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Shimada H, Powell TL, Jansson T. Regulation of placental amino acid transport in health and disease. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14157. [PMID: 38711335 PMCID: PMC11162343 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Abnormal fetal growth, i.e., intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or fetal growth restriction (FGR) and fetal overgrowth, is associated with increased perinatal morbidity and mortality and is strongly linked to the development of metabolic and cardiovascular disease in childhood and later in life. Emerging evidence suggests that changes in placental amino acid transport may contribute to abnormal fetal growth. This review is focused on amino acid transport in the human placenta, however, relevant animal models will be discussed to add mechanistic insights. At least 25 distinct amino acid transporters with different characteristics and substrate preferences have been identified in the human placenta. Of these, System A, transporting neutral nonessential amino acids, and System L, mediating the transport of essential amino acids, have been studied in some detail. Importantly, decreased placental Systems A and L transporter activity is strongly associated with IUGR and increased placental activity of these two amino acid transporters has been linked to fetal overgrowth in human pregnancy. An array of factors in the maternal circulation, including insulin, IGF-1, and adiponectin, and placental signaling pathways such as mTOR, have been identified as key regulators of placental Systems A and L. Studies using trophoblast-specific gene targeting in mice have provided compelling evidence that changes in placental Systems A and L are mechanistically linked to altered fetal growth. It is possible that targeting specific placental amino acid transporters or their upstream regulators represents a novel intervention to alleviate the short- and long-term consequences of abnormal fetal growth in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
- Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Theresa L Powell
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
| | - Thomas Jansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, US
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2
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Wei Y, Cui X, Zhou Z, Ma Q, Xu H, Liang M. Growth, Cannibalism, and 5-TH Metabolism in Pufferfish ( Takifugu obscurus ♀ × Takifugu rubripes): The Role of Graded Levels of Dietary Tryptophan. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:6693175. [PMID: 37719925 PMCID: PMC10505084 DOI: 10.1155/2023/6693175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential effect of graded levels of tryptophan on the growth, cannibalism, and 5-hydroxytryptpamine (5-TH) metabolism in pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus ♀ × Takifugu rubripes ♂). A 63-day feeding trial was performed wherein pufferfish were fed four diets. Three experimental diets were formulated with various levels of tryptophan based on the control diet. Four diets were named as T1, T2, T3, and T4, corresponding to 4.30, 7.80, 14.90, and 23.70 g kg-1 tryptophan of dry diet. Final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate were similar between the T1 and T4 groups, but exhibited a significantly increased trend compared to the T2 group. Although survival rate was not affected by various levels of dietary tryptophan, intraspecific cannibalism was significantly reduced in the group fed with highest level of tryptophan (T4). For free amino acid in brain, the concentration of tryptophan was the highest in the T3 group and the lowest in the T2 group, while phenylalanine, tyrosine, and methionine showed an opposite trend between those two groups. The levels of dietary tryptophan not only affected the expression of aromatic amino acid transporter TAT1, but also affected the expression of B0AT1, B0AT2, and 4F2hc in intestine, as well as B0AT1, y+LAT1, and LAT2 in brain. The activity of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) in serum increased with the increase of dietary tryptophan, and the expression of TPH1 in brain upregulated in the excessive tryptophan groups (T2, T3, and T4). MAO activity in serum as well as its gene expression in brain and intestine showed a decreased trend in the T4 group. In conclusion, excessive tryptophan (23.70 g kg-1 of dry diet, corresponding to 50.3 g kg-1 of dietary protein) in feed could mitigate cannibalistic behavior of pufferfish and promote the growth, and the reason for this effect might affect the metabolism of 5-TH in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Wei
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, 1 Wenhai Road, Shandong, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xishuai Cui
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhibing Zhou
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Houguo Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, 1 Wenhai Road, Shandong, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mengqing Liang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, 1 Wenhai Road, Shandong, Qingdao 266237, China
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3
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Li S. Modulation of immunity by tryptophan microbial metabolites. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1209613. [PMID: 37521424 PMCID: PMC10382180 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1209613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan (Trp) is an essential amino acid that can be metabolized via endogenous and exogenous pathways, including the Kynurenine Pathway, the 5-Hydroxyindole Pathway (also the Serotonin pathway), and the Microbial pathway. Of these, the Microbial Trp metabolic pathways in the gut have recently been extensively studied for their production of bioactive molecules. The gut microbiota plays an important role in host metabolism and immunity, and microbial Trp metabolites can influence the development and progression of various diseases, including inflammatory, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer, by mediating the body's immunity. This review briefly outlines the crosstalk between gut microorganisms and Trp metabolism in the body, starting from the three metabolic pathways of Trp. The mechanisms by which microbial Trp metabolites act on organism immunity are summarized, and the potential implications for disease prevention and treatment are highlighted.
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Thyroid Hormone Transporters in Pregnancy and Fetal Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315113. [PMID: 36499435 PMCID: PMC9737226 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for fetal (brain) development. Plasma membrane transporters control the intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. In the past few decades, 15 human thyroid hormone transporters have been identified, and among them, mutations in monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)8 and organic anion transporting peptide (OATP)1C1 are associated with clinical phenotypes. Different animal and human models have been employed to unravel the (patho)-physiological role of thyroid hormone transporters. However, most studies on thyroid hormone transporters focus on postnatal development. This review summarizes the research on the thyroid hormone transporters in pregnancy and fetal development, including their substrate preference, expression and tissue distribution, and physiological and pathophysiological role in thyroid homeostasis and clinical disorders. As the fetus depends on the maternal thyroid hormone supply, especially during the first half of pregnancy, the review also elaborates on thyroid hormone transport across the human placental barrier. Future studies may reveal how the different transporters contribute to thyroid hormone homeostasis in fetal tissues to properly facilitate development. Employing state-of-the-art human models will enable a better understanding of their roles in thyroid hormone homeostasis.
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Gamage AM, Chan WOY, Zhu F, Lim YT, Long S, Ahn M, Tan CW, Hiang Foo RJ, Sia WR, Lim XF, He H, Zhai W, Anderson DE, Sobota RM, Dutertre CA, Wang LF. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of the in vivo response to viral infection in the cave nectar bat Eonycteris spelaea. Immunity 2022; 55:2187-2205.e5. [PMID: 36351376 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bats are reservoir hosts of many zoonotic viruses with pandemic potential. We utilized single-cell transcriptome sequencing (scRNA-seq) to analyze the immune response in bat lungs upon in vivo infection with a double-stranded RNA virus, Pteropine orthoreovirus PRV3M. Bat neutrophils were distinguished by high basal IDO1 expression. NK cells and T cells were the most abundant immune cells in lung tissue. Three distinct CD8+ effector T cell populations could be delineated by differential expression of KLRB1, GFRA2, and DPP4. Select NK and T clusters increased expression of genes involved in T cell activation and effector function early after viral infection. Alveolar macrophages and classical monocytes drove antiviral interferon signaling. Infection expanded a CSF1R+ population expressing collagen-like genes, which became the predominant myeloid cell type post-infection. This work uncovers features relevant to viral disease tolerance in bats, lays a foundation for future experimental work, and serves as a resource for comparative immunology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshamal M Gamage
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wharton O Y Chan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan Ting Lim
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sandy Long
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matae Ahn
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Randy Jee Hiang Foo
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Rong Sia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Fang Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Haopeng He
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P.R. China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, P.R. China; Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 138672, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Danielle E Anderson
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Radoslaw Mikolaj Sobota
- Functional Proteomics Laboratory, SingMass National Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A∗STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1015, Equipe Labellisée-Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Singhealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
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Chen Z, van der Sman AE, Groeneweg S, de Rooij LJ, Visser WE, Peeters RP, Meima ME. Thyroid Hormone Transporters in a Human Placental Cell Model. Thyroid 2022; 32:1129-1137. [PMID: 35699060 PMCID: PMC9526468 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Fetal brain development in the first half of pregnancy is dependent on maternal thyroid hormone (TH), highlighting the importance of trans-placental TH transport. It is yet unclear which transporters are involved in this process. We aimed to identify the major TH transporters in a human placental cell model (BeWo cells). Methods: Messenger RNA expression of the known TH transporters (the monocarboxylate transporter [MCT]8, MCT10, the L-type amino acid transporter [LAT]1, LAT2, the organic anion transporting peptide [OATP]1A2 and OATP4A1) in BeWo cells and human placenta were determined by quantitative PCR. To determine the specificity and efficacy of transporter inhibitors, we first determined TH uptake at different inhibitor concentrations in African green monkey kidney fibroblast-like cells (COS1 cells) overexpressing TH transporters. We then tested TH uptake in BeWo cells in the presence or absence of the optimal inhibitor concentrations. Results: All tested TH transporters were expressed in human term placentas, whereas MCT8 was absent in BeWo cells. Both 2-amino-2-norbornanecarboxylic acid (BCH) and L-tryptophan at 1 mM inhibited LATs, whereas at the highest concentration (10 mM) L-tryptophan also inhibited MCT10. Verapamil inhibited OATP1A2 and less efficiently both MCTs, but not LATs. Both rifampicin and naringin reduced OATP1A2 activity. Finally, silychristin inhibited MCT8 at submicromolar concentrations and OATP1A2 partially only at the highest concentration tested (10 μM). In BeWo cells, verapamil reduced triiodothyronine (T3) uptake by 24%, BCH by 31%, and 1 mM L-tryptophan by 41%. The combination of BCH and verapamil additively decreased T3 uptake by 53% and the combination of BCH and 10 mM L-tryptophan by 60%, suggesting a major role for MCT10 and LATs in placental T3 uptake. Indeed, transfection of BeWo cells with MCT10-specific small interfering RNA significantly reduced T3 uptake. Only the combination of BCH and verapamil significantly reduced thyroxine (T4) uptake in BeWo cells, by 32%. Conclusions: Using pharmacological inhibitors, we show that MCT10 and LATs play a major role in T3 uptake in BeWo cells. T4 uptake appears independent of known TH transporters, suggesting the presence of, currently unknown, alternative transporter(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Chen
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A.S. Elise van der Sman
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Groeneweg
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Johanna de Rooij
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W. Edward Visser
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P. Peeters
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E. Meima
- Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Address correspondence to: Marcel E. Meima, PhD, Erasmus MC Academic Centre for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3015 CN, The Netherlands
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Braun D, Bohleber S, Vatine GD, Svendsen CN, Schweizer U. Sodium Phenylbutyrate Rescues Thyroid Hormone Transport in Brain Endothelial-Like Cells. Thyroid 2022; 32:860-870. [PMID: 35357974 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2021.0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) deficiency is a rare genetic disease leading to a severe developmental delay due to a lack of thyroid hormones (THs) during critical stages of human brain development. Some MCT8-deficient patients are not as severely affected as others. Previously, we hypothesized that these patients' mutations do not affect the functionality but destabilize the MCT8 protein, leading to a diminished number of functional MCT8 molecules at the cell surface. Methods: We have already demonstrated that the chemical chaperone sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB) rescues the function of these mutants by stabilizing their protein expression in an overexpressing cell system. Here, we expanded our previous work and used iPSC (induced pluripotent stem cell)-derived brain microvascular endothelial-like cells (iBMECs) as a physiologically relevant cell model of human origin to test for NaPB responsiveness. The effects on mutant MCT8 expression and function were tested by Western blotting and radioactive uptake assays. Results: We found that NaPB rescues decreased mutant MCT8 expression and restores transport function in iBMECs carrying patient's mutation MCT8-P321L. Further, we identified MCT10 as an alternative TH transporter in iBMECs that contributes to triiodothyronine uptake, the biological active TH. Our results indicate an upregulation of MCT10 after NaPB treatment. In addition, we detected an increase in thyroxine (T4) uptake after NaPB treatment that was not mediated by rescued MCT8 but an unidentified T4 transporter. Conclusions: We demonstrate that NaPB is suitable to stabilize a pathogenic missense mutation in a human-derived cell model. Further, it activates TH transport independent of MCT8. Both options fuel future studies to investigate repurposing the Food and Drug Administration-approved drug NaPB in selected cases of MCT8 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doreen Braun
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Bohleber
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gad D Vatine
- The Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell (RMSC) Research Center and the Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Medizinische Fakultät, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Shin HK, Florean O, Hardy B, Doktorova T, Kang MG. Semi-automated approach for generation of biological networks on drug-induced cholestasis, steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Toxicol Res 2022; 38:393-407. [PMID: 35865277 PMCID: PMC9247124 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-022-00124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading reasons for discontinuation of a new drug development project. Diverse machine learning or deep learning models have been developed to predict DILI. However, these models have not provided an adequate understanding of the mechanisms leading to DILI. The development of safer drugs requires novel computational approaches that enable the prompt understanding of the mechanism of DILI. In this study, the mechanisms leading to the development of cholestasis, steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis were explored using a semi-automated approach for data gathering and associations. Diverse data from ToxCast, Comparative Toxicogenomic Database (CTD), Reactome, and Open TG-GATEs on reference molecules leading to the development of the respective diseases were extracted. The data were used to create biological networks of the four diseases. As expected, the four networks had several common pathways, and a joint DILI network was assembled. Such biological networks could be used in drug discovery to identify possible molecules of concern as they provide a better understanding of the disease-specific key events. The events can be target-tested to provide indications for potential DILI effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kil Shin
- Toxicoinformatics Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113 Republic of Korea
| | - Oana Florean
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Barry Hardy
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tatyana Doktorova
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Hochbergerstrasse 60C, 4057 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Myung-Gyun Kang
- Toxicoinformatics Group, Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, 34114 Republic of Korea
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A low aromatic amino-acid diet improves renal function and prevent kidney fibrosis in mice with chronic kidney disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19184. [PMID: 34584168 PMCID: PMC8479128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of use of low protein diets (LPD) in the management of chronic kidney disease (CKD), their mechanisms of action are unclear. A reduced production of uremic toxins could contribute to the benefits of LPDs. Aromatic amino-acids (AA) are precursors of major uremic toxins such as p-cresyl sulfate (PCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS). We hypothesize that a low aromatic amino acid diet (LA-AAD, namely a low intake of tyrosine, tryptophan and phenylalanine) while being normoproteic, could be as effective as a LPD, through the decreased production of uremic toxins. Kidney failure was chemically induced in mice with a diet containing 0.25% (w/w) of adenine. Mice received three different diets for six weeks: normoproteic diet (NPD: 14.7% proteins, aromatic AAs 0.019%), LPD (5% proteins, aromatic AAs 0.007%) and LA-AAD (14% proteins, aromatic AAs 0.007%). Both LPD and LA-AAD significantly reduced proteinuria, kidney fibrosis and inflammation. While LPD only slightly decreased plasma free PCS and free IS compared to NPD; free fractions of both compounds were significantly decreased by LA-AAD. These results suggest that a LA-AAD confers similar benefits of a LPD in delaying the progression of CKD through a reduction in some key uremic toxins production (such as PCS and IS), with a lower risk of malnutrition.
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10
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Fairweather SJ, Shah N, Brӧer S. Heteromeric Solute Carriers: Function, Structure, Pathology and Pharmacology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 21:13-127. [PMID: 33052588 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Solute carriers form one of three major superfamilies of membrane transporters in humans, and include uniporters, exchangers and symporters. Following several decades of molecular characterisation, multiple solute carriers that form obligatory heteromers with unrelated subunits are emerging as a distinctive principle of membrane transporter assembly. Here we comprehensively review experimentally established heteromeric solute carriers: SLC3-SLC7 amino acid exchangers, SLC16 monocarboxylate/H+ symporters and basigin/embigin, SLC4A1 (AE1) and glycophorin A exchanger, SLC51 heteromer Ost α-Ost β uniporter, and SLC6 heteromeric symporters. The review covers the history of the heteromer discovery, transporter physiology, structure, disease associations and pharmacology - all with a focus on the heteromeric assembly. The cellular locations, requirements for complex formation, and the functional role of dimerization are extensively detailed, including analysis of the first complete heteromer structures, the SLC7-SLC3 family transporters LAT1-4F2hc, b0,+AT-rBAT and the SLC6 family heteromer B0AT1-ACE2. We present a systematic analysis of the structural and functional aspects of heteromeric solute carriers and conclude with common principles of their functional roles and structural architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia. .,Resarch School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
| | - Nishank Shah
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Brӧer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.
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Jäger S, Cuadrat R, Wittenbecher C, Floegel A, Hoffmann P, Prehn C, Adamski J, Pischon T, Schulze MB. Mendelian Randomization Study on Amino Acid Metabolism Suggests Tyrosine as Causal Trait for Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrients 2020; 12:E3890. [PMID: 33352682 PMCID: PMC7766372 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating levels of branched-chain amino acids, glycine, or aromatic amino acids have been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. However, whether those associations reflect causal relationships or are rather driven by early processes of disease development is unclear. We selected diabetes-related amino acid ratios based on metabolic network structures and investigated causal effects of these ratios and single amino acids on the risk of type 2 diabetes in two-sample Mendelian randomization studies. Selection of genetic instruments for amino acid traits relied on genome-wide association studies in a representative sub-cohort (up to 2265 participants) of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam Study and public data from genome-wide association studies on single amino acids. For the selected instruments, outcome associations were drawn from the DIAGRAM (DIAbetes Genetics Replication And Meta-analysis, 74,124 cases and 824,006 controls) consortium. Mendelian randomization results indicate an inverse association for a per standard deviation increase in ln-transformed tyrosine/methionine ratio with type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.87 (0.81-0.93)). Multivariable Mendelian randomization revealed inverse association for higher log10-transformed tyrosine levels with type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.19 (0.04-0.88)), independent of other amino acids. Tyrosine might be a causal trait for type 2 diabetes independent of other diabetes-associated amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jäger
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (R.C.); (C.W.); (M.B.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Rafael Cuadrat
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (R.C.); (C.W.); (M.B.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Clemens Wittenbecher
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (R.C.); (C.W.); (M.B.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anna Floegel
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
| | - Per Hoffmann
- Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland;
- Institute of Human Genetics, Division of Genomics, Life & Brain Research Centre, University Hospital of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelia Prehn
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Research Unit Molecular Endocrinology and Metabolism, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 8 Medical Drive, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Tobias Pischon
- Molecular Epidemiology Research Group, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany;
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- MDC/BIH Biobank, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC) and Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias B. Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (R.C.); (C.W.); (M.B.S.)
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
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12
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Uter JC, Krämer UM, Schöls L, Rodriguez-Fornells A, Göbel A, Heldmann M, Lichtner P, Brabant G, Münte TF. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Thyroid Hormone Transporter Genes MCT8, MCT10 and Deiodinase DIO2 Contribute to Inter-Individual Variance of Executive Functions and Personality Traits. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2020; 128:573-581. [PMID: 31820424 DOI: 10.1055/a-1065-1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones are modulators of cognitive functions, and changes in hormone levels affect intelligence, memory, attention and executive function. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of transporter proteins MCT8, MCT10 and deiodinase 2 (DIO2) influence thyroid metabolism and could therefore contribute to inter-individual variance of cognitive functions. This study investigates the influence of these SNPs using an extensive neuropsychological test battery. 656 healthy participants aged 18-39 years were genotyped for four SNPs: MCT8 (rs5937843 and rs6647476), MCT10 (rs14399) and DIO2 (rs225014) and underwent eleven different neuropsychological tests as well as four personality questionnaires. Test results were compared between homo- and heterozygous carriers and for the X-linked MCT8 additionally between men and women. Personality questionnaires revealed that Risk Seeking was reduced in homozygous T carriers and highest in homozygous C carriers of the DIO2 SNP and that both polymorphisms of MCT8 had an additive effect on Physical Aggression in men. Neuropsychological testing indicated that MCT10 affects nonverbal reasoning abilities, DIO2 influences working memory and verbal fluency and MCT8 influences attention, alertness and planning. This pilot study suggests an influence of polymorphisms in thyroid hormone transporter genes and deiodinase on cognitive domains and personality traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike M Krämer
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Department of Neurology and Hertie-Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Antoni Rodriguez-Fornells
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anna Göbel
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Lichtner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thomas F Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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13
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Bosshart PD, Charles RP, Garibsingh RAA, Schlessinger A, Fotiadis D. SLC16 Family: From Atomic Structure to Human Disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:28-40. [PMID: 32828650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The solute carrier 16 (SLC16) family represents a diverse group of membrane proteins mediating the transport of monocarboxylates across biological membranes. Family members show a variety of functional roles ranging from nutrient transport and intracellular pH regulation to thyroid hormone homeostasis. Changes in the expression levels and transport function of certain SLC16 transporters are manifested in severe health disorders including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders. L-Lactate-transporting SLC16 family members play essential roles in the metabolism of certain tumors and became validated drug targets. This review illuminates the SLC16 family under a new light using structural information obtained from a SLC16 homolog. Furthermore, the role of these transporters in cancer metabolism and how their inhibition can contribute to anticancer therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Bosshart
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roch-Philippe Charles
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rachel-Ann A Garibsingh
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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14
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Proteome activity landscapes of tumor cell lines determine drug responses. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3639. [PMID: 32686665 PMCID: PMC7371697 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17336-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrated analysis of genomes, transcriptomes, proteomes and drug responses of cancer cell lines (CCLs) is an emerging approach to uncover molecular mechanisms of drug action. We extend this paradigm to measuring proteome activity landscapes by acquiring and integrating quantitative data for 10,000 proteins and 55,000 phosphorylation sites (p-sites) from 125 CCLs. These data are used to contextualize proteins and p-sites and predict drug sensitivity. For example, we find that Progesterone Receptor (PGR) phosphorylation is associated with sensitivity to drugs modulating estrogen signaling such as Raloxifene. We also demonstrate that Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 1 (AK1) inactivates antimetabolites like Cytarabine. Consequently, high AK1 levels correlate with poor survival of Cytarabine-treated acute myeloid leukemia patients, qualifying AK1 as a patient stratification marker and possibly as a drug target. We provide an interactive web application termed ATLANTiC (http://atlantic.proteomics.wzw.tum.de), which enables the community to explore the thousands of novel functional associations generated by this work.
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15
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Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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16
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Fagundes NS, Milfort MC, Williams SM, Da Costa MJ, Fuller AL, Menten JF, Rekaya R, Aggrey SE. Dietary methionine level alters growth, digestibility, and gene expression of amino acid transporters in meat-type chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:67-75. [PMID: 32416854 PMCID: PMC7587823 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Imbalance in nutrients can affect digestibility of amino acids by altering gene expression of amino acid transporters. We investigated digestibility and molecular transporters of essential amino acids in chickens fed a methionine-deficient diet. A total of 40 chicks (23 D old) were randomly assigned to either a control (0.49% methionine) or a deficient (0.28%) diet until 41 D when they were sampled for Pectoralis (P.) major, kidney, ileum, and hypothalamus for mRNA expression analysis. The ileal content was collected for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) analysis. Birds fed the deficient diet had reduced growth and worse feed efficiency compared to control. The AID of methionine was similar between both groups. The AID of other essential amino acids was higher in the deficient group than control. mRNA expression of b0,+ AT and LAT4 were upregulated in the ileum and kidney but LAT1 was downregulated only in kidney of the deficient group compared to control. In the P. major, SNAT1, SNAT2, and CAT1 were upregulated in the deficient group compared to control. A diet deficiency in methionine affects digestibility of essential amino acids and cysteine, but not the digestibility of methionine. The change in digestibility is reflected in the mRNA expression of amino acid transporters across different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naiara S Fagundes
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602; Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marie C Milfort
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Susan M Williams
- Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Manuel J Da Costa
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Alberta L Fuller
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - José F Menten
- Department of Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romdhane Rekaya
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- NutriGenomics Laboratory, Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
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17
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Kuang Z, Wang Y, Li Y, Ye C, Ruhn KA, Behrendt CL, Olson EN, Hooper LV. The intestinal microbiota programs diurnal rhythms in host metabolism through histone deacetylase 3. Science 2019; 365:1428-1434. [PMID: 31604271 PMCID: PMC7158748 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw3134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythmicity is a defining feature of mammalian metabolism that synchronizes metabolic processes to day-night light cycles. Here, we show that the intestinal microbiota programs diurnal metabolic rhythms in the mouse small intestine through histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3). The microbiota induced expression of intestinal epithelial HDAC3, which was recruited rhythmically to chromatin, and produced synchronized diurnal oscillations in histone acetylation, metabolic gene expression, and nutrient uptake. HDAC3 also functioned noncanonically to coactivate estrogen-related receptor α, inducing microbiota-dependent rhythmic transcription of the lipid transporter gene Cd36 and promoting lipid absorption and diet-induced obesity. Our findings reveal that HDAC3 integrates microbial and circadian cues for regulation of diurnal metabolic rhythms and pinpoint a key mechanism by which the microbiota controls host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Kuang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cunqi Ye
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kelly A Ruhn
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cassie L Behrendt
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Eric N Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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18
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Abstract
Amino acids perform a variety of functions in cells and organisms, particularly in the synthesis of proteins, as energy metabolites, neurotransmitters, and precursors for many other molecules. Amino acid transport plays a key role in all these functions. Inhibition of amino acid transport is pursued as a therapeutic strategy in several areas, such as diabetes and related metabolic disorders, neurological disorders, cancer, and stem cell biology. The role of amino acid transporters in these disorders and processes is well established, but the implementation of amino acid transporters as drug targets is still in its infancy. This is at least in part due to the underdeveloped pharmacology of this group of membrane proteins. Recent advances in structural biology, membrane protein expression, and inhibitor screening methodology will see an increased number of improved and selective inhibitors of amino acid transporters that can serve as tool compounds for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Bröer
- 1 Research School of Biology, College of Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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19
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Zhang X, Zhang F, Zhu F, Zhang X, Tian D, Johnson RP, Li H. Bioinspired γ-Cyclodextrin Pseudorotaxane Assembly Nanochannel for Selective Amino Acid Transport. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:3607-3612. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xingrou Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Demei Tian
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
| | - Robert P. Johnson
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
| | - Haibing Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People’s Republic of China
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20
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Schlimpert M, Lagies S, Müller B, Budnyk V, Blanz KD, Walz G, Kammerer B. Metabolic perturbations caused by depletion of nephronophthisis factor Anks6 in mIMCD3 cells. Metabolomics 2019; 15:71. [PMID: 31041607 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-019-1535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nephronophthisis (NPH) is an inherited form of cystic kidney disease with various extrarenal manifestations accounting for the largest amount of endstage renal disease in childhood. Patient mutations of Anks6 have also been found to cause NPH like phenotypes in animal models. However, little is known about functionality of Anks6. OBJECTIVES/METHODS We investigated the impact of Anks6 depletion on cellular metabolism of inner medullary collecting duct cells by GC-MS profiling and targeted LC-MS/MS analysis using two different shRNA cell lines for tetracycline-inducible Anks6 downregulation, namely mIMCD3 krab shANKS6 i52 and mIMCD3 krab shANKS6 i12. RESULTS In combination, we could successfully identify 158 metabolites of which 20 compounds showed similar alterations in both knockdown systems. Especially, large neutral amino acids, such as phenylalanine, where found to be significantly downregulated indicating disturbances in amino acid metabolism. Arginine, lysine and spermidine, which play an important role in cell survival and proliferation, were found to be downregulated. Accordingly, cell growth was diminished in tet treated mIMCD3 krab shANKS6 i52 knockdown cells. Deoxynucleosides were significantly downregulated in both knockdown systems. Hence, PARP1 levels were increased in tet treated mIMCD3 krab shANKS6 i52 cells, but not in tet treated mIMCD3 krab shANKS6 i12 cells. However, yH2AX was found to be increased in the latter. CONCLUSION In combination, we hypothesise that Anks6 affects DNA damage responses and proliferation and plays a crucial role in physiological amino acid and purine/pyrimidine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Schlimpert
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Lagies
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Barbara Müller
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vadym Budnyk
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kelly Daryll Blanz
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerd Walz
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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21
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Oligodendroglial Lineage Cells in Thyroid Hormone-Deprived Conditions. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5496891. [PMID: 31182964 PMCID: PMC6515029 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5496891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are supporting glial cells that ensure the metabolism and homeostasis of neurons with specific synaptic axoglial interactions in the central nervous system. These require key myelinating glial trophic signals important for growth and metabolism. Thyroid hormone (TH) is one such trophic signal that regulates oligodendrocyte maturation, myelination, and oligodendroglial synaptic dynamics via either genomic or nongenomic pathways. The intracellular and extracellular transport of TH is facilitated by a specific transmembrane transporter known as the monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). Dysfunction of the MCT8 due to mutation, inhibition, or downregulation during brain development leads to inherited hypomyelination, which manifests as psychomotor retardation in the X-linked inherited Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS). In particular, oligodendroglial-specific MCT8 deficiency may restrict the intracellular T3 availability, culminating in deficient metabolic communication between the oligodendrocytes and the neurons they ensheath, potentially promulgating neurodegenerative adult diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Based on the therapeutic effects exhibited by TH in various preclinical studies, particularly related to its remyelinating potential, TH has now entered the initial stages of a clinical trial to test the therapeutic efficacy in relapsing-remitting MS patients (NCT02506751). However, TH analogs, such as DITPA or Triac, may well serve as future therapeutic options to rescue mature oligodendrocytes and/or promote oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation in an environment of MCT8 deficiency within the CNS. This review outlines the therapeutic strategies to overcome the differentiation blockade of oligodendrocyte precursors and maintain mature axoglial interactions in TH-deprived conditions.
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22
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Shen H, Scialis RJ, Lehman-McKeeman L. Xenobiotic Transporters in the Kidney: Function and Role in Toxicity. Semin Nephrol 2019; 39:159-175. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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23
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van de Water JAJM, Chaib De Mares M, Dixon GB, Raina JB, Willis BL, Bourne DG, van Oppen MJH. Antimicrobial and stress responses to increased temperature and bacterial pathogen challenge in the holobiont of a reef-building coral. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:1065-1080. [PMID: 29334418 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Global increases in coral disease prevalence have been linked to ocean warming through changes in coral-associated bacterial communities, pathogen virulence and immune system function. However, the interactive effects of temperature and pathogens on the coral holobiont are poorly understood. Here, we assessed three compartments of the holobiont (host, Symbiodinium and bacterial community) of the coral Montipora aequituberculata challenged with the pathogen Vibrio coralliilyticus and the commensal bacterium Oceanospirillales sp. under ambient (27°C) and elevated (29.5 and 32°C) seawater temperatures. Few visual signs of bleaching and disease development were apparent in any of the treatments, but responses were detected in the holobiont compartments. V. coralliilyticus acted synergistically and negatively impacted the photochemical efficiency of Symbiodinium at 32°C, while Oceanospirillales had no significant effect on photosynthetic efficiency. The coral, however, exhibited a minor response to the bacterial challenges, with the response towards V. coralliilyticus being significantly more pronounced, and involving the prophenoloxidase-activating system and multiple immune system-related genes. Elevated seawater temperatures did not induce shifts in the coral-associated bacterial community, but caused significant gene expression modulation in both Symbiodinium and the coral host. While Symbiodinium exhibited an antiviral response and upregulated stress response genes, M. aequituberculata showed regulation of genes involved in stress and innate immune response processes, including immune and cytokine receptor signalling, the complement system, immune cell activation and phagocytosis, as well as molecular chaperones. These observations show that M. aequituberculata is capable of maintaining a stable bacterial community under elevated seawater temperatures and thereby contributes to preventing disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen A J M van de Water
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Département de Biologie Marine, Centre Scientifique de Monaco, Monaco, Principauté de Monaco
| | - Maryam Chaib De Mares
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Groves B Dixon
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Raina
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bette L Willis
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - David G Bourne
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,AIMS@JCU, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld, Australia.,School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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24
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Uemura S, Mochizuki T, Kurosaka G, Hashimoto T, Masukawa Y, Abe F. Functional analysis of human aromatic amino acid transporter MCT10/TAT1 using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017; 1859:2076-2085. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lee KE, Kang YS. Characteristics of L-citrulline transport through blood-brain barrier in the brain capillary endothelial cell line (TR-BBB cells). J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:28. [PMID: 28490336 PMCID: PMC5424428 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L-Citrulline is a neutral amino acid and a major precursor of L-arginine in the nitric oxide (NO) cycle. Recently it has been reported that L-citrulline prevents neuronal cell death and protects cerebrovascular injury, therefore, L-citrulline may have a neuroprotective effect to improve cerebrovascular dysfunction. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the brain transport mechanism of L-citrulline through blood-brain barrier (BBB) using the conditionally immortalized rat brain capillary endothelial cell line (TR-BBB cells), as an in vitro model of the BBB. Methods The uptake study of [14C] L-citrulline, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and rLAT1, system b0,+, and CAT1 small interfering RNA study were performed in TR-BBB cells. Results The uptake of [14C] L-citrulline was a time-dependent, but ion-independent manner in TR-BBB cells. The transport process involved two saturable components with a Michaelis–Menten constant of 30.9 ± 1.0 μM (Km1) and 1.69 ± 0.43 mM (Km2). The uptake of [14C] L-citrulline in TR-BBB cells was significantly inhibited by neutral and cationic amino acids, but not by anionic amino acids. In addition, [14C]L-citrulline uptake in the cells was markedly inhibited by 2-aminobicyclo-(2,2,1)-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH), which is the inhibitor of the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), B0, B0,+ and harmaline, the inhibitor of system b0,+. Gabapentin and L-dopa as the substrates of LAT1 competitively inhibited the uptake of [14C] L-citrulline. IC50 values for L-dopa, gabapentin, L-phenylalanine and L-arginine were 501 μM, 223 μM, 68.9 μM and 33.4 mM, respectively. The expression of mRNA for LAT1 was predominantly increased 187-fold in comparison with that of system b0,+ in TR-BBB cells. In the studies of LAT1, system b0,+ and CAT1 knockdown via siRNA transfection into TR-BBB cells, the transcript level of LAT1 and [14C] L-citrulline uptake by LAT1 siRNA were significantly reduced compared with those by control siRNA in TR-BBB cells. Conclusions Our results suggest that transport of L-citrulline is mainly mediated by LAT1 in TR-BBB cells. Delivery strategy for LAT1-mediated transport and supply of L-citrulline to the brain may serve as therapeutic approaches to improve its neuroprotective effect in patients with cerebrovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong-Eun Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, 52, Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, South Korea
| | - Young-Sook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Center for Cell Fate Control, Sookmyung Women's University, 52, Hyochangwon-gil, Yongsan-gu, Seoul, 140-742, South Korea.
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Abstract
Transport of thyroid hormone (TH) across the plasma membrane is essential for intracellular TH metabolism and action, and this is mediated by specific transporter proteins. During the last two decades several transporters capable of transporting TH have been identified, including monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8), MCT10 and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1). In particular MCT8 and OATP1C1 are important for the regulation of local TH activity in the brain and thus for brain development. MCT8 is a protein containing 12 transmembrane domains, and is encoded by the SLC16A2 gene located on the X chromosome. It facilitates both TH uptake and efflux across the cell membrane. Male subjects with hemizygous mutations in MCT8 are afflicted with severe intellectual and motor disability, also known as the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS), which goes together with low serum T4 and high T3 levels. This review concerns molecular and clinical aspects of MCT8 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Hellsten SV, Lekholm E, Ahmad T, Fredriksson R. The gene expression of numerous SLC transporters is altered in the immortalized hypothalamic cell line N25/2 following amino acid starvation. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:249-264. [PMID: 28174690 PMCID: PMC5292668 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids are known to play a key role in gene expression regulation, and in mammalian cells, amino acid signaling is mainly mediated via two pathways, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway and the amino acid responsive (AAR) pathway. It is vital for cells to have a system to sense amino acid levels, in order to control protein and amino acid synthesis and catabolism. Amino acid transporters are crucial in these pathways, due to both their sensing and transport functions. In this large-scale study, an immortalized mouse hypothalamic cell line (N25/2) was used to study the gene expression changes following 1, 2, 3, 5 or 16 h of amino acid starvation. We focused on genes encoding solute carriers (SLCs) and putative SLCs, more specifically on amino acid transporters. The microarray contained 28 270 genes and 86.2% of the genes were expressed in the cell line. At 5 h of starvation, 1001 genes were upregulated and 848 genes were downregulated, and among these, 47 genes from the SLC superfamily or atypical SLCs were found. Of these, 15 were genes encoding amino acid transporters and 32 were genes encoding other SLCs or atypical SLCs. Increased expression was detected for genes encoding amino acid transporters from system A, ASC, L, N, T, xc-, and y+. Using GO annotations, genes involved in amino acid transport and amino acid transmembrane transporter activity were found to be most upregulated at 3 h and 5 h of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie V Hellsten
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology Uppsala University Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology Uppsala University Sweden
| | - Emilia Lekholm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology Uppsala University Sweden
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology Uppsala University Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Bioscience, Molecular Neuropharmacology Uppsala University Sweden
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28
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Elizondo-Vega R, García-Robles MA. Molecular Characteristics, Regulation, and Function of Monocarboxylate Transporters. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 16:255-267. [PMID: 28828614 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55769-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactate transporters play an important role in the glutamate recycling. Here their kinetics and tissue distribution with emphasis on the brain are addressed. Recent evidence shows their participation in important brain functions that involve intercellular communication, such as hypothalamic glucose sensing. Furthermore, we describe the regulation of their expression and some animal models that have allowed clarification of their functions.
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van Mullem AA, van Gucht ALM, Visser WE, Meima ME, Peeters RP, Visser TJ. Effects of thyroid hormone transporters MCT8 and MCT10 on nuclear activity of T3. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 437:252-260. [PMID: 27492966 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transport of thyroid hormone (TH) across the plasma membrane is necessary for the genomic action of T3 mediated by its nuclear T3 receptor. MCT8 and MCT10 have been identified as important TH transporters. Mutations in MCT8 result in severe psychomotor retardation. In addition to TH transport into the cell, MCT8 and MCT10 also facilitate TH efflux from cells. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine if MCT8 and MCT10 increase the availability of T3 for its nuclear receptor rather than generate a rapid equilibrium between cellular and serum T3. T3 action was investigated in JEG3 cells co-transfected with TRβ1 and a T3 response element-driven luciferase construct, and T3 metabolism was analyzed in cells transfected with type 3 deiodinase (D3). In addition, cells were transfected with MCT8 or MCT10 and/or the cytoplasmic T3-binding protein mu-crystallin (CRYM). Luciferase signal was markedly stimulated by incubating cells for 24 h with 1 nM T3, but this response was not augmented by MCT8 or MCT10 expression. Limiting the time of T3 exposure to 1-6 h and co-transfection with CRYM allowed for a modest increase in luciferase response to T3. In contrast, T3 metabolism by D3 was potently stimulated by MCT8 or MCT10 expression, but it was not affected by expression of CRYM. These results suggest that MCT8 and MCT10 by virtue of their bidirectional T3 transport have less effect on steady-state nuclear T3 levels than on T3 levels at the cell periphery where D3 is located. CRYM alters the dynamics of cellular TH transport but its exact function in the cellular distribution of TH remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alies A van Mullem
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja L M van Gucht
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel E Meima
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Visser TJ. Thyroid hormone transport across the placenta. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2016; 77:680-683. [PMID: 27659266 DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theo J Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Wytemaweg 80, 3015 CN Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Johannes J, Braun D, Kinne A, Rathmann D, Köhrle J, Schweizer U. Few Amino Acid Exchanges Expand the Substrate Spectrum of Monocarboxylate Transporter 10. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:796-808. [PMID: 27244477 PMCID: PMC5426580 DOI: 10.1210/me.2016-1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) belong to the SLC16 family within the major facilitator superfamily of transmembrane transporters. MCT8 is a thyroid hormone transporter mutated in the Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, a severe psychomotor retardation syndrome. MCT10 is closely related to MCT8 and is known as T-type amino acid transporter. Both transporters mediate T3 transport, but although MCT8 also transports rT3 and T4, these compounds are not efficiently transported by MCT10, which, in contrast, transports aromatic amino acids. Based on the 58% amino acid identity within the transmembrane regions among MCT8 and MCT10, we reasoned that substrate specificity may be primarily determined by a small number of amino acid differences between MCT8 and MCT10 along the substrate translocation channel. Inspecting the homology model of MCT8 and a structure-guided alignment between both proteins, we selected 8 amino acid positions and prepared chimeric MCT10 proteins with selected amino acids changed to the corresponding amino acids in MCT8. The MCT10 mutant harboring 8 amino acid substitutions was stably expressed in Madin-Darby canine kidney 1 cells and found to exhibit T4 transport activity. We then successively reduced the number of amino acid substitutions and eventually identified a minimal set of 2-3 amino acid exchanges which were sufficient to allow T4 transport. The resulting MCT10 chimeras exhibited KM values for T4 similar to MCT8 but transported T4 at a slower rate. The acquisition of T4 transport by MCT10 was associated with complete loss of the capacity to transport Phe, when Tyr184 was mutated to Phe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Johannes
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., D.B., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (J.J., A.K., D.R., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Doreen Braun
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., D.B., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (J.J., A.K., D.R., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anita Kinne
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., D.B., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (J.J., A.K., D.R., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Rathmann
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., D.B., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (J.J., A.K., D.R., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Köhrle
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., D.B., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (J.J., A.K., D.R., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweizer
- Institut für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie (J.J., D.B., U.S.), Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, 53115 Bonn, Germany; and Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie (J.J., A.K., D.R., J.K.), Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Roshanbin S, Lindberg FA, Lekholm E, Eriksson MM, Perland E, Åhlund J, Raine A, Fredriksson R. Histological characterization of orphan transporter MCT14 (SLC16A14) shows abundant expression in mouse CNS and kidney. BMC Neurosci 2016; 17:43. [PMID: 27364523 PMCID: PMC4929735 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-016-0274-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MCT14 (SLC16A14) is an orphan member of the monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) family, also known as the SLC16 family of secondary active transmembrane transporters. Available expression data for this transporter is limited, and in this paper we aim to characterize MCT14 with respect to tissue distribution and cellular localization in mouse brain. RESULTS Using qPCR, we found that Slc16a14 mRNA was highly abundant in mouse kidney and moderately in central nervous system, testis, uterus and liver. Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, we determined that MCT14 was highly expressed in excitatory and inhibitory neurons as well as epithelial cells in the mouse brain. The expression was exclusively localized to the soma of neurons. Furthermore, we showed with our phylogenetic analysis that MCT14 most closely relate to the aromatic amino acid- and thyroid-hormone transporters MCT8 (SLC16A2) and MCT10 (SLC16A10), in addition to the carnitine transporter MCT9 (SLC16A9). CONCLUSIONS We provide here the first histological mapping of MCT14 in the brain and our data are consistent with the hypothesis that MCT14 is a neuronal aromatic-amino-acid transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Roshanbin
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida A Lindberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emilia Lekholm
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mikaela M Eriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emelie Perland
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Åhlund
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amanda Raine
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robert Fredriksson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Molecular Neuropharmacology, Uppsala University, 75124, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bourgeois NMA, Van Herck SLJ, Vancamp P, Delbaere J, Zevenbergen C, Kersseboom S, Darras VM, Visser TJ. Characterization of Chicken Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocrinology 2016; 157:2560-74. [PMID: 27070099 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-2025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) transmembrane transporters are key regulators of TH availability in target cells where correct TH signaling is essential for normal development. Although the chicken embryo is a valuable model for developmental studies, the only functionally characterized chicken TH transporter so far is the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1). We therefore cloned the chicken L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) and the monocarboxylate transporters 8 (MCT8) and 10 (MCT10), and functionally characterized them, together with OATP1C1, in JEG3, COS1, and DF-1 cells. In addition, we used in situ hybridization to study their mRNA expression pattern during development. MCT8 and OATP1C1 are both high affinity transporters for the prohormone T4, whereas receptor-active T3 is preferably transported by MCT8 and MCT10. The latter one shows lower affinity but has a high Vmax and seems to be especially good at T3 export. Also, LAT1 has a lower affinity for its preferred substrate 3,3'-diiodothyronine. Reverse T3 is transported by all 4 TH transporters and is a good export product for OATP1C1. TH transporters are strongly expressed in eye (LAT1, MCT8, MCT10), pancreas (LAT1, MCT10), kidney, and testis (MCT8). Their extensive expression in the central nervous system, especially at the brain barriers, indicates an important role in brain development. In conclusion, we show TH transport by chicken MCT8, MCT10, and LAT1. Together with OATP1C1, these transporters have functional characteristics similar to their mammalian orthologs and are interesting target genes to further elucidate the role of THs during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele M A Bourgeois
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (N.M.A.B., S.L.J.V.H., P.V., J.D., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stijn L J Van Herck
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (N.M.A.B., S.L.J.V.H., P.V., J.D., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Vancamp
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (N.M.A.B., S.L.J.V.H., P.V., J.D., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Delbaere
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (N.M.A.B., S.L.J.V.H., P.V., J.D., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chantal Zevenbergen
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (N.M.A.B., S.L.J.V.H., P.V., J.D., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Kersseboom
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (N.M.A.B., S.L.J.V.H., P.V., J.D., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle M Darras
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (N.M.A.B., S.L.J.V.H., P.V., J.D., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo J Visser
- Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (N.M.A.B., S.L.J.V.H., P.V., J.D., V.M.D.), Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; and Department of Internal Medicine (C.Z., S.K., T.J.V.), Erasmus University Medical Center, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Saxena S, Shukla D, Bansal A. Expression of Monocarboxylate Transporter Isoforms in Rat Skeletal Muscle Under Hypoxic Preconditioning and Endurance Training. High Alt Med Biol 2015; 17:32-42. [PMID: 26716978 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2015.0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have reported the regulation of monocarboxylate transporters (MCT)1 and MCT4 by physiological stimuli such as hypoxia and exercise. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of hypoxic preconditioning and training on expression of different MCT isoforms in muscles. We found the increased mRNA expression of MCT1, MCT11, and MCT12 after hypoxic preconditioning with cobalt chloride and training. However, the expression of other MCT isoforms increased marginally or even reduced after hypoxic preconditioning. Only the protein expression of MCT1 increased after hypoxia preconditioning. MCT2 protein expression increased after training only and MCT4 protein expression decreased both in preconditioning and hypoxic training. Furthermore, we found decreased plasma lactate level during hypoxia preconditioning (0.74-fold), exercise (0.78-fold), and hypoxia preconditioning along with exercise (0.67-fold), which indicates increased lactate uptake by skeletal muscle. The protein-protein interactions with hypoxia inducible factor-1 and MCT isoforms were also evaluated, but no interaction was found. In conclusion, we say that almost all MCTs are expressed in red gastrocnemius muscle at the mRNA level and their expression is regulated differently under hypoxia preconditioning and exercise condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Saxena
- 1 Experimental Biology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences , Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
| | - Dhananjay Shukla
- 2 Department of Biotechnology, Guru Ghasidas University , Bilaspur, India
| | - Anju Bansal
- 1 Experimental Biology Division, Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences , Defence Research and Development Organization, Delhi, India
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Vuille-dit-Bille RN, Camargo SM, Emmenegger L, Sasse T, Kummer E, Jando J, Hamie QM, Meier CF, Hunziker S, Forras-Kaufmann Z, Kuyumcu S, Fox M, Schwizer W, Fried M, Lindenmeyer M, Götze O, Verrey F. Human intestine luminal ACE2 and amino acid transporter expression increased by ACE-inhibitors. Amino Acids 2014; 47:693-705. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1889-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Sanchez-Covarrubias L, Slosky LM, Thompson BJ, Davis TP, Ronaldson PT. Transporters at CNS barrier sites: obstacles or opportunities for drug delivery? Curr Pharm Des 2014; 20:1422-49. [PMID: 23789948 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood-cerebrospinal fluid (BCSF) barriers are critical determinants of CNS homeostasis. Additionally, the BBB and BCSF barriers are formidable obstacles to effective CNS drug delivery. These brain barrier sites express putative influx and efflux transporters that precisely control permeation of circulating solutes including drugs. The study of transporters has enabled a shift away from "brute force" approaches to delivering drugs by physically circumventing brain barriers towards chemical approaches that can target specific compounds of the BBB and/or BCSF barrier. However, our understanding of transporters at the BBB and BCSF barriers has primarily focused on understanding efflux transporters that efficiently prevent drugs from attaining therapeutic concentrations in the CNS. Recently, through the characterization of multiple endogenously expressed uptake transporters, this paradigm has shifted to the study of brain transporter targets that can facilitate drug delivery (i.e., influx transporters). Additionally, signaling pathways and trafficking mechanisms have been identified for several endogenous BBB/BCSF transporters, thereby offering even more opportunities to understand how transporters can be exploited for optimization of CNS drug delivery. This review presents an overview of the BBB and BCSF barrier as well as the many families of transporters functionally expressed at these barrier sites. Furthermore, we present an overview of various strategies that have been designed and utilized to deliver therapeutic agents to the brain with a particular emphasis on those approaches that directly target endogenous BBB/BCSF barrier transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Patrick T Ronaldson
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Avenue, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724-5050.
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Shin SY, Fauman EB, Petersen AK, Krumsiek J, Santos R, Huang J, Arnold M, Erte I, Forgetta V, Yang TP, Walter K, Menni C, Chen L, Vasquez L, Valdes AM, Hyde CL, Wang V, Ziemek D, Roberts P, Xi L, Grundberg E, Waldenberger M, Richards JB, Mohney RP, Milburn MV, John SL, Trimmer J, Theis FJ, Overington JP, Suhre K, Brosnan MJ, Gieger C, Kastenmüller G, Spector TD, Soranzo N. An atlas of genetic influences on human blood metabolites. Nat Genet 2014; 46:543-550. [PMID: 24816252 PMCID: PMC4064254 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 908] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association scans with high-throughput metabolic profiling provide unprecedented insights into how genetic variation influences metabolism and complex disease. Here we report the most comprehensive exploration of genetic loci influencing human metabolism thus far, comprising 7,824 adult individuals from 2 European population studies. We report genome-wide significant associations at 145 metabolic loci and their biochemical connectivity with more than 400 metabolites in human blood. We extensively characterize the resulting in vivo blueprint of metabolism in human blood by integrating it with information on gene expression, heritability and overlap with known loci for complex disorders, inborn errors of metabolism and pharmacological targets. We further developed a database and web-based resources for data mining and results visualization. Our findings provide new insights into the role of inherited variation in blood metabolic diversity and identify potential new opportunities for drug development and for understanding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Youn Shin
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Eric B. Fauman
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge MA, 02140, USA
| | - Ann-Kristin Petersen
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Rita Santos
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jie Huang
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Matthias Arnold
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Idil Erte
- Department of Twin research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Vincenzo Forgetta
- Department of Human Genetics, Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A5, Canada
| | - Tsun-Po Yang
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Klaudia Walter
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Cristina Menni
- Department of Twin research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Lu Chen
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
- Department of Hematology, University of Cambridge, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 2PT, UK
| | - Louella Vasquez
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
| | - Ana M. Valdes
- Department of Twin research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
| | - Craig L. Hyde
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Clinical Research Statistics, 558 Eastern Point Rd, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Vicky Wang
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge MA, 02140, USA
| | - Daniel Ziemek
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge MA, 02140, USA
| | - Phoebe Roberts
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge MA, 02140, USA
| | - Li Xi
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Computational Sciences Center of Emphasis, 200 Cambridgepark Drive, Cambridge MA, 02140, USA
| | - Elin Grundberg
- Department of Human Genetics, Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A5, Canada
- Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, McGill University, Montreal QCH3A 1A5, Canada
| | | | - Melanie Waldenberger
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - J. Brent Richards
- Department of Human Genetics, Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Jewish General Hospital, Lady Davis Institute, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A5, Canada
| | | | | | - Sally L. John
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jeff Trimmer
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, 620 Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fabian J. Theis
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Department of Mathematics, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - John P. Overington
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Hinxton, Cambridgeshire, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Karsten Suhre
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - M. Julia Brosnan
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Clinical Research Statistics, 558 Eastern Point Rd, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Germany
| | - Tim D Spector
- Department of Twin research and Genetic Epidemiology, Kings College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1HH, UK
- Department of Hematology, Long Road, Cambridge CB2 0PT, UK
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Müller J, Mayerl S, Visser TJ, Darras VM, Boelen A, Frappart L, Mariotta L, Verrey F, Heuer H. Tissue-specific alterations in thyroid hormone homeostasis in combined Mct10 and Mct8 deficiency. Endocrinology 2014; 155:315-25. [PMID: 24248460 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The monocarboxylate transporter Mct10 (Slc16a10; T-type amino acid transporter) facilitates the cellular transport of thyroid hormone (TH) and shows an overlapping expression with the well-established TH transporter Mct8. Because Mct8 deficiency is associated with distinct tissue-specific alterations in TH transport and metabolism, we speculated that Mct10 inactivation may compromise the tissue-specific TH homeostasis as well. However, analysis of Mct10 knockout (ko) mice revealed normal serum TH levels and tissue TH content in contrast to Mct8 ko mice that are characterized by high serum T3, low serum T4, decreased brain TH content, and increased tissue TH concentrations in the liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland. Surprisingly, mice deficient in both TH transporters (Mct10/Mct8 double knockout [dko] mice) showed normal serum T4 levels in the presence of elevated serum T3, indicating that the additional inactivation of Mct10 partially rescues the phenotype of Mct8 ko mice. As a consequence of the normal serum T4, brain T4 content and hypothalamic TRH expression were found to be normalized in the Mct10/Mct8 dko mice. In contrast, the hyperthyroid situation in liver, kidneys, and thyroid gland of Mct8 ko mice was even more severe in Mct10/Mct8 dko animals, suggesting that in these organs, both transporters contribute to the TH efflux. In summary, our data indicate that Mct10 indeed participates in tissue-specific TH transport and also contributes to the generation of the unusual serum TH profile characteristic for Mct8 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Müller
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute (J.M., S.M., L.F., H.H.), Jena, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Comparative Endocrinology (V.M.D.), Biology Department, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (A.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Physiology and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (L.M., F.V.), University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; and Leibniz Institute for Environmental Medicine (H.H.), Düsseldorf, Germany
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Beesley P, Kraus M, Parolaro N. The neuroplastins: multifunctional neuronal adhesion molecules--involvement in behaviour and disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 8:61-89. [PMID: 25300133 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8090-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neuroplastins np65 and np55 are neuronal and synapse-enriched immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily cell adhesion molecules that contain 3 and 2 Ig domains, respectively. Np65 is neuron specific whereas np55 is expressed in many tissues. They are multifunctional proteins whose physiological roles are defined by the partner proteins they bind to and the signalling pathways they activate. The neuroplastins are implicated in activity-dependent long-term synaptic plasticity. Thus neuroplastin-specific antibodies and a recombinant peptide inhibit long-term potentiation in hippocampal neurones. This is mediated by activation of the p38MAP kinase signalling pathway, resulting in the downregulation of the surface expression of GluR1 receptors. Np65, but not np55, exhibits trans-homophilic binding. Both np65 and np55 induce neurite outgrowth and both activate the FGF receptor and associated downstream signalling pathways. Np65 binds to and colocalises with GABA(A) receptor subtypes and may play a role in anchoring them to specific synaptic and extrasynaptic sites. Most recently the neuroplastins have been shown to chaperone and support the monocarboxylate transporter MCT2 in transporting lactate across the neuronal plasma membrane. Thus the neuroplastins are multifunctional adhesion molecules which support neurite outgrowth, modulate long-term activity-dependent synaptic plasticity, regulate surface expression of GluR1 receptors, modulate GABA(A) receptor localisation, and play a key role in delivery of monocarboxylate energy substrates both to the synapse and to extrasynaptic sites. The diverse functions and range of signalling pathways activated by the neuroplastins suggest that they are important in modulating behaviour and in relation to human disease.
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Roef GL, Rietzschel ER, De Meyer T, Bekaert S, De Buyzere ML, Van daele C, Toye K, Kaufman JM, Taes YE. Associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms in thyroid hormone transporter genes (MCT8, MCT10 and OATP1C1) and circulating thyroid hormones. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 425:227-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yano S, Moseley K, Azen C. Large neutral amino acid supplementation increases melatonin synthesis in phenylketonuria: a new biomarker. J Pediatr 2013; 162:999-1003. [PMID: 23164313 PMCID: PMC8803270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether levels of melatonin in blood and urine can serve as a peripheral biomarker to reflect brain serotonin synthesis in individuals with phenylketonuria (PKU). STUDY DESIGN We measured the levels of melatonin, a serotonin metabolite in the pinealocytes, in the blood and urine of individuals with PKU in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled crossover study consisting of three 3-week phases in 10 adults with PKU: phase 1 (washout), phase 2 (supplementation of large neutral amino acid [LNAA] tablets or placebo), and phase 3 (alternate supplementation). An overnight protocol to measure blood melatonin and urine 6-sulfatoxymelatonin and dopamine in first void urine specimens was conducted after each phase for subjects with PKU and once in 10 controls. RESULTS Significantly lower concentrations of these neurotransmitter metabolites were observed in subjects with PKU after phase 1 compared with controls (serum melatonin P = .008, urine melatonin P = .0043, urine dopamine P < .0001), with significant increases after LNAA supplementation compared with the placebo phase (serum melatonin P = .0008, urine melatonin P = .0008, urine dopamine P = .0005). The mean tryptophan/LNAA and tyrosine/LNAA ratios were markedly lower in subjects with PKU compared with controls, and these ratios were significantly increased in the LNAA phase compared with the placebo phase (P = .016, P = .0003, respectively). Blood phenylalanine levels in subjects with PKU were not significantly different between placebo and LNAA phases (P = .74). CONCLUSION Blood and urine melatonin levels may serve as biomarkers reflecting brain serotonin synthesis in subjects with PKU. Because this cannot be evaluated using blood phenylalanine levels, it may provide information on neurotransmitter metabolism for optimal dietary management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Yano
- Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Segawa A, Nagamori S, Kanai Y, Masawa N, Oyama T. L-type amino acid transporter 1 expression is highly correlated with Gleason score in prostate cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2012; 1:274-280. [PMID: 24649160 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), a member of the system L amino acid transporter family, may be detected by immunohistochemical methods. Immunoreactive LAT1 expression in prostate cancer is considered to be a promising biomarker for high-grade malignancy. However, the mutual association between LAT1 and Gleason score, the most fixed indicator for grading the malignancy of prostate cancers, remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to clarify the correlations between LAT1 and other factors in prostate cancer, including the Gleason score. We evaluated 54 cases of primary prostate cancer, surgically resected without any neoadjuvant therapies and performed immunohistochemistry for LAT1, Ki-67, CD34 and vascular endothelial growth factor on the tissue sections. The Gleason score as well as the age, pathological stage (pStage) of prostate cancer and serum concentration of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) of each case were also assessed. Statistical analysis for the correlations between LAT1 expression and Gleason score and each of the other characteristics studied was performed. As a result, a strong significant correlation between immuno-reactive LAT1 expression and Gleason score was identified (P<0.01). We concluded that immunoreactive LAT1 expression in tissue sections of prostate cancer may be useful as a biomarker for high-grade malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Segawa
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512; ; Department of Pathology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293
| | - Shushi Nagamori
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kanai
- Division of Bio-system Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Nobuhide Masawa
- Department of Pathology, Dokkyo University School of Medicine, Mibu, Tochigi 321-0293
| | - Tetsunari Oyama
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512
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Thwaites DT. News from the dark side! J Physiol 2012; 590:6255-6. [PMID: 23241921 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.246686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David T Thwaites
- Epithelial Research Group, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK.
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Chung S, Liao XH, Di Cosmo C, Van Sande J, Wang Z, Refetoff S, Civelli O. Disruption of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH1R) affects thyroid function. Endocrinology 2012; 153:6145-54. [PMID: 23024261 PMCID: PMC3512057 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a peptide produced in the hypothalamus and the zona incerta that acts on one receptor, MCH receptor 1 (MCH1R), in rodents. The MCH system has been implicated in the regulation of several centrally directed physiological responses, including the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Yet a possible direct effect of the MCH system on thyroid function has not been explored in detail. We now show that MCH1R mRNA is expressed in thyroid follicular cells and that mice lacking MCH1R [MCH1R-knockout (KO)] exhibit reduced circulating iodothyronine (T(4), free T(4), T(3), and rT(3)) levels and high TRH and TSH when compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Because the TSH of MCH1R-KO mice displays a normal bioactivity, we hypothesize that their hypothyroidism may be caused by defective thyroid function. Yet expression levels of the genes important for thyroid hormones synthesis or secretion are not different between the MCH1R-KO and WT mice. However, the average thyroid follicle size of the MCH1R-KO mice is larger than that of WT mice and contained more free and total T(4) and T(3) than the WT glands, suggesting that they are sequestered in the glands. Indeed, when challenged with TSH, the thyroids of MCH1R-KO mice secrete lower amounts of T(4). Similarly, secretion of iodothyronines in the plasma upon (125)I administration is significantly reduced in MCH1R-KO mice. Therefore, the absence of MCH1R affects thyroid function by disrupting thyroid hormone secretion. To our knowledge, this study is the first to link the activity of the MCH system to the thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Friesema ECH, Visser TJ, Borgers AJ, Kalsbeek A, Swaab DF, Fliers E, Alkemade A. Thyroid hormone transporters and deiodinases in the developing human hypothalamus. Eur J Endocrinol 2012; 167:379-86. [PMID: 22723621 DOI: 10.1530/eje-12-0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling in brain cells is dependent on transport of TH across the plasma membrane followed by intracellular deiodination and binding to the nuclear TH receptors. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of the specific TH transporters monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8 (SLC16A2)), MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1C1 (OATP1C1 (SLCO1C1)), and the types 2 and 3 deiodinases (D2 and D3) in the developing human hypothalamus. DESIGN Fifteen postmortem brain samples of fetuses and young children ranging between 17 weeks of gestation and 29 months of postnatal age including one child (28 months) with central congenital hypothyroidism were studied. METHODS Sections of the different hypothalami were stained with polyclonal rabbit antisera against MCT8, MCT10, OATP1C1, D2, and D3. RESULTS We found MCT8 and D3 but not D2 protein expression to be present in our earliest sample of 17 weeks of gestation, indicating triiodothyronine degradation, but not production at this time of development. At term, expression of TH transporters and D2 decreased and D3 expression increased, suggesting decreased TH signaling just before birth. The child with central congenital hypothyroidism showed higher MCT8 and D2 expression compared with the other children of similar age. CONCLUSIONS This study reports the developmental timing of expression of components crucial for central TH signaling in the human hypothalamus. In general, during fetal hypothalamic development, the coordinated expression of D2 and D3 in combination with the different TH transporters suggests that proper TH concentrations are regulated to prevent untimely maturation of brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith C H Friesema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Abe S, Namba N, Abe M, Fujiwara M, Aikawa T, Kogo M, Ozono K. Monocarboxylate transporter 10 functions as a thyroid hormone transporter in chondrocytes. Endocrinology 2012; 153:4049-58. [PMID: 22719050 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone is essential for normal proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes. Thus, untreated congenital hypothyroidism is marked by severe short stature. The monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) is a highly specific transporter for thyroid hormone. The hallmarks of Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome, caused by MCT8 mutations, are severe psychomotor retardation and elevated T(3) levels. However, growth is mostly normal. We therefore hypothesized that growth plate chondrocytes use transporters other than MCT8 for thyroid hormone uptake. Extensive analysis of thyroid hormone transporter mRNA expression in mouse chondrogenic ATDC5 cells revealed that monocarboxylate transporter 10 (Mct10) was most abundantly expressed among the transporters known to be highly specific for thyroid hormone, namely Mct8, Mct10, and organic anion transporter 1c1. Expression levels of Mct10 mRNA diminished with chondrocyte differentiation in these cells. Accordingly, Mct10 mRNA was expressed most abundantly in the growth plate resting zone chondrocytes in vivo. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Mct10 mRNA in ATDC5 cells decreased [(125)I]T(3) uptake up to 44% compared with negative control (P < 0.05). Moreover, silencing Mct10 mRNA expression abolished the known effects of T(3), i.e. suppression of proliferation and enhancement of differentiation, in ATDC5 cells. These results suggest that Mct10 functions as a thyroid hormone transporter in chondrocytes and can explain at least in part why Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome patients do not exhibit significant growth impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanae Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Adijanto J, Philp NJ. The SLC16A family of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs)--physiology and function in cellular metabolism, pH homeostasis, and fluid transport. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2012. [PMID: 23177990 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394316-3.00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The SLC16A family of monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) is composed of 14 members. MCT1 through MCT4 (MCTs 1-4) are H(+)-coupled monocarboxylate transporters, MCT8 and MCT10 transport thyroid hormone and aromatic amino acids, while the substrate specificity and function of other MCTs have yet to be determined. The focus of this review is on MCTs 1-4 because their role in lactate transport is intrinsically linked to cellular metabolism in various biological systems, including skeletal muscle, brain, retina, and testis. Although MCTs 1-4 all transport lactate, they differ in their transport kinetics and vary in tissue and subcellular distribution, where they facilitate "lactate-shuttling" between glycolytic and oxidative cells within tissues and across blood-tissue barriers. However, the role of MCTs 1-4 is not confined to cellular metabolism. By interacting with bicarbonate transport proteins and carbonic anhydrases, MCTs participate in the regulation of pH homeostasis and fluid transport in renal proximal tubule and corneal endothelium, respectively. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of MCTs 1-4, linking their cellular distribution to their functions in various parts of the human body, so that we can better understand the physiological roles of MCTs at the systemic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Adijanto
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Cleal JK, Glazier JD, Ntani G, Crozier SR, Day PE, Harvey NC, Robinson SM, Cooper C, Godfrey KM, Hanson MA, Lewis RM. Facilitated transporters mediate net efflux of amino acids to the fetus across the basal membrane of the placental syncytiotrophoblast. J Physiol 2011; 589:987-97. [PMID: 21224231 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.198549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth depends on placental transfer of amino acids from maternal to fetal blood. The mechanisms of net amino acid efflux across the basal membrane (BM) of the placental syncytiotrophoblast to the fetus, although vital for amino acid transport, are poorly understood. We examined the hypothesis that facilitated diffusion by the amino acid transporters TAT1, LAT3 and LAT4 plays an important role in this process, with possible effects on fetal growth. Amino acid transfer was measured in isolated perfused human placental cotyledons (n = 5 per experiment) using techniques which distinguish between different transport processes. Placental TAT1, LAT3 and LAT4 proteins were measured, and mRNA expression levels (measured using real-time quantitative-PCR) were related to fetal and neonatal anthropometry and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements of neonatal lean mass in 102 Southampton Women's Survey (SWS) infants. Under conditions preventing transport by amino acid exchangers, all amino acids appearing in the fetal circulation were substrates of TAT1, LAT3 or LAT4. Western blots demonstrated the presence of TAT1, LAT3 and LAT4 in placental BM preparations. Placental TAT1 and LAT3 mRNA expression were positively associated with measures of fetal growth in SWS infants (P < 0.05). We provide evidence that the efflux transporters TAT1, LAT3 and LAT4 are present in the human placental BM, and may play an important role in the net efflux of amino acids to the fetus. Unlike other transporters they can increase fetal amino acid concentrations. Consistent with a role in placental amino acid transfer capacity and fetal growth TAT1 and LAT3 mRNA expression showed positive associations with infant size at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Cleal
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Mail point 887, Southampton General Hospital, Tremona Road, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Visser WE, Friesema ECH, Visser TJ. Minireview: thyroid hormone transporters: the knowns and the unknowns. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 25:1-14. [PMID: 20660303 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of thyroid hormone (TH) on development and metabolism are exerted at the cellular level. Metabolism and action of TH take place intracellularly, which require transport of the hormone across the plasma membrane. This process is mediated by TH transporter proteins. Many TH transporters have been identified at the molecular level, although a few are classified as specific TH transporters, including monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)8, MCT10, and organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1C1. The importance of TH transporters for physiology has been illustrated dramatically by the causative role of MCT8 mutations in males with psychomotor retardation and abnormal serum TH concentrations. Although Mct8 knockout animals have provided insight in the mechanisms underlying parts of the endocrine phenotype, they lack obvious neurological abnormalities. Thus, the pathogenesis of the neurological abnormalities in males with MCT8 mutations is not fully understood. The prospects of identifying other transporters and transporter-based syndromes promise an exciting future in the TH transporter field.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Edward Visser
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Molewaterplein 50, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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