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Kong HJ, Choi Y, Kim EA, Chang J. Vaccine Strategy That Enhances the Protective Efficacy of Systemic Immunization by Establishing Lung-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells Against Influenza Infection. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e32. [PMID: 37670808 PMCID: PMC10475829 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most influenza vaccines currently in use target the highly variable hemagglutinin protein to induce neutralizing antibodies and therefore require yearly reformulation. T cell-based universal influenza vaccines focus on eliciting broadly cross-reactive T-cell responses, especially the tissue-resident memory T cell (TRM) population in the respiratory tract, providing superior protection to circulating memory T cells. This study demonstrated that intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the adenovirus-based vaccine expressing influenza virus nucleoprotein (rAd/NP) elicited weak CD8 TRM responses in the lungs and airways, and yielded poor protection against lethal influenza virus challenge. However, a novel "prime-and-deploy" strategy that combines i.m. vaccination of rAd/NP with subsequent intranasal administration of an empty adenovector induced strong NP-specific CD8+ TRM cells and provided complete protection against influenza virus challenge. Overall, our results demonstrate that this "prime-and-deploy" vaccination strategy is potentially applicable to the development of universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jung Kong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Youngwon Choi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Eun-Ah Kim
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
| | - Jun Chang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea
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2
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Taylor KY, Agu I, José I, Mäntynen S, Campbell AJ, Mattson C, Chou TW, Zhou B, Gresham D, Ghedin E, Díaz Muñoz SL. Influenza A virus reassortment is strain dependent. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011155. [PMID: 36857394 PMCID: PMC10010518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses can exchange genetic material during coinfection, an interaction that creates novel strains with implications for viral evolution and public health. Influenza A viral genetic exchange can occur when genome segments from distinct strains reassort in coinfected cells. Predicting potential genomic reassortment between influenza strains has been a long-standing goal. Experimental coinfection studies have shed light on factors that limit or promote reassortment. However, determining the reassortment potential between diverse Influenza A strains has remained elusive. To address this challenge, we developed a high throughput genotyping approach to quantify reassortment among a diverse panel of human influenza virus strains encompassing two pandemics (swine and avian origin), three specific epidemics, and both circulating human subtypes A/H1N1 and A/H3N2. We found that reassortment frequency (the proportion of reassortants generated) is an emergent property of specific pairs of strains where strain identity is a predictor of reassortment frequency. We detect little evidence that antigenic subtype drives reassortment as intersubtype (H1N1xH3N2) and intrasubtype reassortment frequencies were, on average, similar. Instead, our data suggest that certain strains bias the reassortment frequency up or down, independently of the coinfecting partner. We observe that viral productivity is also an emergent property of coinfections, but uncorrelated to reassortment frequency; thus viral productivity is a separate factor affecting the total number of reassortants produced. Assortment of individual segments among progeny and pairwise segment combinations within progeny generally favored homologous combinations. These outcomes were not related to strain similarity or shared subtype but reassortment frequency was closely correlated to the proportion of both unique genotypes and of progeny with heterologous pairwise segment combinations. We provide experimental evidence that viral genetic exchange is potentially an individual social trait subject to natural selection, which implies the propensity for reassortment is not evenly shared among strains. This study highlights the need for research incorporating diverse strains to discover the traits that shift the reassortment potential to realize the goal of predicting influenza virus evolution resulting from segment exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishana Y. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Davis Davis, California
| | - Ilechukwu Agu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Davis Davis, California
| | - Ivy José
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Davis Davis, California
| | - Sari Mäntynen
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Davis Davis, California
| | - A. J. Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Davis Davis, California
| | - Courtney Mattson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Davis Davis, California
| | - Tsui-Wen Chou
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology + Department of Biology New York University New York, United States of America
| | - Bin Zhou
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology + Department of Biology New York University New York, United States of America
| | - David Gresham
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology + Department of Biology New York University New York, United States of America
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology + Department of Biology New York University New York, United States of America
- Systems Genomics Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Samuel L. Díaz Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of California, Davis Davis, California
- Genome Center University of California, Davis Davis, California
- * E-mail:
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3
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Oral mitis group streptococci reduce infectivity of influenza A virus via acidification and H2O2 production. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276293. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the mitis group streptococci are the most abundant inhabitants of the oral cavity and dental plaque. Influenza A virus (IAV), the causative agent of influenza, infects the upper respiratory tract, and co-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of morbidity during influenza epidemics. S. pneumoniae is a member of mitis group streptococci and shares many features with oral mitis group streptococci. In this study, we investigated the effect of viable Streptococcus oralis, a representative member of oral mitis group, on the infectivity of H1N1 IAV. The infectivity of IAV was measured by a plaque assay using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. When IAV was incubated in growing culture of S. oralis, the IAV titer decreased in a time- and dose-dependent manner and became less than 100-fold, whereas heat-inactivated S. oralis had no effect. Other oral streptococci such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus salivarius also reduced the viral infectivity to a lesser extent compared to S. oralis and Streptococcus gordonii, another member of the oral mitis group. S. oralis produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at a concentration of 1–2 mM, and its mutant deficient in H2O2 production showed a weaker effect on the inactivation of IAV, suggesting that H2O2 contributes to viral inactivation. The contribution of H2O2 was confirmed by an inhibition assay using catalase, an H2O2-decomposing enzyme. These oral streptococci produce short chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetic acid as a by-product of sugar metabolism, and we also found that the inactivation of IAV was dependent on the mildly acidic pH (around pH 5.0) of these streptococcal cultures. Although inactivation of IAV in buffers of pH 5.0 was limited, incubation in the same buffer containing 2 mM H2O2 resulted in marked inactivation of IAV, which was similar to the effect of growing S. oralis culture. Taken together, these results reveal that viable S. oralis can inactivate IAV via the production of SCFAs and H2O2. This finding also suggests that the combination of mildly acidic pH and H2O2 at low concentrations could be an effective method to inactivate IAV.
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Li C, Culhane MR, Schroeder DC, Cheeran MCJ, Galina Pantoja L, Jansen ML, Torremorell M. Vaccination decreases the risk of influenza A virus reassortment but not genetic variation in pigs. eLife 2022; 11:78618. [PMID: 36052992 PMCID: PMC9439680 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination is broadly used in North American swine breeding herds, managing swine influenza is challenging primarily due to the continuous evolution of influenza A virus (IAV) and the ability of the virus to transmit among vaccinated pigs. Studies that have simultaneously assessed the impact of vaccination on the emergence of IAV reassortment and genetic variation in pigs are limited. Here, we directly sequenced 28 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples collected from vaccinated and unvaccinated pigs co-infected with H1N1 and H3N2 IAV strains, and characterized 202 individual viral plaques recovered from 13 BALF samples. We identified 54 reassortant viruses that were grouped in 17 single and 16 mixed genotypes. Notably, we found that prime-boost vaccinated pigs had less reassortant viruses than nonvaccinated pigs, likely due to a reduction in the number of days pigs were co-infected with both challenge viruses. However, direct sequencing from BALF samples revealed limited impact of vaccination on viral variant frequency, evolutionary rates, and nucleotide diversity in any IAV coding regions. Overall, our results highlight the value of IAV vaccination not only at limiting virus replication in pigs but also at protecting public health by restricting the generation of novel reassortants with zoonotic and/or pandemic potential. Swine influenza A viruses cause severe illness among pigs and financial losses on pig farms worldwide. These viruses can also infect humans and have caused deadly human pandemics in the past. Influenza A viruses are dangerous because viruses can be transferred between humans, birds and pigs. These co-infections can allow the viruses to swap genetic material. Viral genetic exchanges can result in new virus strains that are more dangerous or that can infect other types of animals more easily. Farmers vaccinate their pigs to control the swine influenza A virus. The vaccines are regularly updated to match circulating virus strains. But the virus evolves rapidly to escape vaccine-induced immunity, and infections are common even in vaccinated pigs. Learning about how vaccination affects the evolution of influenza A viruses in pigs could help scientists prevent outbreaks on pig farms and avoid spillover pandemics in humans. Li et al. show that influenza A viruses are less likely to swap genetic material in vaccinated and boosted pigs than in unvaccinated animals. In the experiments, Li et al. collected swine influenza A samples from the lungs of pigs that had received different vaccination protocols. Next, Li et al. used next-generation sequencing to identify new mutations in the virus or genetic swaps among different strains. In pigs infected with both the H1N1 and H3N2 strains of influenza, the two viruses began trading genes within a week. But less genetic mixing occurred in vaccinated and boosted pigs because they spent less time infected with both viruses than in unvaccinated pigs. The vaccination status of the pig did not have much effect on how many new mutations occurred in the viruses. The experiments show that vaccinating and boosting pigs against influenza A viruses may protect against genetic swapping among influenza viruses. If future studies on pig farms confirm the results, the information gleaned from the study could help scientists improve farm vaccine protocols to further reduce influenza risks to animals and people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Marie R Culhane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Declan C Schroeder
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, United States
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Influenza A Virus Agnostic Receptor Tropism Revealed Using a Novel Biological System with Terminal Sialic Acid Knockout Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0041622. [PMID: 35862707 PMCID: PMC9364805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00416-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian or human influenza A viruses bind preferentially to avian- or human-type sialic acid receptors, respectively, indicating that receptor tropism is an important factor for determining the viral host range. However, there are currently no reliable methods for analyzing receptor tropism biologically under physiological conditions. In this study, we established a novel system using MDCK cells with avian- or human-type sialic acid receptors and with both sialic acid receptors knocked out (KO). When we examined the replication of human and avian influenza viruses in these KO cells, we observed unique viral receptor tropism that could not be detected using a conventional solid-phase sialylglycan binding assay, which directly assesses physical binding between the virus and sialic acids. Furthermore, we serially passaged an engineered avian-derived H4N5 influenza virus, whose PB2 gene was deleted, in avian-type receptor KO cells stably expressing PB2 to select a mutant with enhanced replication in KO cells; however, its binding to human-type sialylglycan was undetectable using the solid-phase binding assay. These data indicate that a panel of sialic acid receptor KO cells could be a useful tool for determining the biological receptor tropism of influenza A viruses. Moreover, the PB2KO virus experimental system could help to safely and efficiently identify the mutations required for avian influenza viruses to adapt to human cells that could trigger a new influenza pandemic. IMPORTANCE The acquisition of mutations that allow avian influenza A virus hemagglutinins to recognize human-type receptors is mandatory for the transmission of avian viruses to humans, which could lead to a pandemic. In this study, we established a novel system using a set of genetically engineered MDCK cells with knocked out sialic acid receptors to biologically evaluate the receptor tropism for influenza A viruses. Using this system, we observed unique receptor tropism in several virus strains that was undetectable using conventional solid-phase binding assays that measure physical binding between the virus and artificially synthesized sialylglycans. This study contributes to elucidation of the relationship between the physical binding of virus and receptor and viral infectivity. Furthermore, the system using sialic acid knockout cells could provide a useful tool to explore the sialic acid-independent entry mechanism. In addition, our system could be safely used to identify mutations that could acquire human-type receptor tropism.
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6
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Cui H, Che G, de Jong MCM, Li X, Liu Q, Yang J, Teng Q, Li Z, Beerens N. The PB1 gene from H9N2 avian influenza virus showed high compatibility and increased mutation rate after reassorting with a human H1N1 influenza virus. Virol J 2022; 19:20. [PMID: 35078489 PMCID: PMC8788113 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01745-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses (AIV) may result in novel viruses with new characteristics that may threaten human health when causing the next flu pandemic. A particular risk may be posed by avian influenza viruses of subtype H9N2 that are currently massively circulating in domestic poultry in Asia and have been shown to infect humans. In this study, we investigate the characteristics and compatibility of a human H1N1 virus with avian H9N2 derived genes. METHODS The polymerase activity of the viral ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex as combinations of polymerase-related gene segments derived from different reassortment events was tested in luciferase reporter assays. Reassortant viruses were generated by reverse genetics. Gene segments of the human WSN-H1N1 virus (A/WSN/1933) were replaced by gene segments of the avian A2093-H9N2 virus (A/chicken/Jiangsu/A2093/2011), which were both the Hemagglutinin (HA) and Neuraminidase (NA) gene segments in combination with one of the genes involved in the RNP complex (either PB2, PB1, PA or NP). The growth kinetics and virulence of reassortant viruses were tested on cell lines and mice. The reassortant viruses were then passaged for five generations in MDCK cells and mice lungs. The HA gene of progeny viruses from different passaging paths was analyzed using Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS). RESULTS We discovered that the avian PB1 gene of H9N2 increased the polymerase activity of the RNP complex in backbone of H1N1. Reassortant viruses were able to replicate in MDCK and DF1 cells and mice. Analysis of the NGS data showed a higher substitution rate for the PB1-reassortant virus. In particular, for the PB1-reassortant virus, increased virulence for mice was measured by increased body weight loss after infection in mice. CONCLUSIONS The higher polymerase activity and increased mutation frequency measured for the PB1-reassortant virus suggests that the avian PB1 gene of H9N2 may drive the evolution and adaptation of reassortant viruses to the human host. This study provides novel insights in the characteristics of viruses that may arise by reassortment of human and avian influenza viruses. Surveillance for infections with H9N2 viruses and the emergence of the reassortant viruses in humans is important for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Cui
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Office Room D301, Ziyue Road 518, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Guangsheng Che
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Office Room D301, Ziyue Road 518, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology, Animal Sciences Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xuesong Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Office Room D301, Ziyue Road 518, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qinfang Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Office Room D301, Ziyue Road 518, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jianmei Yang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Office Room D301, Ziyue Road 518, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qiaoyang Teng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Office Room D301, Ziyue Road 518, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Zejun Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Office Room D301, Ziyue Road 518, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Houtribweg 39, 8221RA, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Dynamics of temperature change during experimental respiratory virus challenge: Relationships with symptoms, stress hormones, and inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:157-165. [PMID: 34624484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermoregulation is a complex, dynamic process involving coordination between multiple autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral mechanisms. In the context of infection, this intricate machinery generates fever, a process believed to serve vital functions in the body's defense against pathogens. In addition to increasing core temperature, infection can lead to changes in the dynamic fluctuations in body temperature over time. The patterns of these deviations may convey information about the health of the body and the course of illness. Here, we utilized dynamic structural equation modeling to explore patterns of body temperature change following an experimental respiratory virus challenge in an aggregated, archival dataset of human participants (N = 1,412). We also examined whether temperature dynamics during infection were related to symptom severity, as well as individual differences in biomarkers of inflammation and stress. We found that individuals meeting the criteria for infection exhibited higher but less stable body temperatures over time compared to those not meeting criteria of infection. While temperature parameters did not reliably predict symptom severity, higher levels of nasal proinflammatory cytokines were associated with lower, more consistent temperatures during the study period. Further, levels of salivary cortisol and urinary catecholamines measured at the beginning of the study appeared to have disparate effects on temperature change. In sum, this research highlights the utility of dynamic time series modeling as a framework for studying body temperature change and lends novel insights into how stress may interact with infection to influence patterns of thermoregulation.
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8
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Orr-Burks N, Murray J, Todd KV, Bakre A, Tripp RA. MicroRNAs affect GPCR and Ion channel genes needed for influenza replication. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001691. [PMID: 34787540 PMCID: PMC8742985 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus causes seasonal epidemics and sporadic pandemics resulting in morbidity, mortality, and economic losses worldwide. Understanding how to regulate influenza virus replication is important for developing vaccine and therapeutic strategies. Identifying microRNAs (miRs) that affect host genes used by influenza virus for replication can support an antiviral strategy. In this study, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) and ion channel (IC) host genes in human alveolar epithelial (A549) cells used by influenza virus for replication (Orr-Burks et al., 2021) were examined as miR target genes following A/CA/04/09- or B/Yamagata/16/1988 replication. Thirty-three miRs were predicted to target GPCR or IC genes and their miR mimics were evaluated for their ability to decrease influenza virus replication. Paired miR inhibitors were used as an ancillary measure to confirm or not the antiviral effects of a miR mimic. Fifteen miRs lowered influenza virus replication and four miRs were found to reduce replication irrespective of virus strain and type differences. These findings provide evidence for novel miR disease intervention strategies for influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Kyle V. Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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9
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Orr-Burks N, Murray J, Todd KV, Bakre A, Tripp RA. Drug repositioning of Clopidogrel or Triamterene to inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259129. [PMID: 34714852 PMCID: PMC8555795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections and substantial health concerns. Infection may result in mild to severe respiratory disease associated with morbidity and some mortality. Several anti-influenza drugs are available, but these agents target viral components and are susceptible to drug resistance. There is a need for new antiviral drug strategies that include repurposing of clinically approved drugs. Drugs that target cellular machinery necessary for influenza virus replication can provide a means for inhibiting influenza virus replication. We used RNA interference screening to identify key host cell genes required for influenza replication, and then FDA-approved drugs that could be repurposed for targeting host genes. We examined the effects of Clopidogrel and Triamterene to inhibit A/WSN/33 (EC50 5.84 uM and 31.48 uM, respectively), A/CA/04/09 (EC50 6.432 uM and 3.32 uM, respectively), and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (EC50 0.28 uM and 0.11 uM, respectively) replication. Clopidogrel and Triamterene provide a druggable approach to influenza treatment across multiple strains and subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Orr-Burks
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Kyle V. Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Abhijeet Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States of America
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10
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Barnard KN, Wasik BR, Alford BK, Hayward JJ, Weichert WS, Voorhees IEH, Holmes EC, Parrish CR. Sequence dynamics of three influenza A virus strains grown in different MDCK cell lines, including those expressing different sialic acid receptors. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1878-1900. [PMID: 34114711 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are often cultured in cell lines for research and vaccine development, and those often differ from the natural hosts or tissues. Cell lines can also differ in the presence of virus receptors, such as the sialic acid (Sia) receptors used by influenza A viruses (IAV), which can vary in linkage (α2,3- or α2,6-linkage) and form (N-glycolylneuraminic acid [Neu5Gc] or N-acetylneuraminic acid [Neu5Ac]). The selective pressures resulting from passaging viruses in cell types with host-specific variations in viral receptors are still only partially understood. IAV are commonly cultured in MDCK cells which are both derived from canine kidney tubule epithelium and inherently heterogeneous. MDCK cells naturally present Neu5Ac and α2,3-linked Sia forms. Here, we examine natural MDCK variant lineages, as well as engineered variants that synthesize Neu5Gc and/or α2,6-linkages. We determined how viral genetic variation occurred within human H3N2, H1N1 pandemic and canine H3N2 IAV populations when serially passaged in MDCK cell lines that vary in cell type (MDCK-Type I or MDCK-Type II clones) and in Sia display. Deep sequencing of viral genomes showed small numbers of consensus-level mutations, mostly within the hemagglutinin (HA) gene. Both human IAV showed variants in the HA stem and the HA receptor-binding site of populations passaged in cells displaying Neu5Gc. Canine H3N2 showed variants near the receptor-binding site when passaged in cells displaying Neu5Gc or α2,6-linkages. Viruses replicated to low titres in MDCK-Type II cells, suggesting that not all cell types in heterogeneous MDCK cell populations are equally permissive to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen N Barnard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brian R Wasik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brynn K Alford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jessica J Hayward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Wendy S Weichert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ian E H Voorhees
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Biological Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colin R Parrish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Baker Institute for Animal Health, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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11
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Abou Baker DH, Amarowicz R, Kandeil A, Ali MA, Ibrahim EA. Antiviral activity of Lavandula angustifolia L. and Salvia officinalis L. essential oils against avian influenza H5N1 virus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD RESEARCH 2021; 4:100135. [PMID: 36570026 PMCID: PMC9767472 DOI: 10.1016/j.jafr.2021.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, viral infection is considered a major cause of mortality all over the world such as covid-19 pandemic. In this context, searching for antiviral agents are major researchers interests. In this study, essential oils (EO) of Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) and Salvia officinalis (salvia) were subjected to combat avian influenza H5N1 virus. Laboratory trials were performed to identify Lavender and salvia EOs and evaluate their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity against an avian influenza H5N1 virus. EOs were prepared by the hydrodistillation of air-dried plants and analyzed by GC-MS methods. The results revealed that salvia has the highest EOs yield 1.3% than lavender 1%. The dominant constituents of lavender EO were linalyl acetate and linalool while camphor and α-thujone were the dominant compounds of salvia. Both oils exhibited antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS and total antioxidant capacity assays. The results suggest the use of salvia and lavender EOs as effective natural anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiviral agents.
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Key Words
- ABTS•+, 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazloine-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation
- Anti-inflammatory
- Antioxidant
- Antiviral
- Avian influenza
- BSA, bovine serum albumin
- DPPH•, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical
- Essential oils
- FID, flame ionization detector
- GC, gas chromatography
- GC-MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Lavandula angustifolia
- MTT, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide
- Salvia officinalis
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Affiliation(s)
- Doha H Abou Baker
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Bohouth St. (former El Tahrirst.), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ryszard Amarowicz
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748-Olsztyn, Tuwima Street 10, Poland
| | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Department of Water Pollution Research, Division of Environmental Research, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Ali
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, Department of Water Pollution Research, Division of Environmental Research, National Research Centre (NRC), Egypt
| | - Eman A Ibrahim
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, National Research Centre (NRC), 33 El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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12
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Increased Pulmonary Pneumococcal Clearance after Resolution of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Infection in Mice. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00062-21. [PMID: 33722928 PMCID: PMC8316151 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00062-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus has been continuously circulating among poultry and can infect mammals, indicating that this virus is a potential pandemic strain. During influenza pandemics, secondary bacterial (particularly pneumococcal) pneumonia usually contributes to excessive mortality. In the present study, we observed the dynamic effect of H9N2 virus infection on host defense against secondary pneumococcal infection in mice. BALB/c mice were intranasally inoculated with 1.2 × 105 PFU of H9N2 virus followed by 1 × 106 CFU of Streptococcus pneumoniae at 7, 14, or 28 days post-H9N2 infection (dpi). The bacterial load, histopathology, body weight, and survival were assessed after pneumococcal infection. Our results showed that H9N2 virus infection had no significant impact on host resistance to secondary pneumococcal infection at 7 dpi. However, H9N2 virus infection increased pulmonary pneumococcal clearance and reduced pneumococcal pneumonia-induced morbidity after secondary pneumococcal infection at 14 or 28 dpi, as reflected by significantly decreased bacterial loads, markedly alleviated pulmonary histopathological changes, and significantly reduced weight loss in mice infected with H9N2 virus followed by S. pneumoniae compared with mice infected only with S. pneumoniae. Further, the significantly decreased bacterial loads were observed when mice were previously infected with a high dose (1.2 × 106 PFU) of H9N2 virus. Also, similar to the results obtained in BALB/c mice, improvement in pulmonary pneumococcal clearance was observed in C57BL/6 mice. Overall, our results showed that pulmonary pneumococcal clearance is improved after resolution of H9N2 virus infection in mice.
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13
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Kingstad-Bakke B, Toy R, Lee W, Pradhan P, Vogel G, Marinaik CB, Larsen A, Gates D, Luu T, Pandey B, Kawaoka Y, Roy K, Suresh M. Polymeric Pathogen-Like Particles-Based Combination Adjuvants Elicit Potent Mucosal T Cell Immunity to Influenza A Virus. Front Immunol 2021; 11:559382. [PMID: 33767689 PMCID: PMC7986715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.559382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Eliciting durable and protective T cell-mediated immunity in the respiratory mucosa remains a significant challenge. Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA)-based cationic pathogen-like particles (PLPs) loaded with TLR agonists mimic biophysical properties of microbes and hence, simulate pathogen-pattern recognition receptor interactions to safely and effectively stimulate innate immune responses. We generated micro particle PLPs loaded with TLR4 (glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant, GLA) or TLR9 (CpG) agonists, and formulated them with and without a mucosal delivery enhancing carbomer-based nanoemulsion adjuvant (ADJ). These adjuvants delivered intranasally to mice elicited high numbers of influenza nucleoprotein (NP)-specific CD8+ and CD4+ effector and tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in lungs and airways. PLPs delivering TLR4 versus TLR9 agonists drove phenotypically and functionally distinct populations of effector and memory T cells. While PLPs loaded with CpG or GLA provided immunity, combining the adjuvanticity of PLP-GLA and ADJ markedly enhanced the development of airway and lung TRMs and CD4 and CD8 T cell-dependent immunity to influenza virus. Further, balanced CD8 (Tc1/Tc17) and CD4 (Th1/Th17) recall responses were linked to effective influenza virus control. These studies provide mechanistic insights into vaccine-induced pulmonary T cell immunity and pave the way for the development of a universal influenza and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Kingstad-Bakke
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Randall Toy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Woojong Lee
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Pallab Pradhan
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gabriela Vogel
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Chandranaik B Marinaik
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Autumn Larsen
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Daisy Gates
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Tracy Luu
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Bhawana Pandey
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yoshihoro Kawaoka
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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14
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Sano K, Saito S, Suzuki T, Kotani O, Ainai A, van Riet E, Tabata K, Saito K, Takahashi Y, Yokoyama M, Sato H, Maruno T, Usami K, Uchiyama S, Ogawa-Goto K, Hasegawa H. An influenza HA stalk reactive polymeric IgA antibody exhibits anti-viral function regulated by binary interaction between HA and the antibody. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245244. [PMID: 33412571 PMCID: PMC7790537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IgA antibodies, which are secreted onto the mucosal surface as secretory IgA antibodies (SIgAs), play an important role in preventing influenza virus infection. A recent study reported that anti-hemagglutinin (HA) head-targeting antibodies increase anti-viral functions such as hemagglutination inhibition (HI) and virus neutralization (NT), in addition to HA binding activity (reactivity) via IgA polymerization. However, the functional properties of anti-viral IgA antibodies with mechanisms of action distinct from those of anti-HA head-targeting antibodies remain elusive. Here, we characterized the functional properties of IgG, monomeric IgA, and polymeric IgA anti-HA stalk-binding clones F11 and FI6, and B12 (a low affinity anti-HA stalk clone), as well as Fab-deficient (ΔFab) IgA antibodies. We found that IgA polymerization impacts the functional properties of anti-HA stalk antibodies. Unlike anti-HA head antibodies, the anti-viral functions of anti-HA stalk antibodies were not simply enhanced by IgA polymerization. The data suggest that two modes of binding (Fab paratope-mediated binding to the HA stalk, and IgA Fc glycan-mediated binding to the HA receptor binding site (RBS)) occur during interaction between anti-stalk HA IgA antibodies and HA. In situations where Fab paratope-mediated binding to the HA stalk exceeded IgA Fc glycan-mediated binding to HA RBS, IgA polymerization increased anti-viral functions. By contrast, when IgA Fc glycan-mediated binding to the HA RBS was dominant, anti-viral activity will fall upon IgA polymerization. In summary, the results suggest that coordination between these two independent binding modules determines whether IgA polymerization has a negative or positive effect on the anti-viral functions of anti-HA stalk IgA antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Kotani
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elly van Riet
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Tabata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kumpei Saito
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takahashi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaru Yokoyama
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hironori Sato
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Maruno
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaede Usami
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Ogawa-Goto
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Nippi Incorporated, Toride, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Infectious Diseases Pathology, Department of Global Infectious Diseases, Tohoku Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
- Global Virus Network, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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15
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Kwak DK, Kim JS, Lee MK, Ryu KS, Chi SW. Probing the Neuraminidase Activity of Influenza Virus Using a Cytolysin A Protein Nanopore. Anal Chem 2020; 92:14303-14308. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Kyu Kwak
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Sik Kim
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Kyung Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Seok Ryu
- Protein Structure Research Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, 162 Yeongudanji-ro, Ochang-eup, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Wook Chi
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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16
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Stevenson-Leggett P, Keep S, Bickerton E. Treatment with Exogenous Trypsin Expands In Vitro Cellular Tropism of the Avian Coronavirus Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Viruses 2020; 12:E1102. [PMID: 33003350 PMCID: PMC7600076 DOI: 10.3390/v12101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes a highly contagious and economically important respiratory disease in poultry. In the laboratory, most IBV strains are restricted to replication in ex vivo organ cultures or in ovo and do not replicate in cell culture, making the study of their basic virology difficult. Entry of IBV into cells is facilitated by the large glycoprotein on the surface of the virion, the spike (S) protein, comprised of S1 and S2 subunits. Previous research showed that the S2' cleavage site is responsible for the extended tropism of the IBV Beaudette strain. This study aims to investigate whether protease treatment can extend the tropism of other IBV strains. Here we demonstrate that the addition of exogenous trypsin during IBV propagation in cell culture results in significantly increased viral titres. Using a panel of IBV strains, exhibiting varied tropisms, the effects of spike cleavage on entry and replication were assessed by serial passage cell culture in the presence of trypsin. Replication could be maintained over serial passages, indicating that the addition of exogenous protease is sufficient to overcome the barrier to infection. Mutations were identified in both S1 and S2 subunits following serial passage in cell culture. This work provides a proof of concept that exogenous proteases can remove the barrier to IBV replication in otherwise non-permissive cells, providing a platform for further study of elusive field strains and enabling sustainable vaccine production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (P.S.-L.); (S.K.)
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17
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Lothert K, Dekevic G, Loewe D, Salzig D, Czermak P, Wolff MW. Upstream and Downstream Processes for Viral Nanoplexes as Vaccines. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2183:217-248. [PMID: 32959247 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0795-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing medical interest in viral nanoplexes, such as viruses or virus-like particles used for vaccines, gene therapy products, or oncolytic agents, raises the need for fast and efficient production processes. In general, these processes comprise upstream and downstream processing. For the upstream process, efficiency is mainly characterized by robustly achieving high titer yields, while reducing process times and costs with regard to the cell culture medium, the host cell selection, and the applied process conditions. The downstream part, on the other hand, should effectively remove process-related contaminants, such as host cells/cell debris as well as host cell DNA and proteins, while maintaining product stability and reducing product losses. This chapter outlines a combination of process steps to successfully produce virus particles in the controlled environment of a stirred tank bioreactor, combined with a platform-based purification approach using filtration-based clarification and steric exclusion chromatography. Additionally, suggestions for off-line analytics in terms of virus characterization and quantification as well as for contaminant estimation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keven Lothert
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gregor Dekevic
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniel Loewe
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Denise Salzig
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.,Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.,Division Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology (IME), Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael W Wolff
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology (IBPT), Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen (THM) - University of Applied Sciences, Giessen, Germany.
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18
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The native structure of the assembled matrix protein 1 of influenza A virus. Nature 2020; 587:495-498. [PMID: 32908308 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2696-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus causes millions of severe cases of disease during annual epidemics. The most abundant protein in influenza virions is matrix protein 1 (M1), which mediates virus assembly by forming an endoskeleton beneath the virus membrane1. The structure of full-length M1, and how it oligomerizes to mediate the assembly of virions, is unknown. Here we determine the complete structure of assembled M1 within intact virus particles, as well as the structure of M1 oligomers reconstituted in vitro. We find that the C-terminal domain of M1 is disordered in solution but can fold and bind in trans to the N-terminal domain of another M1 monomer, thus polymerizing M1 into linear strands that coat the interior surface of the membrane of the assembling virion. In the M1 polymer, five histidine residues-contributed by three different monomers of M1-form a cluster that can serve as the pH-sensitive disassembly switch after entry into a target cell. These structures therefore reveal mechanisms of influenza virus assembly and disassembly.
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19
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Ochoa EE, Huda R, Scheibel SF, Nichols JE, Mock DJ, El-Daher N, Domurat FM, Roberts NJ. HLA-associated protection of lymphocytes during influenza virus infection. Virol J 2020; 17:128. [PMID: 32831108 PMCID: PMC7444183 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Heterozygosity at HLA class I loci is generally considered beneficial for host defense. We report here an element of HLA class I homozygosity that may or may not help preserve its existence in populations but which could indicate a new avenue for antiviral research. Methods Lymphocytes from serologically HLA-homozygous or -heterozygous donors were examined for synthesis of influenza virus proteins and RNA after exposure to virus as peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The virus-exposed lymphocytes were also examined for internalization of the virus after exposure, and for susceptibility to virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in comparison with virus-exposed monocytes/macrophages and unseparated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Results were compared using two-tailed Fisher’s exact test. Results Serologically-defined HLA-A2-homozygous lymphocytes, in contrast to heterozygous lymphocytes, did not synthesize detectable influenza virus RNA or protein after exposure to the virus. HLA-A2-homozygous lymphocytes, including both homozygous and heterozygous donors by genetic sequence subtyping, did internalize infectious virus but were not susceptible to lysis by autologous virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (“fratricide”). Similar intrinsic resistance to influenza virus infection was observed with HLA-A1- and HLA-A11-homozygous lymphocytes and with HLA-B-homozygous lymphocytes. Conclusions A significant proportion of individuals within a population that is characterized by common expression of HLA class I alleles may possess lymphocytes that are not susceptible to influenza virus infection and thus to mutual virus-specific lysis. Further study may identify new approaches to limit influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana E Ochoa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ruksana Huda
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Steven F Scheibel
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David J Mock
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Nayef El-Daher
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Frank M Domurat
- Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and the Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA. .,Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA. .,Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 462 First Ave, Room A619, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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20
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Wang S, Liang T, Luo Q, Li P, Zhang R, Xu M, Su J, Xu T, Wu Q. H9N2 swine influenza virus infection-induced damage is mediated by TRPM2 channels in mouse pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 148:104408. [PMID: 32707310 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is implicated in the pathogenesis of influenza virus infection. Increasing evidences show that transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2), a Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channel, plays an important role in the pathomechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-coupled diseases. The present study investigated the role of TRPM2 in pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (PMVECs) during H9N2 influenza virus infection. We knocked down TRPM2 in PMVECs using TRPM2 shRNA lentiviral particles. Subsequently, we utilized enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometry to compare ROS levels, DNA damage, mitochondrial integrity, apoptosis, and inflammatory factors between control and TRPM2-knockdown PMVECs following H9N2 influenza virus infection. Inhibition of TRPM2 channels reduced H9N2 virus-induced intracellular ROS production, decreased DNA damage, and inhibited H9N2-induced cellular apoptosis. This study shows that the inhibition of TRPM2 channels may protect PMVECs from the damage caused by H9N2 virus infection. Our results highlight the importance of TRPM2 in modulating ROS production, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, cytokine expression, and DNA damage in H9N2 virus-infected PMVECs, and suggest that TRPM2 may be a potential antiviral target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, PR China
| | - Qiang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, PR China
| | - Peiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, PR China
| | - Ruihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, PR China
| | - Mingju Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, PR China
| | - Jingliang Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Tong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Science College, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075131, Hebei, PR China.
| | - Qingmin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
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21
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Hawksworth A, Lockhart R, Crowe J, Maeso R, Ritter L, Dibben O, Bright H. Replication of live attenuated influenza vaccine viruses in human nasal epithelial cells is associated with H1N1 vaccine effectiveness. Vaccine 2020; 38:4209-4218. [PMID: 32376111 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In the 2013-2014 and 2015-2016 influenza seasons, live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) generated reduced vaccine effectiveness (VE) against circulating H1N1 strains. This reduced VE coincided with the introduction of pandemic 2009 H1N1 (A/H1N1pdm09) vaccine virus reassortants, in place of pre-2009 seasonal H1N1 strains. Here, we explored one specific hypothesis for reduced VE; decreased replicative fitness of A/H1N1pdm09 strains in humans. Two A/H1N1pdm09 strains with reduced VE, A/California/07/2009 (A/CA09) and A/Bolivia/559/2013 (A/BOL13), were compared to pre-2009 seasonal H1N1 strains, A/New Caledonia/20/1999 (A/NC99) and A/South Dakota/6/2007 (A/SD07). Initial results showed that A/H1N1pdm09 strains had reduced multi-cycle infectivity in Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells, compared to their pre-2009 counterparts. The A/BOL13 viral titre was found to be 2.65 log10/mL lower when measured by multi-cycle 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay compared to single-cycle fluorescent focus assay (FFA). By contrast, clinically effective A/NC99 titres differed by only 0.54 log10/mL. In human alveolar (A549) cells, A/H1N1pdm09 strains replicated less than pre-2009 strains, with A/CA09 and A/BOL13 generating lower peak viral titres over 5 days. This phenotype was corroborated in physiologically relevant, primary human nasal epithelial cells (hNECs). Here, peak titres for pre-2009 strains A/NC99 and A/SD07 were 8.43 log10 TCID50/mL and 8.52 log10 TCID50/mL, respectively, versus 6.89 log10 TCID50/mL and 6.06 log10 TCID50/mL for A/H1N1pdm09 strains A/CA09 and A/BOL13. This confirmed a reduced ability of A/H1N1pdm09 strains to sustain replication in human respiratory cells. Using this information, H1N1 candidate A/Slovenia/2903/2015 (A/SLOV15) was characterised for replacement of A/BOL13 in the 2017/18 LAIV. A/SLOV15 produced comparable single and multi-cycle infectivity titres (Δ 0.16 log10/mL) and reached a peak titre 1.23 log10 TCID50/mL higher than that of A/BOL13 in hNEC cultures. Taken together, these data suggest a reduction in sustained multi-cycle replication in human cells as a plausible root cause for reduced A/H1N1pdm09 VE.
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Zhang J, Gauger PC. Isolation of Swine Influenza A Virus in Cell Cultures and Embryonated Chicken Eggs. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2123:281-294. [PMID: 32170695 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0346-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus isolation is a procedure to obtain a live and infectious virus that can be used for antigenic characterization, pathogenesis investigation, vaccine production, and so on. Embryonated chicken egg inoculation is traditionally considered the "gold standard" method for influenza virus isolation and propagation. However, many primary cells and continuous cell lines have also been examined or developed for influenza virus isolation and replication. Specifically, influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S) isolation and propagation has been attempted and compared in embryonated chicken eggs, some primary porcine cells, and a number of continuous cell lines. Currently, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells remain the most commonly used cell line for the isolation, propagation, and titration of IAV-S. Virus isolation in embryonated chicken eggs or in different cell lines offers alternative approaches when IAV-S isolation in MDCK cells is unsuccessful. Optimal specimens for IAV-S isolation includes nasal swabs, nasopharyngeal swabs, oral fluids, bronchoalveolar lavage, lung tissues, and so on. In this chapter, we describe the procedures of sample processing, IAV-S isolation in MDCK cells and in embryonated chicken eggs, as well as the methods used for confirming the virus isolation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiang Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Phillip C Gauger
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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23
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Tsutsui M, Yamazaki T, Tatematsu K, Yokota K, Esaki Y, Kubo Y, Deguchi H, Arima A, Kuroda S, Kawai T. High-throughput single nanoparticle detection using a feed-through channel-integrated nanopore. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:20475-20484. [PMID: 31647092 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr07039g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The outstanding sensitivity of solid-state nanopore sensors comes at a price of low detection efficiency due to the lack of active means to transfer objects into the nanoscale sensing zone. Here we report on a key technology for high-throughput single-nanoparticle detection which exploits mutual effects of microfluidics control and multipore electrophoresis in nanopore-in-channel units integrated on a thin Si3N4 membrane. Using this novel nanostructure, we demonstrated a proof-of-concept for influenza viruses via hydropressure regulation of mass transport in the fluidic channel for continuous feeding of biosamples into the effective electric field extending out from the nanopores, wherein the feed-through mechanism allowed us to selectively detect charged objects in physiological media such as human saliva. With the versatility of nanopore sensing technologies applicable to analytes of virtually any size from cells to polynucleotides, the present integration strategy may open new avenues for practical ultrasensitive bioanalytical tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makusu Tsutsui
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Yamazaki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Kenji Tatematsu
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Kazumichi Yokota
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan. and National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Yuko Esaki
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Yukari Kubo
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Deguchi
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Akihide Arima
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Shun'ichi Kuroda
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
| | - Tomoji Kawai
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan.
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Tyr82 Amino Acid Mutation in PB1 Polymerase Induces an Influenza Virus Mutator Phenotype. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00834-19. [PMID: 31462570 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00834-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In various positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, a low-fidelity viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) confers attenuated phenotypes by increasing the mutation frequency. We report a negative-sense single-stranded RNA virus RdRp mutant strain with a mutator phenotype. Based on structural data of RdRp, rational targeting of key residues, and screening of fidelity variants, we isolated a novel low-fidelity mutator strain of influenza virus that harbors a Tyr82-to-Cys (Y82C) single-amino-acid substitution in the PB1 polymerase subunit. The purified PB1-Y82C polymerase indeed showed an increased frequency of misincorporation compared with the wild-type PB1 in an in vitro biochemical assay. To further investigate the effects of position 82 on PB1 polymerase fidelity, we substituted various amino acids at this position. As a result, we isolated various novel mutators other than PB1-Y82C with higher mutation frequencies. The structural model of influenza virus polymerase complex suggested that the Tyr82 residue, which is located at the nucleoside triphosphate entrance tunnel, may influence a fidelity checkpoint. Interestingly, although the PB1-Y82C variant replicated with wild-type PB1-like kinetics in tissue culture, the 50% lethal dose of the PB1-Y82C mutant was 10 times lower than that of wild-type PB1 in embryonated chicken eggs. In conclusion, our data indicate that the Tyr82 residue of PB1 has a crucial role in regulating polymerase fidelity of influenza virus and is closely related to attenuated pathogenic phenotypes in vivo IMPORTANCE Influenza A virus rapidly acquires antigenic changes and antiviral drug resistance, which limit the effectiveness of vaccines and drug treatments, primarily owing to its high rate of evolution. Virus populations formed by quasispecies can contain resistance mutations even before a selective pressure is applied. To study the effects of the viral mutation spectrum and quasispecies, high- and low-fidelity variants have been isolated for several RNA viruses. Here, we report the discovery of a low-fidelity RdRp variant of influenza A virus that contains a substitution at Tyr82 in PB1. Viruses containing the PB1-Y82C substitution showed growth kinetics and viral RNA synthesis levels similar to those of the wild-type virus in cell culture; however, they had significantly attenuated phenotypes in a chicken egg infection experiment. These data demonstrated that decreased RdRp fidelity attenuates influenza A virus in vivo, which is a desirable feature for the development of safer live attenuated vaccine candidates.
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Harada Y, Takahashi H, Trusheim H, Roth B, Mizuta K, Hirata-Saito A, Ogane T, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Yamamoto N. Comparison of suspension MDCK cells, adherent MDCK cells, and LLC-MK2 cells for selective isolation of influenza viruses to be used as vaccine seeds. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2019; 14:204-209. [PMID: 31651085 PMCID: PMC7040968 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based influenza vaccines can solve the problem of the frequent occurrence of egg adaptation-associated antigenic changes observed in egg-based vaccines. Seed viruses for cell-based vaccines can be prepared from clinical specimens by cell culture; however, clinical samples risk harboring respiratory viruses other than influenza virus. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the patterns of co-infection in clinical samples and explore whether cell culture technology can selectively propagate influenza viruses from samples containing other respiratory viruses. METHODS A total of 341 clinical specimens were collected from patients with influenza or influenza-like illness and analyzed by ResPlex II assay to detect 18 respiratory viruses. The patterns of co-infection were statistically analyzed with Fisher's exact test. The samples with double or triple infections were passaged in suspension MDCK cells (MDCK-S), adherent MDCK cells (MDCK-A), and LLC-MK2D cells. Cell-passaged samples were analyzed by ResPlex II assay again to investigate whether each cell line could amplify influenza viruses and eliminate other respiratory viruses. RESULTS Double infections were detected in 8.5% and triple infections in 0.9% of the collected clinical specimens. We identified four pairs of viruses with significant correlation. For all samples with double and triple infection, MDCK-S and MDCK-A could selectively propagate influenza viruses, while eliminating all contaminating viruses. In contrast, LLC-MK2D showed lower isolation efficiency for influenza virus and higher isolation efficiency for coxsackievirus/echovirus than MDCK-S and MDCK-A. CONCLUSIONS Both MDCK-S and MDCK-A are considered suitable for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses without adventitious agents or egg-adaptation mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Harada
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Heidi Trusheim
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Roth
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Asumi Hirata-Saito
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Teruko Ogane
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Utsunomiya, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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26
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Bissel SJ, Carter CE, Wang G, Johnson SK, Lashua LP, Kelvin AA, Wiley CA, Ghedin E, Ross TM. Age-Related Pathology Associated with H1N1 A/California/07/2009 Influenza Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2389-2399. [PMID: 31585069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection causes a spectrum of diseases, ranging from mild upper respiratory tract infection to severe lower respiratory tract infection, that can lead to diffuse alveolar damage, interstitial and airspace inflammation, or acute respiratory failure. Mechanisms instructing disease severity are not completely understood, but host, viral, and bacterial factors influence disease outcome. With age being one host factor associated with a higher risk of severe influenza, we investigated regional pulmonary distribution and severity of pneumonia after 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection in newly weaned, adult, and aged ferrets to better understand age-dependent susceptibility and pathology. Aged ferrets exhibited greater weight loss and higher rates of mortality than adult ferrets, whereas most newly weaned ferrets did not lose weight but had a lack of weight gain. Newly weaned ferrets exhibited minimal pneumonia, whereas adult and aged ferrets had a spectrum of pneumonia severity. Influenza virus-induced pneumonia peaked earliest in adult ferrets, whereas aged ferrets had delayed presentation. Bronchial severity differed among groups, but bronchial pathology was comparable among all cohorts. Alveolar infection was strikingly different among groups. Newly weaned ferrets had little alveolar cell infection. Adult and aged ferrets had alveolar infection, but aged ferrets were unable to clear infection. These different age-related pneumonia and infection patterns suggest therapeutic strategies to treat influenza should be tailored contingent on age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Bissel
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
| | - Chalise E Carter
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Guoji Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott K Johnson
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Lauren P Lashua
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Alyson A Kelvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Canadian Centre for Vaccinology, Department of Pediatrics, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Clayton A Wiley
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics & Systems Biology, Department of Biology, College of Arts & Sciences, New York University, New York, New York; Department of Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia; Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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27
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Nakamura K, Harada Y, Takahashi H, Trusheim H, Bernhard R, Hamamoto I, Hirata-Saito A, Ogane T, Mizuta K, Konomi N, Konomi Y, Asanuma H, Odagiri T, Tashiro M, Yamamoto N. Systematic evaluation of suspension MDCK cells, adherent MDCK cells, and LLC-MK2 cells for preparing influenza vaccine seed virus. Vaccine 2019; 37:6526-6534. [PMID: 31500967 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Suspension Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells (MDCK-N), adherent MDCK cells (MDCK-C), and adherent rhesus monkey kidney LLC-MK2 cells (LLC-MK2D) were systematically evaluated for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses for humans on the basis of primary virus isolation efficiency, growth ability, genetic stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes, and antigenic properties in hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test of each virus isolate upon further passages. All the subtypes/lineages of influenza viruses (A(H1N1), A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata) were successfully isolated from clinical specimens by using MDCK-N and MDCK-C, whereas LLC-MK2D did not support virus replication well. Serial passages of A(H1N1) viruses in MDCK-N and MDCK-C induced genetic mutations of HA that resulted in moderate antigenic changes in the HI test. All A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates from MDCK-C acquired amino acid substitutions at the site from K153 to N156 of the HA protein, which resulted in striking antigenic alteration. In contrast, only 30% of MDCK-N isolates showed amino acid changes at this site. The frequency of MDCK-N isolates with less than two-fold reduction in the HI titer was as high as 70%. A(H3N2) and B-Yamagata isolates showed high antigenic stability and no specific amino acid substitution during passages in MDCK-N and MDCK-C. B-Victoria isolates from MDCK-N and MDCK-C acquired genetic changes at HA glycosylation sites that greatly affected their antigenicity. When these cell isolates were applied to passages in hen eggs, A(H1N1), B-Victoria, and B-Yamagata viruses grew well in eggs, while none of the cell isolates of A(H3N2) viruses did. Thus, we demonstrate that MDCK-N might be useful for the preparation of influenza vaccine seed viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Nakamura
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Yuichi Harada
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Takahashi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Heidi Trusheim
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Emil von Behring Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Roth Bernhard
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics GmbH, Emil von Behring Str. 76, 35041 Marburg, Germany
| | - Itsuki Hamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Asumi Hirata-Saito
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 2145-13 Shimokamoto-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Teruko Ogane
- Tochigi Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, 2145-13 Shimokamoto-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 329-1196, Japan
| | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, 1-6-6 Tokamachi, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-0031, Japan
| | - Nami Konomi
- Jinjikai Takahashi Clinic, 4595 Iwai, Bando-city, Ibaraki 306-0631, Japan
| | - Yasushi Konomi
- Jinjikai Takahashi Clinic, 4595 Iwai, Bando-city, Ibaraki 306-0631, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Masato Tashiro
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Department of Infection Control Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan.
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28
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Tateishi K, Fujihashi K, Yamamoto N, Hasegawa H, Ainai A, Sato K, Iho S, Yamamoto S, Maeyama JI, Odagiri T, Asanuma H. CpG ODN G9.1 as a novel nasal ODN adjuvant elicits complete protection from influenza virus infection without causing inflammatory immune responses. Vaccine 2019; 37:5382-5389. [PMID: 31345642 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the protective efficacy of and immune response to a nasal influenza vaccine combined with a novel mucosal oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) adjuvant, CpG ODN G9.1 (G9.1), in a model of infection limited to the upper respiratory tract (URT) and a model of infection in the lower respiratory tract (LRT). Mice were nasally primed with an A/California/7/2009 (Cal7) split vaccine (X179A) plus G9.1 and were then nasally given a booster with X179A alone. When mice were challenged with either a large (infection of the LRT) or small (infection limited to the URT) volume of live Cal7 influenza virus, mice nasally given G9.1 combined with X179A had a markedly higher rate of protection against infection limited to the URT. Moreover, this group of mice promptly recovered from an infection of the LRT. When mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) given X179A as a current form of vaccination, they had no protection from an infection limited to the URT but they did recover from an infection of the LRT. The patterns of protection were closely correlated with influenza virus-specific mucosal secretory IgA (SIgA) or serum IgG antibody (Ab) responses. Thus, SIgA Abs responses play an important role in protection from an infection limited to the URT while influenza virus-specific serum IgG Ab responses help to protect from an infection of the LRT. A finding of note is that lungs from mice nasally given G9.1 had low levels of type I IFN-associated protein- and transcription factor-specific mRNA expression. These results suggest that nasal G9.1 can be used as an effective and safe mucosal adjuvant for influenza vaccines since this nasal vaccine system elicits both mucosal SIgA and serum IgG Ab responses that provide complete protection without inducing potent inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Tateishi
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, 1-7-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
| | - Kohtaro Fujihashi
- Division of Clinical Vaccinology, International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai 4-6-1, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Pediatric Dentistry, The Institute of Oral Health Research, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294-0007, USA
| | - Norio Yamamoto
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Ainai
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Kayoko Sato
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Sumiko Iho
- Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Yoshida-gun, Fukui and Department of Bacteriology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medicine, Niigata-shi, Niigata, Japan
| | - Saburo Yamamoto
- Central Laboratory, Japan BCG Laboratory, Kiyose-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Maeyama
- Department of Safety Research on Blood and Biological Products, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama-shi, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Odagiri
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hideki Asanuma
- Influenza Virus Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Gakuen 4-7-1, Musashi-murayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan; Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Toyama 1-23-1, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
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29
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Tabata KV, Minagawa Y, Kawaguchi Y, Ono M, Moriizumi Y, Yamayoshi S, Fujioka Y, Ohba Y, Kawaoka Y, Noji H. Antibody-free digital influenza virus counting based on neuraminidase activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1067. [PMID: 30705374 PMCID: PMC6355933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is large demand for a quantitative method for rapid and ultra-sensitive detection of the influenza virus. Here, we established a digital influenza virus counting (DIViC) method that can detect a single virion without antibody. In the assay, a virion is stochastically entrapped inside a femtoliter reactor array device for the fluorogenic assay of neuraminidase, and incubated for minutes. By analyzing 600,000 reactors, the practical limit of detection reached the order of 103 (PFU)/mL, only 10-times less sensitive than RT-PCR and more than 1000-times sensitive than commercial rapid test kits (RIDTs). Interestingly, neuraminidase activity differed among virions. The coefficient of variance was 30-40%, evidently broader than that of alkaline phosphatase measured as a model enzyme for comparison, suggesting the heterogeneity in size and integrity among influenza virus particles. Sensitivity to oseltamivir also differed between virions. We also tested DIViC using clinical gargle samples that imposes less burden for sampling while with less virus titre. The comparison with RIDTs showed that DIViC was largely superior to RIDTs in the sensitivity with the clinical samples although a few false-positive signals were observed in some clinical samples that remains as a technical challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito V Tabata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
- ImPACT Program, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8914, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Minagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yuko Kawaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Mana Ono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Moriizumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Fujioka
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ohba
- Department of Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N15 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, 53711, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Noji
- Department of Applied Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
- ImPACT Program, Cabinet Office, Government of Japan, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8914, Japan.
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IgA tetramerization improves target breadth but not peak potency of functionality of anti-influenza virus broadly neutralizing antibody. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007427. [PMID: 30605488 PMCID: PMC6317788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunoglobulins comprise mainly secretory IgA antibodies (SIgAs), which are the major contributor to pathogen-specific immune responses in mucosal tissues. These SIgAs are highly heterogeneous in terms of their quaternary structure. A recent report shows that the polymerization status of SIgA defines their functionality in the human upper respiratory mucosa. Higher order polymerization of SIgA (i.e., tetramers) leads to a marked increase in neutralizing activity against influenza viruses. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of SIgA polymerization remain elusive. Here, we developed a method for generating recombinant tetrameric monoclonal SIgAs. We then compared the anti-viral activities of these tetrameric SIgAs, which possessed variable regions identical to that of a broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibody F045-092 against influenza A viruses, with that of monomeric IgG or IgA. The tetrameric SIgA showed anti-viral inhibitory activity superior to that of other forms only when the antibody exhibits low-affinity binding to the target. By contrast, SIgA tetramerization did not substantially modify anti-viral activity against targets with high-affinity binding. Taken together, the data suggest that tetramerization of SIgA improved target breadth, but not peak potency of antiviral functions of the broadly neutralizing anti-influenza antibody. This phenomenon presumably represents one of the mechanisms by which SIgAs present in human respiratory mucosa prevent infection by antigen-drifted influenza viruses. Understanding the mechanisms involved in cross neutralization of viruses by SIgAs might facilitate the development of vaccine strategies against viral infection of mucosal tissues. SIgAs exist as mainly dimers and tetramers and play critical roles in mucosal immune responses against influenza. Detailed characterization of these anti-viral SIgA is important for better understanding of the mechanisms underlying anti-viral immunity. Here, we describe a means of generating a recombinant tetrameric monoclonal SIgA to enable exhaustive characterization of tetrameric SIgAs. The tetrameric monoclonal SIgA possessing variable regions of anti-influenza viruses broadly neutralizing antibody show that tetramerization of SIgA improves target breadth, but not the peak potency, of their anti-viral functions. These results broaden our knowledge about the fundamental role of SIgA tetramerization in anti-viral humoral response at the human respiratory mucosa.
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Transcriptome Analysis of Infected and Bystander Type 2 Alveolar Epithelial Cells during Influenza A Virus Infection Reveals In Vivo Wnt Pathway Downregulation. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01325-18. [PMID: 30111569 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01325-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus outbreaks remain a serious threat to public health. A greater understanding of how cells targeted by the virus respond to the infection can provide insight into the pathogenesis of disease. Here we examined the transcriptional profile of in vivo-infected and uninfected type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC) in the lungs of influenza virus-infected mice. We show for the first time the unique gene expression profiles induced by the in vivo infection of AEC as well as the transcriptional response of uninfected bystander cells. This work allows us to distinguish the direct and indirect effects of infection at the cellular level. Transcriptome analysis revealed that although directly infected and bystander AEC from infected animals shared many transcriptome changes compared to AEC from uninfected animals, directly infected cells produce more interferon and express lower levels of Wnt signaling-associated transcripts, while concurrently expressing more transcripts associated with cell death pathways, than bystander uninfected AEC. The Wnt signaling pathway was downregulated in both in vivo-infected AEC and in vitro-infected human lung epithelial A549 cells. Wnt signaling did not affect type I and III interferon production by infected A549 cells. Our results reveal unique transcriptional changes that occur within infected AEC and show that influenza virus downregulates Wnt signaling. In light of recent findings that Wnt signaling is essential for lung epithelial stem cells, our findings reveal a mechanism by which influenza virus may affect host lung repair.IMPORTANCE Influenza virus infection remains a major public health problem. Utilizing a recombinant green fluorescent protein-expressing influenza virus, we compared the in vivo transcriptomes of directly infected and uninfected bystander cells from infected mouse lungs and discovered many pathways uniquely regulated in each population. The Wnt signaling pathway was downregulated in directly infected cells and was shown to affect virus but not interferon production. Our study is the first to discern the in vivo transcriptome changes induced by direct viral infection compared to mere exposure to the lung inflammatory milieu and highlight the downregulation of Wnt signaling. This downregulation has important implications for understanding influenza virus pathogenesis, as Wnt signaling is critical for lung epithelial stem cells and lung epithelial cell differentiation. Our findings reveal a mechanism by which influenza virus may affect host lung repair and suggest interventions that prevent damage or accelerate recovery of the lung.
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Mock DJ, Frampton MW, Nichols JE, Domurat FM, Signs DJ, Roberts NJ. Influenza Virus Infection of Human Lymphocytes Occurs in the Immune Cell Cluster of the Developing Antiviral Response. Viruses 2018; 10:E420. [PMID: 30103427 PMCID: PMC6115886 DOI: 10.3390/v10080420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes-macrophages and lymphocytes are recruited to the respiratory tract in response to influenza virus challenge and are exposed to the virus during the establishment of immune defenses. The susceptibility of human lymphocytes to infection was assessed. The presence of monocytes-macrophages was required to attain infection of both resting and proliferating lymphocytes. Lymphocyte infection occurred in the context of immune cell clusters and was blocked by the addition of anti-intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) antibody to prevent cell clustering. Both peripheral blood-derived and bronchoalveolar lymphocytes were susceptible to infection. Both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T lymphocytes were susceptible to influenza virus infection, and the infected CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes served as infectious foci for other nonpermissive or even virus-permissive cells. These data show that monocytes-macrophages and both CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes can become infected during the course of an immune response to influenza virus challenge. The described leukocyte interactions during infection may play an important role in the development of effective anti-influenza responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Mock
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Mark W Frampton
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Frank M Domurat
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Denise J Signs
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Furusawa Y, Yamada S, Kawaoka Y. Host Factor Nucleoporin 93 Is Involved in the Nuclear Export of Influenza Virus RNA. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1675. [PMID: 30087672 PMCID: PMC6066526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus replication relies on the functions of host factors. In our previous study, we identified host factors involved in virus replication and began analyses of their roles in this process. In this study, we focused on Nucleoporin 93 (NUP93) and revealed its importance in influenza virus replication. NUP93 knockdown mediated by siRNAs reduced viral replication and decreased the efficiency of the early step of the viral life cycle. NUP93 did not appear to be important for virus binding, internalization, or the nuclear import of viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP); however, in NUP93-depleted cells, viral RNA accumulated in the nucleus. These results suggest that NUP93 is involved in the nuclear export of viral RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Furusawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Yamada
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Feng B, Zhang Q, Wang J, Dong H, Mu X, Hu G, Zhang T. IFIT1 Expression Patterns Induced by H9N2 Virus and Inactivated Viral Particle in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells and Bronchus Epithelial Cells. Mol Cells 2018; 41:271-281. [PMID: 29629559 PMCID: PMC5935096 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
IFIT1 (also known as ISG56) is a member of the interferon-inducible protein with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFITs) family. IFITs are strongly induced by type I interferon (IFN), double-stranded RNA and virus infection. Here, we investigated IFIT1 expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in human bronchus epithelial cells (BEAS-2Bs) induced by the H9N2 virus and inactivated viral particle at different time points. We also investigated the effect of H9N2 virus and viral particle infection on IFN-α/β production, and assessed whether hemagglutinin or neuraminidase protein induced IFIT1 expression. Results showed that both H9N2 virus infection and viral particle inoculation induced the expression of IFIT1 at mRNA and protein levels in the two cell lines. Hemagglutinin or neuraminidase protein binding alone is not sufficient to induce IFIT1 expression. Surprisingly, the expression patterns of IFIT1 in response to H9N2 virus and viral particles in the two cell lines were opposite, and production kinetics of IFN-α/β also differed. An additional finding was that induction of IFIT1 in response to H9N2 virus infection or viral particle inoculation was more sensitive in HUVECs than in BEAS-2Bs. Our data offers new insight into the innate immune response of endothelial cells to H9N2 virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Hong Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Mu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ge Hu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
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Doyle WJ, Skoner DP, Seroky JT, Fireman P. Effect of Experimental Influenza A Infection on the Nasal Response to Histamine Challenge in Allergic and Non-Allergic Subjects. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.2500/105065893781976311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To determine if a viral upper respiratory tract infection can alter the responsiveness of the nasal mucosa, paired intranasal histamine challenge sessions were performed before and after (8 days) intranasal inoculation with influenza A virus in 16 nonallergic and 16 allergic subjects. The nasal response to a 1-mg histamine challenge was measured as symptom scores for rhinorrhea and congestion, counts for sneezing, weight for expelled secretions, and inspiratory conductance for nasal patency. After inoculation, a total of 25 subjects (11 allergic, 14 nonallergic) became infected with influenza A virus. In infected subjects the measured responses to histamine for secretion weight and rhinorrhea symptom score were significantly greater at 8 days postinfection when compared to those responses recorded prior to inoculation. No significant between session differences were observed for the other responses, or for any of the responses in the uninfected subjects. Significant differences between infected allergic and nonallergic subjects were not observed for any response. These results document an increased secretory response of the nose to histamine during the postsymptomatic period of influenza A viral infection in both allergic and nonallergic subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Doyle
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - David P. Skoner
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - James T. Seroky
- Department of Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Philip Fireman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy/Immunology/Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, and the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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Singh AP, Sharma S, Pagarware K, Siraji RA, Ansari I, Mandal A, Walling P, Aijaz S. Enteropathogenic E. coli effectors EspF and Map independently disrupt tight junctions through distinct mechanisms involving transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3719. [PMID: 29487356 PMCID: PMC5829253 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic E. coli infection is characterized by rapid onset of diarrhea but the underlying mechanisms are not well defined. EPEC targets the tight junctions which selectively regulate the permeability of charged and uncharged molecules. Cooperative actions of the EPEC effectors EspF and Map have been reported to mediate tight junction disruption. To analyze the individual contributions of EspF and Map, we generated in vitro models where EspF and Map, derived from the EPEC strain E2348/69, were constitutively expressed in epithelial cells. Here we report that tight junction disruption by EspF and Map is caused by the inhibition of the junctional recruitment of proteins during tight junction assembly. Constitutive expression of EspF and Map depleted the levels of tight junction proteins. EspF down-regulated the transcript levels of claudin-1, occludin and ZO-1, while Map down-regulated only claudin-1 transcripts. Both effectors also caused lysosomal degradation of existing tight junction proteins. We also identified a novel interaction of Map with non-muscle myosin II. Consistent with earlier studies, EspF was found to interact with ZO-1 while actin was the common interacting partner for both effectors. Our data provides evidence for the distinct roles of Map and EspF in tight junction disruption through non-synergistic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Prakash Singh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Swati Sharma
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Kirti Pagarware
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rafay Anwar Siraji
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Imran Ansari
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Anupam Mandal
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pangertoshi Walling
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Saima Aijaz
- Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Abstract
Influenza viruses are constantly circulating among humans, in which they cause seasonal epidemics of severe respiratory disease. Additionally, these zoonotic viruses infect different mammals and birds, from which new antigenic variants are occasionally transmitted to humans leading to devastating global pandemics. Surveillance programs, in which viruses from the main reservoir (waterfowl), intermediate hosts (like pigs and other farm animals), and other affected species are isolated and characterized, are crucial for the global influenza prevention strategy. This chapter gives an overview of the most commonly used methods for the propagation and titration of influenza viruses, which are key steps in surveillance procedures, as well as in vaccine development and basic research. Depending on the host and the viral strain, primary isolates are obtained from biological samples of different origin and subsequently amplified in embryonated chicken eggs or cell cultures. These propagation procedures are the focus of the first part of this chapter. Once the initial isolates have been amplified, virus titration methods based on particular characteristics of influenza viruses, such as their ability to agglutinate red blood cells (RBCs) or to induce cytopathic effects (CPE) in cell monolayers, are used to estimate the amount of viral particles. Such approaches, like the hemagglutination assay (HA assay), 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50), or plaque assay, are included in the second part of this chapter. Although they are simple and cost-effective, some of these techniques have been partially replaced by faster and more sensitive methods based on the quantification of viral genomes, such as the quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR), which is presented at the end of this section. The different protocols are explained in detail in order to facilitate the preparation and quantification of infectious virus stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Karakus
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel Crameri
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Lanz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Emilio Yángüez
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Tazaki T, Tabata K, Ainai A, Ohara Y, Kobayashi S, Ninomiya T, Orba Y, Mitomo H, Nakano T, Hasegawa H, Ijiro K, Sawa H, Suzuki T, Niikura K. Shape-dependent adjuvanticity of nanoparticle-conjugated RNA adjuvants for intranasal inactivated influenza vaccines. RSC Adv 2018; 8:16527-16536. [PMID: 35540526 PMCID: PMC9080258 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01690a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugation with gold nanorods enhanced the adjuvanticity of RNA adjuvant for intranasal inactivated influenza vaccines, providing efficient protection against infection in mice.
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Feng B, Zhao L, Wang W, Wang J, Wang H, Duan H, Zhang J, Qiao J. Investigation of antiviral state mediated by interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 1 induced by H9N2 virus and inactivated viral particle in human endothelial cells. Virol J 2017; 14:213. [PMID: 29100522 PMCID: PMC5670731 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-017-0875-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cells are believed to play an important role in response to virus infection. Our previous microarray analysis showed that H9N2 virus infection and inactivated viral particle inoculation increased the expression of interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In present study, we deeply investigated the expression patterns of IFITM1 and IFITM1-mediated antiviral response induced by H9N2 virus infection and inactivated viral particle inoculation in HUVECs. Epithelial cells that are considered target cells of the influenza virus were selected as a reference control. Methods First, we quantified the expression levels of IFITM1 in HUVECs induced by H9N2 virus infection or viral particle inoculation using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot. Second, we observed whether hemagglutinin or neuraminidase affected IFITM1 expression in HUVECs. Finally, we investigated the effect of induced-IFITM1 on the antiviral state in HUVECs by siRNA and activation plasmid transfection. Results Both H9N2 virus infection and viral particle inoculation increased the expression of IFITM1 without elevating the levels of interferon-ɑ/β in HUVECs. HA or NA protein binding alone is not sufficient to increase the levels of IFITM1 and interferon-ɑ/β in HUVECs. IFITM1 induced by viral particle inoculation significantly decreased the virus titers in culture supernatants of HUVECs. Conclusions Our results showed that inactivated viral particle inoculation increased the expression of IFITM1 at mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, the induction of IFITM1 expression mediated the antiviral state in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Feng
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, Shanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqin Duan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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The first external quality assessment of isolation and identification of influenza viruses in cell culture in the Asia Pacific region, 2016. J Clin Virol 2017; 97:54-58. [PMID: 29127947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The isolation and propagation of influenza viruses from clinical specimens are essential tools for comprehensive virologic surveillance. Influenza viruses must be amplified in cell culture for detailed antigenic analysis and for phenotypic assays assessing susceptibility to antiviral drugs or for other assays. OBJECTIVES To conduct an external quality assessment (EQA) of proficiency for isolation and identification of influenza viruses using cell culture techniques among National Influenza Centres (NICs) in the World Health Organisation (WHO) South East Asia and Western Pacific Regions. STUDY DESIGN Twenty-one NICs performed routine influenza virus isolation and identification techniques on a proficiency testing panel comprising 16 samples, containing influenza A or B viruses and negative control samples. One sample was used exclusively to determine their capacity to measure hemagglutination titer and the other 15 samples were used for virus isolation and identification. RESULTS All NICs performed influenza virus isolation using Madin Darby canine kidney (MDCK) or MDCK-SIAT-1 cells. If virus growth was detected, the type, subtype and/or lineage of virus present in isolates was determined using immunofluorescence, RT-PCR and/or hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Most participating laboratories could detect influenza virus growth and could identify virus amplified from EQA samples. However, some laboratories failed to isolate and identify viruses from EQA samples that contained lower titres of virus, highlighting issues regarding the sensitivity of influenza virus isolation methods between laboratories. CONCLUSION This first round of EQA was successfully conducted by NICs in the Asia Pacific Region, revealing good proficiency in influenza virus isolation and identification.
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Rapid identification of imported influenza viruses at Xiamen International Airport via an active surveillance program. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 24:289-294. [PMID: 28587905 PMCID: PMC7128276 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives The cross-border transmission of infectious diseases is a worldwide public health issue. Current border screening measures are insufficiently sensitive. The study objectives were to describe the epidemiologic pattern of influenza infection among incoming travellers at Xiamen International Airport during nonpandemic periods and to assess the performance of a rapid influenza diagnostic test in border screening. Methods Between May 2015 and May 2016, travellers with influenza-like illnesses entering China at Xiamen International Airport were screened with a rapid test, Flu Dot-ELISA, and the collected specimens were further subjected to virus isolation and phylogenetic analysis. Results Of the 1 540 076 incoming travellers, 1224 cases of influenza-like illness were identified; 261 tested positive in the rapid test, and 176 were confirmed to be influenza through virus culture. The sensitivity and specificity of the rapid test were demonstrated to be 96.6% (170/176) and 91.3% (957/1048), respectively, and the positive predictive and negative predictive values were 65.1% (170/261) and 99.4% (957/963), respectively. The epidemiologic study indicated that H3N2 and (H1N1)pdm09 were dominant in 2015 and 2016, respectively. In 2016, an increased number of influenza B isolates and cocirculation of both Victoria and Yamagata lineage influenza B viruses were observed, and mismatches between circulating influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza B Victoria lineage strains and vaccine strains also occurred. Conclusions We demonstrated the suitability and value of a high-sensitivity rapid influenza test in border screening and highlighted the importance of incoming travellers as a source of imported infectious diseases.
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Generation of a Genetically Stable High-Fidelity Influenza Vaccine Strain. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.01073-16. [PMID: 28053101 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01073-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is considered the most effective preventive means for influenza control. The development of a master virus with high growth and genetic stability, which may be used for the preparation of vaccine viruses by gene reassortment, is crucial for the enhancement of vaccine performance and efficiency of production. Here, we describe the generation of a high-fidelity and high-growth influenza vaccine master virus strain with a single V43I amino acid change in the PB1 polymerase of the high-growth A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8) master virus. The PB1-V43I mutation was introduced to increase replication fidelity in order to design an H1N1 vaccine strain with a low error rate. The PR8-PB1-V43I virus exhibited good replication compared with that of the parent PR8 virus. In order to compare the efficiency of egg adaptation and the occurrence of gene mutations leading to antigenic alterations, we constructed 6:2 genetic reassortant viruses between the A(H1N1)pdm09 and the PR8-PB1-V43I viruses; hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) were from the A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, and the other genes were from the PR8 virus. Mutations responsible for egg adaptation mutations occurred in the HA of the PB1-V43I reassortant virus during serial egg passages; however, in contrast, antigenic mutations were introduced into the HA gene of the 6:2 reassortant virus possessing the wild-type PB1. This study shows that the mutant PR8 virus possessing the PB1 polymerase with the V43I substitution may be utilized as a master virus for the generation of high-growth vaccine viruses with high polymerase fidelity, low error rates of gene replication, and reduced antigenic diversity during virus propagation in eggs for vaccine production.IMPORTANCE Vaccination represents the most effective prophylactic option against influenza. The threat of emergence of influenza pandemics necessitates the ability to generate vaccine viruses rapidly. However, as the influenza virus exhibits a high mutation rate, vaccines must be updated to ensure a good match of the HA and NA antigens between the vaccine and the circulating strain. Here, we generated a genetically stable master virus of the A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) backbone encoding an engineered high-fidelity viral polymerase. Importantly, following the application of the high-fidelity PR8 backbone, no mutation resulting in antigenic change was introduced into the HA gene during propagation of the A(H1N1)pdm09 candidate vaccine virus. The low error rate of the present vaccine virus should decrease the risk of generating mutant viruses with increased virulence. Therefore, our findings are expected to be useful for the development of prepandemic vaccines and live attenuated vaccines with higher safety than that of the present candidate vaccines.
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Impacts of allergic airway inflammation on lung pathology in a mouse model of influenza A virus infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173008. [PMID: 28245238 PMCID: PMC5330494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is the respiratory pathogen responsible for influenza. Infection by the 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus caused severe lower airway inflammation and pneumonia. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways that affects the entire brachial tree, and was one of the commonest underlying medical conditions among patients hospitalized with the 2009 pandemic influenza virus infection. Although respiratory virus infections are the major causes of asthma exacerbation, the mechanism by which influenza exacerbates asthma is poorly understood. Animal models of disease comorbidity are crucial to understanding host-pathogen interactions and elucidating complex pathologies. Existing murine models of influenza virus infection in asthmatics show that asthmatic mice are highly resistant to influenza virus infection, which contradicts clinical observations in humans. Here, we developed a murine model of influenza virus/asthma comorbidity using NC/Nga mice, which are highly sensitive to allergic reactions such as atopic dermatitis and allergic airway inflammation. This model was then used to examine the impact of allergic airway inflammation on lung pathology in the 2009 pandemic influenza virus infected mice. The results showed that induction of acute allergic airway inflammation in pre-existing influenza virus infection had additive effects on exacerbation of lung pathology, which mirrors findings in human epidemiological studies. In contrast, pre-existing allergic airway inflammation protected from subsequent influenza virus infection, which was compatible with those of previous murine models of influenza virus infection in asthmatic mice. These variable outcomes of this murine model indicate that the temporal relation between allergic airway inflammation and influenza virus infection might play a critical role in asthma and influenza comorbidity. Thus, this murine model will further our understanding of how influenza virus infection affects an asthmatic host and may aid the development of strategies to improve treatments and outcomes for asthmatics harboring influenza virus infection.
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Lin SC, Kappes MA, Chen MC, Lin CC, Wang TT. Distinct susceptibility and applicability of MDCK derivatives for influenza virus research. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172299. [PMID: 28207898 PMCID: PMC5313193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells are widely utilized as a substrate for influenza virus isolation and propagation due to the high yields of virus. Here we compared the conventional MDCK cell line, MDCK-SIAT1 and MDCK-London for viral production, cell survival, and suitability in testing antivirals using six influenza strains including two H1N1 (pandemic and epidemic strains), three H3N2 and one influenza B strain. Overall our results suggest that MDCK-London cell line is superior for virus culturing and quantification, and hence an ideal platform to evaluate antiviral drug efficacy against multiple strains of influenza. Our data also suggests that while virus titers determined by the hemagglutination assay (HA) and neuraminidase activity (NA) are widely used to indicate viral load, there is a poor correlation between these measurements and the infectious titer obtained by plaque assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chao Lin
- Program in Medical Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew A. Kappes
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Mei-Chun Chen
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Chi-Chen Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (TTW); (CCL)
| | - Tony T. Wang
- Center for Infectious Diseases, SRI International, Harrisonburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TTW); (CCL)
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Fan Y, Mok CKP, Chan MCW, Zhang Y, Nal B, Kien F, Bruzzone R, Sanyal S. Cell Cycle-independent Role of Cyclin D3 in Host Restriction of Influenza Virus Infection. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:5070-5088. [PMID: 28130444 PMCID: PMC5377818 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.776112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify new host factors that modulate the replication of influenza A virus, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen using the cytoplasmic tail of matrix protein 2 from the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain. The screen revealed a high-score interaction with cyclin D3, a key regulator of cell cycle early G1 phase. M2-cyclin D3 interaction was validated through GST pull-down and recapitulated in influenza A/WSN/33-infected cells. Knockdown of Ccnd3 by small interfering RNA significantly enhanced virus progeny titers in cell culture supernatants. Interestingly, the increase in virus production was due to cyclin D3 deficiency per se and not merely a consequence of cell cycle deregulation. A combined knockdown of Ccnd3 and Rb1, which rescued cell cycle progression into S phase, failed to normalize virus production. Infection by influenza A virus triggered redistribution of cyclin D3 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, followed by its proteasomal degradation. When overexpressed in HEK 293T cells, cyclin D3 impaired binding of M2 with M1, which is essential for proper assembly of progeny virions, lending further support to its role as a putative restriction factor. Our study describes the identification and characterization of cyclin D3 as a novel interactor of influenza A virus M2 protein. We hypothesize that competitive inhibition of M1-M2 interaction by cyclin D3 impairs infectious virion formation and results in attenuated virus production. In addition, we provide mechanistic insights into the dynamic interplay of influenza virus with the host cell cycle machinery during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fan
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,the Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Ka-Pun Mok
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael Chi Wai Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,the Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Béatrice Nal
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,the Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - François Kien
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and.,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Ksilink, French-German Advanced Translational Center, Strasbourg 67000, France, and
| | - Roberto Bruzzone
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and .,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,the Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris Cedex 75015, France
| | - Sumana Sanyal
- From the HKU-Pasteur Research Pole and .,Centre of Influenza Research, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhao T, Qian YH, Chen SH, Wang GL, Wu MN, Huang Y, Ma GY, Fang LQ, Gray GC, Lu B, Tong YG, Ma MJ, Cao WC. Novel H7N2 and H5N6 Avian Influenza A Viruses in Sentinel Chickens: A Sentinel Chicken Surveillance Study. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1766. [PMID: 27899915 PMCID: PMC5110548 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2014, a sentinel chicken surveillance for avian influenza viruses was conducted in aquatic bird habitat near Wuxi City, Jiangsu Province, China. Two H7N2, one H5N6, and two H9N2 viruses were isolated. Sequence analysis revealed that the H7N2 virus is a novel reassortant of H7N9 and H9N2 viruses and H5N6 virus is a reassortant of H5N1 clade 2.3.4 and H6N6 viruses. Substitutions V186 and L226 (H3 numbering) in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene protein was found in two H7N2 viruses but not in the H5N6 virus. Two A138 and A160 mutations were identified in the HA gene protein of all three viruses but a P128 mutation was only observed in the H5N6 virus. A deletion of 3 and 11 amino acids in the neuraminidase stalk region was found in two H7N2 and H5N6 viruses, respectively. Moreover, a mutation of N31 in M2 protein was observed in both two H7N2 viruses. High similarity of these isolated viruses to viruses previously identified among poultry and humans, suggests that peridomestic aquatic birds may play a role in sustaining novel virus transmission. Therefore, continued surveillance is needed to monitor these avian influenza viruses in wild bird and domestic poultry that may pose a threat to poultry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hua Qian
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wuxi, China
| | - Shan-Hui Chen
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wuxi, China
| | - Guo-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing, China
| | - Meng-Na Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing, China
| | - Yong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing, China
| | - Guang-Yuan Ma
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wuxi, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Global Health Institute, Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Duke University Medical Center Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bing Lu
- Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention Wuxi, China
| | - Yi-Gang Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing, China
| | - Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing, China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology Beijing, China
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Mutations Designed by Ensemble Defect to Misfold Conserved RNA Structures of Influenza A Segments 7 and 8 Affect Splicing and Attenuate Viral Replication in Cell Culture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156906. [PMID: 27272307 PMCID: PMC4896458 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus is a significant public health threat, but little is understood about the viral RNA structure and function. Current vaccines and therapeutic options to control influenza A virus infections are mostly protein-centric and of limited effectiveness. Here, we report using an ensemble defect approach to design mutations to misfold regions of conserved mRNA structures in influenza A virus segments 7 and 8. Influenza A mutant viruses inhibit pre-mRNA splicing and attenuate viral replication in cell culture, thus providing evidence for functions of the targeted regions. Targeting these influenza A viral RNA regions provides new possibilities for designing vaccines and therapeutics against this important human respiratory pathogen. The results also demonstrate that the ensemble defect approach is an efficient way to test for function of RNA sequences.
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Chemical Genomics Identifies the PERK-Mediated Unfolded Protein Stress Response as a Cellular Target for Influenza Virus Inhibition. mBio 2016; 7:e00085-16. [PMID: 27094326 PMCID: PMC4850254 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00085-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses generate annual epidemics and occasional pandemics of respiratory disease with important consequences for human health and the economy. Therefore, a large effort has been devoted to the development of new anti-influenza virus drugs directed to viral targets, as well as to the identification of cellular targets amenable to anti-influenza virus therapy. Here we have addressed the identification of such potential cellular targets by screening collections of drugs approved for human use. We reasoned that screening with a green fluorescent protein-based recombinant replicon system would identify cellular targets involved in virus transcription/replication and/or gene expression and hence address an early stage of virus infection. By using such a strategy, we identified Montelukast (MK) as an inhibitor of virus multiplication. MK inhibited virus gene expression but did not alter viral RNA synthesis in vitro or viral RNA accumulation in vivo. The low selectivity index of MK prevented its use as an antiviral, but it was sufficient to identify a new cellular pathway suitable for anti-influenza virus intervention. By deep sequencing of RNA isolated from mock- and virus-infected human cells, treated with MK or left untreated, we showed that it stimulates the PERK-mediated unfolded protein stress response. The phosphorylation of PERK was partly inhibited in virus-infected cells but stimulated in MK-treated cells. Accordingly, pharmacological inhibition of PERK phosphorylation led to increased viral gene expression, while inhibition of PERK phosphatase reduced viral protein synthesis. These results suggest the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response as a potential cellular target to modulate influenza virus infection. Influenza A viruses are responsible for annual epidemics and occasional pandemics with important consequences for human health and the economy. The unfolded protein response is a defense mechanism fired by cells when the demand of protein synthesis and folding is excessive, for instance, during an acute virus infection. In this report, we show that influenza virus downregulates the unfolded protein response mediated by the PERK sensor, while Montelukast, a drug used to treat asthma in humans, specifically stimulated this response and downregulated viral protein synthesis and multiplication. Accordingly, we show that PERK phosphorylation was reduced in virus-infected cells and increased in cells treated with Montelukast. Hence, our studies suggest that modulation of the PERK-mediated unfolded protein response is a target for influenza virus inhibition.
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Xue J, Chambers BS, Hensley SE, López CB. Propagation and Characterization of Influenza Virus Stocks That Lack High Levels of Defective Viral Genomes and Hemagglutinin Mutations. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:326. [PMID: 27047455 PMCID: PMC4803753 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections are responsible for more than 250,000 deaths annually. Influenza virus isolation, propagation, and characterization protocols are critical for completing reproducible basic research studies and for generating vaccine seed stocks. Detailed protocols for the isolation and identification of influenza virus have been recently reported (Eisfeld et al., 2014). However, there are few standardized protocols focused on the propagation and characterization of viral isolates, and as a result, viruses propagated in different conditions in different laboratories often have distinct in vitro and in vivo characteristics. Here, we focus on influenza A virus propagation and characterization in the laboratory taking into consideration the overall quality and composition of the virus stock to achieve consistency in virus yield, virulence, and immunostimulatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xue
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphia, PA, USA; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Benjamin S Chambers
- Wistar Institute and Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Wistar Institute and Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolina B López
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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50
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Khatri M, Chattha KS. Replication of influenza A virus in swine umbilical cord epithelial stem-like cells. Virulence 2016; 6:40-9. [PMID: 25517546 DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.983020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of epithelial stem-like cells from the swine umbilical cord and their susceptibility to influenza virus infection. Swine umbilical cord epithelial stem cells (SUCECs) expressed stem cell and pluripotency associated markers such as SSEA-1, SSEA-4, TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81 and Oct4. Morphologically, cells displayed polygonal morphology and were found to express epithelial markers; pancytokeratin, cytokeratin-18 and occludin; mesenchymal cell markers CD44, CD90 and haematopoietic cell marker CD45 were not detected on these cells. The cells had extensive proliferation and self- renewal properties. The cells also possessed immunomodulatory activity and inhibited the proliferation of T cells. Also, higher levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were detected in SUCEC-T cell co-cultures. The cells were multipotent and differentiated into lung epithelial cells when cultured in epithelial differentiation media. We also examined if SUCECs are susceptible to infection with influenza virus. SUCECs expressed sialic acid receptors, used by influenza virus for binding to cells. The 2009 pandemic influenza virus and swine influenza virus replicated in these cells. SUCECs due to their differentiation and immunoregulatory properties will be useful as cellular therapy in a pig model for human diseases. Additionally, our data indicate that influenza virus can infect SUCECs and may transmit influenza virus from mother to fetus through umbilical cord and transplantation of influenza virus-infected stem cells may transmit infection to recipients. Therefore, we propose that umbilical cord cells, in addition to other agents, should also be tested for influenza virus before cryopreservation for future use as a cell therapy for disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Khatri
- a Food Animal Health Research Program; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University ; Wooster , OH United States
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