Perceived social support: psychometric properties of the MSPSS in normal and pathological groups in a developing country

Psychosocial factors affecting the quality of life of parents who have children with home mechanical ventilation

INTRODUCTION

Most children with medical complexity have to live with home mechanical ventilation (HMV). Undertaking the care of a child with HMV creates a psychosocial burden on parents. This study investigated the impact of selected potential determinants on the quality of life of parents who have children with HMV.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey study was conducted using a structured questionnaire to determine the sociodemographic characteristics of the parents. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Brief version, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support were applied.

RESULTS

A total of 35 participants responded to the questionnaires. Paired data from mothers and fathers were obtained from 12 families. A moderately significant positive correlation was found between the perceived social support levels of the parents and all domains of the quality of life scale (for the physical domain: r = .455, p = .006; for the psychological domain: r = .549, p = .001; for the social domain: r = .726, p = .000; and for the environment domain: r = .442, p = .008). A moderate negative relationship was found between parents' perceived social support levels and BDI scores (r = -.557, p = .001). The multivariate regression analysis determined that being a mother, quitting a job to become a caregiver, being the only caregiver at home, and having a neurological/neuromuscular disease as the primary disease of the child were associated with lower scores in more than one quality of life domain.

CONCLUSION

Our results emphasize that appropriate social support is important for improving the quality of life scores of parents of children with HMV.

A prospective longitudinal study of depression, perceived stress, and perceived control in resettled Syrian refugees' mental health and psychosocial adaptation

This prospective study examined the psychosocial adaptation of a community sample of newly resettled Syrian refugees in Canada (N = 235). Specifically, depressive symptoms, perceived stress, and perceived control were collected in Arabic at baseline and 1-year follow-up. Two theory-informed, cross-lagged panel models demonstrated that higher baseline depressive symptoms predicted lower perceived self-efficacy and lower perceived control at 1-year follow-up. Similarly, baseline depressive symptoms were concurrently correlated with higher perceived helplessness, lower perceived self-efficacy, and lower perceived control. Secondary regression analyses further demonstrated that baseline depressive symptoms predicted lower perceived social support and higher anxiety symptoms, though neither were assessed at baseline. Empirical results identify a potentially broad, precipitating, and persistent effect of depressive symptoms on Syrian refugees' psychosocial resources and adaptation post-migration, which is consistent with both the transactional model of stress and coping and the self-efficacy theory of depression, respectively. Clinically, the study results highlight the importance of early screening for depressive symptoms among refugee newcomers within a culturally and trauma-informed, integrated health setting. Furthermore, this study underscores the value and need for theoretically guided longitudinal studies to advance future research on refugee mental health and psychosocial adaptation.

Determinants of health-promoting behaviors in pregnant women

OBJECTIVE

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between social support, marital dissatisfaction, psychological factors, and health-promoting behaviors in pregnant women.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 1,265 pregnant women who visited the outpatient clinic of a maternity hospital between May and August 2023. The Health Promotion Lifestyle-II Questionnaire was used to measure the healthy lifestyle behaviors of pregnant women. The mental health status of pregnant women was measured using the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21. The Marital Disaffection Scale was used to assess the level of disaffection toward a spouse. Perceived social support was measured by the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale.

RESULTS

Pregnant women had a mean age of 26.46±5.09 years. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that there was a positive association between perceived social support and health-promoting behaviors. It was also found that marital disaffection was negatively associated with health-promoting behaviors (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that stress, anxiety, depression, and marital disaffection are negatively associated with health-promoting lifestyle behaviors, while social support is positively associated with the adoption of health practices in pregnant women. Understanding the complex interplay between psychosocial factors and healthy behaviors is crucial to improving healthy behaviors in pregnant women.

Social support and trauma experiences of imprisoned men in Northern Ireland

BACKGROUND

Social Support has multiple benefits for health and mental wellbeing. Its existence, and the extent to which it can be beneficial, is dependent upon the context in which it is provided, and the recipients' view of it. Social support has long been established as a 'buffer' to the negative impact of stressful life experiences. Trauma can negatively impact upon social support, reducing the extent of social networks and ability of some trauma experienced individuals to sustain extensive social support networks. However, some trauma experiences can also strengthen social relationships. Imprisoned men are disproportionately likely to have experienced a traumatic event when compared with the general population. Past research has found that traumatic events can lead to a decrease in social support among imprisoned men but more research is needed to understand the variations in perceived social support experienced by imprisoned men and to determine how different types of trauma may be related to perceived social support.

METHOD

A cross-sectional survey of 384 adult men detained in the Northern Ireland Prison Service was conducted between November 2022 and January 2023. The survey collected data on the men's demographics, mental health, substance use, and criminal history. Respondents were also asked to complete a Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ) and the Multi-dimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Regression analysis was then used to investigate the possible associations between individual characteristics, different types of trauma experiences and perceived social support.

RESULTS

Most types of trauma experiences were not associated with lower levels of perceived social support. Only those who had experienced crime related trauma were more likely to report lower levels of social support. Older imprisoned men and those using substances were more likely to report lower levels of perceived social support, while those who had served a sentence of less than one year reported higher levels of perceived social support.

DISCUSSION

Crime related trauma experiences were found to be associated with lower levels of perceived social support. There were no significant findings around perceived social support and any of the other trauma types i.e. physical, sexual and general disaster experiences. Trauma informed policy responses should be cognisant of this, as those with experiences of crime related victimisation are less likely to have the social support needed to buffer against future trauma experiences. The findings demonstrate that some individuals experience lower levels of perceived social support and several factors are associated with this including age, time served and substance use history. This will potentially impact upon them during release and affect their reintegration into society. Specific policies aimed at these groups should be considered to prevent them from experiencing a lack of support and any accompanying adversity upon release.

Psychosocial Factors Associated With Thoughts Regarding Life-Sustaining Treatment for Oneself and Family Members

OBJECTIVE

This study aims to investigate the thoughts of the general population regarding life-sustaining treatment for both oneself and family members and to assess the factors associated with those thoughts.

METHODS

A total of 1,500 individuals participated in this study by completing a questionnaire consisting of self-reporting items with some instructions, basic demographic information, thoughts on life-sustaining treatment, and psychosocial scales. The disease status was calculated using the Charlson Comorbidity Index. The psychosocial scales included the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.

RESULTS

The majority of participants did not want to receive life-sustaining treatment for both themselves and their families. However, more people wanted life-sustaining treatment for their family members (35.9%) than for themselves (21.6%). Among the basic demographic characteristics, there were significant differences in age, sex, marital status, living arrangements, occupational status, religion, and disease status. Regarding the psychosocial scales, there were significant differences in the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores between the group that preferred life-sustaining treatment for family members and the group that did not.

CONCLUSION

The findings suggest that life-sustaining treatment decisions for oneself and for one's family members can be different. We recommend a more clear expression of one's preferences regarding the last moments of one's life, including advance directives.

Self-stigma, religiosity, and perceived social support in people with recent-onset psychosis in the Islamic Republic of Iran: Associations with symptom severity and psychosocial functioning

AIMS

Most evidence on psychosocial factors in recent-onset psychosis comes from high-income countries in Europe, Australia, Canada and the USA, while these factors are likely to differ under varying sociocultural and economic circumstances. In this study, we aimed to investigate associations of self-stigma, religiosity and perceived social support with symptom severity and psychosocial functioning in an Iranian cohort of people with recent-onset psychosis (i.e. illness duration of <2 years).

METHODS

We used baseline data of 361 participants (N = 286 [74%] male, mean age = 34 years [Standard Deviation = 10.0]) from the Iranian Azeri Recent-onset Acute Phase Psychosis Survey (ARAS). We included assessments of self-stigma (Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness, ISMI), religiosity (based on Stark & Glock), perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, MSPSS), symptom severity (Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale, PANSS) and psychosocial functioning (clinician-rated Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, GAF, and self-reported World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0, WHODAS 2.0). Descriptive analyses were employed to characterize the study sample. Covariate-adjusted ordinal and multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to investigate cross-sectional associations of baseline ISMI, religiosity and MSPSS with concurrent PANSS, GAF and WHODAS 2.0.

RESULTS

Higher self-stigma was associated with poorer self-reported functioning (B = 0.375 [95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.186, 0.564]) and more severe concurrent symptoms (B = 0.436 [95% CI: 0.275, 0.597]). Being more religious was associated with poorer clinician-rated functioning (OR = 0.967 [95% CI: 0.944, 0.991]), but with less severe symptoms (B = -0.258 [95% CI: -0.427, -0.088]). Stronger social support was associated with poorer clinician-rated (OR = 0.956 [95% CI: 0.935, 0.978]) and self-reported functioning (B = 0.337 [95% CI: 0.168, 0.507]).

CONCLUSION

This study shows that self-stigma, religiosity and perceived social support were associated with symptom severity and clinician-rated as well as self-reported psychosocial functioning in an Iranian cohort of people with recent-onset psychosis. The findings extend previous evidence on these psychosocial factors to one of the largest countries in the Middle East, and suggest that it may be worthwhile to develop strategies aimed at tackling stigma around psychosis and integrate the role of religiosity and social support in mental ill-health prevention and therapy.

Breastfeeding self-efficacy in terms of sleep quality, perceived social support, depression and certain variables: a cross-sectional study of postpartum women in Turkey

BACKGROUND

Breastfeeding self-efficacy is one of the key factors that affect a healthy and successful breastfeeding process. A mother's belief regarding her ability to breastfeed is influenced by social and psychological factors. This study aimed to investigate the breastfeeding self-efficacy levels of postpartum women, the factors affecting this, and its relationship with sleep quality, social support and depression.

METHODS

This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the pediatric department of a tertiary hospital in Ankara, Turkey. Data were collected from 200 postpartum women using the Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS).

RESULTS

The mean scores of the BSES-SF, PSQI, MSPSS and EPDS were 59.05 ± 8.28, 9.18 ± 3.67, 57.82 ± 18.81, and 8.98 ± 5.89, respectively. A statistically significant negative correlation was found among the BSES-SF, EPDS (r = -0.445, p = 0.001) and PSQI (r = -0.612, p = 0.004), while a positive correlation was found among the BSES-SF, total MSPSS (r = 0.341, p = 0.036), and family support (r = 0.373, p = 0.014) (p < 0.05). In addition, a statistically significant difference was found between the number of births and breastfeeding self-efficacy (F = 3.68; p = 0.001). The linear regression analysis revealed that sleep quality (β = -0.491, p = 0.001), perceived social support (β = 0.146, p = 0.015), family support (β = 0.153, p = 0.013), and depression (β = -0.228, p = 0.001) emerged as the predictors of breastfeeding self-efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, the increase in sleep quality and perceived social support positively affected the breastfeeding self-efficacy of postpartum women, while giving birth for the first time and an increase in the risk of depression were negatively affected.

Attachment expectations moderate links between social support and maternal adjustment from 6 to 18 months postpartum

Significant links exist between one's perception of available social support and mental health outcomes, including during the transition to motherhood. Yet, attachment theory posits that individuals do not benefit equally from social support. As such, we examined the influence of attachment representations (i.e., secure base script knowledge) as they potentially moderate links between social support and psychological distress in a 1-year longitudinal study of an ethnically diverse (56% White) sample of infant-mother dyads. We hypothesized that higher social support would predict lower maternal psychological distress and this relation would be strongest in those with higher secure base script knowledge. Results indicated that maternal perceptions of social support were significantly negatively correlated with psychological distress. Analyses revealed that secure base script scores significantly moderated these associations. Interestingly, for those high in script knowledge, low social support predicted greater psychological distress. For those low in script knowledge, social support was unrelated to psychological distress. This pattern suggested that those who expect care (i.e., high secure base script knowledge) but receive minimal support (i.e., low perceived social support) find motherhood uniquely dysregulating. Practitioners may do well to examine individuals' attachment expectations in relation to their current social support.

Examination of Burnout Levels and Social Support Resources of Healthcare Workers in Filiation Teams During COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey

This study aims to examine the level of burnout and social support of healthcare workers in filiation teams during the period of COVID-19 in Turkey. A total of 1028 healthcare workers have been reached. The sociodemographic questionnaire, Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) have been used. SPSS was used to analyze the data. Descriptive statistics were created, and independent t-tests and Pearson correlation tests were performed. 69.5% of the participants were females. The participants consisted of midwives (21.2%), nurses (15.5%), doctors (14.1%), psychologists (10.8%), and dentists (10.7%). The MSPSS scale scores of the participants were 62.66 ± 16.96; family 22.87 ± 5.85, friends 21.14 ± 6.30, and significant other person 18.65 ± 7.95. MBI scale scores are 54.05 ± 10.77, emotional exhaustion 18.12 ± 8.36, depersonalization 4.53 ± 3.45, and personal achievement 31.40 ± 7.04. The study showed that females have higher levels of emotional exhaustion and, as education levels, the population of the region, daily working hours, patient burden, and death of coronavirus-infected colleagues increase, and burnout levels increase.

Exploratory validation of relationship functioning and non-pregnant partner behavior scales in pregnant people living with HIV in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa

Partner engagement in antenatal care can improve care for pregnant people living with HIV. However, concerns about engaging unsupportive non-pregnant partners warrant further study to avoid engaging partners who pressure their pregnant partner to refuse testing or treatment and/or perpetuate intimate partner violence. We adapted established relationship functioning and partner behaviour questionnaires among pregnant people living with HIV initiating antenatal care in rural South Africa. We identified 13 previously validated psychometric scales with 255 items that assess relationship functioning and partner behaviour, but, to our knowledge, had not been used in Southern Africa. After item translation and cognitive interviewing with 30 pregnant people, we recruited an additional 208 pregnant people living with HIV receiving antenatal care. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis with maximum-likelihood extraction and oblique promax rotation with the 58 items and 10 scales that remained after translation and cognitive interviewing. We used parallel analysis, scree plots, and the Kaiser criterion to guide factor retention and assessed internal factor consistency via Cronbach's alpha. Of the 208 participants recruited, 197 (95%) answered each question and were included in the analysis. Exploratory factor analysis revealed 7 factors that assessed partner social support, sexual relationship power, emotional intimacy, threatened or enacted violence, sexual intimacy, violence in relationships, and partner engagement in pregnancy care via 37 items. Factor absolute Spearman correlations ranged from 0.012 to 0.518 and Cronbach's alpha ranged from 0.84 to 0.92. This preliminary analysis will guide further scale development. Future developments will also include relevant clinical outcomes to assess the predictive validity of the resulting measures. These steps will further refine these questions into a succinct screening tool to assess relationship functioning and partner behaviour. This screening tool may eventually guide the selection of partner-based interventions during pregnancy to improve outcomes for pregnant people and their partners.

Examination of the relationship between post-traumatic growth and social support and life satisfaction in wounded veterans in Turkey

AIM

This study aims to examine the effects of social support and life satisfaction on post-traumatic growth in wounded veterans in Turkey.

METHODS

1175 wounded veterans participated in the cross-sectional study. The sociodemographic questionnaire, the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Satisfaction with Life Scale were used to collect data. Data were analyzed via SPSS.

RESULTS

The results of the study show that the mean age is 43.04 ± 7.36. The participants are low in education and socioeconomic level. The mean of the Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory score is 43.44 ± 21.18, the mean of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support score is 50.01 ± 15.23, and the mean of the Satisfaction With Life Scale score is 9.86 ± 4.04. The results of the study show that there is a positive relationship between social support and life satisfaction and post-traumatic growth.

CONCLUSION

It can be suggested to develop psychosocial intervention strategies and service delivery systems to promote the life satisfaction, social support mechanisms of wounded veterans.

Fathering styles in a traditional culture and its association with marital relationship: A latent profile analysis with a nationally representative sample

This study had two main objectives. The first goal was to examine fathers' parenting styles in a society with traditional patriarchal values. The second goal was to understand the extent to which marital relationship variables (i.e., marital satisfaction and spousal support) are related with the identified fathering profiles. The theoretical and empirical underpinnings of the "parenting styles" literature that form the foundation of the research on parent-child dynamics are still mainly based on data collected only from mothers. This weakness of the literature on fathering typologies is further accompanied by the scarcity of data on fathers' parenting practices from non-Western contexts. To achieve the study aims, a latent profile analysis based on warmth and control dimensions of parenting was performed using a nationally representative sample of 1070 urban fathers in Turkey. Using scores on six parenting behavior variables (i.e., warmth, punishment, inductive reasoning, positive parenting, discipline and teaching responsibilities, time and talking together), results revealed four fathering profiles: "authoritative" (30%), "average" (45%), "uninvolved" (16%), and "disciplining-distant" (8%). Furthermore, the results showed that the fathering profiles significantly differed from each other on the marital satisfaction and spousal support scores. Results highlight the importance of investigating fathering behaviors and their predictors in different cultures.

Impact of Perceived Social Support and Depression in Married Turkish Women on the Sexual Quality of Life: An Online Survey

BACKGROUND

Sexual life is very important for people's physical health, psychological health, and reproductive health. Depression and social support are among the factors that affect the quality of sexual life.

AIM

The present study aimed to determine the impact of perceived social support on the sexual quality of life and depression in married women between the ages of 18 and 49.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 976 married women aged 18 to 49 were included in this cross-sectional study in which an online data collection method was used Sexual Life Quality Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, and Beck Depression Scale, which were used as data collection tools. Statistical analysis used: Analyses were performed using SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics were used for number, percentage, mean, and standard deviation, as well as independent group t-test, correlation, and regression analysis. The "Enter" model was used in the logistic regression analysis.

RESULTS

It was established that nearly one-third of married women aged 18-49 had low levels of perceived social support and sexual quality of life, and almost half of them experienced symptoms of depression. The quality of sexual life was 3.6 times (P = 0.001) lower in those with low social support and 1.6 times (P = 0.024) lower in those with depression.

CONCLUSION

Considering the fact that women's sexual problems, low social support and depression are important predictors of sexual quality of life, special attention should be paid to increasing social support to women, handling women's sexual problems more carefully, and detecting and treating such problems.

Biopsychosocial factors should be considered when evaluating central sensitization in axial spondyloarthritis

To identify the determinants of central sensitization (CS) in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI) was used to determine CS frequency. Disease-related variables including Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS-CRP/-ESR), Maastricht Ankylosing Spondylitis Enthesitis Score (MASES), Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (ASQoL) and Numeric Rating Scale (NRS)GLOBAL were assessed. Biopsychosocial variables were evaluated by the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (B-IPQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and subscales for Anxiety (HADS-A) and Depression (HADS-D), and Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Scale (JSS). To determine the predictors of the development and severity of CS, multiple linear and logistic regression analyses were performed. The frequency of CS was 57.4% in the study population (n = 108). CSI score was correlated with the duration of morning stiffness, BASDAI, ASDAS-CRP, ASDAS-ESR, NRSGLOBAL, BASFI, MASES, ASOoL, JSS, HADS, and B-IPQ total scores (ρ ranged from 0.510 to 0.853). Multiple regression analysis indicated that BASDAI (OR: 10.44, 95% CI: 2.65-41.09), MASES (OR: 2.47, 95% CI: 1.09-5.56) and HADS-A (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.11-2.37) were independent predictors of the development of CS. Additionally, higher NRSGLOBAL, JSS, HADS-D, and HADS-A scores appeared to determine the severity of CS. This study confirms that worse disease activity, more enthesal involvement, and anxiety independently predict the development of CS. Additionally, higher patient-perceived disease activity, sleep impairment and poor mental health significantly contribute to the severity of CS.

Association Between Stress and Social Support Among Young Adult Pacific Islander Smokers

Recent studies have found high levels of stress among Americans, particularly amongst young adults and ethnic minority groups. The purpose of this secondary data analysis was to explore the association between stress and social support among a sample of 276 young adult smokers of Pacific Islander ancestry, specifically Samoans and Tongans with an average age of 25.3 years. Previous research had documented the protective role of social support on stress, and thus it is hypothesized that young adult Pacific Islander smokers who perceived higher levels of social support will have less perceived stress. Social support was assessed using a 12-item scale which measured participant's perceived social support from family, friends, and significant others. Perceived stress was measured using a 10-item scale with 2 subscales - self efficacy and helplessness. Standardized parameter estimates from structural equation modeling indicated a statistically significant inverse relationship between perceived social support from family and perceived stress related to helplessness. More specifically, young adult Samoans and Tongans who report higher levels of social support from family do not feel as much stress stemming from being helpless. The results highlight the importance of family social support on stress management among this population. Most importantly, these findings add to the limited research around mental health within Pacific Islander (Samoan and Tongan) communities in the US.

The effect of social support, depression, and illness perception on treatment adherence in patients with multiple sclerosis

Objective: This study was planned to determine the treatment adherence levels of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and the factors affecting treatment adherence. Patients and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 211 people with MS. Data for this study was obtained through face-to-face interviews with MS patients who presented at the neurology outpatient clinics of two university hospitals between April and October 2018. The “Morisky, Green, and Levine Adherence Scale”, “Beck Depression Inventory”, “Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale”, and the “Illness Perception Scale” were used in data collection. Results: The mean age of the sample was 40.03±10.82, and 70.1% were female. Treatment adherence was not good in half of the patients (51.7%). Patients with good adherence were found to have higher Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale scores (p

Evaluation of factors associated with medication adherence in patients with bipolar disorder using a medication event monitoring system: a 6-month follow-up prospective study

BACKGROUND

Non-adherence in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) results in symptoms, such as aggravation, BD recurrence, emergency room visits, re-hospitalization, and poor psychosocial outcomes. Though non-adherence rates have been reported to range between 30-50% in patients with BD, the problem of adherence is often either overlooked by the physician or denied by the patient. An essential first step to enhancing medication adherence is to objectively estimate adherence. The Medication Event Monitoring System (MEMS), which is a pill bottle cap with a microprocessor, is an accurate device for assessing medication adherence. Using the MEMS, we aimed to measure medication adherence in patients with BD and evaluate the factors associated with and 6-month changes in medication adherence.

METHODS

Participants with BD were recruited from the psychiatric outpatient clinic of the Korea University Guro Hospital. The medication adherence of each participant was assessed using the MEMS, a self-report, pill count, and clinician rating. MEMS-measured adherence was reassessed after 6 months. Patient demographics were recorded and clinical assessments were conducted. Data were analyzed using Kappa statistics and Pearson's correlation analysis.

RESULTS

Of the 59 participants, 50 records were included in the analysis. Patient adherence and adherence rate assessed by the MEMS were lower than those assessed by the other measures. MEMS-measured adherence was correlated more closely with pill counts than with self-reports or clinician ratings. MEMS-measured adherence was negatively associated with prescription duration and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale-Affect Subscale Score. Six-month changes in MEMS-measured adherence were positively associated with attitude toward drugs and negatively associated with weight gain assessed by the Udvalg for Kliniske Undersøgelser Side Effect Rating Scale.

CONCLUSIONS

Clinicians may have to consider the limited accuracy of self-reporting and clinician rating methods and exercise caution when assessing the medication adherence of patients with BD using these methods. Our findings may assist clinicians in the assessment and improvement of medication adherence in patients with BD and, consequently, may be useful for the treatment and prevention of BD recurrence.

Relationship between adolescents' perceptions of social support and their psychological well-being during COVID-19 Pandemic: A case study from Turkey

The aim of this research was to establish the relationship between the perceptions of social support and the psychological well-being among adolescents during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This research, which includes descriptive and relative features, was conducted from December 15, 2020 to January 31, 2021. There were 378 participants, all of whom were adolescents aged from 13 to 18 years who were living in Turkey. Either the adolescents themselves or their parents used social media tools or sites such as Facebook, Whatsapp, Instagram, etc., and they had all agreed to participate voluntarily. The adolescents had given their permission to the ethics committee through oral or written statements before the data were collected. The data collection process involved completing a questionnaire form, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and the Psychological Well-being Scale for Adolescents (PVSA). The Analysis of the data included numbers, percentages, means, the independent samples t test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Kruskal-Wallis H test, multiple regression analysis and correlations between these. Of the 378 participants who were admitted to the study, the mean age was 14.66 ± 1.65, and 52.1% were female. The total mean for the perceived social support among adolescents was established as being 54.39 ± 17.13. The mean level for psychological well-being was determined as being 91.13 ± 12.34. A significant difference was detected between gender and levels of social support and psychological well-being of adolescents (p < 0.05). As a result of multiple regression analysis, the overall score of gender and PVSA has been found to have a statistically meaningful effect on the MSPSS overall score (p < 0.05). However, the difference in relation to the classes, the parents' jobs, the income levels, the family types and the places of residence of the adolescents in terms of social support and psychological well-being was not statistically significant. There was a statistically positive and strong correlation between the scores for social support and psychological well-being. The present study, which occurred during the outbreak of COVID-19, found that the levels of social support perceived by the adolescents and their psychological well-being were decent. In addition, the study showed that as the levels of perceived social support among the adolescents rose, their psychological well-being also increased positively.

Risk of Depression Among MMT Patients: Does Coping Strategies and Perceived Social Support Play a Role?

INTRODUCTION

Patients receiving methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) experience higher level of stress and are at greater risk of developing mental health problems such as depression which could potentially affect both quality of life and treatment outcomes. This cross-sectional study is aimed at understanding the relationship between psychosocial factors such as social support, coping, and depression among patients receiving MMT in a Malaysian Hospital.

METHODS

One hundred and ninety-six patients attending MMT program were recruited. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) was used to screen for depression, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used to assess participants' perceived social support, and the Brief COPE questionnaire was used to assess coping strategies. The diagnosis of depression was made using Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).

RESULTS

About 13.8% of our sample were diagnosed with depression. From our analysis, it was found that having higher levels of perceived social support (OR = 0.462, 95% CI 0.238-0.899, P < .05), the use of active and emotion focused coping mechanism (OR = 0.231, 95% CI 0.095-0.565, P < .005), and support seeking and self-distraction coping mechanism (OR = 0.196, 95% CI 0.074-0.521, P < .001) was associated with lower likelihood of depression. On the contrary, the use of dysfunctional coping strategies such as denial, behavioral disengagement, and self-blame was associated with increased likelihood of depression (OR = 9.384, 95% CI 3.081-28.581, P < .001).

CONCLUSION

Active and emotion focused along with support and self-distraction coping strategies, and higher levels of perceived social support may serve as a buffer against depression in patients receiving MMT.

The relationship between stigma, perceived social support and depression in infertile Turkish women undergoing in vitro fertilization-embryo transfer

This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the perceived social support, stigmatization and depression in infertile women and the influencing factors. The study was conducted on 298 infertile women at a private hospital between March and September 2019 using a Personal Information Questionnaire, Infertility Stigma Scale (ISS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). BDI had a significantly positive correlation with ISS and negative correlation with MSPSS. And MSPSS had a significantly negative correlation with ISS. Infertility leads women to suffer various psychosocial problems. Nurses should be aware of these problems during diagnostic procedures for infertility treatment, which should also include psychiatric counseling.

Health-Related Stigma, Social Support, Self-Efficacy, and Self-Care Actions Among Adults With Sickle Cell Disease in Oman

Stigma contributes to the burden of individuals and families affected by Sickle cell disease (SCD) and causes delay in appropriate care seeking. The aim of this study is to examine the levels and associations between stigma, social support, self-efficacy, and self-care actions among adult patients with SCD in Oman using a cross-sectional, correlational design. Of the 264 participants, 56.1% (n = 148) were males, with mean age of 30.1 years (SD 7.7). Half of the participants were married, and 88.3% had no other associated diseases. The results demonstrate that patients in Oman suffer from health-related stigma. However, social support, self-efficacy, and self-care actions were reported to be high and correlated with several clinical and demographic variables. Based on the results, effective, low-cost interventions such as psycho-educational groups, individual counseling, or group therapies might be developed. They can promote belief in enhanced efficacy and improved SCD adaptation, thereby increasing patient, and provider satisfaction.

Association between postpartum depression level, social support level and breastfeeding attitude and breastfeeding self-efficacy in early postpartum women

OBJECTIVE

The study was aimed at investigating the association between postpartum women's breastfeeding self-efficacy levels and their depression levels, social support levels, and breastfeeding attitudes in early postpartum period.

METHODS

The cross-sectional study was carried out in Kirklareli in Turkey. The population of the study consisted of 398 women aged 15-49 in the first 42 days of the postpartum period who presented to eight family health centers. The study data were collected face-to-face using the Personal Information Form, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Breastfeeding Attitudes of the Evaluation Scale (BAES).

RESULTS

The mean age of the participants was 28.61±5.72 (Min:18, Max: 44), and the mean score they obtained from the BSES-SF was 55.13±8.39. Statistically significant differences were detected between the participants' BSES-SF scores and age groups, employment status, perceived income level, and the number of living children (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were detected between marital status, educational status and BSES-SF scores (p > 0.05). In the multivariate regression analysis adjusted according to the sociodemographic characteristics, BAES, EPDS and MSPSS accounted for 48.3% of the BSES-SF. A negative association was found between BSES-SF scores and EPDS scores (β = -0.178, 95% CI:-0.349, -0.006), and a positive relation between the BAES scores (β = 0.194, 95% CI: 0.163, 0.226) and the MSPSS scores (β = 0.114, 95% CI: 0.037, 0.191).

CONCLUSION

As the level of depression of women increases in the postpartum period, the level of breastfeeding self-efficacy decreases. The breastfeeding self-efficacy increases as the level of social support increases and as the attitudes that drive breastfeeding behavior change positively.

Investigation of the Effects of Violence Experience During Political Demonstrations

In this study, predictors of post-traumatic stress symptom levels (PTSSL) and post-traumatic growth levels (PTGL) resulting from the experience of violence were investigated. The sample of the study consisted of 514 Gezi Park demonstrators. Participants completed measures assessing stress symptoms, post-traumatic growth, social support and beliefs about the world as well as the open-ended event specific questions. Results showed that being politically active, psychologically prepared and experiencing mild levels of violence were related with decreased PTSSL individually but not in combination as the literature suggested. The two hierarchical regression analyses showed that: (1) PTSSL were predicted by violence exposure levels, perceived social support from significant others and "randomness" and "self-worth" beliefs about the world; (2) PTGL were predicted by violence exposure levels, total amount of time spent at the demonstrations and "benevolence" and "justice" beliefs about the world. These findings suggest that psychological preparedness might be an important variable in violence experience regarding human masses. Also, violence exposure levels and duration of participation seems to be important event- specific variables. Lastly, political activism needs to be more precisely operationalized and measured in future studies.

Preferences for life-sustaining treatment in Korean adults: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

Life-sustaining treatment is any treatment that serves to prolong life without reversing the underlying medical conditions, and includes cardiopulmonary resuscitation, mechanical ventilation, haemodialysis and left ventricular assist devices. This study aimed to investigate the thoughts on life-sustaining treatment of Koreans and to assess the factors associated with deciding to not receive life-sustaining treatment if they develop a terminal disease.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study.

SETTING

Guro-gu centre for dementia from 1 May 2018 to 31 December 2019.

PARTICIPANTS

In total, 150 individuals participated in this study.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The questionnaire consisted of self-report items with some instructions, demographic characteristics, thoughts on life-sustaining treatment and psychosocial scales. The preferences of the participants were investigated on the assumption that they develop terminal cancer. The psychosocial scales included the Generalised Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS).

RESULTS

We classified our participants into two groups: individuals who wanted to receive life-sustaining treatment (IRLT) and individuals who wanted to not receive life-sustaining treatment (INLT). There were twice as many participants in the INLT group than there were in the IRLT. In making this decision, the INLT group focused more on physical and mental distress. Additionally, 32.7% of participants responded that terminal status was an optimal time for this decision, but more participants want to decide it earlier. The GAD-7 and PHQ-9 scores were significantly higher in the INLT group than in the IRLT group. However, the INLT group had significantly lower MSPSS family scores.

CONCLUSION

Our findings can help assess issues regarding advance directives and life-sustaining treatment, and will be a reference for designing future studies on this issue.

Measurement Invariance of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Among Chinese and South Asian Ethnic Minority Adolescents in Hong Kong

Seven hundred adolescents (Chinese = 50%; South Asian ethnic minority = 50%) with mean age of 15.3 years (SD = 1.53). Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was performed to assess measurement invariance of the MSPSS scale across Chinese and South Asian ethnic minority samples. Results show that the original three-factor structure of the MSPSS was supported in both samples. Measurement invariance was supported in terms of configural, metric, and partial scalar invariance. Given partial scalar invariance was achieved, the latent mean differences were compared across samples. Chinese adolescents had higher levels of all three types of social support when compared with their South Asian ethnic minority counterparts. The present study attempts to assess the measurement invariance of the MSPSS across ethnic groups in Asian society, which sheds light on future research that involves perceived social support among adolescents in Chinese culture contexts.

Forgive but not forget: From self-forgiveness to posttraumatic growth among suicide-loss survivors

Suicide-loss survivors often experience personal growth in the aftermath of a loss, depending on their personal and interpersonal characteristics. The current study focuses on the role of self-forgiveness (SF) as a contributing factor, both directly and indirectly, to posttraumatic growth (PTG) among suicide-loss survivors. Israeli suicide-loss survivors (N = 124) completed questionnaires measuring SF and PTG as well as adaptive coping strategies, social support, and self-disclosure. SF positively contributed to PTG, both directly and indirectly, through interpersonal and cognitive processes. These findings highlight the value of actions promoting self-forgiveness, compassion, and acceptance in psychological interventions with suicide-loss survivors.

Rural-urban differences in the mental health of perinatal women: a UK-based cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

International data suggest that living in a rural area is associated with an increased risk of perinatal mental illness. This study tested the association between rurality and risk for two mental illnesses prevalent in perinatal women - depression and anxiety.

METHODS

Using a cross-sectional design, antenatal and postnatal women were approached by healthcare professionals and through other networks in a county in Northern England (UK). After providing informed consent, women completed a questionnaire where they indicated their postcode (used to determine rural-urban status) and completed three outcome measures: the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Whooley questions (depression measure), and the Generalised Anxiety Disorder 2-item (GAD-2). Logistic regression models were developed, both unadjusted and adjusted for potential confounders, including socioeconomic status, social support and perinatal stage.

RESULTS

Two hundred ninety-five participants provided valid data. Women in rural areas (n = 130) were mostly comparable to their urban counterparts (n = 165). Risk for depression and/or anxiety was found to be higher in the rural group across all models: unadjusted OR 1.67 (0.42) 95% CI 1.03 to 2.72, p = .038. This difference though indicative did not reach statistical significance after adjusting for socioeconomic status and perinatal stage (OR 1.57 (0.40), 95% CI 0.95 to 2.58, p = .078), and for social support (OR 1.65 (0.46), 95% CI 0.96 to 2.84, p = .070).

CONCLUSIONS

Data suggested that women in rural areas were at higher risk of depression and anxiety than their urban counterparts. Further work should be undertaken to corroborate these findings and investigate the underlying factors. This will help inform future interventions and the allocation of perinatal services to where they are most needed.

'Our life is pointless … ': Exploring discrimination, violence and mental health challenges among sexual and gender minorities from Brazil

Worldwide, Brazil has the highest prevalence of violence and hate crimes against sexual and gender minorities (SGMs) among countries with available data. To explore the impact of this scenario, we conducted a qualitative study with 50 SGMs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Among the participants, 66% screened positive for generalised anxiety disorder, 46% for major depressive disorder and 39% for PTSD. A third reported low self-esteem (32%) and one quarter low social support (26%). Experiences of interpersonal discrimination were highly prevalent (>60%), while institutional discrimination related to employment or healthcare was reported by 46% of participants. Verbal abuse is very common (80%), followed by physical assault (40%). Sexual violence is highly frequent among women. Focus groups analysis highlighted three major domains: (1) stigma and discrimination (family, friends and partners, in schools and health services, influencing social isolation); (2) violence (bullying, harassment, physical and sexual violence); and (3) mental suffering (alcohol and drug abuse, depression, suicidality, anxiety). Our findings suggest a close synergy between experiences of discrimination and violence with selected mental disorders. This complex synergy might be better addressed by longer-term individual and group-level interventions that could foster social solidarity among the different groups that comprise SGMs.

The effect of written information and counselling by an advanced practice nurse on resilience in women with vulvar neoplasia six months after surgical treatment and the influence of social support, recurrence, and age: a secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial, WOMAN-PRO II

BACKGROUND

Women with vulvar neoplasia often complain about physical and psychological distress after surgical treatment. Lack of information and support can influence resilience. Whether an information-related intervention through an advanced practice nurse supports resilience and which other factors affect resilience in women with vulvar neoplasia has never been investigated.

METHODS

The aims of this study were (a) to analyse whether counselling based on the WOMAN-PRO II program causes a significant improvement in the resilience scores of women with vulvar neoplasia compared to written information and (b) to identify the potential predictors of resilience. A randomized controlled trial was conducted in women with vulvar neoplasia (n = 49) 6 months after surgical treatment in four Swiss hospitals and one Austrian hospital. Analyses of resilience and its predictors were performed using a linear mixed model.

RESULTS

Thirty-six women (intervention I, n = 8; intervention II, n = 28) completed the randomized controlled trial. In total, 13 women (26.5%) dropped out of the trial. The resilience score did not differ significantly between the two interventions three and six months after randomisation (p = 0.759). Age (b = .04, p = 0.001), social support (b = .28, p = 0.009), counselling time (b = .03, p = 0.018) and local recurrence (b = -.56, p = 0.009) were identified as significant predictors of resilience in the linear mixed model analyses.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that the WOMAN-PRO II program as single intervention does not cause a significant change in the resilience scores of women with vulvar neoplasia 6 months after surgery. Predictors that promote or minimise resilience have been identified and should be considered when developing resilience programs for women with vulvar neoplasia. A repetition of the study with a larger sample size is recommended.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The WOMAN-PRO II program was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01986725 on 18 November 2013.

Family social support buffers the intergenerational association of maternal adverse childhood experiences and preschoolers' externalizing behavior

Despite previous work demonstrating that an accumulation of maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) is associated with negative health outcomes across generations, few studies have investigated protective factors beyond the parent-child dyad in the intergenerational transmission of adversity. The current study extends previous findings by examining maternal family social support as a culturally relevant buffer in the association between mothers' ACEs and her children's behavior problems in early childhood. Participants included 121 African American mothers and their preschool-aged children experiencing high sociodemographic risk. Mothers completed questionnaires on ACEs, perceived family social support, children's violence exposure and behavior problems as well as relevant demographics. Maternal family social support moderated the relation between maternal ACEs and children's externalizing behaviors (b = -.14, p < .01), such that children of mothers who reported high ACEs and also moderate to high family social support did not show elevated externalizing behaviors; this pattern was not observed for internalizing behaviors (b = -.06, p = .06). Additionally, the intergenerational buffering effects of family social support were observed above and beyond mothers' psychopathology and children's exposure to violence. These results have implications for culturally relevant prevention and intervention efforts supporting African American mothers with young children that reflect resiliency in the face of disparities across generations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Parenting Stress in Turkish Mothers of Infants With Cleft Lip and/or Palate

Objective:

To explore parenting stress and factors affecting the mothers of infants with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) in Turkey.

Design and Participants:

The study compared mothers of infants born with CL/P (n = 90) with mothers of healthy infants (n = 90). Mothers completed the data collection form, the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support.

Results:

Mothers of infants born with CL/P had higher mean parenting stress scores than the control mothers. A significant negative relationship was found between social support and parenting stress for mothers of infants born with CL/P but was not related for control mothers. Among mothers with an infant with CL/P, the mean parenting stress scores were higher for mothers preoperatively than mothers responding postoperatively. Among mothers with an infant with a cleft, higher stress was found for diagnosis after birth, not breastfeeding, feeding difficulties, lack of fathers’ support, perceived difficult infant temperament, blame, anger, and concern for the future.

Conclusion:

Parenting stress was higher and social support was lower for mothers of infants with a cleft. Treatment teams can design interventions aimed at factors related to stress, such as addressing feeding issues, teaching coping skills, and linking to social support.

Analysis of the Point Prevalence and Influencing Factors of Acute Stress Disorder in Elderly Patients with Osteoporotic Fractures

BACKGROUND

Increasing attention has been paid to posttraumatic affective disorders. However, orthopedic surgeons dealing with trauma often ignore the harm of such diseases.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the point prevalence and influencing factors of acute stress disorder (ASD) in elderly patients with osteoporotic fractures (EPOFs) from the perspective of orthopedic surgeons.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 595 cases of EPOFs were treated at our hospital from January 1, 2018, to June 30, 2019. The patients meeting our inclusion criteria were assessed using a structured interview based on the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V) criteria to verify the presence of ASD. After diagnosis, the participants were divided into two groups (those with and without ASD). The sociodemographic characteristics, disease characteristics, and Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS) scores were assessed. The chi-square test was used for univariate analysis, and multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression.

RESULTS

Of the 524 participants, 32 (6.1%) met the criteria for the diagnosis of ASD. The results of the univariate analysis showed that gender, personality, living alone, monthly family income, initial fear, poor prognosis expectation, anxiety/depression, pain, and social support were associated with ASD in EPOFs (P<0.05). The multivariate regression analysis showed that isolation, low monthly family income, introversion, poor prognosis expectation, previous traumatic history, and intense pain were the main influencing factors and risk factors (OR>1) for ASD in EPOFs.

CONCLUSION

Being female, living alone, introversion, poor family income, intense initial fear, poor prognosis expectation, anxiety/depression, intense pain perception and low social support were significantly related to the occurrence of ASD in EPOFs. To achieve optimal recovery in EPOFs, orthopedic surgeons should meet both the physiological and psychological needs of the patients.

Comparison of Different Adherence Measures in Adolescent Outpatients with Depressive Disorder

PURPOSE

Adolescent depression can have a chronic course; hence, the importance of adherence to antidepressant medication for successful treatment outcomes is emphasized. This study aimed to examine different adherence measures and identify clinical factors that influence adherence in adolescent depression.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A prospective study was conducted for patients diagnosed with depressive disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, Fourth Edition from outpatient psychiatric settings at Korea University Medical Center, Guro Hospital. Patient demographics were obtained from a questionnaire, interview, and review of chart records. Adherence was assessed by four methods (Medication Event Monitoring System [MEMS], pill count, clinical rating scale, and patient's self-report). The Toronto Side Effect Scale was used to evaluate side effects, and specific depressive symptoms were assessed using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and Childhood Depression Inventory-Korean version. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support was administered to analyze social support, and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form was used to evaluate parental stress levels. We used concordance correlation analysis to evaluate the relationship among the four adherence measures and the relationship between adherence level and clinical factors.

RESULTS

Overall, the study enrolled 48 outpatients (mean age 16.33±1.93 years). The mean duration of illness was 1.27±2.17 years. Adherence rates for MEMS, clinician rating scale, pill count, and self-report after conversion to dichotomous measures were 67.5%, 48.9%, 60.0%, and 56.3%, respectively. Only the duration of illness remained significantly correlated with MEMS (r = 0.510, p =0.001).

CONCLUSION

Pill count exhibited a higher degree of agreement with MEMS adherence than the other two adherence measures, possibly indicating that pill count may be a considerably reliable measure of adherence. Furthermore, MEMS adherence was positively correlated with disease duration, suggesting that the longer the duration of illness, the higher the adherence.

Perinatal depressive symptoms among low-income South African women at risk of depression: trajectories and predictors

BACKGROUND

The aim of the study was to identify trajectories of perinatal depressive symptoms and their predictors among women living in a low-resource setting in South Africa, and who present with a risk of depression during pregnancy.

METHODS

This is a secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial among 384 women living in Khayelitsha, a low income setting in South Africa, recruited at their first antenatal visit if they scored 13 or above on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, were at least 18 years of age, less than 29 weeks pregnant and spoke isiXhosa. Participants were followed up at 8 months gestation, 3 and 12 months postpartum. Latent trajectories of depressive symptoms were identified using growth mixture modelling, based on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS). There were no differences in HDRS scores between the control and intervention arms, so all participants were assessed together. Health, social and economic predictors of trajectories were investigated to identify high-risk groups with greater or more chronic depressive symptoms, using univariate logistic regression.

RESULTS

Two trajectories were identified: antenatal only (91.4%), with moderate to severe symptoms at baseline which later subside; and antenatal and postnatal (8.6%), with severe depressive symptoms during pregnancy and later in the postpartum period, which subside temporarily to moderate levels at 3 months postpartum. Predictors for the antenatal and postnatal trajectory include severe food insecurity, intimate partner violence, lower social support, greater functional impairment, problematic drinking and suicide risk.

CONCLUSIONS

A small proportion of women who are at risk for depression antenatally remain at risk throughout the perinatal period, and can be differentiated from those who show a natural remission. Identification and referral strategies should be developed with these findings in mind, especially given the limited mental health resources in low-income settings.

Chinese Adolescents' Emotional Intelligence, Perceived Social Support, and Resilience-The Impact of School Type Selection

Choosing a school that can best assist children's development has become one of the major concerns of Chinese parents. To categorize schools by where students stay after school, this paper consider boarding schools or day schools as two major school types. This study examined the relationships among emotional intelligence (EI), perceived social support (from friends and family), and resilience for 493 Chinese adolescents (male = 249, female = 244; mean age = 13.9, SD = 0.71), and investigated how school type difference impacts these relationships. This research first used a moderator analysis to investigate the effects of trait emotional intelligence on resilience by perceived social support from family and friends, respectively. Results show that social support from family was non-significant, while support from friends was significant in moderating the relationship between EI and resilience. Furthermore, a moderated moderation analysis was used to understand if moderation by school type of perceived social support differs in the effect of trait EI on resilience. Results indicated that the magnitude of the moderation by social support from friends depended on school type. For students who have lower perceived friend support, boarding school experiences provided a stronger positive relationship between trait EI and resilience than day school experience. Ways to enhance students' perceived social support are discussed, along with the limitations of the current research and recommendations for future research.

What is related to the well-being of the siblings of patients with schizophrenia: An evaluation within the Lazarus and Folkman's Transactional Stress and Coping Model

BACKGROUND

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental illness that strongly affects not only the patients with schizophrenia, but also their families and close relatives. So far, family research on patients with schizophrenia has mainly focused on parents, but has neglected siblings.

AIM

This study aims to evaluate the well-being of 103 siblings of patients with schizophrenia within the Lazarus and Folkman's Transactional Coping and Stress Model.

MATERIALS

A Sociodemographic Information Form, Subjective Well-being Scale, Zarit Caregiver Burden Scale, Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, Ways of Coping Scale and Shortened Perceived Parental Rearing Styles Form were administered to the siblings of patients with schizophrenia.

RESULTS

The results of this study revealed that well-being was associated with perceived mother overprotection, perceived social support, problem-focused coping and indirect coping. Social support moderated the relationship between burden and well-being as a buffering factor.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, siblings of patients with schizophrenia should be given access to social support and their problem-focused coping strategies should be strengthened. Besides, parents should be supported to provide suitable care for the siblings of patients with schizophrenia.

Associations between social support, mental wellbeing, self-efficacy and technology use in first-time antenatal women: data from the BaBBLeS cohort study

Background

Information and communication technologies are used increasingly to facilitate social networks and support women during the perinatal period. This paper presents data on how technology use affects the association between women’s social support and, (i) mental wellbeing and, (ii) self-efficacy in the antenatal period.

Methods

Data were collected as part of an ongoing study - the BaBBLeS study - exploring the effect of a pregnancy and maternity software application (app) on maternal wellbeing and self-efficacy. Between September 2016 and February 2017, we aimed to recruit first-time pregnant women at 12–16 gestation weeks in five maternity sites across England and asked them to complete questionnaires. Outcomes included maternal mental wellbeing (Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale), and antenatal self-efficacy (antenatal version of the Tool to Measure Parenting Self-Efficacy). Other variables assessed were perceived social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support), general technology use (adapted from Media and Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale). Potential confounders were age, ethnicity, education, socioeconomic deprivation, employment, relationship status and recruitment site. Linear regression models were developed to analyse the relationship between social support and the outcomes.

Results

Participants (n = 492, median age = 28 years) were predominantly white British (64.6%). Half of them had a degree or higher degree (49.3%), most were married/living with a partner (83.6%) and employed (86.2%). Median (LQ-UQ) overall scores were 81.0 (74.0–84.0) for social support (range 12–84), 5.1 (4.7–5.4) for technology use (range 1–6), 54.0 (48.0–60.0) for mental well-being (range 14–70), and 319.0 (295.5–340) for self-efficacy (range 0–360). Social support was significantly associated with antenatal mental well-being adjusting for confounders [adj R² = 0.13, p < .001]. The addition of technology use did not alter this model [adj R² = 0.13, p < .001]. Social support was also significantly associated with self-efficacy after adjustment [adj R² = 0.14, p < .001]; technology had limited impact on this association [adj R² = 0.13, p < .001].

Conclusions

Social support is associated with mental well-being and self-efficacy in antenatal first-time mothers. This association was not significantly affected by general technology use as measured in our survey. Future work should investigate whether pregnancy-specific technologies yield greater potential to enhance the perceived social support, wellbeing and self-efficacy of antenatal women.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (10.1186/s12884-018-2049-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Caregiver depression: The contributing role of depression in patients, stigma, social support and religiosity

BACKGROUND

Depression has been well studied as part of caregiver burden among patients with severe mental illnesses. Curiously, though, there has been little data in terms of caregiver burden with specific focus on depression among caregivers of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD).

AIM

This study aims to determine the rate of depression among caregivers of person with depression and its psychosocial correlates, which include stigma, perceived social support, religious commitment and the severity of the patient's symptoms.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study was conducted among 165 patients diagnosed with MDD using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) together with their caregivers. Apart from gathering social demographic data, patients were administered the 16-item Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Rated Version (QIDS-SR 16), whereas the caregivers were required to answer Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Duke University Religion Index (DUREL) and Depression Stigma Scale (DSS). Those who scored ⩾5 on PHQ-9 were further assessed with interviewer-rated M.I.N.I. to diagnose the presence of depression.

RESULTS

A total of 47 (28.5%) caregivers were found to have depressive symptoms. Out of that total, 13 (7.9%) were diagnosed to have MDD using M.I.N.I. From univariate analysis, factors associated with depression in caregivers were the severity of symptoms in patients ( p < .001), personal stigma in caregivers ( p = .037), the patients' current depressive episode ( p = .026) and lower perceived social support from friends ( p = .048). From multivariate analysis, only the patients' severity of depressive symptoms ( p < .001) and personal stigma in caregivers ( p = .048) were significantly associated with the caregivers' depressive symptoms.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggested that the severity of patient depression and personal stigma of the caregivers were significant factors correlated with caregiver depression. Therefore, beyond optimizing the treatment of depression in patients, the issue of stigma among caregivers also needs to be addressed as a potential target of intervention.

Community-based parent-delivered early detection and intervention programme for infants at high risk of cerebral palsy in a low-resource country (Learning through Everyday Activities with Parents (LEAP-CP): protocol for a randomised controlled trial

INTRODUCTION

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common childhood physical disability, with 80% estimated to be in low-middle-income countries. This study aims to (1) determine the accuracy of General Movements (GMs)/Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) for detecting CP at 18 months corrected age (CA); (2) determine the effectiveness of a community-based parent-delivered early intervention for infants at high risk of CP in West Bengal, India (Learning through Everyday Activities with Parents for infants with CP; LEAP-CP).

METHODS

This study comprises two substudies: (1) a study of the predictive validity of the GMs and HINE for detecting CP; (2) randomised, double-blinded controlled trial of a novel intervention delivered through peer trainers (Community Disability Workers, CDW) compared with health advice (15 fortnightly visits). 142 infants at high risk of CP ('absent fidgety' GMs; 'high risk score' on HINE) aged 12-40 weeks CA will be recruited to the intervention substudy, with infants randomised based on a computer-generated sequence. Researchers will be masked to group allocation, and caregivers and CDWs naïve to intervention status. Visits will include therapeutic modules (goal-directed active motor/cognitive strategies and LEAP-CP games) and parent education. Health advice is based on the Integrated Management of Childhood Illness, WHO. Infants will be evaluated at baseline, post intervention and 18 months CA. The primary hypothesis is that infants receiving LEAP-CP will have greater scaled scores on the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory-Computer Adaptive Test (mobility domain) at 18 months compared with health advice. Secondary outcomes include infant functional motor, cognitive, visual and communication development; infant growth; maternal mental health.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

This study is approved through appropriate Australian and Indian ethics committees (see in text) with families providing written informed consent. Findings from this trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications and conference presentations.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

12616000653460p; Pre-results.

A systematic review of the psychometric properties of the cross-cultural translations and adaptations of the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS)

BACKGROUND

Social support (SS) has been identified as an essential buffer to stressful life events. Consequently, there has been a surge in the evaluation of SS as a wellbeing indicator. The Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS) has evolved as one of the most extensively translated and validated social support outcome measures. Due to linguistic and cultural differences, there is need to test the psychometrics of the adapted versions. However, there is a paucity of systematic evidence of the psychometrics of adapted and translated versions of the MSPSS across settings.

OBJECTIVES

To understand the psychometric properties of the MSPSS for non-English speaking populations by conducting a systematic review of studies that examine the psychometric properties of non-English versions of the MSPSS.

METHODS

We searched Africa-Wide Information, CINAHL, Medline and PsycINFO, for articles published in English on the translation and or validation of the MSPSS. Methodological quality and quality of psychometric properties of the retrieved translations were assessed using the COSMIN checklist and a validated quality assessment criterion, respectively. The two assessments were combined to produce the best level of evidence per language/translation.

RESULTS

Seventy articles evaluating the MSPSS in 22 languages were retrieved. Most translations [16/22] were not rigorously translated (only solitary backward-forward translations were performed, reconciliation was poorly described, or were not pretested). There was poor evidence for structural validity, as confirmatory factor analysis was performed in only nine studies. Internal consistency was reported in all studies. Most attained a Cronbach's alpha of at least 0.70 against a backdrop of fair methodological quality. There was poor evidence for construct validity.

CONCLUSION

There is limited evidence supporting the psychometric robustness of the translated versions of the MSPSS, and given the variability, the individual psychometrics of a translation must be considered prior to use. Responsiveness, measurement error and cut-off values should also be assessed to increase the clinical utility and psychometric robustness of the translated versions of the MSPSS.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO - CRD42016052394.

Psychological Health Problems Among Adolescent Workers and Associated Factors in Istanbul, Turkey

BACKGROUND

Work and work environment have a critical influence on adolescent workers' health. They are subjected to more risks than adults. The aim of this study is to examine psychological health outcomes in adolescent workers in the areas of depression, somatization, anxiety, hostility, and negative self-concept, and to investigate any related factors.

METHODS

This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Research samples were collected from adolescent workers between 15 and 18 years old attending a 1-day mandatory education course at vocational training centers, working 5 days per week in small enterprises. Data were collected using the following instruments: Brief Symptom Inventory, Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and Descriptive Characteristics of Children's Assessment Form.

RESULTS

The investigation covers 837 young workers, of whom 675 were males and 162 were females. The majority of the families had low incomes (68.1%). Overall, 33.5% of the adolescents had been hospitalized because of health problems. Their average weekly working hours were 78.1 ± 10.7. Almost 50% of adolescent workers scored above the mean average in the Brief Symptom Inventory, indicating serious pschological health symptoms.Those who scored high for hostility, depression, negative self-concept, anxiety, and somatization were between 45.4% and 48.9% of the sample. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine the underlying factors: a perception of "feeling very bad" health conditions was 2.07-fold whereas the rate of "no annual leave" was 0.73-fold, and both were found to be effective on psychological problems.

CONCLUSION

In this study, it seems likely that psychological health problems are the result of multiple adverse factors including working conditions, annual leave, and health considerations.

Positive Sides of the Disease: Posttraumatic Growth in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease that can causes positive changes, as well as psychological distress. The aim of the this study is to investigate the posttraumatic growth level of adults with type 2 diabetes and to identify the relationship among perceived social support, coping, diabetes management self-efficacy, perceived expressed emotions, and PTG in diabetes patients from non-western, developing country. The findings revealed that patients experience a moderate level of posttraumatic growth. Regression analyses showed that the severity of the disease, educational level, perceived social support, problem-focused coping, optimistic coping and the criticism/hostility dimension of expressed emotions were associated significantly with posttraumatic growth. In the conclusion part, these findings were consistent with the posttraumatic growth theory. The study reveals that professionals aiming to increase the posttraumatic growth of diabetes patients may need to focus on and facilitate perceived social support, adaptive coping strategies, and perceived expressed emotions to facilitate growth experiences.

Perceived social support among patients with burn injuries: A perspective from the developing world

BACKGROUND

Social support is among the most well-established predictors of post-burn psychopathology after burn. Despite a disproportionately large burden of burns in the developing world, the nature of social support among burn patients in this context remains elusive. We, therefore, seek to investigate social support and its biopsychosocial determinants among patients with burn injuries in Pakistan.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study of 343 patients presenting with burn injuries at four teaching hospitals in the Punjab province of Pakistan was conducted. Patient evaluation consisted of a multi-part survey of demographic status, clinical features, and social support as measured by the validated Urdu translation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS). Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate associations between patient characteristics and MSPSS score.

RESULTS

Mean overall MSPSS score was 57.64 (std dev 13.57). Notable positive predictors of social support include male gender, Punjabi ethnicity, burn surface area, and ego resiliency.

CONCLUSION

Our study reveals a troubling pattern of inadequate social support among certain subgroups of Pakistani burn patients. Addressing these inequities in the provision of social support must be prioritized as part of the global burn care agenda.

Facebook habits among adolescents

Facebook is the most popular social network in most nations and in Turkey. It is argued that it can involve insecure behavior in adolescents. Teenagers in Turkey are to receive tablet computers nationwide through the FATIH project. Personal availability is likely to impact Internet and Facebook habits. Also, with lack of social support, teens might more intensely engage in Facebook. This study identifies teens who are more likely to perform less secure Facebook activities. A survey was conducted on 4,261 middle and high school students in Turkey. Logistic regressions were run to predict the likelihood of Facebook-related behaviors. Results showed that teens who perceive support from significant others, males, metropolitans, and teens who have more tablet computer opportunities, competencies and beliefs were more likely to engage in risky activities. Family support significantly reduced the likelihood of risky behaviors. Results call for promoting family support and monitoring tablet computer habits. Teens should be educated about social network threats and privacy.

Factors associated with perceived stigma among patients with epilepsy in Turkey

PURPOSE

Epilepsy is one of the most stigmatizing medical conditions. The purpose of this study was to examine the perception of stigma and factors associated with stigma.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among patients attending an epilepsy outpatient clinic of a university hospital between February and October 2014. One hundred ninety-four patients who were over 18years of age, who were able to communicate, and who had a diagnosis of definite epilepsy constituted the study sample. Patients seizure-free for two years were excluded from the group. Three-item Jacoby's Stigma Scale was used to determine level of stigma, and Social Support Scale, Generalized Self-efficacy Scale, Epilepsy Knowledge Scale, and Epilepsy Attitude Scale were used to examine factors associated with stigma.

RESULTS

In total, 66 (34%) out of 194 subjects reported feeling stigmatized, with almost half of them (n=31) feeling highly stigmatized. Education, income, age at onset, seizure frequency in previous year, social support, and knowledge and attitudes towards epilepsy were significant factors determining scores on the stigma scale. It was also determined that stigma was associated with seeking help from mystics, disclosure of the diagnosis, and self-efficacy.

CONCLUSION

This study confirms the findings of previous studies that have identified the importance of both clinical and nonclinical factors in understanding the stigma of epilepsy. Findings support the need for social support, knowledge, and awareness to decrease the stigma associated with epilepsy.

Assessment of psychosocial factors and distress in women having adjuvant endocrine therapy for breast cancer: the relationship among emotional distress and patient and treatment-related factors

PURPOSE

The aims of this study were to comprehensively describe the psychosocial and medical characteristics of women who initiated tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors for breast cancer and to compare levels of emotional distress according to their medical (tumor demographics, treatment type, treatment duration) and psychosocial (self-esteem, perceived social support, sociodemographic) characteristics.

METHODS

A total of 104 women currently receiving tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors was recruited from outpatient clinics and they were asked to complete self-report questionnaires including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale during their routine follow-up. Psychosocial and medical characteristics of the patients were first described and subsequently the score of emotional distress was compared with these.

RESULTS

The patients' mean age was 52.49 ± 10.30 and they were being treated for an average of 24.3 months. Out of the patients' characteristics, educational and marital status, level of perceived social support and self-esteem were all significantly related with emotional distress. As for medical variables, the score of distress was relatively higher among patients in the first 2 years of their treatment than the patients who were in the second to fifth years of treatment, but this was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSIONS

Given the results of this study, it appeared that patient variables, rather than the medical or treatment characteristics, were related with emotional distress in women undergoing endocrine treatment. For that reason it is critical that medical staff are aware of patient factors that relate to distress during a long period of adjuvant endocrine therapy.

Social Support, Emotional Intelligence, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms

Abstract. Exposure to traumatic events and the associated risk of developing Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms is a significant and overlooked concern in the college population. It is important for current research to identify potential protective factors associated with the development and maintenance of PTSD symptoms unique to this population. Emotional intelligence and perceived social support are two identified protective factors that influence the association between exposure to traumatic events and PTSD symptomology. The current study examined the mediating role of social support in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD symptoms. Participants included 443 trauma-exposed university students who completed online questionnaires. The results of this study indicated that social support mediates the relationship between emotional intelligence and reported PTSD symptoms. Thus, emotional intelligence is significantly associated with PTSD symptoms and social support may play an integral role in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD. The current study is the first to investigate the role of social support in the relationship between emotional intelligence and PTSD symptoms. These findings have important treatment and prevention implications with regard to PTSD.

Programas Educativos Universitarios Para Mayores: Evaluación de su Impacto en la Autopercepción del Apoyo Social y la Salud Mental

Algunos estudios indican que los programas universitarios para mayores pueden tener un impacto positivo en la autopercepción del apoyo social y la salud de los participantes. Sin embargo, dichos estudios no evalúan estas variables con instrumentos de medida estandarizados y grupos de control dentro y fuera del programa. En el presente trabajo se utilizó un grupo experimental y dos grupos control que fueron evaluados en dos momentos con instrumentos estandarizados. Los resultados no confirmaron los efectos beneficiosos esperados de los programas. Es necesario seguir profundizando en esta línea de actuación y explorar el efecto de variables socioafectivas en estudios longitudinales.

The psychological and health consequences of caring for a spouse with dementia: a critical comparison of husbands and wives

Caring for someone with dementia can be demanding, particularly for spouses living with the care recipient. The main goal of this study was to clarify differences in the experience of caregivers who were husbands and wives with respect to burden, health, healthy behaviors, presence of difficult care recipient behaviors, social supports, and the quality of the premorbid relationship. The results of this study support research demonstrating a difference between the caregiving experiences of women and men. It is becoming increasingly apparent that female gender is a marker that places them at increased risk of high burden and less support.