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Song H, Lu Z, Zhan K, Datsomor O, Ma X, Yang T, Chen Y, Jiang M, Zhao G. Effects of Glucose Levels on Inflammation and Amino Acid Utilization in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3494. [PMID: 38003112 PMCID: PMC10668840 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose and amino acids are important sources of nutrients in the synthetic milk of dairy cows, and understanding the fate of amino acids is essential to optimize the utilization of amino acids in milk protein synthesis, thereby reducing nutrient inefficiencies during lactation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of LPS and different concentrations of glucose on (1) the expression of inflammatory factors and genes, (2) the glucose metabolism, and (3) amino acid utilization in BMECs. The results showed that there was an interaction (LPS × glucose, p < 0.05) between LPS and glucose content in the inflammatory cytokine genes (IL-6 and TNF-α) and the inflammatory regulatory genes (CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL5). With the addition of LPS, the HG + LPS group caused downregulated (p < 0.05) expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, compared with the LG + LPS group. Interestingly, compared with the LG + LPS group, the HG + LPS group upregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of CXCL2, CXCL8, and CCL5. LPS supplementation increased (p = 0.056) the consumption of glucose and GLUT1 gene expression (p < 0.05) and tended to increase (p = 0.084) the LDHA gene expression of BMECs under conditions of different concentrations of glucose culture. High glucose content increased (p < 0.001) the consumption of glucose and enhanced (p < 0.05) the GLUT1, HK1, HK2, and LDHA gene expression of BMECs with or without LPS incubation, and there was an interaction (LPS × glucose, p < 0.05) between LPS and glucose concentrations in GLUT1 gene expression. In this study, LPS enhanced (p < 0.05) the consumption of amino acids such as tryptophan, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, valine, histidine, and glutamate, while high levels of glucose decreased (p < 0.01) consumption, except in the case of tyrosine. For histidine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine consumption, there was an interaction (LPS × glucose, p < 0.05) between LPS and glucose levels. Overall, these findings suggest that relatively high glucose concentrations may lessen the LPS-induced BMEC inflammatory response and reduce amino acid consumption, while low glucose concentrations may increase the demand for most amino acids through proinflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guoqi Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (H.S.); (Z.L.); (K.Z.); (O.D.); (X.M.); (T.Y.); (Y.C.); (M.J.)
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Grahnert A, Weiss R, Schilling E, Stanslowsky N, Sack U, Hauschildt S. CD14 Counterregulates Lipopolysacharide-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Production in a Macrophage Subset. J Innate Immun 2019; 11:359-374. [PMID: 30654377 DOI: 10.1159/000495528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to GM-CSF or M-CSF, macrophages (MΦ) can acquire pro- or anti-inflammatory properties, respectively. Given the importance of CD14 and Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced signaling, we studied the effect of anti-CD14 antibody mediated CD14 blockade on LPS-induced cytokine production, signal transduction and on the expression levels of CD14 and TLR4 in GM-MΦ and M-MΦ. We found M-MΦ to express higher levels of both surface antigens and to produce more interferon (IFN)-β and interleukin-10, but less tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α than GM-MΦ. Blockage of CD14 at high LPS concentrations increased the production of proinflammatory cytokines and decreased that of IFN-β in M-MΦ but not in GM-MΦ. We show that phosphorylation states of signaling molecules of the MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response 88), TRIF (TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing IFN-β) and MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) pathways are not altered in any way that would account for the cytokine overshoot reaction. However, CD14 blockage in M-MΦ decreased TLR4 and CD14 expression levels, regardless of the presence of LPS, indicating that the loss of the surface molecules prevented LPS from initiating TRIF signaling. As TNF-α synthesis was even upregulated under these experimental conditions, we suggest that TRIF is normally involved in restricting LPS-induced TNF-α overproduction. Thus, surface CD14 plays a decisive role in the biological response by determining LPS-induced signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Grahnert
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ronald Weiss
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Erik Schilling
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Sack
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Cedro RCA, Menaldo DL, Costa TR, Zoccal KF, Sartim MA, Santos-Filho NA, Faccioli LH, Sampaio SV. Cytotoxic and inflammatory potential of a phospholipase A 2 from Bothrops jararaca snake venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2018; 24:33. [PMID: 30498509 PMCID: PMC6251196 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-018-0170-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Snake venom phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) have been reported to induce myotoxic, neurotoxic, hemolytic, edematogenic, cytotoxic and proinflammatory effects. This work aimed at the isolation and functional characterization of a PLA2 isolated from Bothrops jararaca venom, named BJ-PLA2-I. Methods and Results For its purification, three consecutive chromatographic steps were used (Sephacryl S-200, Source 15Q and Mono Q 5/50 GL). BJ-PLA2-I showed acidic characteristics, with pI~ 4.4 and molecular mass of 14.2 kDa. Sequencing resulted in 60 amino acid residues that showed high similarity to other Bothrops PLA2s, including 100% identity with BJ-PLA2, an Asp49 PLA2 previously isolated from B. jararaca venom. Being an Asp49 PLA2, BJ-PLA2-I showed high catalytic activity, and also inhibitory effects on the ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Its inflammatory characterization showed that BJ-PLA2-I was able to promote leukocyte migration in mice at different concentrations (5, 10 and 20 μg/mL) and also at different response periods (2, 4 and 24 h), mainly by stimulating neutrophil infiltration. Furthermore, increased levels of total proteins, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2 were observed in the inflammatory exudate induced by BJ-PLA2-I, while nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-10 and LTB4 levels were not significantly altered. This toxin was also evaluated for its cytotoxic potential on normal (PBMC) and tumor cell lines (HL-60 and HepG2). Overall, BJ-PLA2-I (2.5–160 μg/mL) promoted low cytotoxicity, with cell viabilities mostly varying between 70 and 80% and significant values obtained for HL-60 and PBMC only at the highest concentrations of the toxin evaluated. Conclusions BJ-PLA2-I was characterized as an acidic Asp49 PLA2 that induces acute local inflammation and low cytotoxicity. These results should contribute to elucidate the action mechanisms of snake venom PLA2s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafhaella C A Cedro
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Danilo L Menaldo
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Tássia R Costa
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Marco A Sartim
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Norival A Santos-Filho
- 2Campus Experimental de Registro, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Registro, SP Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
| | - Suely V Sampaio
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Avenida do Café, s/n, B. Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903 Brazil
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Jiang F, Chen J, Kula K, Gu H, Du Y, Eckert G. Root resorptions associated with canine retraction treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 152:348-354. [PMID: 28863915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The hypothesis of this study was that multiple factors are dominant in causing external apical root resorption (EARR). The objective of this investigation was to better understand the clinical factors that may lead to EARR. METHODS Maxillary cone-beam computed tomography scans of 18 subjects who were treated with bilateral canine retractions during orthodontics were used to calculate EARR. The subjects were treated using well-calibrated segmental T-loops for delivering a 124-cN retraction force and the moment-to-force ratio suitable for moving the canine under either translation or controlled tipping. The subjects' age, sex, treatment duration, and genotype were collected. RESULTS Six subjects of the 18 showed definite EARR, meaning that load was not the only causing factor. All 5 subjects with the genotype identified had GG genotype of IL-1β rs11143634, indicating that people with this genotype may be at high risk. Longer treatment duration, female sex, and older age may also contribute to EARR, although the findings were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS EARR appears to be related to multiple factors. The orthodontic load and the genotype should be the focuses for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind.
| | - Katherine Kula
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Facial Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Huiying Gu
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Yansheng Du
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - George Eckert
- Department of Biostatistics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Ind
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Netea MG, Balkwill F, Chonchol M, Cominelli F, Donath MY, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Golenbock D, Gresnigt MS, Heneka MT, Hoffman HM, Hotchkiss R, Joosten LA, Kastner DL, Korte M, Latz E, Libby P, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Mantovani A, Mills KHG, Nowak KL, O’Neill LA, Pickkers P, van der Poll T, Ridker PM, Schalkwijk J, Schwartz DA, Siegmund B, Steer CJ, Tilg H, van der Meer JW, van de Veerdonk FL, Dinarello CA. A guiding map for inflammation. Nat Immunol 2017; 18:826-831. [PMID: 28722720 PMCID: PMC5939996 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 452] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biologists, physicians and immunologists have contributed to the understanding of the cellular participants and biological pathways involved in inflammation. Here, we provide a general guide to the cellular and humoral contributors to inflammation as well as to the pathways that characterize inflammation in specific organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai G. Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Romania
| | - Frances Balkwill
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Marc Y. Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Douglas Golenbock
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massacchussetts Medical School, Worchester, USA
| | - Mark S. Gresnigt
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael T. Heneka
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Gerontopsychiatry/Neurology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hal M. Hoffman
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, University of California at San Diego and Rady Children’s Hospital of San Diego, USA
| | - Richard Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medicine, and Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Leo A.B. Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Genetics, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Daniel L. Kastner
- Inflammatory Disease Section, Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, US National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Martin Korte
- TU Braunschweig, Zoological Institute, Braunschweig, Germany and HZI, AG NIND, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, UMass Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alberto Mantovani
- Humanitas University and Humanitas Clinica Research Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Kingston H. G. Mills
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kristen L. Nowak
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | - Luke A. O’Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Peter Pickkers
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M. Ridker
- Center for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Schwartz
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, USA
| | - Britta Siegmund
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology, Infectious Diseases, Rheumatology), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clifford J. Steer
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Endocrinology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jos W.M. van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L. van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Charles A. Dinarello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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Selenium Deficiency Facilitates Inflammation Through the Regulation of TLR4 and TLR4-Related Signaling Pathways in the Mice Uterus. Inflammation 2016; 38:1347-56. [PMID: 25577343 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-014-0106-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential nutritional trace element that affects the development and function of the reproductive system. Endometritis is a reproductive obstacle disease that can seriously reduce the reproductive capacity of animal. To study the effects of dietary Se deficiency on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mice endometritis, we generated a model of LPS-induced mice endometritis. The Se content in uterine tissues was detected by fluorescence spectrophotometry. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The extent of phosphorylation of IκBα, NF-κB p65, ERK, JNK, and p38 and the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) were detected with Western blots. The TLR4 messenger RNA (mRNA) was analyzed with qRT-PCR. The results indicated that dietary Se intake significantly influenced Se levels in uterine tissues. The Se-deficient mice model was successfully replicated, and Se deficiency exacerbated uterine tissue histopathology; increased the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; facilitated the activation of TLR4; and enhanced the phosphorylation of IκBα, p65, ERK, JNK, and p38 in LPS-induced mice endometritis. Also, the effects were inhibited by a supplement of Se. In conclusion, our studies demonstrated that Se deficiency makes mice uterus more prone to inflammation. An appropriate Se supplement could enhance the immune condition of the uterus.
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Fernandez MV, Miller E, Krammer F, Gopal R, Greenbaum BD, Bhardwaj N. Ion efflux and influenza infection trigger NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in human dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:723-34. [PMID: 26574023 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0614-313rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome, a multiprotein complex, is an essential intracellular mediator of antiviral immunity. In murine dendritic cells, this complex responds to a wide array of signals, including ion efflux and influenza A virus infection, to activate caspase-1-mediated proteolysis of IL-1β and IL-18 into biologically active cytokines. However, the presence and function of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells, in response to various triggers, including viral infection, has not been defined clearly. Here, we delineate the contribution of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome to the secretion of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-1α by human dendritic cells (monocyte-derived and primary conventional dendritic cells). Activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells by various synthetic activators resulted in the secretion of bioactive IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-1α and induction of pyroptotic cell death. Cellular IL-1β release depended on potassium efflux and the activity of proteins nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 and caspase-1. Likewise, influenza A virus infection of dendritic cells resulted in priming and activation of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome and secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 in an M2- and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3-dependent manner. The magnitude of priming by influenza A virus varied among different strains and inversely corresponded to type I IFN production. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the existence and function of the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in human dendritic cells and the ability of influenza A virus to prime and activate this pathway in human dendritic cells, with important implications for antiviral immunity and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ramya Gopal
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Benjamin D Greenbaum
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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8
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Pandey GN, Ren X, Rizavi HS, Zhang H. Abnormal gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors in the lymphocytes of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2015; 17:636-44. [PMID: 26257203 PMCID: PMC4940117 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Abnormalities of protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and their soluble receptors have been reported in plasma of patients with bipolar disorder (BP). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the mRNA expression of membrane-bound receptors for proinflammatory cytokines will be altered in the lymphocytes of patients with BP. METHODS We determined protein and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, and mRNA expression of their receptors in the lymphocytes from 29 drug-free, hospitalized patients with BP and 30 drug-free normal control subjects. The subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Plasma protein levels of cytokines were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); mRNA levels in lymphocytes were determined by the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. RESULTS We found that mean mRNA levels of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and their receptors TNFR1, IL-1R1, and the antagonist IL-1RA were significantly higher in the lymphocytes of patients with BP compared with normal controls. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that the observed abnormalities of membrane-bound cytokine receptors may alter the functional response of cytokines in BP and that the mRNA levels of these receptors could be a potential biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N Pandey
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Xinguo Ren
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Hooriyah S Rizavi
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
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9
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Pandey GN, Ren X, Rizavi HS, Zhang H. Proinflammatory cytokines and their membrane-bound receptors are altered in the lymphocytes of schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2015; 164:193-8. [PMID: 25749018 PMCID: PMC4940115 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and their soluble receptors have been reported in the plasma/serum of schizophrenia (SZ) patients. To examine if SZ is also associated with the abnormal gene expression of cytokines and their membrane-bound receptors, we studied mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and their receptors in lymphocytes of SZ patients and normal control (NC) subjects. We determined the protein and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and mRNA expression of their receptors in lymphocytes from 30 SZ patients and 30 drug-free NC subjects. The subjects were diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Protein levels of cytokines were determined by ELISA, and mRNA levels in lymphocytes were determined by the qPCR method. We found that the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1R1, TNFR1, and TNFR2, but not IL-1β, IL-1R2, IL-1RA, IL-6R, or GP130 were significantly increased in lymphocytes of SZ patients compared with NC subjects. We also found that the protein expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, but not IL-1β, was also significantly increased in SZ patients compared with NC subjects. These studies suggest that in addition to the reported abnormalities of proinflammatory cytokines and their soluble receptors in the plasma of SZ patients, an abnormal gene expression of these cytokines and their membrane-bound receptors may be involved in the pathogenesis of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam N Pandey
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Xinguo Ren
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hooriyah S Rizavi
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Psychiatry, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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10
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Ezzat Alnakip M, Quintela-Baluja M, Böhme K, Fernández-No I, Caamaño-Antelo S, Calo-Mata P, Barros-Velázquez J. The Immunology of Mammary Gland of Dairy Ruminants between Healthy and Inflammatory Conditions. J Vet Med 2014; 2014:659801. [PMID: 26464939 PMCID: PMC4590879 DOI: 10.1155/2014/659801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The health of dairy animals, particularly the milk-producing mammary glands, is essential to the dairy industry because of the crucial hygienic and economic aspects of ensuring production of high quality milk. Due to its high prevalence, mastitis is considered the most important threat to dairy industry, due to its impacts on animal health and milk production and thus on economic benefits. The MG is protected by several defence mechanisms that prevent microbial penetration and surveillance. However, several factors can attenuate the host immune response (IR), and the possession of various virulence and resistance factors by different mastitis-causing microorganisms greatly limits immune defences and promotes establishment of intramammary infections (IMIs). A comprehensive understanding of MG immunity in both healthy and inflammatory conditions will be an important key to understand the nature of IMIs caused by specific pathogens and greatly contributes to the development of effective control methods and appropriate detection techniques. Consequently, this review aims to provide a detailed overview of antimicrobial defences in the MG under healthy and inflammatory conditions. In this sense, we will focus on pathogen-dependent variations in IRs mounted by the host during IMI and discuss the potential ramifications of these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ezzat Alnakip
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Food Control Department, Dairy Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Al Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Marcos Quintela-Baluja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Karola Böhme
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Fernández-No
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Sonia Caamaño-Antelo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Pillar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Jorge Barros-Velázquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, School of Veterinary Sciences/College of Biotechnology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Campus Lugo, Rúa Carballo Calero, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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11
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Fernandez MV, Miller EA, Bhardwaj N. Activation and measurement of NLRP3 inflammasome activity using IL-1β in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24894187 DOI: 10.3791/51284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory processes resulting from the secretion of Interleukin (IL)-1 family cytokines by immune cells lead to local or systemic inflammation, tissue remodeling and repair, and virologic control(1) (,) (2) . Interleukin-1β is an essential element of the innate immune response and contributes to eliminate invading pathogens while preventing the establishment of persistent infection(1-5). Inflammasomes are the key signaling platform for the activation of interleukin 1 converting enzyme (ICE or Caspase-1). The NLRP3 inflammasome requires at least two signals in DCs to cause IL-1β secretion(6). Pro-IL-1β protein expression is limited in resting cells; therefore a priming signal is required for IL-1β transcription and protein expression. A second signal sensed by NLRP3 results in the formation of the multi-protein NLRP3 inflammasome. The ability of dendritic cells to respond to the signals required for IL-1β secretion can be tested using a synthetic purine, R848, which is sensed by TLR8 in human monocyte derived dendritic cells (moDCs) to prime cells, followed by activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome with the bacterial toxin and potassium ionophore, nigericin. Monocyte derived DCs are easily produced in culture and provide significantly more cells than purified human myeloid DCs. The method presented here differs from other inflammasome assays in that it uses in vitro human, instead of mouse derived, DCs thus allowing for the study of the inflammasome in human disease and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth A Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hess Center for Science and Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center;
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12
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Li D, Zhang N, Cao Y, Zhang W, Su G, Sun Y, Liu Z, Li F, Liang D, Liu B, Guo M, Fu Y, Zhang X, Yang Z. Emodin ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced mastitis in mice by inhibiting activation of NF-κB and MAPKs signal pathways. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 705:79-85. [PMID: 23499696 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Emodin is an anthraquinone derivative from the Chinese herb Radix et Rhizoma Rhei. It has been reported that emodin possesses a number of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-virus, anti-bacteria, anti-tumor, and immunosuppressive properties. However, the effect of emodin on mastitis is not yet known. The aim of this study was to investigate whether emodin has protective effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced mastitis in a mouse model. The mouse model of mastitis was induced by injection of LPS through the duct of mammary gland. Emodin was administered intraperitoneally with the dose of 1, 2, and 4 mg/kg respectively 1h before and 12h after induction of LPS. Emodin significantly reduced infiltration of neutrophilic granulocyte, activation of myeloperoxidase (MPO), concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), mRNA expression levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, which were increased in LPS-induced mouse mastitis. In addition, emodin influenced nuclear factor kappa-B signal transduction pathway by inhibiting activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB (NF-κB) p65 and degradation inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα), and emodin also influenced mitogen activated protein kinases signal transduction pathway by depression activation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK). In conclusion, these results indicated that emodin could exert beneficial effects on experimental mastitis induced by LPS and may represent a novel treatment strategy for mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130062, People's Republic of China
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13
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David SA. Antimicrobial peptides for gram-negative sepsis: a case for the polymyxins. Front Immunol 2012; 3:252. [PMID: 22912638 PMCID: PMC3419356 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA
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14
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Myrrh inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory response and protects from cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:278718. [PMID: 21826187 PMCID: PMC3151005 DOI: 10.1155/2012/278718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myrrh has been used as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agent. However, effect of myrrh on peritoneal macrophages and clinically relevant models of septic shock, such as cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), is not well understood. Here, we investigated the inhibitory effect and mechanism(s) of myrrh on inflammatory responses. Myrrh inhibited LPS-induced productions of inflammatory mediators such as nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and tumor necrosis factor-α but not of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in peritoneal macrophages. In addition, Myrrh inhibited LPS-induced activation of c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) but not of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), p38, and nuclear factor-κB. Administration of Myrrh reduced the CLP-induced mortality and bacterial counts and inhibited inflammatory mediators. Furthermore, administration of Myrrh attenuated CLP-induced liver damages, which were mainly evidenced by decreased infiltration of leukocytes and aspartate aminotransferase/alanine aminotransferase level. Taken together, these results provide the evidence for the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial potential of Myrrh in sepsis.
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15
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Galuppo M, Nocentini G, Mazzon E, Ronchetti S, Esposito E, Riccardi L, Sportoletti P, Di Paola R, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Cuzzocrea S. The glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein (GITR) is critical to the development of acute pancreatitis in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1186-201. [PMID: 21091650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pancreatitis represents a life-threatening inflammatory condition where leucocytes, cytokines and vascular endothelium contribute to the development of the inflammatory disease. The glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family-related protein (GITR) is a costimulatory molecule for T lymphocytes, modulates innate and adaptive immune system and has been found to participate in a variety of immune responses and inflammatory processes. Our purpose was to verify whether inhibition of GITR triggering results in a better outcome in experimental pancreatitis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In male GITR knock-out (GITR(-/-)) and GITR(+/+) mice on Sv129 background, acute pancreatitis was induced after i.p. administration of cerulein. Other experimental groups of GITR(+/+) mice were also treated with different doses of Fc-GITR fusion protein (up to 6.25 µg·mouse⁻¹), given by implanted mini-osmotic pump. Clinical score and pro-inflammatory parameters were evaluated. KEY RESULTS A less acute pancreatitis was found in GITR(-/-) mice than in GITR(+/+) mice, with marked differences in oedema, neutrophil infiltration, pancreatic dysfunction and injury. Co-treatment of GITR(+/+) mice with cerulein and Fc-GITR fusion protein (6.25 µg·mouse⁻¹) decreased the inflammatory response and tissue injury, compared with treatment with cerulein alone. Inhibition of GITR triggering was found to modulate activation of nuclear factor κB as well as the production of TNF-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, poly-ADP-ribose, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The GITR-GITR ligand system is crucial to the development of acute pancreatitis in mice. Our results also suggest that the Fc-GITR fusion protein could be useful in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galuppo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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16
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Capparelli R, Nocerino N, Lanzetta R, Silipo A, Amoresano A, Giangrande C, Becker K, Blaiotta G, Evidente A, Cimmino A, Iannaccone M, Parlato M, Medaglia C, Roperto S, Roperto F, Ramunno L, Iannelli D. Bacteriophage-resistant Staphylococcus aureus mutant confers broad immunity against staphylococcal infection in mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11720. [PMID: 20661301 PMCID: PMC2908692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 06/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the presence of a bacteriophage (a bacteria-attacking virus) resistance is clearly beneficial to the bacteria. As expected in such conditions, resistant bacteria emerge rapidly. However, in the absence of the phage, resistant bacteria often display reduced fitness, compared to their sensitive counterparts. The present study explored the fitness cost associated with phage-resistance as an opportunity to isolate an attenuated strain of S. aureus. The phage-resistant strain A172 was isolated from the phage-sensitive strain A170 in the presence of the MSa phage. Acquisition of phage-resistance altered several properties of A172, causing reduced growth rate, under-expression of numerous genes and production of capsular polysaccharide. In vivo, A172 modulated the transcription of the TNF-α, IFN-γ and Il-1β genes and, given intramuscularly, protected mice from a lethal dose of A170 (18/20). The heat-killed vaccine also afforded protection from heterologous methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (8/10 mice) or vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA) (9/10 mice). The same vaccine was also effective when administered as an aerosol. Anti-A172 mouse antibodies, in the dose of 10 µl/mouse, protected the animals (10/10, in two independent experiments) from a lethal dose of A170. Consisting predominantly of the sugars glucose and galactose, the capsular polysaccharide of A172, given in the dose of 25 µg/mouse, also protected the mice (20/20) from a lethal dose of A170. The above results demonstrate that selection for phage-resistance can facilitate bacterial vaccine preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nunzia Nocerino
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Giangrande
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Karsten Becker
- Universitätsklinikum Münster Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Antonio Evidente
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Iannaccone
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Parlato
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Medaglia
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Sante Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Franco Roperto
- Department of Pathology and Animal Health, University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Luigi Ramunno
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
| | - Domenico Iannelli
- School of Agriculture, University of Naples, Portici, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
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17
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Abstract
Sepsis, otherwise referred to as "blood poisoning" is a serious clinical problem, the incidence of which continues to rise in the US and worldwide despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy. The primary trigger in Gram-negative sepsis is endotoxin, a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) constituent of the outer membrane of all Gram-negative bacteria. The structurally highly conserved glycolipid called lipid A is the active moiety of LPS. Lipid A is composed of a hydrophilic, bis-phosphorylated di-glucosamine backbone, and a hydrophobic polyacyl domain. The bis-anionic, amphiphilic nature of lipid A enables it to interact with a variety of cationic hydrophobic ligands, including polymyxin B, a toxic peptide antibiotic which binds to lipid A and neutralizes endotoxicity. Having determined the structural basis of the interaction of polymyxin B with lipid A, our long-term goal has been to rationally design non-peptidic, nontoxic, small-molecule LPS-sequestrants. Our efforts began with defining the central pharmacophore that determined LPS-recognition and -neutralization properties in small molecules, which led to the discovery of a novel lipopolyamine lead, DS-96. DS-96 is an effective LPS-neutralizer, rivaling polymyxin B in a panel of vitro assays, as well as in protecting animals against endotoxicosis. Structure-activity relationships in our effort to rationally design endotoxin sequestering agents, preclinical assessment of hits and leads, and approaches to overcoming issues with toxicity are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Room 320D, 2030 Becker Drive, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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18
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Structure-activity relationships of lipopolysaccharide sequestration in N-alkylpolyamines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:2478-81. [PMID: 19332373 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that simple N-acyl or N-alkyl polyamines bind to and sequester Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide, affording protection against lethality in animal models of endotoxicosis. Several iterative design-and-test cycles of SAR studies, including high-throughput screens, had converged on compounds with polyamine scaffolds which have been investigated extensively with reference to the number, position, and length of acyl or alkyl appendages. However, the polyamine backbone itself had not been explored sufficiently, and it was not known if incremental variations on the polymethylene spacing would affect LPS-binding and neutralization properties. We have now systematically explored the relationship between variously elongated spermidine [NH(2)-(CH(2))(3)-NH-(CH(2))(4)-NH(2)] and norspermidine [NH(2)-(CH(2))(3)-NH-(CH(2))(3)-NH(2)] backbones, with the N-alkyl group being held constant at C(16) in order to examine if changing the spacing between the inner secondary amines may yield additional SAR information. We find that the norspermine-type compounds consistently showed higher activity compared to corresponding spermine homologues.
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19
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Wu W, Sil D, Szostak ML, Malladi SS, Warshakoon HJ, Kimbrell MR, Cromer JR, David SA. Structure-activity relationships of lipopolysaccharide sequestration in guanylhydrazone-bearing lipopolyamines. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:709-15. [PMID: 19064323 PMCID: PMC3702171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The toxicity of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) resides in its structurally highly conserved glycolipid component called lipid A. Our major goal has been to develop small-molecules that would sequester LPS by binding to the lipid A moiety, so that it could be useful for the prophylaxis or adjunctive therapy of gram-negative sepsis. We had previously identified in rapid-throughput screens several guanylhydrazones as potent LPS binders. We were desirous of examining if the presence of the guanylhydrazone (rather than an amine) functionality would afford greater LPS sequestration potency. In evaluating a congeneric set of guanylhydrazone analogues, we find that C(16) alkyl substitution is optimal in the N-alkylguanylhydrazone series; a homospermine analogue with the terminal amine N-alkylated with a C(16) chain with the other terminus of the molecule bearing an unsubstituted guanylhydrazone moiety is marginally more active, suggesting very slight, if any, steric effects. Neither C(16) analogue is significantly more active than the N-C(16)-alkyl or N-C(16)-acyl compounds that we had characterized earlier, indicating that basicity of the phosphate-recognizing cationic group, is not a determinant of LPS sequestration activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Diptesh Sil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Michal L. Szostak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | | | | | | | - Jens R. Cromer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
| | - Sunil A. David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045
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20
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Al-Sadi R, Boivin M, Ma T. Mechanism of cytokine modulation of epithelial tight junction barrier. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:2765-78. [PMID: 19273235 DOI: 10.2741/3413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 421] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines play a crucial role in the modulation of inflammatory response in the gastrointestinal tract. Pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, interleukin-1beta?IL-1beta?, and interleukin-12 are essential in mediating the inflammatory response, while anti-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-beta are important in the attenuation or containment of inflammatory process. It is increasingly recognized that cytokines have an important physiological and pathological effect on intestinal tight junction (TJ) barrier. Consistent with their known pro-inflammatory activities, pro-inflammatory cytokines cause a disturbance in intestinal TJ barrier, allowing increased tissue penetration of luminal antigens. Recent studies indicate that the inhibition of cytokine induced increase in intestinal TJ permeability has an important protective effect against intestinal mucosal damage and development of intestinal inflammation. In this review, the effects of various pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines on intestinal TJ barrier and the progress into the mechanisms that mediate the cytokine modulation of intestinal TJ barrier are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Al-Sadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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21
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Leone S, Silipo A, L.Nazarenko E, Lanzetta R, Parrilli M, Molinaro A. Molecular structure of endotoxins from Gram-negative marine bacteria: an update. Mar Drugs 2007; 5:85-112. [PMID: 18463721 PMCID: PMC2365688 DOI: 10.3390/md503085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine bacteria are microrganisms that have adapted, through millions of years, to survival in environments often characterized by one or more extreme physical or chemical parameters, namely pressure, temperature and salinity. The main interest in the research on marine bacteria is due to their ability to produce several biologically active molecules, such as antibiotics, toxins and antitoxins, antitumor and antimicrobial agents. Nonetheless, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), or their portions, from Gram-negative marine bacteria, have often shown low virulence, and represent potential candidates in the development of drugs to prevent septic shock. Besides, the molecular architecture of such molecules is related to the possibility of thriving in marine habitats, shielding the cell from the disrupting action of natural stress factors. Over the last few years, the depiction of a variety of structures of lipids A, core oligosaccharides and O-specific polysaccharides from LPSs of marine microrganisms has been given. In particular, here we will examine the most recently encountered structures for bacteria belonging to the genera Shewanella, Pseudoalteromonas and Alteromonas, of the gamma-Proteobacteria phylum, and to the genera Flavobacterium, Cellulophaga, Arenibacter and Chryseobacterium, of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides phylum. Particular attention will be paid to the chemical features expressed by these structures (characteristic monosaccharides, non-glycidic appendages, phosphate groups), to the typifying traits of LPSs from marine bacteria and to the possible correlation existing between such features and the adaptation, over years, of bacteria to marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Leone
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alba Silipo
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Evgeny L.Nazarenko
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok-22, Russian Federation
| | - Rosa Lanzetta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Parrilli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Molinaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Biochimica, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II”, via Cintia 4, I-80126 Napoli, Italy
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22
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Nguyen TB, Adisechan AK, Suresh Kumar EVK, Balakrishna R, Kimbrell MR, Miller KA, Datta A, David SA. Protection from endotoxic shock by EVK-203, a novel alkylpolyamine sequestrant of lipopolysaccharide. Bioorg Med Chem 2007; 15:5694-709. [PMID: 17583517 PMCID: PMC2039869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2007.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) play a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, a major cause of mortality in the critically ill patient. The only therapeutic option aimed at limiting downstream systemic inflammatory processes by targeting lipopolysaccharide is Toraymyxin, an extracorporeal hemoperfusion device using solid phase-immobilized polymyxin B (PMB). While PMB is known to effectively sequester LPS, its severe systemic toxicity proscribes its parenteral use, and hemoperfusion may not be feasible in patients in shock. In our continuing efforts to develop small-molecule mimics which display the LPS-sequestering properties, but not the toxicity of PMB, a series of mono- and bis-substituted dialkylpolyamines were synthesized and evaluated. We show that EVK-203, an alkylpolyamine compound, specifically binds to and neutralizes the activity of LPS, and affords complete protection in a murine model of endotoxic shock. EVK-203 is without any apparent toxicity when administered to mice at multiples of therapeutic doses for several days. The specific endotoxin-sequestering property along with a very favorable therapeutic index renders this compound an ideal candidate for preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuan B Nguyen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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23
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Sil D, Shrestha A, Kimbrell MR, Nguyen TB, Adisechan AK, Balakrishna R, Abbo BG, Malladi S, Miller KA, Short S, Cromer JR, Arora S, Datta A, David SA. Bound to shock: protection from lethal endotoxemic shock by a novel, nontoxic, alkylpolyamine lipopolysaccharide sequestrant. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:2811-9. [PMID: 17548488 PMCID: PMC1932507 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00200-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), or endotoxin, a structural component of gram-negative bacterial outer membranes, plays a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, a syndrome of severe systemic inflammation which leads to multiple-system organ failure. Despite advances in antimicrobial chemotherapy, sepsis continues to be the commonest cause of death in the critically ill patient. This is attributable to the lack of therapeutic options that aim at limiting the exposure to the toxin and the prevention of subsequent downstream inflammatory processes. Polymyxin B (PMB), a peptide antibiotic, is a prototype small molecule that binds and neutralizes LPS toxicity. However, the antibiotic is too toxic for systemic use as an LPS sequestrant. Based on a nuclear magnetic resonance-derived model of polymyxin B-LPS complex, we had earlier identified the pharmacophore necessary for optimal recognition and neutralization of the toxin. Iterative cycles of pharmacophore-based ligand design and evaluation have yielded a synthetically easily accessible N(1),mono-alkyl-mono-homologated spermine derivative, DS-96. We have found that DS-96 binds LPS and neutralizes its toxicity with a potency indistinguishable from that of PMB in a wide range of in vitro assays, affords complete protection in a murine model of LPS-induced lethality, and is apparently nontoxic in vertebrate animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptesh Sil
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Multidisciplinary Research Building, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA
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Laugel B, Price DA, Milicic A, Sewell AK. CD8 exerts differential effects on the deployment of cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector functions. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:905-13. [PMID: 17393387 PMCID: PMC2699424 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200636718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are equipped with a range of effector functions that contribute both to the control of intracellular pathogens and dysregulated cellular proliferation and to the development of certain immunopathologies such as autoimmune disease. Qualitative analyses of various CTL responses have revealed substantial heterogeneity in the diversity of functions that are mobilized in response to antigen. Here, we studied the influence of the CD8 co-receptor, which is known to enhance antigen recognition by CTL, on the secretion of eight different cytokines and chemokines by human CTL clones using flow cytometric bead array. Our results show that abrogation of MHC class I/CD8 interactions exerts a differential influence on the distinct individual effector functions that are elicited in response to agonist ligands. The magnitude of this co-receptor blockade inhibitory effect was clearly related to the hierarchy of cytokine secretion in terms of activation threshold because those functions requiring the highest amounts of antigen were most affected. Thus, modulation of CD8 activity can effectively tune not only the sensitivity but also the qualitative profile of CTL responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Laugel
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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25
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Burns MR, Jenkins SA, Vermeulen NM, Balakrishna R, Nguyen TB, Kimbrell MR, David SA. Structural correlation between lipophilicity and lipopolysaccharide-sequestering activity in spermine-sulfonamide analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:6209-12. [PMID: 17010608 PMCID: PMC1991285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), otherwise termed 'endotoxins', are outer-membrane constituents of Gram-negative bacteria, and play a key role in the pathogenesis of 'Septic Shock', a major cause of mortality in the critically ill patient. We had previously defined the pharmacophore necessary for small molecules to specifically bind and neutralize this complex carbohydrate. A series of aryl and aliphatic spermine-sulfonamide analogs were synthesized and tested in a series of binding and cell-based assays in order to probe the effect of lipophilicity on sequestration ability. A strong correlation was indeed found, supporting the hypothesis that endotoxin-neutralizing ability involves a lipophilic or membrane attachment event. The research discussed herein may be useful for the design of additional carbohydrate recognizing molecules and endotoxin-neutralizing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R Burns
- MediQuest Therapeutics, Inc., 22322 20th Ave. SE, Bothell, WA 98021, USA
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26
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Cunha LT, Pugine SP, Valle CR, Ribeiro AR, Costa EJX, De Melo MP. Effect of Prototheca zopfii on neutrophil function from bovine milk. Mycopathologia 2006; 162:421-6. [PMID: 17146586 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-006-0078-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried to investigate neutrophil function in the presence of Prototheca zopfii. For this purpose, bovine milk neutrophils were incubated in the absence (control) of and presence of P. zopfii, and then they were examined hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production, antioxidant enzyme activities, and phagocytic capacity. Milk was collected from negative "California Mastitis Test" (CMT) quarter from three lactating Holstein cows after induction of leukocytosis with an intramammary infusion of oyster glycogen. H(2)O(2) production was measured using the phenol red method. Catalase activity was measured following H(2)O(2) reduction at 240 nm and the activity of glutathione reductase was determined by measuring the rate of NADPH oxidation at 340 nm. P. zopfii death was assessed by fluorescent microscopy using acridine orange assay and by colony forming units (CFUs). Comparisons between the groups were initially performed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significant differences were then compared using Tukey's test with a significance coefficient of 0.05. Hydrogen peroxide production, catalase and glutathione reductase activities by neutrophils incubated in presence of P. zopfii were stimulated five times, 21% and 27% respectively, compared to the unstimulated-neutrophils. Neutrophils did not affect P. zopfii death as shown by microscopy and CFUs. These observations led to the conclusion that the P. zopfii promote a high increase of H(2)O(2) production by neutrophils from bovine milk during algae exposition accompanied by increase of antioxidant enzyme activities; however, this process did not affect P. zopfii death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane T Cunha
- Departament of Basic Science, Faculty of Zootechny and Food Engineering-FZEA, Universidade de São Paulo, Av Duque de Caxias Norte, 225, 13635-000, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
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27
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Summy-Long JY, Hu S, Pruss A, Chen X, Phillips TM. Response of interleukin-1beta in the magnocellular system to salt-loading. J Neuroendocrinol 2006; 18:926-37. [PMID: 17076768 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2006.01490.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Drinking 2% NaCl decreases interleukin (IL)-1beta in the neural lobe and enhances IL-1 Type 1 receptor expression in magnocellular neurones and pituicytes. To quantify cytokine depletion from the neural lobe during progressive salt loading and determine whether the changes are reversible and correspond with stores of vasopressin (VP) or oxytocin (OT), rats were given water on day 0 and then 2% NaCl to drink for 2, 5, 8 or 5 days followed by 5 days of water (rehydration). Control rats drinking only water were pair-fed amounts eaten by 5-day salt-loaded animals. Animals were decapitated on day 8, the neural lobe frozen and plasma hormones analysed by radioimmunoassay (OT, VP) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IL-1beta). IL-1beta, VP and OT in homogenates of the neural lobe were quantified by immunocapillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Differences were determined by ANOVA, Tukey's t-test, Dunnett's procedure, Fisher's least significant difference and linear regression analysis. In response to salt-loading, rats lost body weight similar to pair-fed controls, drank progressively more 2% NaCl and excreted greater urine volumes. Plasma VP increased at days 2 and 8 of salt-loading, whereas osmolality, OT and cytokine were enhanced after 8 days with IL-1beta remaining elevated after rehydration. In the neural lobe, all three peptides decreased progressively with increasing duration of salt-loading (IL-1beta, r2 = 0.98; OT, r2 = 0.94; VP, r2 = 0.93), beginning on day 2 (IL-1beta; VP) or 5 (OT), with only VP replenished by rehydration. IL-1beta declined more closely (P < 0.0001; ANOVA interaction analysis) with OT (r2 = 0.96) than VP (r2 = 0.86), indicative of corelease from the neural lobe during chronic dehydration. Local effects of IL-1beta on magnocellular terminals, pituicytes and microglia in the neural lobe with activation of forebrain osmoregulatory structures by circulating cytokine may sustain neurosecretion of OT and VP during prolonged salt-loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Summy-Long
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Vorobeva EV, Krasikova IN, Solov'eva TF. Influence of lipopolysaccharides and lipids A from some marine bacteria on spontaneous and Escherichia coli LPS-induced TNF-alpha release from peripheral human blood cells. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2006; 71:759-66. [PMID: 16903830 DOI: 10.1134/s000629790607008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Some endotoxic properties of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and lipids A (LA) from the marine bacteria Marinomonas communis ATCC 27118(T), Marinomonas mediterranea ATCC 700492(T), and Chryseobacterium indoltheticum CIP 103168(T) were studied. The preparations tested were shown to have high 50% lethal doses (4 microg per mouse for LPS from M. mediterranea and more than 12 microg per mouse for two other LPS and LA from C. indoltheticum) and were moderate (371 +/- 37 pg/ml at 10 microg/ml of C. indoltheticum LPS), weak (148 +/- 5 pg/ml at 1 microg/ml of M. mediterranea LPS), and zero (LA and LPS from M. communis and LA from C. indoltheticum) inducers of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release from peripheral human blood cells. The capacity of the LA and LPS samples from marine bacteria to inhibit TNF-alpha release induced by LPS from Escherichia coli O55 : B5 (10 ng/ml) was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Vorobeva
- Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 690022, Russia.
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29
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Anghelina D, Pewe L, Perlman S. Pathogenic role for virus-specific CD4 T cells in mice with coronavirus-induced acute encephalitis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 169:209-22. [PMID: 16816374 PMCID: PMC1698761 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.051308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute viral encephalitis is believed to result from direct virus destruction of infected cells and from virus-induced host immune response, but the relative contribution of each remains largely unknown. For example, C57BL/6 (B6) mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus (JHM strain, JHMV) develop severe encephalitis, with death occurring within 7 days. Here, we show that the host response to a single JHMV-specific immunodominant CD4 T-cell epitope is critical for severe disease. We engineered a recombinant JHMV with mutations in the immunodominant CD4 T-cell epitope (rJ.M(Y135Q)). Infection of naïve B6 mice with this virus resulted in mild disease with no mortality. However, introduction of a CD4 T-cell epitope from Listeria monocytogenes into rJ.M(Y135Q) generated a highly virulent virus. The decrease in disease severity was not due to a switch from Th1 to Th2 predominance in rJ.M(Y135Q)-infected mice, an effect on CD8 T-cell function, or differential expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by JHMV-specific CD4 T cells. These results show that the response to a single virus-specific CD4 T-cell epitope may contribute to a pathogenic host response in the setting of acute viral disease and that abrogation of this response ameliorates clinical disease without diminishing virus clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Anghelina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Medical Laboratories 2042, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Lee CC, Chang IJ, Yen ZS, Hsu CY, Chen SY, Su CP, Chiang WC, Chen SC, Chen WJ. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT RESUSCITATION FLUIDS ON CYTOKINE RESPONSE IN A RAT MODEL OF HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK. Shock 2005; 24:177-81. [PMID: 16044090 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000171870.42900.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to determine the effects of different resuscitation fluids on the production of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock. Wistar male rats (n = 24; 8/group) were subjected to a volume-controlled hemorrhagic shock for 30 minutes and resuscitated as follows: (1) sham group without resuscitation, (2) lactated Ringer solution (LR), 3:1; (3) 4% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) solution, 1:1; and (4) 4% modified fluid gelatin (GEL), 1:1. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded, and blood samples were collected at 0 min and 30, 90, 150, 210, 270, and 330 min after hemorrhage for plasma levels of IL-6, IL-10, and TNFalpha. The circulating concentrations of IL-6 at 90, 150, 210, 270, and 330 min and TNFalpha levels at 150, 210, and 270 min after hemorrhage were significantly elevated in animals resuscitated with GEL compared with HES or LR (P < 0.05). At 210, 270, and 330 min, IL-10 concentration was decreased significantly in GEL-resuscitated rats compared with rats resuscitated with LR or HES (P < 0.05). Mean blood pressure and serum levels of lactate after resuscitation were not different among three kinds of fluids. LR, HES, and GEL are comparable in volume efficacy for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock but are associated with different postresuscitation immune responses. Resuscitation with GEL may be associated with cytokine production favoring a proinflammatory response. The marked elevation of IL-6 observed in the GEL-treated animals may play a role in the relatively high frequency of anaphylactoid reaction in clinical use of GEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chang Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, and National Taiwan University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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31
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Feterowski C, Novotny A, Kaiser-Moore S, Mühlradt PF, Rossmann-Bloeck T, Rump M, Holzmann B, Weighardt H. Attenuated pathogenesis of polymicrobial peritonitis in mice after TLR2 agonist pre-treatment involves ST2 up-regulation. Int Immunol 2005; 17:1035-46. [PMID: 16000329 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxh282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system uses Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to activate and instruct immune responses against microbial pathogens. Administration of TLR agonists to mice induces a state of hyporesponsiveness, or tolerance, characterized by reduced cytokine production upon subsequent second challenge. The present study examined the effects of pre-treatment of mice with TLR2-dependent stimuli on the host defense against acute polymicrobial infection. Immune priming of mice with macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) 4 days prior to infection greatly improves survival and bacterial clearance in a model of polymicrobial septic peritonitis which is associated with enhanced accumulation of effector neutrophils in the peritoneal cavity. Further, the systemic and local production of both myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependently and MyD88-independently produced cytokines was substantially diminished, but not completely absent, in TLR2-treated mice. While pre-treatment with MALP-2 does not involve differential expression of TLR and IL-1R-associated kinase proteins, ST2, a negative regulator of TLR signaling, was up-regulated after treatment of mice with either MALP-2 or N-alpha-palmitoyl-S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2RS)-propyl]-L-cysteine. Therefore, ST2 may be a mechanism, among others, to attenuate the sepsis-induced cytokine burst. Thus, these results suggest that immune protection in mice after pre-treatment with TLR2-dependent stimuli involves the induction of enhanced pathogen defense by neutrophils. In addition, up-regulation of ST2 could contribute to the diminished cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Feterowski
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Strasse 22, Munich 81675, Germany
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Miller KA, Suresh Kumar EVK, Wood SJ, Cromer JR, Datta A, David SA. Lipopolysaccharide sequestrants: structural correlates of activity and toxicity in novel acylhomospermines. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2589-99. [PMID: 15801849 PMCID: PMC1360202 DOI: 10.1021/jm049449j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS), otherwise termed "endotoxins", are outer membrane constituents of Gram-negative bacteria. Lipopolysaccharides play a key role in the pathogenesis of "septic shock", a major cause of mortality in the critically ill patient. Therapeutic options aimed at limiting downstream systemic inflammatory processes by targeting lipopolysaccharide do not exist at the present time. We have defined the pharmacophore necessary for small molecules to specifically bind and neutralize LPS and, using animal models of sepsis, have shown that the sequestration of circulatory LPS by small molecules is a therapeutically viable strategy. In this paper, the interactions of a series of acylated homologated spermine compounds with LPS have been characterized. The optimal acyl chain length for effective sequestration of LPS was identified to be C(16) for the monoacyl compounds. The most promising of these compounds, 4e, binds LPS with an ED(50) of 1.37 muM. Nitric oxide production in murine J774A.1 cells, as well as TNF-alpha in human blood, is inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by 4e at concentrations orders of magnitude lower than toxic doses. Administration of 4e to d-galactosamine-sensitized mice challenged with supralethal doses of LPS provided significant protection against lethality. Potent antiendotoxic activity, low toxicity, and ease of synthesis render this class of compounds candidate endotoxin-sequestering agents of potential significant therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Miller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Life Sciences Research Laboratories, 1501 Wakarusa Drive, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66049, USA.
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Geiger SM, Massara CL, Bethony J, Soboslay PT, Corrêa-Oliveira R. Cellular responses and cytokine production in post-treatment hookworm patients from an endemic area in Brazil. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136:334-40. [PMID: 15086399 PMCID: PMC1809034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hookworm infections are distributed widely in tropical areas and have a significant impact on host morbidity and human health. In the present study, we investigated the cellular responsiveness and cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from Necator americanus-infected schoolchildren who had recently received chemotherapy, and compared them with non-infected endemic controls. Hookworm patients and treated, egg-negative individuals showed a lower cellular reactivity against phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and hookworm antigen when compared with egg-negative endemic controls. The baseline production of proinflammatory tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in PBMC from infected patients and treated, egg-negative individuals was elevated. On the other hand, PHA- or hookworm antigen-induced interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion was higher in endemic controls than in hookworm patients, who either continued egg-positive or were egg-negative after treatment. Also, PBMC from endemic controls secreted more IL-5 and IL-13 than the other patient groups. Opposite to that, the spontaneous as well as the antigen-driven IL-10 secretion was lower in endemic controls when compared with the other groups. In summary, patently hookworm-infected as well as egg-negative treated patients disclosed an elevated spontaneous cellular secretion of proinflammatory TNF-alpha, a prominent secretion of regulatory Th2-type IL-10 and an impaired production of IL-12, IFN-gamma, IL-5 and IL-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Geiger
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Laboratório de Imunologia, Belo Horizonte-MG, Brazil.
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Bannerman DD, Paape MJ, Lee JW, Zhao X, Hope JC, Rainard P. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus elicit differential innate immune responses following intramammary infection. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 11:463-72. [PMID: 15138171 PMCID: PMC404560 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.11.3.463-472.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2004] [Revised: 03/01/2004] [Accepted: 03/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli are among the most prevalent species of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, respectively, that induce clinical mastitis. The innate immune system comprises the immediate host defense mechanisms to protect against infection and contributes to the initial detection of and proinflammatory response to infectious pathogens. The objective of the present study was to characterize the different innate immune responses to experimental intramammary infection with E. coli and S. aureus during clinical mastitis. The cytokine response and changes in the levels of soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), two proteins that contribute to host recognition of bacterial cell wall products, were studied. Intramammary infection with either E. coli or S. aureus elicited systemic changes, including decreased milk output, a febrile response, and induction of the acute-phase synthesis of LBP. Infection with either bacterium resulted in increased levels of interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), gamma interferon, IL-12, sCD14, and LBP in milk. High levels of the complement cleavage product C5a and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were detected at several time points following E. coli infection, whereas S. aureus infection elicited a slight but detectable increase in these mediators at a single time point. Increases in IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha were observed only in quarters infected with E. coli. Together, these data demonstrate the variability of the host innate immune response to E. coli and S. aureus and suggest that the limited cytokine response to S. aureus may contribute to the well-known ability of the bacterium to establish chronic intramammary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas D Bannerman
- Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service/ANRI, BARC-East, Bldg. 1040, Room 2, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA.
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Feterowski C, Emmanuilidis K, Miethke T, Gerauer K, Rump M, Ulm K, Holzmann B, Weighardt H. Effects of functional Toll-like receptor-4 mutations on the immune response to human and experimental sepsis. Immunology 2003; 109:426-31. [PMID: 12807489 PMCID: PMC1782987 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically determined responsiveness to microbial stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) may affect the pathophysiology of human sepsis. The D299G mutation in human Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) impairs LPS signalling in homozygous and heterozygous individuals. To investigate whether the presence of the TLR4(D299G) mutation may correlate with the development or outcome of sepsis following major visceral surgery the presence of TLR4(D299G) mutation was analysed in 307 Caucasian patients (154 without and 153 with sepsis). Sepsis was caused in 84% of patients by polymicrobial infection. The presence of the mutant TLR4 did not significantly correlate with development or outcome of sepsis. Serum levels of tumour necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-6 at sepsis onset did not significantly differ between patients carrying wild-type and mutant TLR4. Moreover, studies in a murine model of polymicrobial septic peritonitis demonstrated that TLR4-deficiency did neither influence the systemic cytokine response nor the development of organ injury. The results suggest that the signalling capacity of TLR4 as affected by loss-of-function mutations does not influence human or experimental sepsis caused by polymicrobial infection. Thus, in polymicrobial infection, other innate immune receptors may compensate for TLR4 defects.
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36
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Brinkman-Van der Linden ECM, Angata T, Reynolds SA, Powell LD, Hedrick SM, Varki A. CD33/Siglec-3 binding specificity, expression pattern, and consequences of gene deletion in mice. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23:4199-206. [PMID: 12773563 PMCID: PMC156146 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.23.12.4199-4206.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse CD33/Siglec-3 (mCD33) is the apparent ortholog of human CD33/Siglec-3 (hCD33), a member of the Siglec (sialic acid-binding Ig superfamily lectin) family of sialic acid-recognizing cell-surface lectins. We examined the binding specificity and expression pattern of mCD33 and explored its functions by generating mice deficient in this molecule. Like hCD33, mCD33 is expressed on myeloid precursors in the bone marrow, albeit mostly in the more mature stages of the granulocytic lineage. Moreover, unlike hCD33, mCD33 in peripheral blood is primarily expressed on granulocytes. Also, unlike hCD33, mCD33 did not bind to alpha2-3- or alpha2-6-linked sialic acids on lactosamine units. Instead, it showed distinctive sialic acid-dependent binding only to the short O-linked glycans of certain mucins and weak binding to the sialyl-Tn epitope. Binding was enhanced by removal of 9-O-acetyl groups and attenuated by truncation of the glycerol-like side chain of sialic acids. Mice deficient in CD33 were viable and fertile in a controlled-access specific-pathogen-free vivarium, showed no major morphological or histological abnormalities, had no changes in bone marrow or peripheral leukocyte subpopulations, and had very minor differences in biochemical and erythrocyte parameters. Cellular responses to intraperitoneally injected proinflammatory stimulants, as well as subsequent interleukin-6 secretion, were also apparently unaffected. These results indicate substantial species differences in CD33 expression patterns and ligand recognition and suggest functional degeneracy between mCD33 and the other CD33-related Siglec proteins expressed on cells of the myeloid lineage.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/physiology
- Biotinylation
- COS Cells
- Caseins/metabolism
- Cell Lineage
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitopes
- Exons
- Gene Deletion
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Lipopolysaccharides/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Genetic
- N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
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Macintire DK, Bellhorn TL. Bacterial translocation: clinical implications and prevention. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2002; 32:1165-78. [PMID: 12380171 DOI: 10.1016/s0195-5616(02)00037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of BT has been well documented in experimental animal models of hemorrhagic shock, trauma, severe burns, cirrhosis, pancreatitis, and bacterial overgrowth. Translocation of viable bacteria and endotoxins into mesenteric lymph nodes and other gut-associated lymphatic tissue is thought to activate a complex interplay of mediators that initiates the SIRS. Multiple humoral and cellular systems cause synthesis, expression, and release of inflammatory mediators, such as toxic oxygen radicals, proteolytic enzymes, adherence molecules, and various cytokines. A massive sustained proinflammatory response can ultimately result in irreversible multiple organ dysfunction. Because BT is associated with splanchnic hypoperfusion, the cornerstone of therapy involves rapid resuscitation and restoration of tissue perfusion. If a septic focus can be identified, it should be removed. Gut protectants, promotility agents, antioxidants, and immune-enhancing diets have shown promise in improving length of survival in these critically ill patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglass K Macintire
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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38
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Abstract
Based on recent advances in techniques that can detect and enumerate antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, it is evident that these cells can differentially regulate CD8+ T cell effector mechanisms at the single-cell level. Interplay between effector mechanisms that are employed by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells during the immune response in vivo can be addressed with different techniques that "count" cells either directly (T cell receptor (TCR) expression) or indirectly (antigen-specific cytokine production).
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Badovinac
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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39
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Yanowitz TD, Jordan JA, Gilmour CH, Towbin R, Bowen A, Roberts JM, Brozanski BS. Hemodynamic disturbances in premature infants born after chorioamnionitis: association with cord blood cytokine concentrations. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:310-6. [PMID: 11861935 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200203000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chorioamnionitis and elevated cord blood inflammatory cytokine concentrations are associated with detectable disturbances of systemic and cerebral hemodynamics in premature newborns. Fifty-five infants (25-31 wk gestation) were enrolled. Chorioamnionitis was defined by placental histology. IL-6, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were quantified by ELISA. Blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, fractional shortening, and middle cerebral artery blood flow velocities were measured at 3 +/- 1 h after birth. Chorioamnionitis was evident in 22 placentas and was associated with increased IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-1beta (p = 0.035), and heart rate (p = 0.027); and with decreased mean and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.026 and p = 0.019, respectively). IL-6 concentration correlated inversely with systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures. Right ventricular cardiac output was elevated (p = 0.028) in infants with fetal vessel inflammation. Maternal temperature >or=38.0 degrees C and newborn immature-to-total white blood cell ratio >or=0.4 were associated with significant decreases in left ventricular fractional shortening (p = 0.001 and p = 0.005, respectively). Neither chorioamnionitis nor elevated cytokine concentrations were associated with changes in middle cerebral artery Doppler blood flow velocities. Chorioamnionitis and elevated cord blood IL-6 concentrations are associated with decreased blood pressure in premature newborns. Inflammation of the fetal vessels and nonspecific indicators of infection are associated with disturbances in cardiac function. Infants with chorioamnionitis and elevated cytokine concentrations do not manifest changes in cerebral Doppler indices within the first few postnatal hours. We speculate that cytokine-associated systemic hemodynamic disturbances in premature infants born after chorioamnionitis predispose such infants to perinatal brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby Debra Yanowitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and the Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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40
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Ströher U, West E, Bugany H, Klenk HD, Schnittler HJ, Feldmann H. Infection and activation of monocytes by Marburg and Ebola viruses. J Virol 2001; 75:11025-33. [PMID: 11602743 PMCID: PMC114683 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.22.11025-11033.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2001] [Accepted: 07/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated the effects of Marburg virus and Ebola virus (species Zaire and Reston) infections on freshly isolated suspended monocytes in comparison to adherent macrophages under culture conditions. Our data showed that monocytes are permissive for both filoviruses. As is the case in macrophages, infection resulted in the activation of monocytes which was largely independent of virus replication. The activation was triggered similarly by Marburg and Ebola viruses, species Zaire and Reston, as indicated by the release of the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha, and IL-6 as well as the chemokines IL-8 and gro-alpha. Our data suggest that infected monocytes may play an important role in the spread of filoviruses and in the pathogenesis of filoviral hemorrhagic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Ströher
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität, D-35037 Marburg, Germany
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41
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David SA. Towards a rational development of anti-endotoxin agents: novel approaches to sequestration of bacterial endotoxins with small molecules. J Mol Recognit 2001; 14:370-87. [PMID: 11757070 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Endotoxins, or lipopolysaccharides (LPS), present on the surface of Gram-negative bacteria, play a key role in the pathogenesis of septic shock, a common clinical problem and a leading cause of mortality in critically ill patients, for which no specific therapeutic modalities are available at the present time. The toxic moiety of LPS is a glycolipid called 'lipid A', which is composed of a bisphosphorylated diglucosamine backbone bearing up to seven acyl chains in ester and amide linkages. Lipid A is structurally highly conserved in Gram-negative bacteria, and is therefore an attractive target for developing anti-endotoxin molecules designed to sequester, and thereby neutralize, the deleterious effects of endotoxins. The anionic and amphipathic nature of lipid A enables the interaction of a wide variety of cationic amphiphiles with the toxin. This review describes the systematic evaluation of several structural classes of cationic amphiphiles, both peptides and non-peptidic small molecules, in the broader context of recent efforts aimed at developing novel anti-endotoxin strategies. The derivation of a pharmacophore for LPS recognition has led to the identification of novel, nontoxic, structurally simple small molecules, the lipopolyamines. The lipopolyamines bind and neutralize LPS in in vitro experiments as well as in animal models of endotoxicity, and thus present novel and exciting leads for rational, structure-based development of LPS-sequestering agents of potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A David
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.
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42
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Abstract
Trauma deaths continue to show a trimodal distribution: immediately at the scene, within the first 24 hours during initial resuscitation, and in the next 3 to 4 weeks as a result of multiple organ failure.(1) Failure to resuscitate adequately in the emergency department can lead to acidosis, hypothermia, and coagulopathy, which can result in multiple organ failure and cause death in these patients. Our current understanding of the initial response to shock and trauma and the development of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and progressive organ failure is one of a continuum initiated and perpetuated by inflammation and inflammatory mediators. The pathophysiologic character, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of traumatic injury-induced multiple organ failure are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Flushing Hospital Medical Center, 45th Avenue at Parsons Boulevard, Flushing, NY 11355, USA.
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43
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Dias AAM, Goodman AR, Dos Santos JL, Gomes RN, Altmeyer A, Bozza PT, de Fátima Horta M, Vilcek J, Reis LFL. TSG‐14 transgenic mice have improved survival to endotoxemia and to CLP‐induced sepsis. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.6.928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adriana A. M. Dias
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, São Paulo, Brazil;
- Department of Microbiology, and Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Adam R. Goodman
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | | | - Rachel Novaes Gomes
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anne Altmeyer
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
| | - Patrícia T. Bozza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacodynamics, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Jan Vilcek
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and
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Abstract
Previous definition of classic dengue, with or without bleeding, and of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) that may evolve without bleeding and with or without dengue shock syndrome (DSS) are reviewed here. The classical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of dengue, although useful in the past, nowadays breeds confusion and adds a burden to the physician's task of decision-making regarding the treatment of patients with severe forms of the disease. The classification of dengue proposed in this paper, and summarized in a diagram, incorporates new concepts about sepsis, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). This new approach, in our view, is a useful guide to initial evaluation and treatment of the disease. It also approximates the dengue syndrome to other protocols and medical procedures routinely used in intensive care units, making it easier to be followed by the health personnel working in areas subject to epidemic bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Serufo
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brasil.
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45
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Vulcano M, Meiss RP, Isturiz MA. Deferoxamine reduces tissue injury and lethality in LPS-treated mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 2000; 22:635-44. [PMID: 10988358 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(00)00026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of deferoxamine (DFX), an iron chelator, which can also act as a free radical scavenger, in an experimental murine model of sepsis. In vivo studies demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with DFX reduces tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) serum levels and increases the rate of survival of mice inoculated with lethal doses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Escherichia coli O111:B4. By using the iron chelated form of DFX (ferrioxamine) the same results were obtained, suggesting that in this model, DFX could act as a free radical scavenger. On the other hand, DFX prevents mortality induced either by LPS or murine recombinant TNF-alpha in D(+)-galactosamine (GalN)-sensitized mice. These protective actions of DFX correlate with an attenuated tissue damage observed in lungs, livers and kidneys of LPS-treated animals and GalN-sensitized mice inoculated with TNF-alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vulcano
- División Immunologia, Instituti de Investigaciones Hematológicas Academia Nacional de Medicina, Pacheco de Melo, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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46
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Faggioni R, Moser A, Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Reduced leptin levels in starvation increase susceptibility to endotoxic shock. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 156:1781-7. [PMID: 10793089 PMCID: PMC1876910 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2000] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition compromises immune function, reducing resistance to infection. We examine whether the decrease in leptin induced by starvation increases susceptibility to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced lethality. In mice, fasting for 48 hours enhances sensitivity to LPS. Decreasing the fasting-induced fall in leptin by leptin administration markedly reduced sensitivity to LPS. Although fasting decreases basal leptin levels, LPS treatment increased leptin to the same extent as in fed animals. Fasting increased basal serum corticosterone; leptin treatment blunted this increase. Fasting decreased the ability of LPS to increase corticosterone; leptin restored the corticosterone response to LPS. Serum glucose levels were decreased in fasted mice and LPS induced a further decrease. Leptin treatment affected neither basal glucose nor that after LPS. LPS induced a fivefold greater increase in serum TNF in fasted mice, which was blunted by leptin replacement. In contrast, LPS induced lower levels of interferon-gamma and no differences in interleukin-1beta in fasted compared to fed animals; leptin had no effect on those cytokines. Furthermore, fasting increased sensitivity to the lethal effect of TNF itself, which was also reversed by leptin treatment. Thus, leptin seems to be protective by both inhibiting TNF induction by LPS and by reducing TNF toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Faggioni
- Metabolism Section, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94121, USA
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47
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Yan Z, Yang DC, Neill R, Jett M. Production of tumor necrosis factor alpha in human T lymphocytes by staphylococcal enterotoxin B correlates with toxin-induced proliferation and is regulated through protein kinase C. Infect Immun 1999; 67:6611-8. [PMID: 10569782 PMCID: PMC97074 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.12.6611-6618.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/1999] [Accepted: 08/16/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) simultaneously binds both the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II receptor on monocytes and the T-cell receptor (TCR) on T lymphocytes, resulting in a range of cell responses including induction of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). In this study, we have used mixed cultures of human peripheral blood monocytes and lymphocytes to investigate biochemical events controlling SEB induction of TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha production induced by SEB in mixed cultures is more closely associated with T cells than with monocytes: (i) a TCR-binding-site mutant of SEB (N23F) is less active in TNF-alpha induction than an MHC class II receptor-binding-site mutant (F44R), and (ii) flow cytometric analysis indicated that SEB induced TNF-alpha production in T cells but not in monocytes. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors of signal transduction pathways was employed to further define events in SEB-induced TNF-alpha production. Neither protein kinase A inhibitors nor two protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors altered SEB-induced TNF-alpha production. In contrast, SEB induced protein kinase C (PKC) translocation, and pretreatment of cultures with inhibitors of PKC blocked TNF-alpha induction. Alteration of levels of diacylglycerol (DAG), an activator of PKC, by treatment with inhibitors of phospholipase C or DAG kinase also altered SEB-induced TNF-alpha production. These data suggest that PKC activation plays a critical role in SEB-induced TNF-alpha production in human T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yan
- Chemistry Department, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 20056, USA
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48
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Lauzurica P, Martínez-Martínez S, Marazuela M, Gómez del Arco P, Martínez C, Sánchez-Madrid F, Redondo JM. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate protects mice from lethal shock induced by LPS or TNF-alpha. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:1890-900. [PMID: 10382751 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199906)29:06<1890::aid-immu1890>3.0.co;2-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although important advances have been made in the development of antibiotics and medical intensive care technology in recent years, systemic response to infection remains a major health problem, with growing incidence and high mortality rates. Here we demonstrate the ability of the antioxidant agent pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) to inhibit the in vivo activation of NF-kappaB in lung and liver tissues, as well as the systemic release of TNF-alpha in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. The in vivo effect of PDTC on NF-kappaB activation in liver tissues involved the inhibition of both LPS-induced I kappaB-alpha degradation and the translocation of the p50 and p65 NF-kappaB subunits to the nucleus. In addition to protecting mice against lethal LPS doses, PDTC curtailed TNF-alpha-induced lethal shock. This effect was observed even after LPS injection, and when PDTC was administered at a time when TNF-alpha was already at maximum levels in serum. PDTC-treated mice survived despite high IL-1beta and IL-6 levels, induction of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression or leukocyte infiltration in tissues known to be associated with LPS-induced shock, indicating that PDTC does not act by modifying these responses. Taken together, these results indicate that PDTC interferes with the production as well as the action of TNF-alpha, and points to a possible approach toward the treatment of septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lauzurica
- Servicio de Immunología, Hospital de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
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49
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Nguyen KB, Biron CA. Synergism for Cytokine-Mediated Disease During Concurrent Endotoxin and Viral Challenges: Roles for NK and T Cell IFN-γ Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.9.5238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Viral infections in humans or mice can result in increased sensitivity to challenges with bacteria, bacterial products, or cytokine administration. During lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infections, mice are more sensitive to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxin LPS, and in the experiments reported here, were observed at up to 10-fold lower doses in infected than in uninfected mice. The mechanisms responsible for heightened susceptibility under these conditions were evaluated. Kinetic studies demonstrated that virus-infected mice had 3- to 50-fold increases over uninfected mice in peak serum TNF, IL-12, and IFN-γ levels after LPS administration. All three cytokines contributed to lethality during dual challenge, because neutralization of any one of the factors protected from death. Production of TNF was not dependent on either NK or T cells. In contrast, these populations were the predominant sources of IFN-γ, as determined by lack of detectable IFN-γ production in NK and T cell-deficient mice and by intracellular cytokine expression in the cell subsets. Concordant with the demonstrations that both cell populations produced IFN-γ and that this factor was critical for lethality, removal of either subset alone was not sufficient to protect mice from death resulting from dual challenges. Increased resistance required absence of both cell subsets. Taken together, the data show that during viral infections, the normally protective immune responses can profoundly modify reactions to secondary heterologous challenges, to result in dysregulated cytokine expression and consequent heightened detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khuong B. Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Christine A. Biron
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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50
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Carson WE, Yu H, Dierksheide J, Pfeffer K, Bouchard P, Clark R, Durbin J, Baldwin AS, Peschon J, Johnson PR, Ku G, Baumann H, Caligiuri MA. A Fatal Cytokine-Induced Systemic Inflammatory Response Reveals a Critical Role for NK Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.8.4943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The mechanism of cytokine-induced shock remains poorly understood. The combination of IL-2 and IL-12 has synergistic antitumor activity in vivo, yet has been associated with significant toxicity. We examined the effects of IL-2 plus IL-12 in a murine model and found that the daily, simultaneous administration of IL-2 and IL-12 resulted in shock and 100% mortality within 4 to 12 days depending on the strain employed. Mice treated with IL-2 plus IL-12 exhibited NK cell apoptosis, pulmonary edema, degenerative lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, and elevated serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and acute phase reactants. The actions of TNF-α, IFN-γ, macrophage-inflammatory protein-1α, IL-1, IL-1-converting enzyme, Fas, perforin, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and STAT1 did not contribute to the observed toxicity, nor did B or T cells. However, toxicity and death from treatment with IL-2 plus IL-12 could be completely abrogated by elimination of NK cells. These results suggest that the fatal systemic inflammatory response induced by this cytokine treatment is critically dependent upon NK cells, but does not appear to be mediated by the known effector molecules of this cellular compartment. These data may provide insight into the pathogenesis of cytokine-induced shock in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E. Carson
- *Department of Surgery, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- †Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Haixin Yu
- †Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Julie Dierksheide
- ‡Department of Pathology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Klaus Pfeffer
- §Institute for Medicine, Microbiology, and Hygiene, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Albert S. Baldwin
- **Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Chapel Hill, NC 27514
| | - Jacques Peschon
- ††Immunex Research and Development Corporation, Seattle, WA 98101
| | | | - George Ku
- ‡‡Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | | | - Michael A. Caligiuri
- †Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
- ¶¶Department of Medicine, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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