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Pan T, Yang B, Yao S, Wang R, Zhu Y. Exploring the multifaceted role of adenosine nucleotide translocase 2 in cellular and disease processes: A comprehensive review. Life Sci 2024; 351:122802. [PMID: 38857656 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Adenosine nucleotide translocases (ANTs) are a family of proteins abundant in the inner mitochondrial membrane, primarily responsible for shuttling ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial membrane. Additionally, ANTs are key players in balancing mitochondrial energy metabolism and regulating cell death. ANT2 isoform, highly expressed in undifferentiated and proliferating cells, is implicated in the development and drug resistance of various tumors. We conduct a detailed analysis of the potential mechanisms by which ANT2 may influence tumorigenesis and drug resistance. Notably, the significance of ANT2 extends beyond oncology, with roles in non-tumor cell processes including blood cell development, gastrointestinal motility, airway hydration, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, chronic kidney disease, and myocardial development, making it a promising therapeutic target for multiple pathologies. To better understand the molecular mechanisms of ANT2, this review summarizes the structural properties, expression patterns, and basic functions of the ANT2 protein. In particular, we review and analyze the controversy surrounding ANT2, focusing on its role in transporting ADP/ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane, its involvement in the composition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and its participation in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhui Pan
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China
| | - Bin Yang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China
| | - Sheng Yao
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China
| | - Yongliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, PR China.
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2
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Puurand M, Tepp K, Kaambre T. Diving into cancer OXPHOS - The application of metabolic control analysis to cell and tissue research. Biosystems 2023; 233:105032. [PMID: 37739307 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2023.105032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Knowing how the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system in cancer cells operates differently from that of normal cells would help find compounds that specifically paralyze the energy metabolism of cancer cells. The first experiments in the study of mitochondrial respiration using the metabolic control analysis (MCA) method were done with isolated liver mitochondria in the early 80s of the last century. Subsequent studies have shown that the regulation of mitochondrial respiration by ADP in isolated mitochondria differs significantly from a model of mitochondria in situ, where the contacts with components in the cytoplasm are largely preserved. The method of selective permeabilization of the outer membrane of the cells allows the application of MCA to evaluate the contribution of different components of the OXPHOS system to its functioning while mitochondria are in a natural state. In this review, we summarize the use of MCA to study OXPHOS in cancer using permeabilized cells and tissues. In addition, we give examples of how this data fits into cancer research with a completely different approach and methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marju Puurand
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia.
| | - Kersti Tepp
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tuuli Kaambre
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia
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3
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Woo SH, Mo YJ, Lee YI, Park JH, Hwang D, Park TJ, Kang HY, Park SC, Lee YS. ANT2 Accelerates Cutaneous Wound Healing in Aged Skin by Regulating Energy Homeostasis and Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:2295-2310.e17. [PMID: 37211200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
An effective healing response is critical to healthy aging. In particular, energy homeostasis has become increasingly recognized as a factor in effective skin regeneration. ANT2 is a mediator of adenosine triphosphate import into mitochondria for energy homeostasis. Although energy homeostasis and mitochondrial integrity are critical for wound healing, the role played by ANT2 in the repair process had not been elucidated to date. In our study, we found that ANT2 expression decreased in aged skin and cellular senescence. Interestingly, overexpression of ANT2 in aged mouse skin accelerated the healing of full-thickness cutaneous wounds. In addition, upregulation of ANT2 in replicative senescent human diploid dermal fibroblasts induced their proliferation and migration, which are critical processes in wound healing. Regarding energy homeostasis, ANT2 overexpression increased the adenosine triphosphate production rate by activating glycolysis and induced mitophagy. Notably, ANT2-mediated upregulation of HSPA6 in aged human diploid dermal fibroblasts downregulated proinflammatory genes that mediate cellular senescence and mitochondrial damage. This study shows a previously uncharacterized physiological role of ANT2 in skin wound healing by regulating cell proliferation, energy homeostasis, and inflammation. Thus, our study links energy metabolism to skin homeostasis and reports, to the best of our knowledge, a previously unreported genetic factor that enhances wound healing in an aging model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hwa Woo
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Mo
- Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hwan Park
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Institution of Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Institution of Inflamm-aging Translational Research Center, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea; Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Park
- The Future Life & Society Research Center, Advanced Institute of Aging Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sam Lee
- Department of New Biology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea; Well Aging Research Center, Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Bilska B, Damulewicz M, Abaquita TAL, Pyza E. Changes in heme oxygenase level during development affect the adult life of Drosophila melanogaster. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1239101. [PMID: 37876913 PMCID: PMC10591093 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1239101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) has been shown to control various cellular processes in both mammals and Drosophila melanogaster. Here, we investigated how changes in HO levels in neurons and glial cells during development affect adult flies, by using the TARGET Drosophila system to manipulate the expression of the ho gene. The obtained data showed differences in adult survival, maximum lifespan, climbing, locomotor activity, and sleep, which depended on the level of HO (after ho up-regulation or downregulation), the timing of expression (chronic or at specific developmental stages), cell types (neurons or glia), sex (males or females), and age of flies. In addition to ho, the effects of changing the mRNA level of the Drosophila CNC factor gene (NRF2 homolog in mammals and master regulator of HO), were also examined to compare with those observed after changing ho expression. We showed that HO levels in neurons and glia must be maintained at an appropriate physiological level during development to ensure the well-being of adults. We also found that the downregulation of ho in either neurons or glia in the brain is compensated by ho expressed in the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland
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Ji X, Chu L, Su D, Sun J, Song P, Sun S, Wang Y, Mu Q, Liu Y, Wan Q. MRPL12-ANT3 interaction involves in acute kidney injury via regulating MPTP of tubular epithelial cells. iScience 2023; 26:106656. [PMID: 37182101 PMCID: PMC10173734 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious disease with no effective treatment. Abnormal opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) is an important pathological process in ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI), the key factor of AKI. It is essential to elucidate MPTP regulation mechanism. Here, we identified mitochondrial ribosomal protein L7/L12 (MRPL12) specifically binds to adenosine nucleotide translocase 3 (ANT3) under normal physiological conditions, stabilizes MPTP and maintains mitochondrial membrane homeostasis in renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs). During AKI, MRPL12 expression was significantly decreased in TECs, and MRPL12-ANT3 interaction was reduced, leading to ANT3 conformation change, MPTP abnormal opening, and cell apoptosis. Importantly, MRPL12 overexpression protected TECs from MPTP abnormal opening and apoptosis during hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R). Our results suggest MRPL12-ANT3 axis involves in AKI by regulating MPTP, and MRPL12 could be potential intervention target for treatment of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhao Ji
- Center of Cell Metabolism and Disease, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infections Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Lingju Chu
- Center of Cell Metabolism and Disease, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism in Medical and Health of Shandong Provincial Health Commission, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Dun Su
- Center of Cell Metabolism and Disease, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism in Medical and Health of Shandong Provincial Health Commission, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infections Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Peng Song
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infections Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Shengnan Sun
- Center of Cell Metabolism and Disease, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism in Medical and Health of Shandong Provincial Health Commission, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infections Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Qian Mu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infections Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Infections Respiratory Disease, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Qiang Wan
- Center of Cell Metabolism and Disease, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism in Medical and Health of Shandong Provincial Health Commission, Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
- Corresponding author
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Chen W, Chiang J, Shang Z, Palchik G, Newman C, Zhang Y, Davis AJ, Lee H, Chen BPC. DNA-PKcs and ATM modulate mitochondrial ADP-ATP exchange as an oxidative stress checkpoint mechanism. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112094. [PMID: 36727301 PMCID: PMC10015379 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA-PKcs is a key regulator of DNA double-strand break repair. Apart from its canonical role in the DNA damage response, DNA-PKcs is involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress (OS), but its exact role remains unclear. Here, we report that DNA-PKcs-deficient human cells display depolarized mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and reoriented metabolism, supporting a role for DNA-PKcs in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). DNA-PKcs directly interacts with mitochondria proteins ANT2 and VDAC2, and formation of the DNA-PKcs/ANT2/VDAC2 (DAV) complex supports optimal exchange of ADP and ATP across mitochondrial membranes to energize the cell via OXPHOS and to maintain MMP. Moreover, we demonstrate that the DAV complex temporarily dissociates in response to oxidative stress to attenuate ADP-ATP exchange, a rate-limiting step for OXPHOS. Finally, we found that dissociation of the DAV complex is mediated by phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs at its Thr2609 cluster by ATM kinase. Based on these findings, we propose that the coordination between the DAV complex and ATM serves as a novel oxidative stress checkpoint to decrease ROS production from mitochondrial OXPHOS and to hasten cellular recovery from OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Min Chen
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Jui‐Chung Chiang
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Zengfu Shang
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Guillermo Palchik
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Ciara Newman
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Anthony J Davis
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
| | - Hsinyu Lee
- Department of Life ScienceNational Taiwan UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Benjamin PC Chen
- Division of Molecular Radiation Biology, Department of Radiation OncologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at DallasDallasTXUSA
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7
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Flierl A, Schriner SE, Hancock S, Coskun PE, Wallace DC. The mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transporters in myogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 188:312-327. [PMID: 35714845 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2022.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Adenine Nucleotide Translocator isoforms (ANTs) exchange ADP/ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane, are also voltage-activated proton channels and regulate mitophagy and apoptosis. The ANT1 isoform predominates in heart and muscle while ANT2 is systemic. Here, we report the creation of Ant mutant mouse myoblast cell lines with normal Ant1 and Ant2 genes, deficient in either Ant1 or Ant2, and deficient in both the Ant1 and Ant2 genes. These cell lines are immortal under permissive conditions (IFN-γ + serum at 32 °C) permitting expansion but return to normal myoblasts that can be differentiated into myotubes at 37 °C. With this system we were able to complement our Ant1 mutant studies by demonstrating that ANT2 is important for myoblast to myotube differentiation and myotube mitochondrial respiration. ANT2 is also important in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and antioxidant defenses. ANT2 is also associated with increased oxidative stress response and modulation for Ca++ sequestration and activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition (mtPTP) pore during cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Flierl
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics and the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Samuel E Schriner
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics and the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Saege Hancock
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics and the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA
| | - Pinar E Coskun
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics and the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics and the Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
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8
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Fiorito V, Allocco AL, Petrillo S, Gazzano E, Torretta S, Marchi S, Destefanis F, Pacelli C, Audrito V, Provero P, Medico E, Chiabrando D, Porporato PE, Cancelliere C, Bardelli A, Trusolino L, Capitanio N, Deaglio S, Altruda F, Pinton P, Cardaci S, Riganti C, Tolosano E. The heme synthesis-export system regulates the tricarboxylic acid cycle flux and oxidative phosphorylation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109252. [PMID: 34133926 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme is an iron-containing porphyrin of vital importance for cell energetic metabolism. High rates of heme synthesis are commonly observed in proliferating cells. Moreover, the cell-surface heme exporter feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1a (FLVCR1a) is overexpressed in several tumor types. However, the reasons why heme synthesis and export are enhanced in highly proliferating cells remain unknown. Here, we illustrate a functional axis between heme synthesis and heme export: heme efflux through the plasma membrane sustains heme synthesis, and implementation of the two processes down-modulates the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux and oxidative phosphorylation. Conversely, inhibition of heme export reduces heme synthesis and promotes the TCA cycle fueling and flux as well as oxidative phosphorylation. These data indicate that the heme synthesis-export system modulates the TCA cycle and oxidative metabolism and provide a mechanistic basis for the observation that both processes are enhanced in cells with high-energy demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Fiorito
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Anna Lucia Allocco
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Elena Gazzano
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simone Torretta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Saverio Marchi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Destefanis
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Consiglia Pacelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Valentina Audrito
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Center for Omics Sciences, San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCSS, Milano, Italy
| | - Enzo Medico
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, TO, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Deborah Chiabrando
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Ettore Porporato
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Alberto Bardelli
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, TO, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Livio Trusolino
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Candiolo, TO, Italy; Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy
| | - Nazzareno Capitanio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Silvia Deaglio
- Immunogenetics Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fiorella Altruda
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simone Cardaci
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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Rabdosianone I, a Bitter Diterpene from an Oriental Herb, Suppresses Thymidylate Synthase Expression by Directly Binding to ANT2 and PHB2. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13050982. [PMID: 33652782 PMCID: PMC7956614 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13050982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the present study, we found the novel pleiotropic regulation of the oncogene product thymidylate synthase (TS) by a chemical biology approach to identify rabdosianone I-binding proteins. Rabdosianone I, which is extracted from a traditional Asian herb Isodon japonicus Hara for longevity, suppressed TS expression at mRNA and protein levels. We immobilized rabdosianone I onto nano-magnetic beads and identified two mitochondrial proteins, adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) and prohibitin 2 (PHB2), as the direct targets of rabdosianone I in cancer cells. Mechanistically, the knockdown of ANT2 or PHB2 promoted proteasomal degradation of the TS protein. In addition, PHB2 reduced TS mRNA levels. Thus, we provide previously unknown mechanisms of TS regulation by ANT2 and PHB2 and propose the possibility of rabdosianone I as a promising lead compound for the discovery of a novel TS suppressor. Abstract Natural products have numerous bioactivities and are expected to be a resource for potent drugs. However, their direct targets in cells often remain unclear. We found that rabdosianone I, which is a bitter diterpene from an oriental herb for longevity, Isodon japonicus Hara, markedly inhibited the growth of human colorectal cancer cells by downregulating the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS). Next, using rabdosianone I-immobilized nano-magnetic beads, we identified two mitochondrial inner membrane proteins, adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2) and prohibitin 2 (PHB2), as direct targets of rabdosianone I. Consistent with the action of rabdosianone I, the depletion of ANT2 or PHB2 reduced TS expression in a different manner. The knockdown of ANT2 or PHB2 promoted proteasomal degradation of TS protein, whereas that of not ANT2 but PHB2 reduced TS mRNA levels. Thus, our study reveals the ANT2- and PHB2-mediated pleiotropic regulation of TS expression and demonstrates the possibility of rabdosianone I as a lead compound of TS suppressor.
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Chiabrando D, Fiorito V, Petrillo S, Bertino F, Tolosano E. HEME: a neglected player in nociception? Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 124:124-136. [PMID: 33545213 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite increasing progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of pain, current management of pain syndromes is still unsatisfactory. The recent discovery of novel pathways associated with pain insensitivity in humans represents a unique opportunity to improve our knowledge on the pathophysiology of pain. Heme metabolism recently emerged as a crucial regulator of nociception. Of note, alteration of heme metabolism has been associated with pain insensitivity as well as with acute and chronic pain in porphyric neuropathy and hemolytic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms linking heme to the pain pathways still remain unclear. The review focuses on the major heme-regulated processes relevant for sensory neurons' maintenance, peripheral and central sensitization as well as for pain comorbidities, like anxiety and depression. By discussing the body of knowledge on the topic, we provide a novel perspective on the molecular mechanisms linking heme to nociception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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Bround MJ, Bers DM, Molkentin JD. A 20/20 view of ANT function in mitochondrial biology and necrotic cell death. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 144:A3-A13. [PMID: 32454061 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The adenosine nucleotide translocase (ANT) family of proteins are inner mitochondrial membrane proteins involved in energy homeostasis and cell death. The primary function of ANT proteins is to exchange cytosolic ADP with matrix ATP, facilitating the export of newly synthesized ATP to the cell while providing new ADP substrate to the mitochondria. As such, the ANT proteins are central to maintaining energy homeostasis in all eukaryotic cells. Evidence also suggests that the ANTs constitute a pore-forming component of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), a structure that forms in the inner mitochondrial membrane that is thought to underlie regulated necrotic cell death. Additionally, emerging studies suggest that ANT proteins are also critical for mitochondrial uncoupling and for promoting mitophagy. Thus, the ANTs are multifunctional proteins that are poised to participate in several aspects of mitochondrial biology and the greater regulation of cell death, which will be discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Bround
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Donald M Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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12
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Fiorito V, Chiabrando D, Petrillo S, Bertino F, Tolosano E. The Multifaceted Role of Heme in Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 9:1540. [PMID: 32010627 PMCID: PMC6974621 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme, an iron-containing porphyrin, is of vital importance for cells due to its involvement in several biological processes, including oxygen transport, energy production and drug metabolism. Besides these vital functions, heme also bears toxic properties and, therefore, the amount of heme inside the cells must be tightly regulated. Similarly, heme intake from dietary sources is strictly controlled to meet body requirements. The multifaceted nature of heme renders it a best candidate molecule exploited/controlled by tumor cells in order to modulate their energetic metabolism, to interact with the microenvironment and to sustain proliferation and survival. The present review summarizes the literature on heme and cancer, emphasizing the importance to consider heme as a prominent player in different aspects of tumor onset and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Bertino
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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13
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Mrazkova B, Dzijak R, Imrichova T, Kyjacova L, Barath P, Dzubak P, Holub D, Hajduch M, Nahacka Z, Andera L, Holicek P, Vasicova P, Sapega O, Bartek J, Hodny Z. Induction, regulation and roles of neural adhesion molecule L1CAM in cellular senescence. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 10:434-462. [PMID: 29615539 PMCID: PMC5892697 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging involves tissue accumulation of senescent cells (SC) whose elimination through senolytic approaches may evoke organismal rejuvenation. SC also contribute to aging-associated pathologies including cancer, hence it is imperative to better identify and target SC. Here, we aimed to identify new cell-surface proteins differentially expressed on human SC. Besides previously reported proteins enriched on SC, we identified 78 proteins enriched and 73 proteins underrepresented in replicatively senescent BJ fibroblasts, including L1CAM, whose expression is normally restricted to the neural system and kidneys. L1CAM was: 1) induced in premature forms of cellular senescence triggered chemically and by gamma-radiation, but not in Ras-induced senescence; 2) induced upon inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases by p16INK4a; 3) induced by TGFbeta and suppressed by RAS/MAPK(Erk) signaling (the latter explaining the lack of L1CAM induction in RAS-induced senescence); and 4) induced upon downregulation of growth-associated gene ANT2, growth in low-glucose medium or inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. These data indicate that L1CAM is controlled by a number of cell growth- and metabolism-related pathways during SC development. Functionally, SC with enhanced surface L1CAM showed increased adhesion to extracellular matrix and migrated faster. Our results provide mechanistic insights into senescence of human cells, with implications for future senolytic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanka Mrazkova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Rastislav Dzijak
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Terezie Imrichova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Kyjacova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Barath
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava 84538, Slovakia
| | - Petr Dzubak
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc 77147, Czech Republic
| | - Dusan Holub
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc 77147, Czech Republic
| | - Marian Hajduch
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Palacky University, Olomouc 77147, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Nahacka
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Andera
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Holicek
- Laboratory of Molecular Therapy, Institute of Biotechnology of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Vasicova
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Olena Sapega
- Laboratory of Immunological and Tumour Models, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic.,Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark.,Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zdenek Hodny
- Department of Genome Integrity, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
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14
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Ogunbona OB, Claypool SM. Emerging Roles in the Biogenesis of Cytochrome c Oxidase for Members of the Mitochondrial Carrier Family. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:3. [PMID: 30766870 PMCID: PMC6365663 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial carrier family (MCF) is a group of transport proteins that are mostly localized to the inner mitochondrial membrane where they facilitate the movement of various solutes across the membrane. Although these carriers represent potential targets for therapeutic application and are repeatedly associated with human disease, research on the MCF has not progressed commensurate to their physiologic and pathophysiologic importance. Many of the 53 MCF members in humans are orphans and lack known transport substrates. Even for the relatively well-studied members of this family, such as the ADP/ATP carrier and the uncoupling protein, there exist fundamental gaps in our understanding of their biological roles including a clear rationale for the existence of multiple isoforms. Here, we briefly review this important family of mitochondrial carriers, provide a few salient examples of their diverse metabolic roles and disease associations, and then focus on an emerging link between several distinct MCF members, including the ADP/ATP carrier, and cytochrome c oxidase biogenesis. As the ADP/ATP carrier is regarded as the paradigm of the entire MCF, its newly established role in regulating translation of the mitochondrial genome highlights that we still have a lot to learn about these metabolite transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun B. Ogunbona
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Steven M. Claypool
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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15
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Stevens JF, Revel JS, Maier CS. Mitochondria-Centric Review of Polyphenol Bioactivity in Cancer Models. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:1589-1611. [PMID: 29084444 PMCID: PMC6207154 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Humans are exposed daily to polyphenols in milligram-to-gram amounts through dietary consumption of fruits and vegetables. Polyphenols are also available as components of dietary supplements for improving general health. Although polyphenols are often advertised as antioxidants to explain health benefits, experimental evidence shows that their beneficial cancer preventing and controlling properties are more likely due to stimulation of pro-oxidant and proapoptotic pathways. Recent Advances: The understanding of the biological differences between cancer and normal cell, and especially the role that mitochondria play in carcinogenesis, has greatly advanced in recent years. These advances have resulted in a wealth of new information on polyphenol bioactivity in cell culture and animal models of cancer. Polyphenols appear to target oxidative phosphorylation and regulation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), glycolysis, pro-oxidant pathways, and antioxidant (adaptive) stress responses with greater selectivity in tumorigenic cells. CRITICAL ISSUES The ability of polyphenols to dissipate the MMP (Δψm) by a protonophore mechanism has been known for more than 50 years. However, researchers focus primarily on the downstream molecular effects of Δψm dissipation and mitochondrial uncoupling. We argue that the physicochemical properties of polyphenols are responsible for their anticancer properties by virtue of their protonophoric and pro-oxidant properties rather than their specific effects on downstream molecular targets. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Polyphenol-induced dissipation of Δψm is a physicochemical process that cancer cells cannot develop resistance against by gene mutation. Therefore, polyphenols should receive more attention as agents for cotherapy with cancer drugs to gain synergistic activity. Antioxid. Redox Signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F. Stevens
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Johana S. Revel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Claudia S. Maier
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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16
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Chiabrando D, Fiorito V, Petrillo S, Tolosano E. Unraveling the Role of Heme in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:712. [PMID: 30356807 PMCID: PMC6189481 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) is an essential co-factor involved in several biological processes, including neuronal survival and differentiation. Nevertheless, an excess of free-heme promotes oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, thus leading to cell death. The toxic properties of heme in the brain have been extensively studied during intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhages. Recently, a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders have been associated to alterations of heme metabolism. Hence, the etiology of such diseases remains undefined. The aim of this review is to highlight the neuropathological role of heme and to discuss the major heme-regulated pathways that might be crucial for the survival of neuronal cells. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking heme to neurodegeneration will be important for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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17
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Mitochondrial Targeting in Neurodegeneration: A Heme Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030087. [PMID: 30231533 PMCID: PMC6161291 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has achieved an increasing interest in the field of neurodegeneration as a pathological hallmark for different disorders. The impact of mitochondria is related to a variety of mechanisms and several of them can co-exist in the same disease. The central role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative disorders has stimulated studies intended to implement therapeutic protocols based on the targeting of the distinct mitochondrial processes. The review summarizes the most relevant mechanisms by which mitochondria contribute to neurodegeneration, encompassing therapeutic approaches. Moreover, a new perspective is proposed based on the heme impact on neurodegeneration. The heme metabolism plays a central role in mitochondrial functions, and several evidences indicate that alterations of the heme metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative disorders. By reporting the body of knowledge on this topic, the review intends to stimulate future studies on the role of heme metabolism in neurodegeneration, envisioning innovative strategies in the struggle against neurodegenerative diseases.
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18
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Gao Y, Pan L, Sun Y, Zhang T, Dong L, Li J. Resistance to quinclorac caused by the enhanced ability to detoxify cyanide and its molecular mechanism in Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:231-238. [PMID: 29183597 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quinclorac, an auxin-type herbicide, is widely used to control barnyardgrass and some dicotyledon weeds. Echinochloa crus-galli var. zelayensis, a variety of E. crus-galli (L.) Beauv., is widespread in China and some populations have resistance to quinclorac. E. crus-galli var. zelayensis seeds with varying sensitivity to quinclorac were used in the present study. The expression of the ADP/ATP carrier protein (ANT) gene, which plays an important role in the maintenance of cellular energy balance, dramatically rose in the S biotype after exposure to quinclorac, while no change was found in two R biotypes. The activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase (β-CAS), which is the key enzyme for cyanide degradation, was higher in two R biotypes than in the S biotype before and after treatment with quinclorac. One single-nucleotide difference was detected in the EcCAS gene of two R biotypes compared with the S biotype. The nucleotide change, which caused one amino acid substitution, replacing Methionine (Met)-295 with Lysine (Lys)-295 in the two R biotypes, which are same as the rice β-CAS gene at this position. In addition, EcCAS gene expression was higher in the two R biotypes than in the S biotype. In conclusion, β-CAS may play a crucial role in the resistance of E. crus-galli var. zelayensis to quinclorac. EcCAS gene mutation and higher gene expression may enhance the activity of β-CAS to avoid the accumulation of toxic cyanide in resistant populations, thus contributing to the resistance mechanism of E. crus-galli var. zelayensis. to quinclorac.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Lang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Teng Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China
| | - Liyao Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China.
| | - Jun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, China.
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19
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Watanabe M, Iizumi Y, Sukeno M, Iizuka-Ohashi M, Sowa Y, Sakai T. The pleiotropic regulation of cyclin D1 by newly identified sesaminol-binding protein ANT2. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e311. [PMID: 28368390 PMCID: PMC5520487 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of cyclin D1 is upregulated in various cancer cells by diverse mechanisms, such as increases in mRNA levels, the promotion of the translation by mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling and the protein stabilization. We here show that sesaminol, a sesame lignan, reduces the expression of cyclin D1 with decreasing mRNA expression levels, inhibiting mTORC1 signaling and promoting proteasomal degradation. We subsequently generated sesaminol-immobilized FG beads to newly identify sesaminol-binding proteins. As a consequence, we found that adenine nucleotide translocase 2 (ANT2), the inner mitochondrial membrane protein, directly bound to sesaminol. Consistent with the effects of sesaminol, the depletion of ANT2 caused a reduction in cyclin D1 with decreases in its mRNA levels, mTORC1 inhibition and the proteasomal degradation of its protein, suggesting that sesaminol negatively regulates the function of ANT2. Furthermore, we screened other ANT2-binding compounds and found that the proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist troglitazone also reduced cyclin D1 expression in a multifaceted manner, analogous to that of the sesaminol treatment and ANT2 depletion. Therefore, the chemical biology approach using magnetic FG beads employed in the present study revealed that sesaminol bound to ANT2, which may pleiotropically upregulate cyclin D1 expression at the mRNA level and protein level with mTORC1 activation and protein stabilization. These results suggest the potential of ANT2 as a target against cyclin D1-overexpressing cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watanabe
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Iizumi
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Sukeno
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - M Iizuka-Ohashi
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.,Division of Endocrine and Breast Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Y Sowa
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - T Sakai
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Cancer Prevention, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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20
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Iommarini L, Ghelli A, Gasparre G, Porcelli AM. Mitochondrial metabolism and energy sensing in tumor progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2017; 1858:582-590. [PMID: 28213331 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is pivotal for cell fate since metabolic regulation, cell proliferation and death are strongly dependent on the balance between catabolic and anabolic pathways. In particular, metabolic and energetic changes have been observed in cancer cells even before the discovery of oncogenes and tumor suppressors, but have been neglected for a long time. Instead, during the past 20years a renaissance of the study of tumor metabolism has led to a revised and more accurate sight of the metabolic landscape of cancer cells. In this scenario, genetic, biochemical and clinical evidences place mitochondria as key actors in cancer metabolic restructuring, not only because there are energy and biosynthetic intermediates manufacturers, but also because occurrence of mutations in metabolic enzymes encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA has been associated to different types of cancer. Here we provide an overview of the possible mechanisms modulating mitochondrial energy production and homeostasis in the intriguing scenario of neoplastic cells, focusing on the double-edged role of 5'-AMP activated protein kinase in cancer metabolism. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Mitochondria in Cancer, edited by Giuseppe Gasparre, Rodrigue Rossignol and Pierre Sonveaux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Iommarini
- Dipartimento Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anna Ghelli
- Dipartimento Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gasparre
- Dipartimento Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche (DIMEC), U.O. Genetica Medica, Pol. Universitario S. Orsola-Malpighi, Università di Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Porcelli
- Dipartimento Farmacia e Biotecnologie (FABIT), Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 3, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Scienze della Vita e Tecnologie per la Salute, Università di Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra, 41/E, 40064 Ozzano dell'Emilia, Italy
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21
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Gavaldà-Navarro A, Mampel T, Viñas O. Changes in the expression of the human adenine nucleotide translocase isoforms condition cellular metabolic/proliferative status. Open Biol 2016; 6:150108. [PMID: 26842067 PMCID: PMC4772803 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cells express four mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase (hANT) isoforms that are tissue-specific and developmentally regulated. hANT1 is mainly expressed in terminally differentiated muscle cells; hANT2 is growth-regulated and is upregulated in highly glycolytic and proliferative cells; and hANT3 is considered to be ubiquitous and non-specifically regulated. Here, we studied how the expression of hANT isoforms is regulated by proliferation and in response to metabolic stimuli, and examined the metabolic consequences of their silencing and overexpression. In HeLa and HepG2 cells, expression of hANT3 was upregulated by shifting metabolism towards oxidation or by slowed growth associated with contact inhibition or growth-factor deprivation, indicating that hANT3 expression is highly regulated. Under these conditions, changes in hANT2 mRNA expression were not observed in either HeLa or HepG2 cells, whereas in SGBS preadipocytes (which, unlike HeLa and HepG2 cells, are growth-arrest-sensitive cells), hANT2 mRNA levels decreased. Additionally, overexpression of hANT2 promoted cell growth and glycolysis, whereas silencing of hANT3 decreased cellular ATP levels, limited cell growth and induced a stress-like response. Thus, cancer cells require both hANT2 and hANT3, depending on their proliferation status: hANT2 when proliferation rates are high, and hANT3 when proliferation slows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mampel
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavi Viñas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Kokoszka JE, Waymire KG, Flierl A, Sweeney KM, Angelin A, MacGregor GR, Wallace DC. Deficiency in the mouse mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator isoform 2 gene is associated with cardiac noncompaction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2016; 1857:1203-1212. [PMID: 27048932 PMCID: PMC5100012 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The mouse fetal and adult hearts express two adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) isoform genes. The predominant isoform is the heart-muscle-brain ANT-isoform gene 1 (Ant1) while the other is the systemic Ant2 gene. Genetic inactivation of the Ant1 gene does not impair fetal development but results in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in postnatal mice. Using a knockin X-linked Ant2 allele in which exons 3 and 4 are flanked by loxP sites combined in males with a protamine 1 promoter driven Cre recombinase we created females heterozygous for a null Ant2 allele. Crossing the heterozygous females with the Ant2(fl), PrmCre(+) males resulted in male and female ANT2-null embryos. These fetuses proved to be embryonic lethal by day E14.5 in association with cardiac developmental failure, immature cardiomyocytes having swollen mitochondria, cardiomyocyte hyperproliferation, and cardiac failure due to hypertrabeculation/noncompaction. ANTs have two main functions, mitochondrial-cytosol ATP/ADP exchange and modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mtPTP). Previous studies imply that ANT2 biases the mtPTP toward closed while ANT1 biases the mtPTP toward open. It has been reported that immature cardiomyocytes have a constitutively opened mtPTP, the closure of which signals the maturation of cardiomyocytes. Therefore, we hypothesize that the developmental toxicity of the Ant2 null mutation may be the result of biasing the cardiomyocyte mtPTP to remain open thus impairing cardiomyocyte maturation and resulting in cardiomyocyte hyperproliferation and failure of trabecular maturation. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'EBEC 2016: 19th European Bioenergetics Conference, Riva del Garda, Italy, July 2-6, 2016', edited by Prof. Paolo Bernardi.
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MESH Headings
- Adenine/metabolism
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2/deficiency
- Adenine Nucleotide Translocator 2/genetics
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Cell Proliferation
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Lethal
- Heart Defects, Congenital/embryology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/genetics
- Heart Defects, Congenital/metabolism
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Failure/embryology
- Heart Failure/genetics
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/pathology
- Heart Ventricles/abnormalities
- Heart Ventricles/embryology
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Integrases
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondrial Swelling/genetics
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Organogenesis
- Phenotype
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Kokoszka
- Forensic Biology Section, Alabama Department of Forensic Sciences, Annex C, Mobile, AL 36617, United States
| | - Katrina G Waymire
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, United States
| | - Adrian Flierl
- The Parkinson's Institute, Sunnyvale, CA 94085, United States
| | - Katelyn M Sweeney
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Alessia Angelin
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Grant R MacGregor
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-2300, United States
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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23
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Maldonado EN, DeHart DN, Patnaik J, Klatt SC, Gooz MB, Lemasters JJ. ATP/ADP Turnover and Import of Glycolytic ATP into Mitochondria in Cancer Cells Is Independent of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocator. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:19642-50. [PMID: 27458020 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.734814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-proliferating cells oxidize respiratory substrates in mitochondria to generate a protonmotive force (Δp) that drives ATP synthesis. The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ), a component of Δp, drives release of mitochondrial ATP(4-) in exchange for cytosolic ADP(3-) via the electrogenic adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) located in the mitochondrial inner membrane, which leads to a high cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio up to >100-fold greater than matrix ATP/ADP. In rat hepatocytes, ANT inhibitors, bongkrekic acid (BA), and carboxyatractyloside (CAT), and the F1FO-ATP synthase inhibitor, oligomycin (OLIG), inhibited ureagenesis-induced respiration. However, in several cancer cell lines, OLIG but not BA and CAT inhibited respiration. In hepatocytes, respiratory inhibition did not collapse ΔΨ until OLIG, BA, or CAT was added. Similarly, in cancer cells OLIG and 2-deoxyglucose, a glycolytic inhibitor, depolarized mitochondria after respiratory inhibition, which showed that mitochondrial hydrolysis of glycolytic ATP maintained ΔΨ in the absence of respiration in all cell types studied. However in cancer cells, BA, CAT, and knockdown of the major ANT isoforms, ANT2 and ANT3, did not collapse ΔΨ after respiratory inhibition. These findings indicated that ANT was not mediating mitochondrial ATP/ADP exchange in cancer cells [corrected]. We propose that suppression of ANT contributes to low cytosolic ATP/ADP, activation of glycolysis, and a Warburg metabolic phenotype in proliferating cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo N Maldonado
- From the Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and the Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and
| | - David N DeHart
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Jyoti Patnaik
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and
| | - Sandra C Klatt
- Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and
| | | | - John J Lemasters
- From the Center for Cell Death, Injury, and Regeneration, Departments of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences and the Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425 and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russian Federation 142290
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24
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Winter J, Klumpe I, Heger J, Rauch U, Schultheiss HP, Landmesser U, Dörner A. Adenine nucleotide translocase 1 overexpression protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia via increased ERK1/2 and AKT activation. Cell Signal 2015; 28:152-9. [PMID: 26548633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of mitochondrial function on intracellular signalling is currently under intense investigation. In this regard, we analysed the effect of adenine nucleotide translocase 1 (ANT1), which facilitates the exchange of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial membrane, on cell-protective survival signalling under hypoxia. ANT1 overexpression enhanced the survival rate in hypoxic cardiomyocytes. The effect was related to stabilization of the mitochondrial membrane potential, suppression of caspase 3 activity, and a reduction in DNA fragmentation. Activation of the cell-protective signalling proteins extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) and protein kinase B (AKT) was substantially higher in hypoxic ANT1-transgenic (ANT1-TG) cardiomyocytes than in wild-type cardiomyocytes. Kinase activation was associated with significantly higher expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, which induces glycolytic pathway to stabilize ATP production. Accordingly, ANT1-TG cardiomyocytes exhibited earlier and stronger activation of lactate dehydrogenase and a higher ATP content. Treatment with PD980559 and triciribine, inhibitors of ERK1/2 and AKT activation, respectively, abolished cell protection in hypoxic ANT1-TG cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of ANT by carboxyatractyloside prevented the increase in ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation and eliminated the cell protective program in hypoxic ANT1-TG cardiomyocytes. In conclusion, the cytoprotective effect observed in hypoxic ANT1-overexpressing cardiomyocytes involves an interdependence between ANT1, activation of ERK1/ERK2 and AKT, and induction of the survival processes regulated by these kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Winter
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Structural Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Takustr. 6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Klumpe
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Thielallee 63, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jacqueline Heger
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Aulweg 129, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauch
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heinz-Peter Schultheiss
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Dörner
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.
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25
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Elkamhawy A, Viswanath ANI, Pae AN, Kim HY, Heo JC, Park WK, Lee CO, Yang H, Kim KH, Nam DH, Seol HJ, Cho H, Roh EJ. Discovery of potent and selective cytotoxic activity of new quinazoline-ureas against TMZ-resistant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Eur J Med Chem 2015; 103:210-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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26
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Gavaldà-Navarro A, Domingo P, Viñas O, Mampel T. Expression of human and mouse adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) isoform genes in adipogenesis. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:34-44. [PMID: 25817039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocases (ANTs) are mitochondrial proteins encoded by nuclear DNA that catalyze the exchange of ATP generated in the mitochondria for ADP produced in cytosol. There are four ANT isoforms in humans (hANT1-4) and three in mice (mANT1, mANT2 and mANT4), all encoded by distinct genes. The aim of this study was to quantify expression of ANT isoform genes during the adipogenesis of mouse 3T3-L1 and human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS)-derived preadipocytes. We also studied the effects of the adipogenesis regulators, insulin and rosiglitazone, on ANT isoform expression in differentiated adipocytes and examined the expression of ANT isoforms in subcutaneous and visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) from mice and humans. We found that adipogenesis was associated with an increase in the expression of ANT isoforms, specifically mANT2 in mouse 3T3-L1 cells and hANT3 in human SGBS cells. These changes could be involved in the increases in oxidative metabolism and decreases in lactate production observed during differentiation. Insulin and rosiglitazone induced mANT2 gene expression in mature 3T3-L1 cells and hANT2 and hANT3 gene expression in SGBS adipocytes. Furthermore, human WAT expressed greater amounts of hANT3 than hANT2, and the expression of both of these isoforms was greater in subcutaneous WAT than in visceral WAT. Finally, inhibition of ANT activity by atractyloside or bongkrekic acid impaired proper adipocyte differentiation. These results suggest that changes in the expression of ANT isoforms may be involved in adipogenesis in both human and mouse WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Spain
| | - Pere Domingo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavi Viñas
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Spain
| | - Teresa Mampel
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Spain.
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27
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Gavaldà-Navarro A, Villena JA, Planavila A, Viñas O, Mampel T. Expression of adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) isoform genes is controlled by PGC-1α through different transcription factors. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:2126-36. [PMID: 24819348 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) isoforms are mitochondrial proteins encoded by nuclear DNA that catalyze the exchange of ATP generated in the mitochondria for ADP produced in the cytosol. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ [PPAR-γ] coactivator 1α), a master regulator of mitochondrial oxidative metabolism, in the regulation of the expression of ANT isoform genes and to identify the transcription factors involved. We found that PGC-1α overexpression induced the expression of all ANT human and mouse isoforms but to different degrees. The transcription factor ERRα was involved in PGC-1α-induced expression of all human ANT isoforms (hANT1-3) in HeLa cells as well as in the regulation of mouse isoforms (mANT1-2) in C2C12 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes, even though ANT isoforms have important physiological differences and are regulated in a tissue-specific manner. In addition to ERRα, PPARδ and mTOR pathways were involved in the induction of mANT1-2 by PGC-1α in C2C12 myotubes, while PPARγ was involved in PGC-1α-regulation of mANT1-2 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Furthermore, the regulation of mANT genes by PGC-1α was also observed in vivo in knockout mouse models lacking PGC-1α. In summary, our results show that the regulation of genes encoding ANT isoforms is controlled by PGC-1α through different transcription factors depending on cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleix Gavaldà-Navarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, E-08028, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Maldonado EN, Lemasters JJ. ATP/ADP ratio, the missed connection between mitochondria and the Warburg effect. Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt A:78-84. [PMID: 25229666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-proliferating cells generate the bulk of cellular ATP by fully oxidizing respiratory substrates in mitochondria. Respiratory substrates cross the mitochondrial outer membrane through only one channel, the voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC). Once in the matrix, respiratory substrates are oxidized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle to generate mostly NADH that is further oxidized in the respiratory chain to generate a proton motive force comprised mainly of membrane potential (ΔΨ) to synthesize ATP. Mitochondrial ΔΨ then drives the release of ATP(4-) from the matrix in exchange for ADP(3-) in the cytosol via the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Thus, mitochondrial function in non-proliferating cells drives a high cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio, essential to inhibit glycolysis. By contrast, the bioenergetics of the Warburg phenotype of proliferating cells is characterized by enhanced aerobic glycolysis and the suppression of mitochondrial metabolism. Suppressed mitochondrial function leads to lower production of mitochondrial ATP and hence lower cytosolic ATP/ADP ratios that favor enhanced glycolysis. Thus, the cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio is a key feature that determines if cell metabolism is predominantly oxidative or glycolytic. Here, we describe two novel mechanisms to explain the suppression of mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells: the relative closure of VDAC by free tubulin and the inactivation of ANT. Both mechanisms contribute to low ATP/ADP ratios that activate glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo N Maldonado
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States
| | - John J Lemasters
- Center for Cell Death, Injury & Regeneration, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Drug Discovery & Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, United States; Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia.
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29
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Dupont PY, Guttin A, Issartel JP, Stepien G. Computational identification of transcriptionally co-regulated genes, validation with the four ANT isoform genes. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:482. [PMID: 22978616 PMCID: PMC3477019 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of gene promoters is essential to understand the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation required under the effects of physiological processes, nutritional intake or pathologies. In higher eukaryotes, transcriptional regulation implies the recruitment of a set of regulatory proteins that bind on combinations of nucleotide motifs. We developed a computational analysis of promoter nucleotide sequences, to identify co-regulated genes by combining several programs that allowed us to build regulatory models and perform a crossed analysis on several databases. This strategy was tested on a set of four human genes encoding isoforms 1 to 4 of the mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier ANT. Each isoform has a specific tissue expression profile linked to its role in cellular bioenergetics. RESULTS From their promoter sequence and from the phylogenetic evolution of these ANT genes in mammals, we constructed combinations of specific regulatory elements. These models were screened using the full human genome and databases of promoter sequences from human and several other mammalian species. For each of transcriptionally regulated ANT1, 2 and 4 genes, a set of co-regulated genes was identified and their over-expression was verified in microarray databases. CONCLUSIONS Most of the identified genes encode proteins with a cellular function and specificity in agreement with those of the corresponding ANT isoform. Our in silico study shows that the tissue specific gene expression is mainly driven by promoter regulatory sequences located up to about a thousand base pairs upstream the transcription start site. Moreover, this computational strategy on the study of regulatory pathways should provide, along with transcriptomics and metabolomics, data to construct cellular metabolic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Dupont
- INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, 63122, St Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont Université, BP 10448, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Audrey Guttin
- Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Nanomédecine et Cerveau, Inserm U836, 38700, La Tronche, France
- Université Joseph Fourier 1, Grenoble, 38041, France
- Plate-forme Transcriptome et Protéome Cliniques, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble, 38043, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Paul Issartel
- Institut des Neurosciences, Equipe Nanomédecine et Cerveau, Inserm U836, 38700, La Tronche, France
- Université Joseph Fourier 1, Grenoble, 38041, France
- Plate-forme Transcriptome et Protéome Cliniques, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble, 38043, Grenoble, France
- CNRS, 38042, Grenoble, France
| | - Georges Stepien
- INRA, UMR 1019, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, 63122, St Genès-Champanelle, France
- Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont Université, BP 10448, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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30
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Rcf1 and Rcf2, members of the hypoxia-induced gene 1 protein family, are critical components of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1-cytochrome c oxidase supercomplex. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 32:1363-73. [PMID: 22310663 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.06369-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report that Rcf1 (formerly Aim31), a member of the conserved hypoxia-induced gene 1 (Hig1) protein family, represents a novel component of the yeast cytochrome bc(1)-cytochrome c oxidase (COX) supercomplex. Rcf1 (respiratory supercomplex factor 1) partitions with the COX complex, and evidence that it may act as a bridge to the cytochrome bc(1) complex is presented. Rcf1 interacts with the Cox3 subunit and can do so prior to their assembly into the COX complex. A close proximity of Rcf1 and members of the ADP/ATP carrier (AAC) family was also established. Rcf1 displays overlapping function with another Hig1-related protein, Rcf2 (formerly Aim38), and their joint presence is required for optimal COX enzyme activity and the correct assembly of the cytochrome bc(1)-COX supercomplex. Rcf1 and Rcf2 can independently associate with the cytochrome bc(1)-COX supercomplex, indicating that at least two forms of this supercomplex exist within mitochondria. We provide evidence that the association with the cytochrome bc(1)-COX supercomplex and regulation of the COX complex are a conserved feature of Hig1 family members. Based on our findings, we propose a model where the Hig1 proteins regulate the COX enzyme activity through Cox3 and associated Cox12 protein, in a manner that may be influenced by the neighboring AAC proteins.
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31
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Dupont PY, Stepien G. Computational analysis of the transcriptional regulation of the adenine nucleotide translocator isoform 4 gene and its role in spermatozoid glycolytic metabolism. Gene 2011; 487:38-45. [PMID: 21827840 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Computational phylogenetic analysis coupled to promoter sequence alignment was used to understand mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and to identify potentially coregulated genes. Our strategy was validated on the human ANT4 gene which encodes the fourth isoform of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator specifically expressed during spermatogenesis. The movement of sperm flagella is driven mainly by ATP generated by glycolytic pathways, and the specific induction of the mitochondrial ANT4 protein presented an interesting puzzle. We analysed the sequences of the promoters, introns and exons of 30 mammalian ANT4 genes and constructed regulatory models. The whole human genome and promoter database were screened for genes that were potentially regulated by the generated models. 80% of the identified co-regulated genes encoded proteins with specific roles in spermatogenesis and with functions linked to male reproduction. Our in silico study enabled us to precise the specific role of the ANT4 isoform in spermatozoid bioenergetics.
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32
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Brenner C, Subramaniam K, Pertuiset C, Pervaiz S. Adenine nucleotide translocase family: four isoforms for apoptosis modulation in cancer. Oncogene 2010; 30:883-95. [PMID: 21076465 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria have important functions in mammalian cells as the energy powerhouse and integrators of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. The adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is a family of proteins involved in cell death pathways that perform distinctly opposite functions to regulate cell fate decisions. On the one hand, ANT catalyzes the adenosine triphosphate export from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space with the concomitant import of ADP from the intermembrane space to the matrix. On the other hand, during periods of stress, ANT could function as a lethal pore and trigger the process of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, which leads irreversibly to cell death. In human, ANT is encoded by four homologous genes, whose expression is not only tissue specific, but also varies according to the pathophysiological state of the cell. Recent evidence revealed a differential role of the ANT isoforms in apoptosis and a deregulation of their expression in cancer. In this review, we introduce the current knowledge of ANT in apoptosis and cancer cells and propose a novel classification of ANT isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brenner
- Univ Paris-Sud, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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33
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Chevrollier A, Loiseau D, Reynier P, Stepien G. Adenine nucleotide translocase 2 is a key mitochondrial protein in cancer metabolism. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1807:562-7. [PMID: 20950584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT), a mitochondrial protein that facilitates the exchange of ADP and ATP across the mitochondrial inner membrane, plays an essential role in cellular energy metabolism. Human ANT presents four isoforms (ANT1-4), each with a specific expression depending on the nature of the tissue, cell type, developmental stage and status of cell proliferation. Thus, ANT1 is specific to muscle and brain tissues; ANT2 occurs mainly in proliferative, undifferentiated cells; ANT3 is ubiquitous; and ANT4 is found in germ cells. ANT1 and ANT3 export the ATP produced by oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) from the mitochondria into the cytosol while importing ADP. In contrast, the expression of ANT2, which is linked to the rate of glycolytic metabolism, is an important indicator of carcinogenesis. In fact, cancers are characterized by major metabolic changes that switch cells from the normally dual oxidative and glycolytic metabolisms to an almost exclusively glycolytic metabolism. When OxPhos activity is impaired, ANT2 imports glycolytically produced ATP into the mitochondria. In the mitochondrial matrix, the F1F0-ATPase complex hydrolyzes the ATP, pumping out a proton into the intermembrane space. The reverse operations of ANT2 and F1F0-ATPase under glycolytic conditions contribute to maintaining the mitochondrial membrane potential, ensuring cell survival and proliferation. Unlike the ANT1 and ANT3 isoforms, ANT2 is not pro-apoptotic and may therefore contribute to carcinogenesis. Since the expression of ANT2 is closely linked to the mitochondrial bioenergetics of tumors, it should be taken into account for individualizing cancer treatments and for the development of anticancer strategies.
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34
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Lena A, Rechichi M, Salvetti A, Vecchio D, Evangelista M, Rainaldi G, Gremigni V, Rossi L. The silencing of adenine nucleotide translocase isoform 1 induces oxidative stress and programmed cell death in ADF human glioblastoma cells. FEBS J 2010; 277:2853-67. [PMID: 20528917 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2010.07702.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocases (ANTs) are multitask proteins involved in several aspects of cell metabolism, as well as in the regulation of cell death/survival processes. We investigated the role played by ANT isoforms 1 and 2 in the growth of a human glioblastoma cell line (ADF cells). The silencing of ANT2 isoform, by small interfering RNA, did not produce significant changes in ADF cell viability. By contrast, the silencing of ANT1 isoform strongly reduced ADF cell viability by inducing a non-apoptotic cell death process resembling paraptosis. We demonstrated that cell death induced by ANT1 depletion cannot be ascribed to the loss of the ATP/ADP exchange function of this protein. By contrast, our findings indicate that ANT1-silenced cells experience oxidative stress, thus allowing us to hypothesize that the effect of ANT1-silencing on ADF is mediated by the loss of the ANT1 uncoupling function. Several studies ascribe a pro-apoptotic role to ANT1 as a result of the observation that ANT1 overexpression sensitizes cells to mitochondrial depolarization or to apoptotic stimuli. In the present study, we demonstrate that, despite its pro-apoptotic function at a high expression level, the reduction of ANT1 density below a physiological baseline impairs fundamental functions of this protein in ADF cells, leading them to undertake a cell death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lena
- Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Biologia Applicata, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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35
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Addo MG, Cossard R, Pichard D, Obiri-Danso K, Rötig A, Delahodde A. Caenorhabditis elegans, a pluricellular model organism to screen new genes involved in mitochondrial genome maintenance. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:765-73. [PMID: 20580819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 05/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The inheritance of functional mitochondria depends on faithful replication and transmission of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). A large and heterogeneous group of human disorders is associated with mitochondrial genome quantitative and qualitative anomalies. Several nuclear genes have been shown to account for these severe OXPHOS disorders. However, in several cases, the disease-causing mutations still remain unknown. Caenorhabditis elegans has been largely used for studying various biological functions because this multicellular organism has short life cycle and is easy to grow in the laboratory. Mitochondrial functions are relatively well conserved between human and C.elegans, and heteroplasmy exists in this organism as in human. C. elegans therefore represents a useful tool for studying mtDNA maintenance. Suppression by RNA interference of genes involved in mtDNA replication such as polg-1, encoding the mitochondrial DNA polymerase, results in reduced mtDNA copy number but in a normal phenotype of the F1 worms. By combining RNAi of genes involved in mtDNA maintenance and EtBr exposure, we were able to reveal a strong and specific phenotype (developmental larval arrest) associated to a severe decrease of mtDNA copy number. Moreover, we tested and validated the screen efficiency for human orthologous genes encoding mitochondrial nucleoid proteins. This allowed us to identify several genes that seem to be closely related to mtDNA maintenance in C. elegans. This work reports a first step in the further development of a large-scale screening in C. elegans that should allow to identify new genes of mtDNA maintenance whose human orthologs will obviously constitute new candidate genes for patients with quantitative or qualitative mtDNA anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Glover Addo
- Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, UMR 8621, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Orsay, F-91405, France
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Moro L, Arbini AA, Hsieh JT, Ford J, Simpson ER, Hajibeigi A, Oz OK. Aromatase deficiency inhibits the permeability transition in mouse liver mitochondria. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1643-52. [PMID: 20194728 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lack of estrogens affects male physiology in a number of ways, including severe changes in liver metabolism that result in lipid accumulation and massive hepatic steatosis. Here we investigated whether estrogen deficiency may alter the functionality and permeability properties of liver mitochondria using, as an experimental model, aromatase knockout (ArKO) male mice, which cannot synthesize endogenous estrogens due to a disruption of the Cyp19 gene. Liver mitochondria isolated from ArKO mice displayed increased activity of the mitochondrial respiratory complex IV compared with wild-type mice and were less prone to undergo cyclosporin A-sensitive mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) induced by calcium loading. The altered permeability properties of the mitochondrial membranes were not due to changes in reactive oxygen species, ATP levels, or mitochondrial membrane potential but were associated with increased content of the phospholipid cardiolipin, structural component of the mitochondrial membranes and regulator of the MPT pore, and with increased mitochondrial protein levels of Bcl-2 and the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), regulator and component of the MPT pore, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated increased mRNA levels for Bcl-2 and ANT2 but not for the ANT1 isoform in ArKO livers. Supplementation of 17beta-estradiol retrieved ArKO mice from massive hepatic steatosis and restored mitochondrial permeability properties, cardiolipin, Bcl-2, and ANT2 levels. Overall, our findings demonstrate an important role of estrogens in the modulation of hepatic mitochondrial function and permeability properties in males and suggest that estrogen deficiency may represent a novel positive regulator of Bcl-2 and ANT2 proteins, two inhibitors of MPT occurrence and powerful antiapoptotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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Biochemical evidence of the interactions of membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) with adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT): potential implications linking proteolysis with energy metabolism in cancer cells. Biochem J 2009; 420:37-47. [PMID: 19232058 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invasion-promoting MT1-MMP (membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase) is a key element in cell migration processes. To identify the proteins that interact and therefore co-precipitate with this proteinase from cancer cells, we used the proteolytically active WT (wild-type), the catalytically inert E240A and the C-end truncated (tailless; DeltaCT) MT1-MMP-FLAG constructs as baits. The identity of the pulled-down proteins was determined by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography tandem MS) and then confirmed by Western blotting using specific antibodies. We determined that, in breast carcinoma MCF cells (MCF-7 cells), ANT (adenine nucleotide translocator) efficiently interacted with the WT, E240A and DeltaCT constructs. The WT and E240A constructs also interacted with alpha-tubulin, an essential component of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. In turn, tubulin did not co-precipitate with the DeltaCT construct because of the inefficient endocytosis of the latter, thus suggesting a high level of selectivity of our test system. To corroborate these results, we then successfully used the ANT2-FLAG construct as a bait to pull-down MT1-MMP, which was naturally produced by fibrosarcoma HT1080 cells. We determined that the presence of the functionally inert catalytic domain alone was sufficient to cause the proteinase to interact with ANT2, thus indicating that there is a non-proteolytic mode of these interactions. Overall, it is tempting to hypothesize that by interacting with pro-invasive MT1-MMP, ANT plays a yet to be identified role in a coupling mechanism between energy metabolism and pericellular proteolysis in migrating cancer cells.
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Lena A, Rechichi M, Salvetti A, Bartoli B, Vecchio D, Scarcelli V, Amoroso R, Benvenuti L, Gagliardi R, Gremigni V, Rossi L. Drugs targeting the mitochondrial pore act as cytotoxic and cytostatic agents in temozolomide-resistant glioma cells. J Transl Med 2009; 7:13. [PMID: 19196452 PMCID: PMC2661321 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-7-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High grade gliomas are one of the most difficult cancers to treat and despite surgery, radiotherapy and temozolomide-based chemotherapy, the prognosis of glioma patients is poor. Resistance to temozolomide is the major barrier to effective therapy. Alternative therapeutic approaches have been shown to be ineffective for the treatment of genetically unselected glioma patients. Thus, novel therapies are needed. Mitochondria-directed chemotherapy is an emerging tool to combat cancer, and inner mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) represents a target for the development of cytotoxic drugs. A number of agents are able to induce MPT and some of them target MPT-pore (MPTP) components that are selectively up-regulated in cancer, making these agents putative cancer cell-specific drugs. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to report a comprehensive analysis of the effects produced by selected MPT-inducing drugs (Betulinic Acid, Lonidamine, CD437) in a temozolomide-resistant glioblastoma cell line (ADF cells). METHODS EGFRvIII expression has been assayed by RT-PCR. EGFR amplification and PTEN deletion have been assayed by differential-PCR. Drugs effect on cell viability has been tested by crystal violet assay. MPT has been tested by JC1 staining. Drug cytostatic effect has been tested by mitotic index analysis. Drug cytotoxic effect has been tested by calcein AM staining. Apoptosis has been assayed by Hoechst incorporation and Annexine V binding assay. Authophagy has been tested by acridine orange staining. RESULTS We performed a molecular and genetic characterization of ADF cells and demonstrated that this line does not express the EGFRvIII and does not show EGFR amplification. ADF cells do not show PTEN mutation but differential PCR data indicate a hemizygous deletion of PTEN gene. We analyzed the response of ADF cells to Betulinic Acid, Lonidamine, and CD437. Our data demonstrate that MPT-inducing agents produce concentration-dependent cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in parallel with MPT induction triggered through MPTP. CD437, Lonidamine and Betulinic acid trigger apoptosis as principal death modality. CONCLUSION The obtained data suggest that these pharmacological agents could be selected as adjuvant drugs for the treatment of high grade astrocytomas that resist conventional therapies or that do not show any peculiar genetic alteration that can be targeted by specific drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lena
- Dipartimento di Morfologia Umana e Biologia Applicata, University of Pisa, Via Volta 4, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
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Brower JV, Lim CH, Han C, Hankowski KE, Hamazaki T, Terada N. Differential CpG island methylation of murine adenine nucleotide translocase genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2009; 1789:198-203. [PMID: 19167530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Revised: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 12/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (Ant) mediates the exchange of ADP and ATP across the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotes. Mice possess three distinct but highly homologous Ant isoforms, encoded by independent genes, whose transcription depends upon tissue type. Ant1 is expressed selectively in heart and skeletal muscles, Ant2 is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues but lower in skeletal muscle and testis, while Ant4 is exclusively expressed in the testis. Of interest, each of these Ant genes contains CpG islands in their proximal promoter regions. We investigated the methylation status of the three Ant genes in various tissues with active and inactive transcription. In contrast to the Ant4 gene in which CpG island methylation is essential for gene repression, the CpG islands of Ant1 and Ant2 are hypomethylated regardless of the gene expression status throughout the tissues of male mice. Despite the tissue specific expression profile of Ant1, CpG methylation is unlikely involved in the regulation of the gene. Consistent with these findings, addition of a CpG-demethylating agent, 5-aza-2'-deoxycitidine, to fibroblasts increased the expression of Ant4 but not Ant1 or Ant2 genes. This study provides insight regarding the differential regulation of Ant isoforms in mammals, whereby both the Ant1 and Ant2 genes are capable of expression, but the Ant4 gene is completely repressed throughout somatic tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is a first example to clearly demonstrate a differential usage of CpG island methylation within a family of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey V Brower
- Department of Pathology, University of Florida College of Medicine, P. O. Box 100275, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Hail N, Lotan R. Cancer chemoprevention and mitochondria: Targeting apoptosis in transformed cellsviathe disruption of mitochondrial bioenergetics/redox state. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:49-67. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Farina F, Alberti A, Breuil N, Bolotin-Fukuhara M, Pinto M, Culetto E. Differential expression pattern of the four mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transporter ant genes and their roles during the development of Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1668-81. [PMID: 18498090 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenine nucleotide transporter (ANT) mediates exchange of cytosolic ADP and mitochondrial ATP. Although most species contain more than one ANT family member, it is not known whether their roles in developmental processes are redundant or specific. Here, we show that the Caenorhabditis elegans genome encodes four candidate ant genes (ant-1.1, ant-1.2, ant-1.3, and ant-1.4). We have investigated their spatiotemporal expression patterns and discovered that, whereas ANT-1.1 is a ubiquitously expressed mitochondrial protein, the other three ANT proteins show a restricted range of cell type expression. Moreover, only the disruption of ant-1.1 function, through RNA interference (RNAi), gives a mutant phenotype. Most of the ant-1.1(RNAi) mutant embryos arrest before the morphogenesis stage. Furthermore, ant-1.1 is also required postembryonically because RNAi mutants exhibit small size and life-span extension. Our results suggest that ant-1.1 is the only ant gene strictly required for embryonic and postembryonic development in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Farina
- Université Paris-Sud 11, CNRS UMR8621, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Orsay Cedex, France
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Traba J, Froschauer EM, Wiesenberger G, Satrústegui J, Del Arco A. Yeast mitochondria import ATP through the calcium-dependent ATP-Mg/Pi carrier Sal1p, and are ATP consumers during aerobic growth in glucose. Mol Microbiol 2008; 69:570-85. [PMID: 18485069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sal1p, a novel Ca2+-dependent ATP-Mg/Pi carrier, is essential in yeast lacking all adenine nucleotide translocases. By targeting luciferase to the mitochondrial matrix to monitor mitochondrial ATP levels, we show in isolated mitochondria that both ATP-Mg and free ADP are taken up by Sal1p with a K(m) of 0.20 +/- 0.03 mM and 0.28 +/- 0.06 mM respectively. Nucleotide transport along Sal1p is strictly Ca2+ dependent. Ca2+ increases the V(max) with a S(0.5) of 15 muM, and no changes in the K(m) for ATP-Mg. Glucose sensing in yeast generates Ca2+ transients involving Ca2+ influx from the external medium. We find that carbon-deprived cells respond to glucose with an immediate increase in mitochondrial ATP levels which is not observed in the presence of EGTA or in Sal1p-deficient cells. Moreover, we now report that during normal aerobic growth on glucose, yeast mitochondria import ATP from the cytosol and hydrolyse it through H+-ATP synthase. We identify two pathways for ATP uptake in mitochondria, the ADP/ATP carriers and Sal1p. Thus, during exponential growth on glucose, mitochondria are ATP consumers, as those from cells growing in anaerobic conditions or deprived of mitochondrial DNA which depend on cytosolic ATP and mitochondrial ATPase working in reverse to generate a mitochondrial membrane potential. In conclusion, the results show that growth on glucose requires ATP hydrolysis in mitochondria and recruits Sal1p as a Ca2+-dependent mechanism to import ATP-Mg from the cytosol. Whether this mechanism is used under similar settings in higher eukaryotes is an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Traba
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa UAM-CSIC, CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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Klingenberg M. The ADP and ATP transport in mitochondria and its carrier. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2008; 1778:1978-2021. [PMID: 18510943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2008.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Different from some more specialised short reviews, here a general although not encyclopaedic survey of the function, metabolic role, structure and mechanism of the ADP/ATP transport in mitochondria is presented. The obvious need for an "old fashioned" review comes from the gateway role in metabolism of the ATP transfer to the cytosol from mitochondria. Amidst the labours, 40 or more years ago, of unravelling the role of mitochondrial compartments and of the two membranes, the sequence of steps of how ATP arrives in the cytosol became a major issue. When the dust settled, a picture emerged where ATP is exported across the inner membrane in a 1:1 exchange against ADP and where the selection of ATP versus ADP is controlled by the high membrane potential at the inner membrane, thus uplifting the free energy of ATP in the cytosol over the mitochondrial matrix. Thus the disparate energy and redox states of the two major compartments are bridged by two membrane potential responsive carriers to enable their symbiosis in the eukaryotic cell. The advance to the molecular level by studying the binding of nucleotides and inhibitors was facilitated by the high level of carrier (AAC) binding sites in the mitochondrial membrane. A striking flexibility of nucleotide binding uncovered the reorientation of carrier sites between outer and inner face, assisted by the side specific high affinity inhibitors. The evidence of a single carrier site versus separate sites for substrate and inhibitors was expounded. In an ideal setting principles of transport catalysis were elucidated. The isolation of intact AAC as a first for any transporter enabled the reconstitution of transport for unravelling, independently of mitochondrial complications, the factors controlling the ADP/ATP exchange. Electrical currents measured with the reconstituted AAC demonstrated electrogenic translocation and charge shift of reorienting carrier sites. Aberrant or vital para-functions of AAC in basal uncoupling and in the mitochondrial pore transition were demonstrated in mitochondria and by patch clamp with reconstituted AAC. The first amino acid sequence of AAC and of any eukaryotic carrier furnished a 6-transmembrane helix folding model, and was the basis for mapping the structure by access studies with various probes, and for demonstrating the strong conformation changes demanded by the reorientation mechanism. Mutations served to elucidate the function of residues, including the particular sensitivity of ATP versus ADP transport to deletion of critical positive charge in AAC. After resisting for decades, at last the atomic crystal structure of the stabilised CAT-AAC complex emerged supporting the predicted principle fold of the AAC but showing unexpected features relevant to mechanism. Being a snapshot of an extreme abortive "c-state" the actual mechanism still remains a conjecture.
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Subramaniam V, Golik P, Murdock DG, Levy S, Kerstann KW, Coskun PE, Melkonian GA, Wallace DC. MITOCHIP assessment of differential gene expression in the skeletal muscle of Ant1 knockout mice: coordinate regulation of OXPHOS, antioxidant, and apoptotic genes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2008; 1777:666-75. [PMID: 18439414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 03/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic inactivation of the nuclear-encoded mitochondrial heart-muscle adenine nucleotide translocator-1 (ANT1), which exports mitochondrial ATP to the cytosol in both humans (ANT1-/-) and mice (Ant1-/-), results in lactic acidosis and mitochondrial cardiomyopathy and myopathy, the latter involving hyper-proliferation of mitochondria, induction of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) enzymes, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and excessive mtDNA damage. To understand these manifestations, we analyzed Ant1-/- mouse skeletal muscle for changes in gene expression using our custom 644 and 1087 gene MITOCHIP microarrays and for changes in the protein levels of key mitochondrial transcription factors. Thirty-four mRNAs were found to be up-regulated and 29 mRNAs were down-regulated. Up-regulated mRNAs included the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) polypeptide and rRNA genes, selected nuclear-encoded OXPHOS genes, and stress-response genes including Mcl-1. Down-regulated mRNAs included glycolytic genes, pro-apoptotic genes, and c-Myc. The mitochondrial regulatory proteins Pgc-1alpha, Nrf-1, Tfam, and myogenin were up-regulated and could account for the induction of the OXPHOS and antioxidant enzymes. By contrast, c-Myc levels were reduced and might account for a reduction in apoptotic potential. Therefore, the Ant1-/- mouse skeletal muscle demonstrates that energy metabolism, antioxidant defenses, and apoptosis form an integrated metabolic network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaidya Subramaniam
- Center of Molecular and Mitochondrial Medicine and Genetics (MAMMAG) and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, 2010 Hewitt Hall, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Kim YS, Shin MJ, Yang DJ, Yamaguchi M, Park SY, Yoo MA. Transcriptional regulation of the Drosophila ANT gene by the DRE/DREF system. Genes Cells 2007; 12:569-79. [PMID: 17535248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2007.01075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) is a crucial component in the maintenance of cellular energy homeostasis, as well as in the formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pores. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating the expression of the ANT gene are poorly understood. In this study, we have identified three DNA replication-related elements (DRE; 5'-TATCGATA) in the 5'-flanking region of the Drosophila ANT (dANT) gene. Gel-mobility shift analyses revealed that all three of the DREs were recognized by the DRE-binding factor (DREF). The site-directed mutagenesis of these DRE sites induces a considerable reduction in the activity of the dANT gene promoter in vitro. Analyses with transgenic flies harboring a dANT-lacZ fusion gene bearing the wild-type or mutant DRE sites showed that the DRE sites were required for the expression of dANT in vivo. We determined that the over-expression or knockdown of DREF exerts a regulatory effect on the activity of the dANT promoter. In addition, we observed the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential in the eye imaginal discs in which DREF was over-expressed. These results show that DRE/DREF is a crucial regulator of dANT gene expression, and also suggest the possibility that cross-talk may occur between the DRE/DREF system and mitochondrial functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Kim
- Research Institute of Genetic Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
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46
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Hu M, Campbell BE, Pellegrino M, Loukas A, Beveridge I, Ranganathan S, Gasser RB. Genomic characterization of Tv-ant-1, a Caenorhabditis elegans tag-61 homologue from the parasitic nematode Trichostrongylus vitrinus. Gene 2007; 397:12-25. [PMID: 17512141 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2007] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA (Tv-ant-1) encoding an adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT or ADP/ATP translocase) (Tv-ANT-1) was isolated from Trichostrongylus vitrinus (order Strongylida), an economically important parasitic nematode of small ruminants. The uninterrupted open reading frame (ORF) of 894 nucleotides encoded a predicted protein of 297 amino acids, containing characteristic motifs [RRRMMM] and PX(D,E)XX(K,R). Comparison with selected sequences from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, cattle and human showed that Tv-ANT-1 is relatively conserved. Sequence identity was the greatest in and near the consensus sequence RRRMMM, and in the six hydrophobic regions predicted to be associated with alpha-helices and to traverse the cell membrane. Phylogenetic analyses of selected amino acid sequence data, using the neighbor-joining and maximum parsimony methods, revealed Tv-ANT-1 to be most closely related to the molecule (Ce-ANT-3) inferred from the tag-61 gene of C. elegans. Comparison of the genomic organization of the full-length Tv-ant-1 gene was similar to that of tag-61. Analysis of the region (5'-UTR) upstream of Tv-ant-1 identified some promoter components, including GATA transcription factor, CAAT and E-box elements. Transcriptional analysis by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) showed that Tv-ant-1 was transcribed in all developmental stages of T. vitrinus, including the first- to fourth- stage larvae (L(1)-L(4)) as well as female and male adults. RNA interference, conducted by feeding C. elegans with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) from Tv-ant-1 cDNA (using the homologous gene from C. elegans as a positive control), revealed no gene silencing. In spite of nucleotide identities of 100% in 23-30 bp stretches of sequence between the genes Tv-ant-1 and tag-61, these identities seem to be insufficient to achieve effective silencing in C. elegans using the parasite homologue/orthologue Tv-ant-1. This first insight into an ANT of T. vitrinus provides a foundation for exploring its role in developmental and/or survival processes of trichostrongylid nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hu
- Department of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria, Australia
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47
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Abstract
Irrespective of the morphological features of end-stage cell death (that may be apoptotic, necrotic, autophagic, or mitotic), mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is frequently the decisive event that delimits the frontier between survival and death. Thus mitochondrial membranes constitute the battleground on which opposing signals combat to seal the cell's fate. Local players that determine the propensity to MMP include the pro- and antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, proteins from the mitochondrialpermeability transition pore complex, as well as a plethora of interacting partners including mitochondrial lipids. Intermediate metabolites, redox processes, sphingolipids, ion gradients, transcription factors, as well as kinases and phosphatases link lethal and vital signals emanating from distinct subcellular compartments to mitochondria. Thus mitochondria integrate a variety of proapoptotic signals. Once MMP has been induced, it causes the release of catabolic hydrolases and activators of such enzymes (including those of caspases) from mitochondria. These catabolic enzymes as well as the cessation of the bioenergetic and redox functions of mitochondria finally lead to cell death, meaning that mitochondria coordinate the late stage of cellular demise. Pathological cell death induced by ischemia/reperfusion, intoxication with xenobiotics, neurodegenerative diseases, or viral infection also relies on MMP as a critical event. The inhibition of MMP constitutes an important strategy for the pharmaceutical prevention of unwarranted cell death. Conversely, induction of MMP in tumor cells constitutes the goal of anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Kroemer
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unit "Apoptosis, Cancer and Immunity," Université de Paris-Sud XI, Villejuif, France
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Le Bras M, Borgne-Sanchez A, Touat Z, El Dein OS, Deniaud A, Maillier E, Lecellier G, Rebouillat D, Lemaire C, Kroemer G, Jacotot E, Brenner C. Chemosensitization by knockdown of adenine nucleotide translocase-2. Cancer Res 2006; 66:9143-52. [PMID: 16982757 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-4407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane permeabilization (MMP) is a rate-limiting step of apoptosis, including in anticancer chemotherapy. Adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) mediates the exchange of ADP and ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane in healthy cells. In addition, ANT can cooperate with Bax to form a lethal pore during apoptosis. Humans possess four distinct ANT isoforms, encoded by four genes, whose transcription depends on the cell type, developmental stage, cell proliferation, and hormone status. Here, we show that the ANT2 gene is up-regulated in several hormone-dependent cancers. Knockdown of ANT2 by RNA interference induced no major changes in the aspect of the mitochondrial network or cell cycle but provoked minor increase in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reactive oxygen species level and reduced intracellular ATP concentration without affecting glycolysis. At expression and functional levels, ANT2 depletion was not compensated by other ANT isoforms. Most importantly, ANT2, but not ANT1, silencing facilitated MMP induction by lonidamine, a mitochondrion-targeted antitumor compound already used in clinical studies for breast, ovarian, glioma, and lung cancer as well as prostate adenoma. The combination of ANT2 knockdown with lonidamine induced apoptosis irrespective of the Bcl-2 status. These data identify ANT2 as an endogenous inhibitor of MMP and suggest that its selective inhibition could constitute a promising strategy of chemosensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Le Bras
- Centre National de la Reserche Scientifique UMR 8159, Université de Versailles/St. Quentin, Versailles, France
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Abstract
The permeability transition pore (PTP) is a multi-protein complex at contact sites of the inner with the outer mitochondrial membrane. Research over the past years has led to the concept that the PTP occupies a central role in cell death induction. Numerous apoptosis signals convert this protein aggregate into an unspecific pore, thus activating mitochondria for the cellular self-destruction process. Here, we describe the evidence for this and the various approaches being undertaken to elucidate its subunit composition and mode of regulation. In particular, we review data that indicate a role of specific PTP subunits for apoptosis inhibition during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brenner
- University of Versailles/St Quentin, CNRS UMR 8159, Versailles, France.
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50
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Galluzzi L, Larochette N, Zamzami N, Kroemer G. Mitochondria as therapeutic targets for cancer chemotherapy. Oncogene 2006; 25:4812-30. [PMID: 16892093 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1209598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are vital for cellular bioenergetics and play a central role in determining the point-of-no-return of the apoptotic process. As a consequence, mitochondria exert a dual function in carcinogenesis. Cancer-associated changes in cellular metabolism (the Warburg effect) influence mitochondrial function, and the invalidation of apoptosis is linked to an inhibition of mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). On theoretical grounds, it is tempting to develop specific therapeutic interventions that target the mitochondrial Achilles' heel, rendering cancer cells metabolically unviable or subverting endogenous MOMP inhibitors. A variety of experimental therapeutic agents can directly target mitochondria, causing apoptosis induction. This applies to a heterogeneous collection of chemically unrelated compounds including positively charged alpha-helical peptides, agents designed to mimic the Bcl-2 homology domain 3 of Bcl-2-like proteins, ampholytic cations, metals and steroid-like compounds. Such MOMP inducers or facilitators can induce apoptosis by themselves (monotherapy) or facilitate apoptosis induction in combination therapies, bypassing chemoresistance against DNA-damaging agents. In addition, it is possible to design molecules that neutralize inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) or heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Such IAP or HSP70 inhibitors can mimic the action of mitochondrion-derived mediators (Smac/DIABLO, that is, second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with a low isoelectric point, in the case of IAPs; AIF, that is apoptosis-inducing factor, in the case of HSP70) and exert potent chemosensitizing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Galluzzi
- CNRS-FRE 2939, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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