to measure spherical and filamentous virus particles by using sucrose gradient velocity sedimentation. Fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the separation of spherical and filamentous forms of infectious virus into two identifiable peaks. The C3 treatment of RSV-infected cells resulted in a shift to relatively more spherical virions than those from untreated cells. These data suggest that viral filamentous protuberances characteristic of RSV infection are associated with RhoA signaling, are important for filamentous virion morphology, and may play a role in initiating cell-to-cell fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Gower
- Vaccine Research Center, Building 40, Room 2502, NIAID, NIH, 40 Convent Dr., MSC 3017, Bethesda, MD 20892-3017, USA
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45
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Norkin LC, Kuksin D. The caveolae-mediated sv40 entry pathway bypasses the golgi complex en route to the endoplasmic reticulum. Virol J 2005; 2:38. [PMID: 15840166 PMCID: PMC1087894 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simian virus 40 (SV40) enters cells via an atypical caveolae-mediated endocytic pathway, which delivers the virus to a new intermediary compartment, the caveosome. The virus then is believed to go directly from the caveosome to the endoplasmic reticulum. Cholera toxin likewise enters via caveolae and traffics to caveosomes. But, in contrast to SV40, cholera toxin is transported from caveosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum via the Golgi. For that reason, and because the caveosome and Golgi may have some common markers, we revisited the issue of whether SV40 might access the endoplasmic reticulum via the Golgi. RESULTS We confirmed our earlier finding that SV40 co localizes with the Golgi marker beta-COP. However, we show that the virus does not co localize with the more discriminating Golgi markers, golgin 97 and BODIPY-ceramide. CONCLUSION The caveolae-mediated SV40 entry pathway does not intersect the Golgi. SV40 is seen to co localize with beta-COP because that protein is a marker for caveosomes as well as the Golgi. Moreover, these results are consistent with the likelihood that the caveosome is a sorting organelle. In addition, there are at least two distinct but related routes by which a ligand might traffic from the caveosome to the ER; one route involving transport through the Golgi, and another pathway that does not involve the Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard C Norkin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Dmitry Kuksin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts – Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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46
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Grummer B, Grotha S, Greiser-Wilke I. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus is internalized by clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 51:427-32. [PMID: 15606865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0450.2004.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus within the family Flaviviridae. In contrast to the members of the genus flavivirus, nothing is known about the viral entry route for pestiviruses. In this study, the process of BVDV infection following attachment to the cell surface was examined. BVDV clearly co-localizes with clathrin, with early endosome antigen-1 (EEA-1), an early endosome marker, and also with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2), a lysosomal marker. BVDV internalization is inhibited by compounds that block clathrin- but not caveolae-dependent endocytosis. These findings demonstrate that BVDV enters the cells via the clathrin-coated pit pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grummer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation Buenteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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47
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Wielgosz MM, Rauch DA, Jones KS, Ruscetti FW, Ratner L. Cholesterol dependence of HTLV-I infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:43-50. [PMID: 15665643 PMCID: PMC2671014 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol-rich plasma membrane microdomains are important for entry of many viruses, including retroviruses. Depletion of cholesterol with 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin inhibits entry of human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) and HTLV-I envelope pseudotyped lentivirus particles. Using a soluble fusion protein of the HTLV-I surface envelope protein with the immunoglobulin Fc domain, the HTLV-I receptor was found to colocalize with a raft-associated marker and to cluster in specific plasma membrane microdomains. Depletion of cholesterol did not alter receptor binding activity, suggesting a requirement for cholesterol in a postbinding virus entry step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Wielgosz
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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48
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Abstract
Polyomavirus-associated nephropathy occurs in approximately 5% of renal transplant recipients and results in loss of graft function in 50 to 70% of these patients. The disease is caused by reactivation of the common human polyomavirus BK (BKV) in the transplanted kidney. The early events in productive BKV infection are unknown. In this report, we focus on elucidating the mechanisms of BKV internalization in its target cell. Our data reveal that BKV entry into permissive Vero cells is slow, is independent of clathrin-coated-pit assembly, is dependent on an intact caveolin-1 scaffolding domain, is sensitive to tyrosine kinase inhibition, and requires cholesterol. BKV colocalizes with the caveola-mediated endocytic marker cholera toxin subunit B but not with the clathrin-dependent endocytic marker transferrin. In addition, BKV infectious entry is sensitive to elevation in intracellular pH. These findings indicate that BKV entry into Vero cells occurs by caveola-mediated endocytosis involving a pH-dependent step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Eash
- Graduate Program in Pathology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Box G-B616, 171 Meeting St., Providence, RI 02912, USA
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49
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Trofe J, Gordon J, Roy-Chaudhury P, Koralnik IJ, Atwood WJ, Alloway RR, Khalili K, Woodle ES. Polyomavirus nephropathy in kidney transplantation. Prog Transplant 2004. [PMID: 15264457 DOI: 10.7182/prtr.14.2.6r72583266835340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Polyomavirus nephropathy has become an important complication in kidney transplantation, with a prevalence of 1% to 8%. Unfortunately, the risk factors for polyomavirus nephropathy and renal allograft loss are not well defined. The definitive diagnosis is made through assessment of a kidney transplant biopsy. Recently, noninvasive urine and serum markers have been used to assist in polyomavirus nephropathy diagnosis and monitoring. Primary treatment is immunosuppression reduction, but must be balanced with the risks of rejection. No antiviral treatments for polyomavirus nephropathy have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Although cidofovir has shown in vitro activity against murine polyomaviruses, and has been effective in some patients, it is associated with significant nephrotoxicity. Graft loss due to polyomavirus nephropathy should not be a contraindication to retransplantation; however, experience is limited. This review presents potential risk factors, screening, diagnostic and monitoring methods, therapeutic management, and retransplantation experience for polyomavirus nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Trofe
- University of Cincinnati, Division of Transplantation, Ohio, USA
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50
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von Ruhland CJ, Campbell L, Gumbleton M, Jasani B, Newman GR. Immunolocalization of caveolin-1 in rat and human mesothelium. J Histochem Cytochem 2004; 52:1415-25. [PMID: 15505336 PMCID: PMC3957821 DOI: 10.1369/jhc.4a6334.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flask-shaped vesicles have been described as caveolae in mesothelial cells in a number of animal species based on morphological criteria only. Using an antibody against caveolin-1, said to be a biochemical marker of caveolae, immunoelectron microscopy suggests that many but not all such vesicles in mesothelial cells are caveolae. Mesothelial cells from different anatomical sites showed obvious variations in both the population density and distribution of these flask-shaped vesicles and in their density of immunostaining. Lung and pericardial sac had the highest staining density. In some sites (e.g., lung, bladder, colon) caveolae were equally distributed between apical and basolateral surfaces, whereas in others (e.g., spleen, liver), they were predominantly apical. Additional immunopositive sites in the peritoneal membrane were identified, including the epineurium of peripheral nerves and the endothelium of lymphatic vessels. We further suggest that variations in the number of mesothelial cell caveolae and the density of their immunolabeling may have implications for our understanding of certain diseases such as malignant mesothelioma, especially in view of the recent hypothesis that it may be caused by SV40, a virus that appears to enter cells via caveolae.
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