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Shah DD, Chorawala MR, Mansuri MKA, Parekh PS, Singh S, Prajapati BG. Biogenic metallic nanoparticles: from green synthesis to clinical translation. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03236-y. [PMID: 38935128 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03236-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Biogenic metallic nanoparticles (NPs) have garnered significant attention in recent years due to their unique properties and various applications in different fields. NPs, including gold, silver, zinc oxide, copper, titanium, and magnesium oxide NPs, have attracted considerable interest. Green synthesis approaches, utilizing natural products, offer advantages such as sustainability and environmental friendliness. The theranostics applications of these NPs hold immense significance in the fields of medicine and diagnostics. The review explores intricate cellular uptake pathways, internalization dynamics, reactive oxygen species generation, and ensuing inflammatory responses, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms governing their behaviour at a molecular level. Intriguingly, biogenic metallic NPs exhibit a wide array of applications in medicine, including but not limited to anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetic, anti-plasmodial, antiviral properties and radical scavenging efficacy. Their potential in personalized medicine stands out, with a focus on tailoring treatments to individual patients based on these NPs' unique attributes and targeted delivery capabilities. The article culminates in emphasizing the role of biogenic metallic NPs in shaping the landscape of personalized medicine. Harnessing their unique properties for tailored therapeutics, diagnostics and targeted interventions, these NPs pave the way for a paradigm shift in healthcare, promising enhanced efficacy and reduced adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Disha D Shah
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mehul R Chorawala
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Mohammad Kaif A Mansuri
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy Practice, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Priyajeet S Parekh
- AV Pharma LLC, 1545 University Blvd N Ste A, Jacksonville, FL, 32211, USA
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
- Office of Research Administration, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand.
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana, Gujarat, 384012, India.
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, 73000, Thailand.
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2
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Tkachenko A. Hemocompatibility studies in nanotoxicology: Hemolysis or eryptosis? (A review). Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 98:105814. [PMID: 38582230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Hemocompatibility evaluation is an important step in nanotoxicological studies. It is generally accepted that nanomaterials promote lysis of erythrocytes, blood clotting, alter phagocytosis, and upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, there are no standardized guidelines for testing nanomaterials hemocompatibility despite the fact that nanomaterials enter the bloodstream and interact with blood cells. In this review, the current knowledge on the ability of nanomaterials to induce distinct cell death modalities of erythrocytes is highlighted primarily focusing on hemolysis and eryptosis. This review aims to summarize the molecular mechanisms underlying erythrotoxicity of nanomaterials and critically compare the sensitivity and efficiency of hemolysis or eryptosis assays for nanomaterials blood compatibility testing. The list of eryptosis-inducing nanomaterials is growing, but it is still difficult to generalize how physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles affect eryptosis degree and molecular mechanisms involved. Thus, another aim of this review is to raise the awareness of eryptosis as a nanotoxicological tool to encourage the corresponding studies. It is worthwhile to consider adding eryptosis to in vitro nanomaterials hemocompatibility testing protocols and guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Tkachenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Průmyslová 595, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic.
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3
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Nawaz T, Gu L, Fahad S, Saud S, Bleakley B, Zhou R. Exploring Sustainable Agriculture with Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria and Nanotechnology. Molecules 2024; 29:2534. [PMID: 38893411 PMCID: PMC11173783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and plants offers a promising avenue for sustainable agricultural practices and environmental remediation. This review paper explores the molecular interactions between nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and nanoparticles, shedding light on their potential synergies in agricultural nanotechnology. Delving into the evolutionary history and specialized adaptations of cyanobacteria, this paper highlights their pivotal role in fixing atmospheric nitrogen, which is crucial for ecosystem productivity. The review discusses the unique characteristics of metal nanoparticles and their emerging applications in agriculture, including improved nutrient delivery, stress tolerance, and disease resistance. It delves into the complex mechanisms of nanoparticle entry into plant cells, intracellular transport, and localization, uncovering the impact on root-shoot translocation and systemic distribution. Furthermore, the paper elucidates cellular responses to nanoparticle exposure, emphasizing oxidative stress, signaling pathways, and enhanced nutrient uptake. The potential of metal nanoparticles as carriers of essential nutrients and their implications for nutrient-use efficiency and crop yield are also explored. Insights into the modulation of plant stress responses, disease resistance, and phytoremediation strategies demonstrate the multifaceted benefits of nanoparticles in agriculture. Current trends, prospects, and challenges in agricultural nanotechnology are discussed, underscoring the need for responsible and safe nanoparticle utilization. By harnessing the power of nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and leveraging the unique attributes of nanoparticles, this review paves the way for innovative, sustainable, and efficient agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taufiq Nawaz
- Department of Biology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Liping Gu
- Department of Biology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Shah Fahad
- Department of Biology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
- Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, KP, Pakistan
| | - Shah Saud
- College of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Bruce Bleakley
- Department of Biology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Ruanbao Zhou
- Department of Biology/Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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4
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Custódio B, Carneiro P, Marques J, Leiro V, Valentim AM, Sousa M, Santos SD, Bessa J, Pêgo AP. Biological Response Following the Systemic Injection of PEG-PAMAM-Rhodamine Conjugates in Zebrafish. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:608. [PMID: 38794270 PMCID: PMC11125904 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous therapeutic and diagnostic approaches used within a clinical setting depend on the administration of compounds via systemic delivery. Biomaterials at the nanometer scale, as dendrimers, act as delivery systems by improving cargo bioavailability, circulation time, and the targeting of specific tissues. Although evaluating the efficacy of pharmacological agents based on nanobiomaterials is crucial, conducting toxicological assessments of biomaterials is essential for advancing clinical translation. Here, a zebrafish larvae model was explored to assess the biocompatibility of poly(amido amine) (PAMAM), one of the most exploited dendrimers for drug delivery. We report the impact of a systemic injection of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified G4 PAMAM conjugated with rhodamine (Rho) as a mimetic drug (PEG-PAMAM-Rho) on survival, animal development, inflammation, and neurotoxicity. A concentration- and time-dependent effect was observed on mortality, developmental morphology, and innate immune system activation (macrophages). Significant effects in toxicological indicators were reported in the highest tested concentration (50 mg/mL PEG-PAMAM-Rho) as early as 48 h post-injection. Additionally, a lower concentration of PEG-PAMAM-Rho (5 mg/mL) was found to be safe and subsequently tested for neurotoxicity through behavioral assays. In accordance, no significative signs of toxicity were detected. In conclusion, the dose response of the animal was assessed, and the safe dosage for future use in theragnostics was defined. Additionally, new methodologies were established that can be adapted to further studies in toxicology using other nanosystems for systemic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Custódio
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Carneiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Marques
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Victoria Leiro
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana M. Valentim
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Sousa
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
| | - Sofia D. Santos
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - José Bessa
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
- IBMC—Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P. Pêgo
- i3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal (S.D.S.)
- INEB—Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, R. Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Dhanisha SS, Drishya S, Guruvayoorappan C. Encapsulating Naringenin in biomimetic proteolipid vesicles abrogates cancer metastasis by targeting apoptotic signaling axis. Food Chem 2024; 434:137445. [PMID: 37741236 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Naringenin (NG) belongs to the class of flavanones having impressive pharmacological properties. Unfortunately, the in vivo bioavailability of NG is very low due to its higher hydrophobicity, which limits its practical use. Thus, in this study, we tried to develop NG-loaded macrophage membrane-coated liposome-based biomimetic nanoparticles with distinct physicochemical compositions and biological attributes for improving their bioavailability at the target site. The developed biomimetic nanoparticle (BNP) has shown good biocompatibility, stability, satisfactory particle size, pH-responsive drug (NG) release kinetics, and higher cellular uptake in vitro. The anti-metastatic efficacy of NGBNP has confirmed in syngeneic athymic BALB/c nude experimental models. By western blot analysis, semi-quantitative PCR, real-time PCR, and IHC, we conclude that NGBNP gets localized on the metastatic niche via its surface receptor α4, β1 integrin, and VCAM1 of metastatic cells and reduces the number of metastatic colonies in the lungs via regulating the apoptotic signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Sulekha Dhanisha
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Sudarsanan Drishya
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India
| | - Chandrasekharan Guruvayoorappan
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Division of Cancer Research, Regional Cancer Centre, Medical College Campus, Thiruvananthapuram 695011, Kerala, India.
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6
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Tscheuschner L, Tzafriri AR. Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Models for Atherosclerosis Treatment Development. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1373. [PMID: 38135964 PMCID: PMC10740643 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10121373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the early years of tissue engineering, scientists focused on the generation of healthy-like tissues and organs to replace diseased tissue areas with the aim of filling the gap between organ demands and actual organ donations. Over time, the realization has set in that there is an additional large unmet need for suitable disease models to study their progression and to test and refine different treatment approaches. Increasingly, researchers have turned to tissue engineering to address this need for controllable translational disease models. We review existing and potential uses of tissue-engineered disease models in cardiovascular research and suggest guidelines for generating adequate disease models, aimed both at studying disease progression mechanisms and supporting the development of dedicated drug-delivery therapies. This involves the discussion of different requirements for disease models to test drugs, nanoparticles, and drug-eluting devices. In addition to realistic cellular composition, the different mechanical and structural properties that are needed to simulate pathological reality are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Tscheuschner
- Department of Vascular Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Abraham R. Tzafriri
- Department of Research and Innovation, CBSET Inc., Lexington, MA 02421, USA;
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7
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Lima ES, dos Santos D, Souza AL, Macedo ME, Bandeira ME, Junior SSS, Fiuza BSD, Rocha VPC, dos Santos Fonseca LM, Nunes DDG, Hodel KVS, Machado BAS. RNA Combined with Nanoformulation to Advance Therapeutic Technologies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1634. [PMID: 38139761 PMCID: PMC10745936 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid-based therapies have the potential to address numerous diseases that pose significant challenges to more traditional methods. RNA-based therapies have emerged as a promising avenue, utilizing nanoformulation treatments to target a range of pathologies. Nanoformulation offers several advantages compared to other treatment modalities, including targeted delivery, low toxicity, and bioactivity suitable for drug loading. At present, various types of nanoformulations are available, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), magnetic NPs, nanoshells, and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). RNA-based therapy utilizes intracellular gene nanoparticles with messenger RNA (mRNA) emerging prominently in cancer therapy and immunotechnology against infectious diseases. The approval of mRNA-based technology opens doors for future technological advancements, particularly self-amplifying replicon RNA (repRNA). RepRNA is a novel platform in gene therapy, comprising viral RNA with a unique molecular property that enables the amplification of all encoded genetic information countless times. As a result, repRNA-based therapies have achieved significant levels of gene expression. In this context, the primary objective of this study is to furnish a comprehensive review of repRNA and its applications in nanoformulation treatments, with a specific focus on encapsulated nanoparticles. The overarching goal is to provide an extensive overview of the use of repRNA in conjunction with nanoformulations across a range of treatments and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems (CIMATEC ISI SAS), University Center SENAI/CIMATEC (Integrated Manufacturing and Technology Campus), Salvador 41650-010, Brazil; (E.S.L.); (D.d.S.); (A.L.S.); (M.E.M.); (M.E.B.); (S.S.S.J.); (B.S.D.F.); (V.P.C.R.); (L.M.d.S.F.); (D.D.G.N.); (K.V.S.H.)
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8
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Alghamdi S, Khandelwal K, Pandit S, Roy A, Ray S, Alsaiari AA, Aljuaid A, Almehmadi M, Allahyani M, Sharma R, Anand J, Alshareef AA. Application of nanomaterials as potential quorum quenchers for disease: Recent advances and challenges. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 184:13-31. [PMID: 37666284 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemical signal molecules are used by bacteria to interact with one another. Small hormone-like molecules known as autoinducers are produced, released, detected, and responded to during chemical communication. Quorum Sensing (QS) is the word for this procedure; it allows bacterial populations to communicate and coordinate group behavior. Several research has been conducted on using inhibitors to prevent QS and minimize the detrimental consequences. Through the enzymatic breakdown of the autoinducer component, by preventing the formation of autoinducers, or by blocking their reception by adding some compounds (inhibitors) that can mimic the autoinducers, a technique known as "quorum quenching" (QQ) disrupts microbial communication. Numerous techniques, including colorimetry, electrochemistry, bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, fluorescence, chromatography-mass spectroscopy, and many more, can be used to test QS/QQ. They all permit quantitative and qualitative measurements of QS/QQ molecules. The mechanism of QS and QQ, as well as the use of QQ in the prevention of biofilms, are all elaborated upon in this writing, along with the fundamental study of nanoparticle (NP)in QQ. Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Alghamdi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krisha Khandelwal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University Greater Noida, India
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University Greater Noida, India
| | - Arpita Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Sharda School of Engineering & Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, India.
| | - Subhasree Ray
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University Greater Noida, India
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Aljuaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasa Shastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jigisha Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, Graphic Era Deemed to be University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ahmad Adnan Alshareef
- Laboratory and Blood Bank Department, Alnoor Specialist Hospital, Ministry of Health, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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9
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Yuan J, Ding L, Han L, Pang L, Zhang P, Yang X, Liu H, Zheng M, Zhang Y, Luo W. Thermal/ultrasound-triggered release of liposomes loaded with Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharide from microbubbles for enhanced tumour ablation. J Control Release 2023; 363:84-100. [PMID: 37730090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of thermal ablation for the treatment of liver tumours is limited by the risk of incomplete ablation, which can result in residual tumours. Herein, an enhancement strategy is proposed based on the controlled release of Ganoderma applanatum polysaccharide (GAP) liposome-microbubble complexes (GLMCs) via ultrasound (US)-targeted microbubble destruction (UTMD) and sublethal hyperthermic (SH) field. GLMCs were prepared by conjugating GAP liposomes onto the surface of microbubbles via biotin-avidin linkage. In vitro, UTMD promotes the cellular uptake of liposomes and leads to apoptosis of M2-like macrophages. Secretion of arginase-1 (Arg-1) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) by M2-like macrophages decreased. In vivo, restriction of tumour volume was observed in rabbit VX2 liver tumours after treatment with GLMCs via UTMD in GLMCs + SH + US group. The expression levels of CD68 and CD163, as markers of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the GLMCs + SH + US group were reduced in liver tumour tissue. Decreased Arg-1, TGF-β, Ki67, and CD31 factors related to tumour cell proliferation and angiogenesis was evident on histological analysis. In conclusion, thermal/US-triggered drug release from GLMCs suppressed rabbit VX2 liver tumour growth in the SH field by inhibiting TAMs, which represents a potential approach to improve the effectiveness of thermal ablation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiani Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Han
- Department of Ultrasound, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Lina Pang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peidi Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Haijing Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Minjuan Zheng
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Second Affiliated Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Wen Luo
- Department of Ultrasound, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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10
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Gakis GP, Aviziotis IG, Charitidis CA. A structure-activity approach towards the toxicity assessment of multicomponent metal oxide nanomaterials. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:16432-16446. [PMID: 37791566 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03174h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
The increase of human and environmental exposure to engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) due to the emergence of nanotechnology has raised concerns over their safety. The challenging nature of in vivo and in vitro toxicity assessment methods for ENMs, has led to emerging in silico techniques for ENM toxicity assessment, such as structure-activity relationship (SAR) models. Although such approaches have been extensively developed for the case of single-component nanomaterials, the case of multicomponent nanomaterials (MCNMs) has not been thoroughly addressed. In this paper, we present a SAR approach for the case metal and metal oxide MCNMs. The developed SAR framework is built using a dataset of 796 individual toxicity measurements for 340 different MCNMs, towards human cells, mammalian cells, and bacteria. The novelty of the approach lies in the multicomponent nature of the nanomaterials, as well as the size, diversity and heterogeneous nature of the dataset used. Furthermore, the approach used to calculate descriptors for surface loaded MCNMs, and the mechanistic insight provided by the model results can assist the understanding of MCNM toxicity. The developed models are able to correctly predict the toxic class of the MCNMs in the heterogeneous dataset, towards a wide range of human cells, mammalian cells and bacteria. Using the abovementioned approach, the principal toxicity pathways and mechanisms are identified, allowing a more holistic understanding of metal oxide MCNM toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Gakis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografos, Athens 15780, Greece.
| | - I G Aviziotis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografos, Athens 15780, Greece.
| | - C A Charitidis
- Research Lab of Advanced, Composite, Nano-Materials and Nanotechnology, Materials Science and Engineering Department, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Heroon Polytechneiou Street, Zografos, Athens 15780, Greece.
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11
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Harley-Troxell ME, Steiner R, Advincula RC, Anderson DE, Dhar M. Interactions of Cells and Biomaterials for Nerve Tissue Engineering: Polymers and Fabrication. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3685. [PMID: 37765540 PMCID: PMC10536046 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural injuries affect millions globally, significantly impacting their quality of life. The inability of these injuries to heal, limited ability to regenerate, and the lack of available treatments make regenerative medicine and tissue engineering a promising field of research for developing methods for nerve repair. This review evaluates the use of natural and synthetic polymers, and the fabrication methods applied that influence a cell's behavior. Methods include cross-linking hydrogels, incorporation of nanoparticles, and 3D printing with and without live cells. The endogenous cells within the injured area and any exogenous cells seeded on the polymer construct play a vital role in regulating healthy neural activity. This review evaluates the body's local and systemic reactions to the implanted materials. Although numerous variables are involved, many of these materials and methods have exhibited the potential to provide a biomaterial environment that promotes biocompatibility and the regeneration of a physical and functional nerve. Future studies may evaluate advanced methods for modifying material properties and characterizing the tissue-biomaterial interface for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan E. Harley-Troxell
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.E.H.-T.); (R.S.); (D.E.A.)
| | - Richard Steiner
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.E.H.-T.); (R.S.); (D.E.A.)
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA;
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David E. Anderson
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.E.H.-T.); (R.S.); (D.E.A.)
| | - Madhu Dhar
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; (M.E.H.-T.); (R.S.); (D.E.A.)
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Awashra M, Młynarz P. The toxicity of nanoparticles and their interaction with cells: an in vitro metabolomic perspective. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2674-2723. [PMID: 37205285 PMCID: PMC10186990 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00534d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanomaterials (NMs) are widely present in daily life due to their significant benefits, as demonstrated by their application in many fields such as biomedicine, engineering, food, cosmetics, sensing, and energy. However, the increasing production of NMs multiplies the chances of their release into the surrounding environment, making human exposure to NMs inevitable. Currently, nanotoxicology is a crucial field, which focuses on studying the toxicity of NMs. The toxicity or effects of nanoparticles (NPs) on the environment and humans can be preliminary assessed in vitro using cell models. However, the conventional cytotoxicity assays, such as the MTT assay, have some drawbacks including the possibility of interference with the studied NPs. Therefore, it is necessary to employ more advanced techniques that provide high throughput analysis and avoid interferences. In this case, metabolomics is one of the most powerful bioanalytical strategies to assess the toxicity of different materials. By measuring the metabolic change upon the introduction of a stimulus, this technique can reveal the molecular information of the toxicity induced by NPs. This provides the opportunity to design novel and efficient nanodrugs and minimizes the risks of NPs used in industry and other fields. Initially, this review summarizes the ways that NPs and cells interact and the NP parameters that play a role in this interaction, and then the assessment of these interactions using conventional assays and the challenges encountered are discussed. Subsequently, in the main part, we introduce the recent studies employing metabolomics for the assessment of these interactions in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Awashra
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University 02150 Espoo Finland
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wroclaw Poland
| | - Piotr Młynarz
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Wroclaw Poland
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Hayrapetyan R, Lacour T, Luce A, Finot F, Chagnon MC, Séverin I. The cell transformation assay to assess potential carcinogenic properties of nanoparticles. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 791:108455. [PMID: 36933785 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are present in many daily life products with particular physical-chemical properties (size, density, porosity, geometry …) giving very interesting technological properties. Their use is continuously growing and NPs represent a new challenge in terms of risk assessment, consumers being multi-exposed. Toxic effects have already been identified such as oxidative stress, genotoxicity, inflammatory effects, and immune reactions, some of which are leading to carcinogenesis. Cancer is a complex phenomenon implying multiple modes of action and key events, and prevention strategies in cancer include a proper assessment of the properties of NPs. Therefore, introduction of new agents like NPs into the market creates fresh regulatory challenges for an adequate safety evaluation and requires new tools. The Cell Transformation Assay (CTA) is an in vitro test able of highlighting key events of characteristic phases in the cancer process, initiation and promotion. This review presents the development of this test and its use with NPs. The article underlines also the critical issues to address for assessing NPs carcinogenic properties and approaches for improving its relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruzanna Hayrapetyan
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) University of Burgundy, L'Institut Agro Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Théo Lacour
- GenEvolutioN - SEQENS' Lab Porcheville - Bâtiment 1, 2-8 rue de Rouen-ZI de Limay-Porcheville, F-78440 Porcheville, France
| | - Annette Luce
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) University of Burgundy, L'Institut Agro Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Francis Finot
- GenEvolutioN - SEQENS' Lab Porcheville - Bâtiment 1, 2-8 rue de Rouen-ZI de Limay-Porcheville, F-78440 Porcheville, France
| | - Marie-Christine Chagnon
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) University of Burgundy, L'Institut Agro Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Isabelle Séverin
- Nutrition Physiology and Toxicology Laboratory (NUTOX), INSERM U1231, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté (UBFC) University of Burgundy, L'Institut Agro Dijon, 1 Esplanade Erasme, F-21000 Dijon, France.
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14
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Petrikaite V, D'Avanzo N, Celia C, Fresta M. Nanocarriers overcoming biological barriers induced by multidrug resistance of chemotherapeutics in 2D and 3D cancer models. Drug Resist Updat 2023; 68:100956. [PMID: 36958083 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is currently a big challenge in cancer therapy and limits its success in several patients. Tumors use the MDR mechanisms to colonize the host and reduce the efficacy of chemotherapeutics that are injected as single agents or combinations. MDR mechanisms are responsible for inactivation of drugs and formbiological barriers in cancer like the drug efflux pumps, aberrant extracellular matrix, hypoxic areas, altered cell death mechanisms, etc. Nanocarriers have some potential to overcome these barriers and improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutics. In fact, they are versatile and can deliver natural and synthetic biomolecules, as well as RNAi/DNAi, thus providing a controlled release of drugs and a synergistic effect in tumor tissues. Biocompatible and safe multifunctional biopolymers, with or without specific targeting molecules, modify the surface and interface properties of nanocarriers. These modifications affect the interaction of nanocarriers with cellular models as well as the selection of suitable models for in vitro experiments. MDR cancer cells, and particularly their 2D and 3D models, in combination with anatomical and physiological structures of tumor tissues, can boost the design and preparation of nanomedicines for anticancer therapy. 2D and 3D cancer cell cultures are suitable models to study the interaction, internalization, and efficacy of nanocarriers, the mechanisms of MDR in cancer cells and tissues, and they are used to tailor a personalized medicine and improve the efficacy of anticancer treatment in patients. The description of molecular mechanisms and physio-pathological pathways of these models further allow the design of nanomedicine that can efficiently overcome biological barriers involved in MDR and test the activity of nanocarriers in 2D and 3D models of MDR cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilma Petrikaite
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Saulėtekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Nicola D'Avanzo
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro Campus Universitario-Germaneto, Viale Europa, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Christian Celia
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukilėlių pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania; Department of Pharmacy, University of Chieti - Pescara "G. d'Annunzio", Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Massimo Fresta
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Viale "S. Venuta" s.n.c., 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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15
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Soto-Bielicka P, Tejeda I, Peropadre A, Hazen MJ, Fernández Freire P. Detrimental effects of individual versus combined exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A and polystyrene nanoplastics in fish cell lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 98:104072. [PMID: 36690190 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential interactions between the diverse pollutants that can be released into the environment and the resulting outcomes are a challenging issue that needs to be further examined. This in vitro study was aimed to assess potential toxic effects caused by combined exposure to tetrabromobisphenol A, a flame retardant widely used and frequently detected in aquatic matrices, and commercially available polystyrene nanoparticles as reference material to evaluate nanoplastics risks. Our results, using freshwater fish cell lines and a set of relevant cytotoxicity endpoints including cell viability, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, provide additional mechanistic insights that could help to fully characterize the toxicity profiles of tetrabromobisphenol A and polystyrene nanoparticles. Furthermore, we describe subtle changes in cell viability as well as the generation of oxidative DNA damage after coexposure to subcytotoxic concentrations of the tested pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Soto-Bielicka
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Tejeda
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Peropadre
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - María José Hazen
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández Freire
- Department of Biology (Lab A-110), Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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16
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Shelar A, Nile SH, Singh AV, Rothenstein D, Bill J, Xiao J, Chaskar M, Kai G, Patil R. Recent Advances in Nano-Enabled Seed Treatment Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture: Challenges, Risk Assessment, and Future Perspectives. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:54. [PMID: 36795339 PMCID: PMC9935810 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Agro seeds are vulnerable to environmental stressors, adversely affecting seed vigor, crop growth, and crop productivity. Different agrochemical-based seed treatments enhance seed germination, but they can also cause damage to the environment; therefore, sustainable technologies such as nano-based agrochemicals are urgently needed. Nanoagrochemicals can reduce the dose-dependent toxicity of seed treatment, thereby improving seed viability and ensuring the controlled release of nanoagrochemical active ingredients However, the applications of nanoagrochemicals to plants in the field raise concerns about nanomaterial safety, exposure levels, and toxicological implications to the environment and human health. In the present comprehensive review, the development, scope, challenges, and risk assessments of nanoagrochemicals on seed treatment are discussed. Moreover, the implementation obstacles for nanoagrochemicals use in seed treatments, their commercialization potential, and the need for policy regulations to assess possible risks are also discussed. Based on our knowledge, this is the first time that we have presented legendary literature to readers in order to help them gain a deeper understanding of upcoming nanotechnologies that may enable the development of future generation seed treatment agrochemical formulations, their scope, and potential risks associated with seed treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amruta Shelar
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India
| | - Shivraj Hariram Nile
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ajay Vikram Singh
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dirk Rothenstein
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Joachim Bill
- Institute for Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Manohar Chaskar
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Provincial International S&T Cooperation Base for Active Ingredients of Medicinal and Edible Plants and Health, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Jinhua Academy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Rajendra Patil
- Department of Technology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
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Ruijter N, Soeteman-Hernández LG, Carrière M, Boyles M, McLean P, Catalán J, Katsumiti A, Cabellos J, Delpivo C, Sánchez Jiménez A, Candalija A, Rodríguez-Llopis I, Vázquez-Campos S, Cassee FR, Braakhuis H. The State of the Art and Challenges of In Vitro Methods for Human Hazard Assessment of Nanomaterials in the Context of Safe-by-Design. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:472. [PMID: 36770432 PMCID: PMC9920318 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Safe-by-Design (SbD) concept aims to facilitate the development of safer materials/products, safer production, and safer use and end-of-life by performing timely SbD interventions to reduce hazard, exposure, or both. Early hazard screening is a crucial first step in this process. In this review, for the first time, commonly used in vitro assays are evaluated for their suitability for SbD hazard testing of nanomaterials (NMs). The goal of SbD hazard testing is identifying hazard warnings in the early stages of innovation. For this purpose, assays should be simple, cost-effective, predictive, robust, and compatible. For several toxicological endpoints, there are indications that commonly used in vitro assays are able to predict hazard warnings. In addition to the evaluation of assays, this review provides insights into the effects of the choice of cell type, exposure and dispersion protocol, and the (in)accurate determination of dose delivered to cells on predictivity. Furthermore, compatibility of assays with challenging advanced materials and NMs released from nano-enabled products (NEPs) during the lifecycle is assessed, as these aspects are crucial for SbD hazard testing. To conclude, hazard screening of NMs is complex and joint efforts between innovators, scientists, and regulators are needed to further improve SbD hazard testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Ruijter
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marie Carrière
- Univ. Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, SyMMES-CIBEST, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Matthew Boyles
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Polly McLean
- Institute of Occupational Medicine (IOM), Edinburgh EH14 4AP, UK
| | - Julia Catalán
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, 00250 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Anatomy, Embryology and Genetics, University of Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto Katsumiti
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Isabel Rodríguez-Llopis
- GAIKER Technology Centre, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48170 Zamudio, Spain
| | | | - Flemming R. Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hedwig Braakhuis
- National Institute for Public Health & the Environment (RIVM), 3721 MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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18
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Bragato C, Mostoni S, D’Abramo C, Gualtieri M, Pomilla FR, Scotti R, Mantecca P. On the In Vitro and In Vivo Hazard Assessment of a Novel Nanomaterial to Reduce the Use of Zinc Oxide in the Rubber Vulcanization Process. TOXICS 2022; 10:781. [PMID: 36548614 PMCID: PMC9787408 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is the most efficient curing activator employed in the industrial rubber production. However, ZnO and Zn(II) ions are largely recognized as an environmental hazard being toxic to aquatic organisms, especially considering Zn(II) release during tire lifecycle. In this context, aiming at reducing the amount of microcrystalline ZnO, a novel activator was recently synthetized, constituted by ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) anchored to silica NPs (ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP). The objective of this work is to define the possible hazards deriving from the use of ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP compared to ZnO and SiO2 NPs traditionally used in the tire industry. The safety of the novel activators was assessed by in vitro testing, using human lung epithelial (A549) and immune (THP-1) cells, and by the in vivo model zebrafish (Danio rerio). The novel manufactured nanomaterial was characterized morphologically and structurally, and its effects evaluated in vitro by the measurement of the cell viability and the release of inflammatory mediators, while in vivo by the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test. Resulting data demonstrated that ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP, despite presenting some subtoxic events, exhibits the lack of acute effects both in vitro and in vivo, supporting the safe-by-design development of this novel material for the rubber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Bragato
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Christian D’Abramo
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rita Pomilla
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Yedgar S, Barshtein G, Gural A. Hemolytic Activity of Nanoparticles as a Marker of Their Hemocompatibility. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13122091. [PMID: 36557391 PMCID: PMC9783501 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential use of nanomaterials in medicine offers opportunities for novel therapeutic approaches to treating complex disorders. For that reason, a new branch of science, named nanotoxicology, which aims to study the dangerous effects of nanomaterials on human health and on the environment, has recently emerged. However, the toxicity and risk associated with nanomaterials are unclear or not completely understood. The development of an adequate experimental strategy for assessing the toxicity of nanomaterials may include a rapid/express method that will reliably, quickly, and cheaply make an initial assessment. One possibility is the characterization of the hemocompatibility of nanomaterials, which includes their hemolytic activity as a marker. In this review, we consider various factors affecting the hemolytic activity of nanomaterials and draw the reader's attention to the fact that the formation of a protein corona around a nanoparticle can significantly change its interaction with the red cell. This leads us to suggest that the nanomaterial hemolytic activity in the buffer does not reflect the situation in the blood plasma. As a recommendation, we propose studying the hemocompatibility of nanomaterials under more physiologically relevant conditions, in the presence of plasma proteins in the medium and under mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Yedgar
- Department of Biochemistry, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Gregory Barshtein
- Department of Biochemistry, The Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Alexander Gural
- Blood Bank, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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20
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Yang QQ, Chen J, Zhou YL, Tang JB. The influence of a nanoparticle gel loaded with siRNA-cyclooxygenase on flexor tendon healing: an in vivo animal study. J Hand Surg Eur Vol 2022; 47:1064-1070. [PMID: 35808812 DOI: 10.1177/17531934221109709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 siRNAs delivered through a nanoparticle-gel system on the strength of flexor tendon repairs. Sixteen flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons of chicken toes were transected, repaired and wrapped with gels to evaluate gel adherence. We found that the gel adhered to the tendon surface firmly. Next, 56 tendons were used in a first set of in vivo experiments to compare the therapeutic effects of different doses of COX siRNAs. Another 15 tendons were added in a second set to further assess the effects of a dosage of 12 μg. After 4 weeks, the mean strength of the repaired tendons increased most notably in the toes treated with 12 μg COX siRNAs, and the number of samples with low strength (<35 N) was significantly smaller than in the group without molecular treatment. We conclude that COX-1 and COX-2 siRNAs delivered through a nanoparticle-gel system increased the healing strength of the repaired tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qian Yang
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - You Lang Zhou
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Bo Tang
- The Hand Surgery Research Center, Department of Hand Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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21
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Conti A, Campagnolo L, Diciotti S, Pietroiusti A, Toschi N. Predicting the cytotoxicity of nanomaterials through explainable, extreme gradient boosting. Nanotoxicology 2022; 16:844-856. [PMID: 36533909 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2022.2156823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are a wide class of materials currently used in several industrial and biomedical applications. Due to their small size (1-100 nm), NPs can easily enter the human body, inducing tissue damage. NP toxicity depends on physical and chemical NP properties (e.g., size, charge and surface area) in ways and magnitudes that are still unknown. We assess the average as well as the individual importance of NP atomic descriptors, along with chemical properties and experimental conditions, in determining cytotoxicity endpoints for several nanomaterials. We employ a multicenter cytotoxicity nanomaterial database (12 different materials with first and second dimensions ranging between 2.70 and 81.2 nm and between 4.10 and 4048 nm, respectively). We develop a regressor model based on extreme gradient boosting with hyperparameter optimization. We employ Shapley additive explanations to obtain good cytotoxicity prediction performance. Model performances are quantified as statistically significant Spearman correlations between the true and predicted values, ranging from 0.5 to 0.7. Our results show that i) size in situ and surface areas larger than 200 nm and 50 m2/g, respectively, ii) primary particles smaller than 20 nm; iii) irregular (i.e., not spherical) shapes and iv) positive Z-potentials contribute the most to the prediction of NP cytotoxicity, especially if lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays are employed for short experimental times. These results were moderately stable across toxicity endpoints, although some degree of variability emerged across dose quantification methods, confirming the complexity of nano-bio interactions and the need for large, systematic experimental characterization to reach a safer-by-design approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Conti
- Medical Physics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Campagnolo
- Histology and Embryology Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Diciotti
- Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering 'Guglielmo Marconi', University of Bologna, Cesena, Italy.,Alma Mater Research Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Toschi
- Medical Physics Section, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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22
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Chen Q, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Toxicokinetics, dose-response, and risk assessment of nanomaterials: Methodology, challenges, and future perspectives. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1808. [PMID: 36416026 PMCID: PMC9699155 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of nanomaterial applications has raised safety concerns for human health. A number of studies have been conducted to assess the toxicokinetics, toxicology, dose-response, and risk assessment of different nanomaterials using in vitro and in vivo animal and human models. However, current studies cannot meet the demand for efficient assessment of toxicokinetics, dose-response relationships, or the toxicological risk arising from the rapidly increasing number of newly synthesized nanomaterials. In this article, we review the methods for conducting toxicokinetics, hazard identification, dose-response, exposure, and risk assessment studies of nanomaterials, identify the knowledge gaps, and discuss the challenges remaining. We provide the rationale behind the appropriate design of nanomaterial plasma toxicokinetic and tissue distribution studies, including caveats on the interpretation and correlation of in vitro and in vivo toxicology studies. The potential of using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to extrapolate toxicokinetic and toxicity findings from in vitro to in vivo and from animals to humans is discussed, and the knowledge gaps of PBPK modeling for nanomaterials are identified. While challenges still exist, there has been progress in the toxicokinetics, hazard identification, and risk assessment of nanomaterials in the past two decades. Recent advancements in the field are highlighted with relevant examples. We also share latest guidelines as well as our perspectives on future studies needed to characterize the toxicokinetics, toxicity, and dose-response relationship in support of nanomaterial risk assessment. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Regulatory and Policy Issues in Nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Chen
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jim E. Riviere
- 1Data Consortium, Kansas State University, Olathe, Kansas, USA
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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23
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Eder KM, Marzi A, Wågbø AM, Vermeulen JP, de la Fonteyne-Blankestijn LJJ, Rösslein M, Ossig R, Klinkenberg G, Vandebriel RJ, Schnekenburger J. Standardization of an in vitro assay matrix to assess cytotoxicity of organic nanocarriers: a pilot interlaboratory comparison. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2187-2206. [PMID: 35794354 PMCID: PMC9360155 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnologies such as nanoparticles are established components of new medical devices and pharmaceuticals. The use and distribution of these materials increases the requirement for standardized evaluation of possible adverse effects, starting with a general cytotoxicity screening. The Horizon 2020 project "Regulatory Science Framework for Nano(bio)material-based Medical Products and Devices (REFINE)" identified in vitro cytotoxicity quantification as a central task and first step for risk assessment and development for medical nanocarriers. We have performed an interlaboratory comparison on a cell-assay matrix including a kinetic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release cell death and WST-8 cell viability assay adapted for testing organic nanocarriers in four well-characterized cell lines of different organ origins. Identical experiments were performed by three laboratories, namely the Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the University of Münster, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (SINTEF), and the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) of the Netherlands according to new standard operating procedures (SOPs). The experiments confirmed that LipImage™ 815 lipidots® are non-cytotoxic up to a concentration of 128 µg/mL and poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) (PACA) nanoparticles for drug delivery of cytostatic agents caused dose-dependent cytotoxic effects on the cell lines starting from 8 µg/mL. PACA nanoparticles loaded with the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) cabazitaxel showed a less pronounced dose-dependent effect with the lowest concentration of 2 µg/mL causing cytotoxic effects. The mean within laboratory standard deviation was 4.9% for the WST-8 cell viability assay and 4.0% for the LDH release cell death assay, while the between laboratory standard deviation was 7.3% and 7.8% for the two assays, respectively. Here, we demonstrated the suitability and reproducibility of a cytotoxicity matrix consisting of two endpoints performed with four cell lines across three partner laboratories. The experimental procedures described here can facilitate a robust cytotoxicity screening for the development of organic nanomaterials used in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Moritz Eder
- Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Anne Marzi
- Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ane Marit Wågbø
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (SINTEF), 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jolanda P Vermeulen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Rösslein
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA), CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Rainer Ossig
- Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Geir Klinkenberg
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry (SINTEF), 7034, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jürgen Schnekenburger
- Biomedical Technology Center (BMTZ) of the Medical Faculty, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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24
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Marcelo GA, Galhano J, Duarte MP, Capelo-Martínez JL, Lodeiro C, Oliveira E. Validation of a Standard Luminescence Method for the Fast Determination of the Antimicrobial Activity of Nanoparticles in Escherichia coli. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132164. [PMID: 35807997 PMCID: PMC9268724 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles in multiple industries has raised concerned voices about the assessment of their toxicity/antimicrobial activity and the development of standardized handling protocols. Issues emerge during the antimicrobial assaying of multiple cargo, colorimetric, colloidal nanoformulations, as standard protocols often rely on visual evaluations, or optical density (OD) measurements, leading to high variance inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Thus, a fast, luminescence-based assay for the effective assessment of the antimicrobial activity of nanoparticles is herein reported, using the bioluminescence of an in-house E. coli ATCC® 8739TM construct with the pMV306G13 + Lux plasmid (E. coli Lux). The new strain’s sensitivity to ofloxacin as a standard antibiotic was confirmed, and the methodology robustness verified against multiple nanoparticles and colorimetric drugs. The reduction of incubation from 24 to only 8 h, and the sole use of luminescence (LUX490) to accurately determine and distinguish MIC50 and MIC90, are two main advantages of the method. By discarding OD measurements, one can avoid turbidity and color interferences when calculating bacterial growth. This approach is an important tool that contributes to the standardization of methods, reducing samples’ background interference and focusing on luminescence as a direct probe for bacterial metabolic activity, growth and, most importantly, the correct assessment of nanomaterials’ antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo A. Marcelo
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
| | - Joana Galhano
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
| | - Maria Paula Duarte
- MEtRICs, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.P.D.); (E.O.)
| | - José Luis Capelo-Martínez
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Elisabete Oliveira
- BIOSCOPE Group, LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, FCT NOVA, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (G.A.M.); (J.G.); (J.L.C.-M.); (C.L.)
- PROTEOMASS Scientific Society, Rua dos Inventores, Madam Parque, Caparica Campus, 2825-182 Caparica, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.P.D.); (E.O.)
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25
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Guo WB, Wu C, Yang L, Pan K, Miao AJ. Nanoparticle pre- or co-exposure affects bacterial ingestion by the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 429:128268. [PMID: 35101755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although nanoparticles' (NPs) toxicity has been intensively studied, their effects on bacterial ingestion by protozoans (as an important component of the microbial loop) is unknown. This study investigated the effects of NPs of different chemical composition [hematite (HemNPs), anatase (AnaNPs), and silica (SiNPs) NPs] and size [SiNPs with particle size of 20 (Si-20), 100 (Si-100), and 500 (Si-500) nm] on the ingestion of Escherichia coli by the protozoan Tetrahymena thermophila. Potential differences between pre- vs. co-exposure were also assessed. Pre-exposure to HemNPs had no effects on bacterial ingestion but the other NPs caused a significant inhibition, due to their inhibition of ATP synthesis and the down-regulation of phagocytosis-related genes (ACT1 and CTHB). Contrastively, co-exposure to HemNPs and Si-20 didn't affect bacterial ingestion while co-exposure to AnaNPs (Si-100 and Si-500) induced (inhibited) ingestion. The stimulatory effect of AnaNPs was due to their induction of an increase in the intracellular Ca concentration of T. thermophila whereas the inhibitory effects of Si-100 and Si-500 were attributable to ATP synthesis reduction, enhanced bacterial cell aggregation, and competition between the bacterial cells and the NPs. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the environmental risks of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China
| | - Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210023, PR China.
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26
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Forest V. Experimental and Computational Nanotoxicology-Complementary Approaches for Nanomaterial Hazard Assessment. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081346. [PMID: 35458054 PMCID: PMC9031966 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The growing development and applications of nanomaterials lead to an increasing release of these materials in the environment. The adverse effects they may elicit on ecosystems or human health are not always fully characterized. Such potential toxicity must be carefully assessed with the underlying mechanisms elucidated. To that purpose, different approaches can be used. First, experimental toxicology consisting of conducting in vitro or in vivo experiments (including clinical studies) can be used to evaluate the nanomaterial hazard. It can rely on variable models (more or less complex), allowing the investigation of different biological endpoints. The respective advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo models are discussed as well as some issues associated with experimental nanotoxicology. Perspectives of future developments in the field are also proposed. Second, computational nanotoxicology, i.e., in silico approaches, can be used to predict nanomaterial toxicity. In this context, we describe the general principles, advantages, and limitations especially of quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models and grouping/read-across approaches. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of these different approaches based on examples and highlight their complementarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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27
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Mass Cytometry Exploration of Immunomodulatory Responses of Human Immune Cells Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030630. [PMID: 35336005 PMCID: PMC8954471 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing production and application of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have raised concerns on their possible adverse effects on human health. However, a comprehensive understanding of their effects on biological systems, especially immunomodulatory responses involving various immune cell types and biomolecules (e.g., cytokines and chemokines), is still incomplete. In this study, a single-cell-based, high-dimensional mass cytometry approach is used to investigate the immunomodulatory responses of Ag NPs using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs) exposed to poly-vinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP)-coated Ag NPs of different core sizes (i.e., 10-, 20-, and 40-nm). Although there were no severe cytotoxic effects observed, PVPAg10 and PVPAg20 were excessively found in monocytes and dendritic cells, while PVPAg40 displayed more affinity with B cells and natural killer cells, thereby triggering the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-17A, IL-17F, MIP1β, TNFα, and IFNγ. Our findings indicate that under the exposure conditions tested in this study, Ag NPs only triggered the inflammatory responses in a size-dependent manner rather than induce cytotoxicity in hPBMCs. Our study provides an appropriate ex vivo model to better understand the human immune responses against Ag NP at a single-cell level, which can contribute to the development of targeted drug delivery, vaccine developments, and cancer radiotherapy treatments.
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28
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Đorđević S, Gonzalez MM, Conejos-Sánchez I, Carreira B, Pozzi S, Acúrcio RC, Satchi-Fainaro R, Florindo HF, Vicent MJ. Current hurdles to the translation of nanomedicines from bench to the clinic. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:500-525. [PMID: 34302274 PMCID: PMC8300981 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01024-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of nanomedicine has significantly influenced research areas such as drug delivery, diagnostics, theranostics, and regenerative medicine; however, the further development of this field will face significant challenges at the regulatory level if related guidance remains unclear and unconsolidated. This review describes those features and pathways crucial to the clinical translation of nanomedicine and highlights considerations for early-stage product development. These include identifying those critical quality attributes of the drug product essential for activity and safety, appropriate analytical methods (physical, chemical, biological) for characterization, important process parameters, and adequate pre-clinical models. Additional concerns include the evaluation of batch-to-batch consistency and considerations regarding scaling up that will ensure a successful reproducible manufacturing process. Furthermore, we advise close collaboration with regulatory agencies from the early stages of development to assure an aligned position to accelerate the development of future nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana Đorđević
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Prince Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Av, Spain
| | - María Medel Gonzalez
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Prince Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Av, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Conejos-Sánchez
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Prince Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Av, Spain
| | - Barbara Carreira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sabina Pozzi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Rita C Acúrcio
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ronit Satchi-Fainaro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Helena F Florindo
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Professor Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - María J Vicent
- Polymer Therapeutics Laboratory, Prince Felipe Research Center (CIPF), Eduardo Primo Yúfera 3, 46012, Valencia, Av, Spain.
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Couto C, Almeida A. Metallic Nanoparticles in the Food Sector: A Mini-Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11030402. [PMID: 35159552 PMCID: PMC8833908 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials, and in particular metallic nanoparticles (MNPs), have significantly contributed to the production of healthier, safer, and higher-quality foods and food packaging with special properties, such as greater mechanical strength, improved gas barrier capacity, increased water repellency and ability to inhibit microbial contamination, ensuring higher quality and longer product shelf life. MNPs can also be incorporated into chemical and biological sensors, enabling the design of fast and sensitive monitoring devices to assess food quality, from freshness to detection of allergens, food-borne pathogens or toxins. This review summarizes recent developments in the use of MNPs in the field of food science and technology. Additionally, a brief overview of MNP synthesis and characterization techniques is provided, as well as of the toxicity, biosafety and regulatory issues of MNPs in the agricultural, feed and food sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Couto
- TOXRUN–Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, CRL, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Agostinho Almeida
- LAQV/REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
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30
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Yan M, Hartjen P, Gosau M, Vollkommer T, Grust ALC, Fuest S, Kluwe L, Burg S, Smeets R, Henningsen A. Effects of a Novel Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Titanium on the Proliferation and Adhesion Behavior of Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010420. [PMID: 35008846 PMCID: PMC8745755 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cold plasma treatment increases the hydrophilicity of the surfaces of implants and may enhance their integration with the surrounding tissues. The implaPrep prototype device from Relyon Plasma generates cold atmospheric plasma via dielectric barrier discharge (DBD). In this study, titanium surfaces were treated with the implaPrep device for 20 s and assessed as a cell culture surface for fibroblasts. One day after seeding, significantly more cells were counted on the surfaces treated with cold plasma than on the untreated control titanium surface. Additionally, the viability assay revealed significantly higher viability on the treated surfaces. Morphological observation of the cells showed certain differences between the treated and untreated titanium surfaces. While conventional plasma devices require compressed gas, such as oxygen or argon, the implaPrep device uses atmospheric air as the gas source. It is, therefore, compact in size and simple to handle, and may provide a safe and convenient tool for treating the surfaces of dental implants, which may further improve the implantation outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-152-2690-8655; Fax: +49-407-4105-9665
| | - Philip Hartjen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Martin Gosau
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Tobias Vollkommer
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Audrey Laure Céline Grust
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Sandra Fuest
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Lan Kluwe
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Simon Burg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Anders Henningsen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (P.H.); (M.G.); (T.V.); (A.L.C.G.); (L.K.); (S.B.); (R.S.); (A.H.)
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31
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Manuja A, Kumar B, Kumar R, Chhabra D, Ghosh M, Manuja M, Brar B, Pal Y, Tripathi B, Prasad M. Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles: Toxicity concerns associated with their physical state and remediation for biomedical applications. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1970-1978. [PMID: 34934635 PMCID: PMC8654697 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal/metal oxide nanoparticles show promise for various applications, including diagnosis, treatment, theranostics, sensors, cosmetics, etc. Their altered chemical, optical, magnetic, and structural properties have differential toxicity profiles. Depending upon their physical state, these NPs can also change their properties due to alteration in pH, interaction with proteins, lipids, blood cells, and genetic material. Metallic nanomaterials (comprised of a single metal element) tend to be relatively stable and do not readily undergo dissolution. Contrarily, metal oxide and metal alloy-based nanomaterials tend to exhibit a lower degree of stability and are more susceptible to dissolution and ion release when introduced to a biological milieu, leading to reactive oxygen species production and oxidative stress to cells. Since NPs have considerable mobility in various biological tissues, the investigation related to their adverse effects is a critical issue and required to be appropriately addressed before their biomedical applications. Short and long-term toxicity assessment of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles or their nano-formulations is of paramount importance to ensure the global biome's safety; otherwise, to face a fiasco. This article provides a comprehensive introspection regarding the effects of metal/metal oxides' physical state, their surface properties, the possible mechanism of actions along with the potential future strategy for remediation of their toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Manuja
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Balvinder Kumar
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Dharvi Chhabra
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Mayukh Ghosh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, RGSC, Banaras Hindu University, Mirzapur, UP, 231001, India
| | - Mayank Manuja
- Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa Campus, Goa, India
| | - Basanti Brar
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
| | - Yash Pal
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - B.N. Tripathi
- ICAR-National Research Centre on Equines Sirsa Road, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Minakshi Prasad
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, 125004, India
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Ganesan K, Wang Y, Gao F, Liu Q, Zhang C, Li P, Zhang J, Chen J. Targeting Engineered Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111829. [PMID: 34834243 PMCID: PMC8623926 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer in women globally after lung cancer. Presently, the most important approach for BC treatment consists of surgery, followed by radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The latter therapeutic methods are often unsuccessful in the treatment of BC because of their various side effects and the damage incurred to healthy tissues and organs. Currently, numerous nanoparticles (NPs) have been identified and synthesized to selectively target BC cells without causing any impairments to the adjacent normal tissues or organs. Based on an exploratory study, this comprehensive review aims to provide information on engineered NPs and their payloads as promising tools in the treatment of BC. Therapeutic drugs or natural bioactive compounds generally incorporate engineered NPs of ideal sizes and shapes to enhance their solubility, circulatory half-life, and biodistribution, while reducing their side effects and immunogenicity. Furthermore, ligands such as peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids on the surface of NPs precisely target BC cells. Studies on the synthesis of engineered NPs and their impact on BC were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. This review provides insights on the importance of engineered NPs and their methodology for validation as a next-generation platform with preventive and therapeutic effects against BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.)
| | - Fei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (F.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Qingqing Liu
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518063, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (F.G.); (C.Z.)
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao 999078, China;
| | - Jinming Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China; (F.G.); (C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.C.); Tel.: +852-3917-6479 (J.C.)
| | - Jianping Chen
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (K.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.L.)
- Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, The University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518063, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (J.C.); Tel.: +852-3917-6479 (J.C.)
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Sierosławska A, Borówka A, Rymuszka A, Żukociński G, Sobczak K. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing copper or silver synthesized with a new metal source: Determination of their structure parameters and cytotoxic and irritating effects. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 429:115685. [PMID: 34428444 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the potential implementation of mesoporous silica nanomaterials (MSNs) is their use in biomedical applications as adsorbents or carriers of various bioactive substances. In this study, we attempted to fabricate silica nanomaterials containing copper and silver that were introduced into the MSN matrix, for the first time using oxalate compounds as a metal source. The syntheses were carried out using hydrothermal and impregnation methods. Structure studies revealed that the obtained nanoparticles were of a spheroidal shape and most had diameters in the range 200-500 nm. Silver and copper were found to be grouped into clusters in most samples, except in copper-decorated MSNs prepared with the impregnation method, which had an even distribution of metal atoms throughout the volume of the granule. An evaluation of the cytotoxic and irritating effects revealed that the preferred candidates for potential future applications in medicine or cosmetology among materials obtained with the presented method are the copper-conjugated MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sierosławska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 1I Konstantynów Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Anna Borówka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 1I Konstantynów Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Rymuszka
- Department of Animal Physiology and Toxicology, Faculty of Science and Health, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 1I Konstantynów Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Żukociński
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, 1H Konstantynów Str., 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Sobczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biological and Chemical Research Centre, University of Warsaw, Zwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland
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In vitro efficacy of polymer coated miltefosine drug against leishmania tropica. J Parasit Dis 2021; 46:366-376. [DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01452-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Should Nano-Particles be Weighed or Counted? Technical Considerations to In Vitro Testing Originated from Corpuscular Nature of Nano-Particles. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2021; 69:23. [PMID: 34345944 PMCID: PMC8332567 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-021-00623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
The abundance of nanoparticles introduced to household products created the great expectations towards the application of nanotechnology in biology and medicine. That calls for cost-effective preliminary assessment of its cytotoxicity and biological activity. There are many attempts for creating proper guidance and standards for performing studies regarding nanoparticles. But still some important aspects crucial for in vitro testing of nanomaterials need more attention. Particulate nature is an obvious and widely unappreciated property of nanoparticles. In the context of in vitro studies, this property is critical, and it should be, but rarely is, considered when designing, performing, describing or interpreting the experiments involving the solid nanoparticles. First, we should be aware of relatively small and limited number of nanoparticles in the experimental setup. Even crude estimation of its number will be useful for proper interpretation of results. Second, we should not presume even distribution of particles in the solution, moreover we should expect that sedimentation and aggregation play an important role in interactions of nanoparticles with cells. In that case, expressing the dose in mass/volume units may lead as astray. Finally, the relation of size, weight, and number of nanoparticles makes comparisons of activity of nanoparticles of different sizes very complex. Estimations of number of nanoparticles in the dose should be an integral part of experiment design, its validation and interpretation.
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Cudalbeanu M, Peitinho D, Silva F, Marques R, Pinheiro T, Ferreira AC, Marques F, Paulo A, Soeiro CF, Sousa SA, Leitão JH, Tăbăcaru A, Avramescu SM, Dinica RM, Campello MPC. Sono-Biosynthesis and Characterization of AuNPs from Danube Delta Nymphaea alba Root Extracts and Their Biological Properties. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1562. [PMID: 34198512 PMCID: PMC8231883 DOI: 10.3390/nano11061562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Root extracts from Danube Delta Nymphaea alba were used to prepare gold nanoparticles (AuNPRn) by reducing HAuCl4 at different pHs (6.4-8.4) using ultrasonic irradiation: an easy, cheap, eco-friendly and green approach. Their antibacterial and anticancer activities were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and A2780 ovarian cancer cells, respectively. The AuNPRn were characterized concerning their phytoconstituents (polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins) and gold content. All of the nanoparticles were negatively charged. AuNPRn exhibited a hydrodynamic size distribution ranging from 32 nm to 280 nm, with the larger nanoparticles being obtained with an Au/root extract ratio of 0.56, pH 7 and 10 min of sonication (AuNPR1), whereas the smallest were obtained with an Au/root extract ratio of 0.24, pH 7.8 and 40 min of sonication (AuNPR4). The TEM/SEM images showed that the AuNPRn had different shapes. The ATR-FTIR indicated that AuNPRn interact mainly with hydroxyl groups present in the polyphenol compounds, which also confirm their high antioxidant capacity, except for AuNPR2 obtained at pH 6.4. Among the AuNPRn, the smallest ones exhibited enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Cudalbeanu
- Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Department of Chemistry Physical and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (M.C.); (A.T.)
- Research Center for Environmental Protection and Waste Management, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - David Peitinho
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; (D.P.); (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Francisco Silva
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; (D.P.); (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.M.); (A.P.)
| | - Rosa Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; (D.P.); (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.M.); (A.P.)
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
| | - Teresa Pinheiro
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.S.); (S.A.S.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Ana C. Ferreira
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
| | - Fernanda Marques
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; (D.P.); (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.M.); (A.P.)
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
| | - António Paulo
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; (D.P.); (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.M.); (A.P.)
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
| | - Catarina F. Soeiro
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.S.); (S.A.S.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Sílvia Andreia Sousa
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.S.); (S.A.S.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Jorge Humberto Leitão
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal; (C.F.S.); (S.A.S.); (J.H.L.)
| | - Aurel Tăbăcaru
- Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Department of Chemistry Physical and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Sorin Marius Avramescu
- Research Center for Environmental Protection and Waste Management, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independentei, 050095 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Catalysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Soseaua Panduri, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Rodica Mihaela Dinica
- Faculty of Sciences and Environment, Department of Chemistry Physical and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, 111 Domnească Street, 800201 Galati, Romania; (M.C.); (A.T.)
| | - Maria Paula Cabral Campello
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal; (D.P.); (F.S.); (R.M.); (F.M.); (A.P.)
- Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares (DECN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, 2695-066 Bobadela, Portugal;
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Smith JN, Skinner AW. Translating nanoparticle dosimetry from conventional in vitro systems to occupational inhalation exposures. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2021; 155:10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105771. [PMID: 35979194 PMCID: PMC9380399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2021.105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As encouraged by Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century, researchers increasingly apply high-throughput in vitro approaches to identify and characterize nanoparticle hazards, including conventional aqueous cell culture systems to assess respiratory hazards. Translating nanoparticle dose from conventional toxicity testing systems to relevant human exposures remains a major challenge for assessing occupational risk of nanoparticle exposures. Here, we explored existing computational tools and data available to translate nanoparticle dose metrics from cellular test systems to inhalation exposures of silver nanoparticles in humans. We used the Multiple-Path Particle Dosimetry (MPPD) Model to predict nanoparticle deposition of humans exposed to 20 and 110 nm silver nanoparticles at 0.9 μg/m3 over an 8 h period, the proposed National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL). MPPD predicts 8.1 and 3.7 μg of silver deposited in an 8 h period for 20 and 110 nm nanoparticles, respectively, with 20 nm particles displaying nearly 11-fold higher total surface area deposited. Peak deposited nanoparticle concentrations occurred more proximal in the pulmonary tract compared to mass deposition patterns (generation 4 vs. generations 20-21, respectively) due to regional differences in lung lining fluid volumes. Assuming 0.4% nanoparticle dissolution by mass measured in previous studies predicted peak concentrations of silver ions in cells of 1.06 and 0.89 μg/mL for 20 and 110 nm particles, respectively. Both predicted concentrations are below the measured toxic threshold of 1.7 μg/mL of silver ions in cells from in vitro assessments. Assuming 4% dissolution by mass predicted 10-fold higher silver concentrations in tissues, peaking at 10.6 and 8.9 μg/mL, for 20 and 110 nm nanoparticles respectively, exceeding the observed in vitro toxic threshold and highlighting the importance and sensitivity of dissolution rates. Overall, this approach offers a framework for extrapolating nanotoxicity results from in vitro cell culture systems to human exposures. Aligning appropriate dose metrics from in vitro and in vivo hazard characterizations and human pulmonary doses from occupational exposures are critical components for successful nanoparticle risk assessment and worker protection providing guidance for designing future in vitro studies aimed at relevant human exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Ned Smith
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99354, USA
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Andrew W. Skinner
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA, 99354, USA
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Burns KE, Uhrig RF, Jewett ME, Bourbon MF, Krupa KA. Characterizing the Role of Biologically Relevant Fluid Dynamics on Silver Nanoparticle Dependent Oxidative Stress in Adherent and Suspension In Vitro Models. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060832. [PMID: 34071095 PMCID: PMC8224783 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are being employed in numerous consumer goods and applications; however, they are renowned for inducing negative cellular consequences including toxicity, oxidative stress, and an inflammatory response. Nanotoxicological outcomes are dependent on numerous factors, including physicochemical, biological, and environmental influences. Currently, NP safety evaluations are carried out in both cell-based in vitro and animal in vivo models, with poor correlation between these mechanisms. These discrepancies highlight the need for enhanced exposure environments, which retain the advantages of in vitro models but incorporate critical in vivo influences, such as fluid dynamics. This study characterized the effects of dynamic flow on AgNP behavior, cellular interactions, and oxidative stress within both adherent alveolar (A549) and suspension monocyte (U937) models. This study determined that the presence of physiologically relevant flow resulted in substantial modifications to AgNP cellular interactions and subsequent oxidative stress, as assessed via reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione levels, p53, NFκB, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Within the adherent model, dynamic flow reduced AgNP deposition and oxidative stress markers by roughly 20%. However, due to increased frequency of contact, the suspension U937 cells were associated with higher NP interactions and intracellular stress under fluid flow exposure conditions. For example, the increased AgNP association resulted in a 50% increase in intracellular ROS and p53 levels. This work highlights the potential of modified in vitro systems to improve analysis of AgNP dosimetry and safety evaluations, including oxidative stress assessments.
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Development of Polymer-Assisted Nanoparticles and Nanogels for Cancer Therapy: An Update. Gels 2021; 7:gels7020060. [PMID: 34067587 PMCID: PMC8162331 DOI: 10.3390/gels7020060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
With cancer remaining as one of the main causes of deaths worldwide, many studies are undergoing the effort to look for a novel and potent anticancer drug. Nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the rising fields in research for anticancer drug development. One of the key advantages of using NPs for cancer therapy is its high flexibility for modification, hence additional properties can be added to the NPs in order to improve its anticancer action. Polymer has attracted considerable attention to be used as a material to enhance the bioactivity of the NPs. Nanogels, which are NPs cross-linked with hydrophilic polymer network have also exhibited benefits in anticancer application. The characteristics of these nanomaterials include non-toxic, environment-friendly, and variable physiochemical properties. Some other unique properties of polymers are also attributed by diverse methods of polymer synthesis. This then contributes to the unique properties of the nanodrugs. This review article provides an in-depth update on the development of polymer-assisted NPs and nanogels for cancer therapy. Topics such as the synthesis, usage, and properties of the nanomaterials are discussed along with their mechanisms and functions in anticancer application. The advantages and limitations are also discussed in this article.
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Michael PL, Lam YT, Hung J, Tan RP, Santos M, Wise SG. Comprehensive Evaluation of the Toxicity and Biosafety of Plasma Polymerized Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051176. [PMID: 33947114 PMCID: PMC8145910 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of nanoparticle-based therapeutics has underpinned significant developments in nanomedicine, which aim to overcome the limitations imposed by conventional therapies. Establishing the safety of new nanoparticle formulations is the first important step on the pathway to clinical translation. We have recently shown that plasma-polymerized nanoparticles (PPNs) are highly efficient nanocarriers and a viable, cost-effective alternative to conventional chemically synthesized nanoparticles. Here, we present the first comprehensive toxicity and biosafety study of PPNs using both established in vitro cell models and in vivo models. Overall, we show that PPNs were extremely well tolerated by all the cell types tested, significantly outperforming commercially available lipid-based nanoparticles (lipofectamine) used at the manufacturer’s recommended dosage. Supporting the in vitro data, the systemic toxicity of PPNs was negligible in BALB/c mice following acute and repeated tail-vein intravenous injections. PPNs were remarkably well tolerated in mice without any evidence of behavioral changes, weight loss, significant changes to the hematological profile, or signs of histological damage in tissues. PPNs were tolerated at extremely high doses without animal mortality observed at 6000 mg/kg and 48,000 mg/kg for acute and repeated-injection regimens, respectively. Our findings demonstrate the safety of PPNs in biological systems, adding to their future potential in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praveesuda L. Michael
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (P.L.M.); (Y.T.L.); (J.H.); (R.P.T.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yuen Ting Lam
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (P.L.M.); (Y.T.L.); (J.H.); (R.P.T.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Juichien Hung
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (P.L.M.); (Y.T.L.); (J.H.); (R.P.T.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard P. Tan
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (P.L.M.); (Y.T.L.); (J.H.); (R.P.T.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Miguel Santos
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (P.L.M.); (Y.T.L.); (J.H.); (R.P.T.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.G.W.); Tel.: +61-2-8627-9458 (M.S.); +61-2-8627-9458 (S.G.W.)
| | - Steven G. Wise
- Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (P.L.M.); (Y.T.L.); (J.H.); (R.P.T.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano), University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (S.G.W.); Tel.: +61-2-8627-9458 (M.S.); +61-2-8627-9458 (S.G.W.)
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Huang HJ, Lee YH, Hsu YH, Liao CT, Lin YF, Chiu HW. Current Strategies in Assessment of Nanotoxicity: Alternatives to In Vivo Animal Testing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4216. [PMID: 33921715 PMCID: PMC8073679 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of experimental animals are widely used in the assessment of toxicological or biological effects of manufactured nanomaterials in medical technology. However, the animal consciousness has increased and become an issue for debate in recent years. Currently, the principle of the 3Rs (i.e., reduction, refinement, and replacement) is applied to ensure the more ethical application of humane animal research. In order to avoid unethical procedures, the strategy of alternatives to animal testing has been employed to overcome the drawbacks of animal experiments. This article provides current alternative strategies to replace or reduce the use of experimental animals in the assessment of nanotoxicity. The currently available alternative methods include in vitro and in silico approaches, which can be used as cost-effective approaches to meet the principle of the 3Rs. These methods are regarded as non-animal approaches and have been implemented in many countries for scientific purposes. The in vitro experiments related to nanotoxicity assays involve cell culture testing and tissue engineering, while the in silico methods refer to prediction using molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations, and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling. The commonly used novel cell-based methods and computational approaches have the potential to help minimize the use of experimental animals for nanomaterial toxicity assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Jin Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 406040, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Ho Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Hsin Kuo Min Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taoyuan City 320001, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Te Liao
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Wen Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan;
- TMU Research Center of Urology and Kidney, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
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Nkanga CI, Steinmetz NF. The pharmacology of plant virus nanoparticles. Virology 2021; 556:39-61. [PMID: 33545555 PMCID: PMC7974633 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The application of nanoparticles for medical purposes has made enormous strides in providing new solutions to health problems. The observation that plant virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) can be repurposed and engineered as smart bio-vehicles for targeted drug delivery and imaging has launched extensive research for improving the therapeutic and diagnostic management of various diseases. There is evidence that VNPs are promising high value nanocarriers with potential for translational development. This is mainly due to their unique features, encompassing structural uniformity, ease of manufacture and functionalization by means of expression, chemical biology and self-assembly. While the development pipeline is moving rapidly, with many reports focusing on engineering and manufacturing aspects to tailor the properties and efficacy of VNPs, fewer studies have focused on gaining insights into the nanotoxicity of this novel platform nanotechnology. Herein, we discuss the pharmacology of VNPs as a function of formulation and route of administration. VNPs are reviewed in the context of their application as therapeutic adjuvants or nanocarrier excipients to initiate, enhance, attenuate or impede the formulation's toxicity. The summary of the data however also underlines the need for meticulous VNP structure-nanotoxicity studies to improve our understanding of their in vivo fates and pharmacological profiles to pave the way for translation of VNP-based formulations into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States; Department of Bioengineering, Department of Radiology, Center for NanoImmunoEngineering, Moores Cancer Center, Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92039, United States.
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43
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Garcés M, Cáceres L, Chiappetta D, Magnani N, Evelson P. Current understanding of nanoparticle toxicity mechanisms and interactions with biological systems. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01415c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging science involving the manipulation of matter on the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Garcés
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica
- Buenos Aires
| | - Lourdes Cáceres
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica
- Buenos Aires
| | - Diego Chiappetta
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Cátedra de Tecnología Farmacéutica I
- Buenos Aires
- Argentina
| | - Natalia Magnani
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica
- Buenos Aires
| | - Pablo Evelson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas
- Cátedra de Química General e Inorgánica
- Buenos Aires
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Improved photothermal therapy of brain cancer cells and photogeneration of reactive oxygen species by biotin conjugated gold photoactive nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2020; 215:112102. [PMID: 33388605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.112102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report on the design and development of functionalized acrylic polymeric nanoparticles with Spiropyrans (SPs) and imidazole moieties via superficial polymerizations. Then, Au3+ ions were immobilized and reduced on their surface to obtain photoresponsive gold-decorated polymer nanoparticles(Au-NPs). The synthesized Au-NPs were surface adapted with biotin as specific targeting tumor penetration cells and enhance the intercellular uptake through the endocytosis. FT-IR (Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy), UV-Vis (Ultra Violet-Visible Spectrophotometer), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) and HR-TEM (High-resolution transmission electron microscopy) descriptions were engaged to illustrate their spectral analysis and morphological examinations of Bt@Au-NPs. Fluorescence microscopy images of cellular uptake descriptions and ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) investigation established the cell lines labeling ability and enhanced targetting efficacy of biotin-conjugated Au-NPs (Bt@Au-NPs) toward C6 glioma cells (brain cancer cells) with 72.5% cellular uptake relative to 30.2% for non-conjugated lone. These were further established through intracellular ROS examinations and in vitro cytotoxicity investigation on the C6 glioma cell line. The solid surface plasmon absorptions of the Au-NPs and Bt@Au-NPs providing raised photothermal therapy under UV irradiation. The synthesized multifunctional Bt@Au-NPs with an inclusive combination of potential resources presented encouraging nanoprobe with targeting capability, improved photodynamic and photothermal cancer therapy.
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Preparation, Biosafety, and Cytotoxicity Studies of a Newly Tumor-Microenvironment-Responsive Biodegradable Mesoporous Silica Nanosystem Based on Multimodal and Synergistic Treatment. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:7152173. [PMID: 33488930 PMCID: PMC7803173 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7152173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) often suffer relapse, and clinical improvements offered by radiotherapy and chemotherapy are modest. Although targeted therapy and immunotherapy have been a topic of significant research in recent years, scientific developments have not yet translated to significant improvements for patients with TNBC. In view of these current clinical treatment shortcomings, we designed a silica nanosystem (SNS) with Nano-Ag as the core and a complex of MnO2 and doxorubicin (Dox) as the surrounding mesoporous silica shell. This system was coated with anti-PD-L1 to target the PD-L1 receptor, which is highly expressed on the surface of tumor cells. MnO2 itself has been shown to act as chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and Dox is cytotoxic. Thus, the full SNS system presents a multimodal, potentially synergistic strategy for the treatment of TNBC. Given potential interest in the clinical translation of SNS, the biological safety and antitumor activity of SNS were evaluated in a series of studies that included physicochemical characterization, particle stability, blood compatibility, and cytotoxicity. We found that the particle size and zeta potential of SNS were 94.6 nm and -22.1 mV, respectively. Ultraviolet spectrum analysis showed that Nano-Ag, Dox, and MnO2 were successfully loaded into SNS, and the drug loading ratio of Dox was about 10.2%. Stability studies found that the particle size of SNS did not change in different solutions. Hemolysis tests showed that SNS, at levels far exceeding the anticipated physiologic concentrations, did not induce red blood cell lysis. Further in vitro and in vivo experiments found that SNS did not activate platelets or cause coagulopathy and had no significant effects on the total number of blood cells or hepatorenal function. Cytotoxicity experiments suggested that SNS significantly inhibited the growth of tumor cells by damaging cell membranes, increasing intracellular ROS levels, inhibiting the release of TGF-β1 cytokines by macrophages, and inhibiting intracellular protein synthesis. In general, SNS appeared to have favorable biosafety and antitumor effects and may represent an attractive new therapeutic approach for the treatment of TNBC.
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Kohl Y, Rundén-Pran E, Mariussen E, Hesler M, El Yamani N, Longhin EM, Dusinska M. Genotoxicity of Nanomaterials: Advanced In Vitro Models and High Throughput Methods for Human Hazard Assessment-A Review. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101911. [PMID: 32992722 PMCID: PMC7601632 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the genetic material can lead to serious human health defects, as mutations in somatic cells may cause cancer and can contribute to other chronic diseases. Genotoxic events can appear at both the DNA, chromosomal or (during mitosis) whole genome level. The study of mechanisms leading to genotoxicity is crucially important, as well as the detection of potentially genotoxic compounds. We consider the current state of the art and describe here the main endpoints applied in standard human in vitro models as well as new advanced 3D models that are closer to the in vivo situation. We performed a literature review of in vitro studies published from 2000–2020 (August) dedicated to the genotoxicity of nanomaterials (NMs) in new models. Methods suitable for detection of genotoxicity of NMs will be presented with a focus on advances in miniaturization, organ-on-a-chip and high throughput methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Kohl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6897-9071-256
| | - Elise Rundén-Pran
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Espen Mariussen
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Michelle Hesler
- Fraunhofer Institute for Biomedical Engineering IBMT, 66280 Sulzbach, Germany;
| | - Naouale El Yamani
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Eleonora Marta Longhin
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Health Effects Laboratory, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway; (E.R.-P.); (E.M.); (N.E.Y.); (E.M.L.); (M.D.)
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Qin HM, Herrera D, Liu DF, Chen CQ, Nersesyan A, Mišík M, Knasmueller S. Genotoxic properties of materials used for endoprostheses: Experimental and human data. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 145:111707. [PMID: 32889016 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 2 million endoprostheses are implanted annually and metal ions as well as particles are released into the body from the materials which are used. This review describes the results of studies concerning genotoxic damage caused by artificial joints. DNA damage leads to various adverse long-term health effects in humans including cancer. Experiments with mammalian cells showed that metal ions and particles from orthopedic materials cause DNA damage. Induction of chromosomal aberrations (CA) was found in several in vitro experiments and in studies with rodents with metals from orthopedic materials. Human studies focused mainly on induction of CA (7 studies). Only few investigations (4) concerned sister chromatid exchanges, oxidative DNA damage (2) and micronucleus formation (1). CA are a reliable biomarker for increased cancer risks in humans) and were increased in all studies in patients with artificial joints. No firm conclusion can be drawn at present if the effects in humans are due to oxidative stress and if dissolved metal ions or release particles play a role. Our findings indicate that patients with artificial joints may have increased cancer risks due to damage of the genetic material. Future studies should be performed to identify safe materials and to study the molecular mechanisms in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Min Qin
- Hip Surgery of Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Denise Herrera
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Borschkegasse 8A, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dian-Feng Liu
- Hip Surgery of Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chao-Qian Chen
- Hip Surgery of Orthopedic Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, 617000, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Armen Nersesyan
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Borschkegasse 8A, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miroslav Mišík
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Borschkegasse 8A, Vienna, Austria
| | - Siegfried Knasmueller
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, 1090, Borschkegasse 8A, Vienna, Austria.
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Zielińska A, Costa B, Ferreira MV, Miguéis D, Louros JMS, Durazzo A, Lucarini M, Eder P, V. Chaud M, Morsink M, Willemen N, Severino P, Santini A, Souto EB. Nanotoxicology and Nanosafety: Safety-By-Design and Testing at a Glance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4657. [PMID: 32605255 PMCID: PMC7369733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This review offers a systematic discussion about nanotoxicology and nanosafety associated with nanomaterials during manufacture and further biomedical applications. A detailed introduction on nanomaterials and their most frequently uses, followed by the critical risk aspects related to regulatory uses and commercialization, is provided. Moreover, the impact of nanotoxicology in research over the last decades is discussed, together with the currently available toxicological methods in cell cultures (in vitro) and in living organisms (in vivo). A special focus is given to inorganic nanoparticles such as titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). In vitro and in vivo case studies for the selected nanoparticles are discussed. The final part of this work describes the significance of nano-security for both risk assessment and environmental nanosafety. "Safety-by-Design" is defined as a starting point consisting on the implementation of the principles of drug discovery and development. The concept "Safety-by-Design" appears to be a way to "ensure safety", but the superficiality and the lack of articulation with which it is treated still raises many doubts. Although the approach of "Safety-by-Design" to the principles of drug development has helped in the assessment of the toxicity of nanomaterials, a combination of scientific efforts is constantly urgent to ensure the consistency of methods and processes. This will ensure that the quality of nanomaterials is controlled and their safe development is promoted. Safety issues are considered strategies for discovering novel toxicological-related mechanisms still needed to be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Zielińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (B.C.); (M.V.F.); (D.M.); (J.M.S.L.)
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
| | - Beatriz Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (B.C.); (M.V.F.); (D.M.); (J.M.S.L.)
| | - Maria V. Ferreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (B.C.); (M.V.F.); (D.M.); (J.M.S.L.)
| | - Diogo Miguéis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (B.C.); (M.V.F.); (D.M.); (J.M.S.L.)
| | - Jéssica M. S. Louros
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (B.C.); (M.V.F.); (D.M.); (J.M.S.L.)
| | - Alessandra Durazzo
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Massimo Lucarini
- CREA-Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, Via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy; (A.D.); (M.L.)
| | - Piotr Eder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewskiego 49, 60-355 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Marco V. Chaud
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, University of Sorocaba—UNISO, Sorocaba 18023-000, Brazil;
| | - Margreet Morsink
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women& Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (M.M.); (N.W.); (P.S.)
- Translational Liver Research, Department of Medical Cell BioPhysics, Technical Medical Centre, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Willemen
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women& Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (M.M.); (N.W.); (P.S.)
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women& Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 65 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; (M.M.); (N.W.); (P.S.)
- Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology Laboratory (LNMed), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), University of Tiradentes (Unit), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju 49010-390, Brazil
- Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; (A.Z.); (B.C.); (M.V.F.); (D.M.); (J.M.S.L.)
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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Moradi F, Sedaghat S, Moradi O, Arab Salmanabadi S. Review on green nano-biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and their biological activities: with an emphasis on medicinal plants. INORG NANO-MET CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24701556.2020.1769662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran
| | - Sajjad Sedaghat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran
| | - Omid Moradi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran
| | - Samira Arab Salmanabadi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Shahr-e-Qods Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahr-e-Qods, Iran
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50
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Chen RJ, Chen YY, Liao MY, Lee YH, Chen ZY, Yan SJ, Yeh YL, Yang LX, Lee YL, Wu YH, Wang YJ. The Current Understanding of Autophagy in Nanomaterial Toxicity and Its Implementation in Safety Assessment-Related Alternative Testing Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2387. [PMID: 32235610 PMCID: PMC7177614 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has rapidly promoted the development of a new generation of industrial and commercial products; however, it has also raised some concerns about human health and safety. To evaluate the toxicity of the great diversity of nanomaterials (NMs) in the traditional manner, a tremendous number of safety assessments and a very large number of animals would be required. For this reason, it is necessary to consider the use of alternative testing strategies or methods that reduce, refine, or replace (3Rs) the use of animals for assessing the toxicity of NMs. Autophagy is considered an early indicator of NM interactions with cells and has been recently recognized as an important form of cell death in nanoparticle-induced toxicity. Impairment of autophagy is related to the accelerated pathogenesis of diseases. By using mechanism-based high-throughput screening in vitro, we can predict the NMs that may lead to the generation of disease outcomes in vivo. Thus, a tiered testing strategy is suggested that includes a set of standardized assays in relevant human cell lines followed by critical validation studies carried out in animals or whole organism models such as C. elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans), zebrafish (Danio rerio), and Drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster)for improved screening of NM safety. A thorough understanding of the mechanisms by which NMs perturb biological systems, including autophagy induction, is critical for a more comprehensive elucidation of nanotoxicity. A more profound understanding of toxicity mechanisms will also facilitate the development of prevention and intervention policies against adverse outcomes induced by NMs. The development of a tiered testing strategy for NM hazard assessment not only promotes a more widespread adoption of non-rodent or 3R principles but also makes nanotoxicology testing more ethical, relevant, and cost- and time-efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ying Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (Z.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.Y.)
| | - Mei-Yi Liao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Pingtung University, Pingtung 900, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 651, Taiwan;
| | - Zi-Yu Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (Z.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.Y.)
| | - Shian-Jang Yan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (Z.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.Y.)
| | - Li-Xing Yang
- Institute of Oral Medicine and Department of Stomatology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Yen-Ling Lee
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Tainan Hospital of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Hua Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-Y.C.); (Z.-Y.C.); (Y.-L.Y.)
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
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