1
|
Akopova O, Korkach Y, Sagach V. The effects of ecdysterone and enalapril on nitric oxide synthesis and the markers of oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats: a comparative study. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024:10.1007/s00210-024-03154-z. [PMID: 38789633 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-024-03154-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular functions in diabetes greatly depend on constitutive NOS (cNOS) activity. A comparative study of the effects of a steroid hormone ecdysterone and enalapril, an ACE inhibitor widely used to treat cardiac disorders on cNOS, inducible NOS (iNOS), xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) activity, RNS, ROS, and lipid peroxidation in heart tissue in experimental diabetes was conducted. The rat model of diabetes was established by streptozotocin injection. NOS activity, NO2-, NO3-, uric acid, nitrosothiols, hydroperoxide, superoxide, and diene conjugate formation were studied spectrophotomerically. In diabetes, cNOS downregulation correlated with a dramatic fall of NO2- production and ~4.5-fold elevation of nitrosothiols, which agreed with a steep rise of iNOS activity, while NO3- remained close to control. Dramatic activation of XOR was observed, which correlated with the elevation of both superoxide production and nitrate reductase activity and resulted in strong lipid peroxidation. Ecdysterone and enalapril differently affected RNS metabolism. Ecdysterone moderately restored cNOS but strongly suppressed iNOS, which resulted in the reduction of NO3-, but full restoration of NO2- production. Enalapril better restored cNOS but less effectively suppressed iNOS, which promoted NO3- formation. Both drugs similarly inhibited XOR, which equally alleviated oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The synergistic action of iNOS and XOR was a plausible explanation for strong lipid peroxidation, abolished by the inhibition of iNOS and XOR by ecdysterone or enalapril. Complementary effects of ecdysterone and enalapril on cNOS, iNOS, and RNS are a promising basis for their combined use in the treatment of cardiovascular disorders caused by cNOS dysfunction in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Akopova
- Stem cell laboratory, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.
| | - Yulia Korkach
- Circulation department, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Vadim Sagach
- Circulation department, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Murugesan P, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Chenggong Zong N, Youn JY, Chen W, Wang C, Loscalzo J, Cai H. Reversal of Pulmonary Hypertension in a Human-Like Model: Therapeutic Targeting of Endothelial DHFR. Circ Res 2024; 134:351-370. [PMID: 38299369 PMCID: PMC10880947 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.123.323090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a progressive disorder characterized by remodeling of the pulmonary vasculature and elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure, resulting in right heart failure. METHODS Here, we show that direct targeting of the endothelium to uncouple eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) with DAHP (2,4-diamino 6-hydroxypyrimidine; an inhibitor of GTP cyclohydrolase 1, the rate-limiting synthetic enzyme for the critical eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin) induces human-like, time-dependent progression of PH phenotypes in mice. RESULTS Critical phenotypic features include progressive elevation in mean pulmonary arterial pressure, right ventricular systolic blood pressure, and right ventricle (RV)/left ventricle plus septum (LV+S) weight ratio; extensive vascular remodeling of pulmonary arterioles with increased medial thickness/perivascular collagen deposition and increased expression of PCNA (proliferative cell nuclear antigen) and alpha-actin; markedly increased total and mitochondrial superoxide production, substantially reduced tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide bioavailabilities; and formation of an array of human-like vascular lesions. Intriguingly, novel in-house generated endothelial-specific dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) transgenic mice (tg-EC-DHFR) were completely protected from the pathophysiological and molecular features of PH upon DAHP treatment or hypoxia exposure. Furthermore, DHFR overexpression with a pCMV-DHFR plasmid transfection in mice after initiation of DAHP treatment completely reversed PH phenotypes. DHFR knockout mice spontaneously developed PH at baseline and had no additional deterioration in response to hypoxia, indicating an intrinsic role of DHFR deficiency in causing PH. RNA-sequencing experiments indicated great similarity in gene regulation profiles between the DAHP model and human patients with PH. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results establish a novel human-like murine model of PH that has long been lacking in the field, which can be broadly used for future mechanistic and translational studies. These data also indicate that targeting endothelial DHFR deficiency represents a novel and robust therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Murugesan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Yuanli Huang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Nobel Chenggong Zong
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (W.C., C.W.)
| | - Chen Wang
- Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing (W.C., C.W.)
| | - Joseph Loscalzo
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.L.)
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (P.M., Y.Z., Y.H., N.C.Z., J.Y.Y., H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Atawia RT, Batori R, Jordan CR, Kennard S, Antonova G, Bruder-Nascimento T, Mehta V, Saeed MI, Patel VS, Fukai T, Ushio-Fukai M, Huo Y, Fulton DJR, de Chantemèle EJB. Type 1 Diabetes Impairs Endothelium-Dependent Relaxation Via Increasing Endothelial Cell Glycolysis Through Advanced Glycation End Products, PFKFB3, and Nox1-Mediated Mechanisms. Hypertension 2023; 80:2059-2071. [PMID: 37729634 PMCID: PMC10514399 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a major cause of endothelial dysfunction. Although cellular bioenergetics has been identified as a new regulator of vascular function, whether glycolysis, the primary bioenergetic pathway in endothelial cells (EC), regulates vascular tone and contributes to impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation (EDR) in T1D remains unknown. METHODS Experiments were conducted in Akita mice with intact or selective deficiency in EC PFKFB3 (6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3), the main regulator of glycolysis. Seahorse analyzer and myography were employed to measure glycolysis and mitochondrial respiration, and EDR, respectively, in aortic explants. EC PFKFB3 (Ad-PFKFB3) and glycolysis (Ad-GlycoHi) were increased in situ via adenoviral transduction. RESULTS T1D increased EC glycolysis and elevated EC expression of PFKFB3 and NADPH oxidase Nox1 (NADPH oxidase homolog 1). Functionally, pharmacological and genetic inhibition of PFKFB3 restored EDR in T1D, while in situ aorta EC transduction with Ad-PFKFB3 or Ad-GlycoHi reproduced the impaired EDR associated with T1D. Nox1 inhibition restored EDR in aortic rings from Akita mice, as well as in Ad-PFKFB3-transduced aorta EC and lactate-treated wild-type aortas. T1D increased the expression of the advanced glycation end product precursor methylglyoxal in the aortas. Exposure of the aortas to methylglyoxal impaired EDR, which was prevented by PFKFB3 inhibition. T1D and exposure to methylglyoxal increased EC expression of HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α), whose inhibition blunted methylglyoxal-mediated EC PFKFB3 upregulation. CONCLUSIONS EC bioenergetics, namely glycolysis, is a new regulator of vasomotion and excess glycolysis, a novel mechanism of endothelial dysfunction in T1D. We introduce excess methylglyoxal, HIF1α, and PFKFB3 as major effectors in T1D-mediated increased EC glycolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem T. Atawia
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Robert Batori
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Coleton R. Jordan
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Simone Kennard
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Galina Antonova
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Vinay Mehta
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Muhammad I. Saeed
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Vijay S Patel
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Tohru Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Masuko Ushio-Fukai
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - David JR Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fasipe B, Li S, Laher I. Exercise and vascular function in sedentary lifestyles in humans. Pflugers Arch 2023:10.1007/s00424-023-02828-6. [PMID: 37272982 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02828-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
People with sedentary lifestyles engage in minimal or no physical activity. A sedentary lifestyle promotes dysregulation of cellular redox balance, diminishes mitochondrial function, and increases NADPH oxidase activity. These changes collectively increase cellular oxidative stress, which alters endothelial function by oxidizing LDL-C, reducing NO production, and causing eNOS uncoupling. Reduced levels of nitric oxide (NO) leads to vasoconstriction, vascular remodeling, and vascular inflammation. Exercise modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) to modify NRF2-KEAP signaling, leading to the activation of NRF2 to alleviate oxidative stress. While regular moderate exercise activates NRF2 through ROS production, high-intensity intermittent exercise stimulates NRF2 activation to a greater degree by reducing KEAP levels, which can be more beneficial for sedentary individuals. We review the damaging effects of a sedentary lifestyle on the vascular system and the health benefits of regular and intermittent exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Fasipe
- Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Shunchang Li
- Institute of Sports Medicine and Health, Chengdu Sport University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ismail Laher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, 2176 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miao SH, Gao SQ, Li HX, Zhuang YS, Wang X, Li T, Gao CC, Han YL, Qiu JY, Zhou ML. Increased NOX2 expression in astrocytes leads to eNOS uncoupling through dihydrofolate reductase in endothelial cells after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1121944. [PMID: 37063365 PMCID: PMC10097896 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionEndothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling plays a significant role in acute vasoconstriction during early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Astrocytes in the neurovascular unit extend their foot processes around endothelia. In our study, we tested the hypothesis that increased nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) expression in astrocytes after SAH leads to eNOS uncoupling.MethodsWe utilized laser speckle contrast imaging for monitoring cortical blood flow changes in mice, nitric oxide (NO) kits to measure the level of NO, and a co-culture system to study the effect of astrocytes on endothelial cells. Moreover, the protein levels were assessed by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. We used CCK-8 to measure the viability of astrocytes and endothelial cells, and we used the H2O2 kit to measure the H2O2 released from astrocytes. We used GSK2795039 as an inhibitor of NOX2, whereas lentivirus and adeno-associated virus were used for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) knockdown in vivo and in vitro.ResultsThe expression of NOX2 and the release of H2O2 in astrocytes are increased, which was accompanied by a decrease in endothelial DHFR 12 h after SAH. Moreover, the eNOS monomer/dimer ratio increased, leading to a decrease in NO and acute cerebral ischemia. All of the above were significantly alleviated after the administration of GSK2795039. However, after knocking down DHFR both in vivo and in vitro, the protective effect of GSK2795039 was greatly reversed.DiscussionThe increased level of NOX2 in astrocytes contributes to decreased DHFR in endothelial cells, thus aggravating eNOS uncoupling, which is an essential mechanism underlying acute vasoconstriction after SAH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hao Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sheng-Qing Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Xin Li
- Department of Gynecology, Women’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun-Song Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chao-Chao Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Ling Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Yin Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Liang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Jinling Hospital, Jinling School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Meng-Liang Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hu XQ, Zhang L. Oxidative Regulation of Vascular Ca v1.2 Channels Triggers Vascular Dysfunction in Hypertension-Related Disorders. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122432. [PMID: 36552639 PMCID: PMC9774363 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood pressure is determined by cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance. The L-type voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav1.2) channel in small arteries and arterioles plays an essential role in regulating Ca2+ influx, vascular resistance, and blood pressure. Hypertension and preeclampsia are characterized by high blood pressure. In addition, diabetes has a high prevalence of hypertension. The etiology of these disorders remains elusive, involving the complex interplay of environmental and genetic factors. Common to these disorders are oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) derived from NADPH oxidases (NOXs) and mitochondria are primary sources of vascular oxidative stress, whereas dysfunction of the Cav1.2 channel confers increased vascular resistance in hypertension. This review will discuss the importance of ROS derived from NOXs and mitochondria in regulating vascular Cav1.2 and potential roles of ROS-mediated Cav1.2 dysfunction in aberrant vascular function in hypertension, diabetes, and preeclampsia.
Collapse
|
7
|
Zheng D, Liu J, Piao H, Zhu Z, Wei R, Liu K. ROS-triggered endothelial cell death mechanisms: Focus on pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039241. [PMID: 36389728 PMCID: PMC9663996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The endothelium is a single layer of epithelium covering the surface of the vascular system, and it represents a physical barrier between the blood and vessel wall that plays an important role in maintaining intravascular homeostasis. However, endothelial dysfunction or endothelial cell death can cause vascular barrier disruption, vasoconstriction and diastolic dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration, inflammatory responses, and thrombosis, which are closely associated with the progression of several diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, ischemic stroke, acute lung injury, acute kidney injury, diabetic retinopathy, and Alzheimer's disease. Oxidative stress caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is an important mechanism underlying endothelial cell death. Growing evidence suggests that ROS can trigger endothelial cell death in various ways, including pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis. Therefore, this review will systematically illustrate the source of ROS in endothelial cells (ECs); reveal the molecular mechanism by which ROS trigger pyroptosis, parthanatos, and ferroptosis in ECs; and provide new ideas for the research and treatment of endothelial dysfunction-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hulin Piao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Ran Wei
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kexiang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Kexiang Liu,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Siu KL, Li Q, Howard-Quijano K, Scovotti J, Mahajan A, Cai H. Diagnostic and predictive values of circulating tetrahydrobiopterin levels as a novel biomarker in patients with thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Redox Biol 2022; 56:102444. [PMID: 36116158 PMCID: PMC9486112 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that circulating levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) function as a robust biomarker for aortic aneurysms in several independent animal models. In the present study, we examined diagnostic and predictive values of circulating H4B levels in human patients of thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) for the first time, while clinically applicable biomarkers for aortic aneurysms have never been previously available. Ninety-five patients scheduled for TAA repair surgeries and 53 control subjects were recruited at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Ronald Regan Medical Center, while 44 control subjects and 29 AAA patients were recruited through National Institute of Health (NIH) National Disease Research Interchange (NDRI) program. We had intriguing observations that circulating H4B levels were substantially lower in TAA and AAA patients, linearly correlated with aortic H4B levels (blood: R = 0.8071, p < 0.0001, n = 75; plasma: R = 0.7983, p < 0.0001, n = 75), and associated with incidence of TAA (blood: adjusted OR 0.495; 95% CI 0.379-0.647; p < 0.001; plasma: adjusted OR 0.501; 95% CI 0.385-0.652; p < 0.001) or AAA (blood: adjusted OR 0.329; 95% CI 0.125-0.868; p = 0.025) after adjustment for other factors. Blood or plasma H4B levels below 0.2 pmol/μg serve as an important threshold for prediction of aortic aneurysms independent of age and gender (for TAA risk - blood: adjusted OR 419.67; 95% CI 59.191-2975.540; p < 0.001; plasma: adjusted OR 206.11; 95% CI 40.956-1037.279; p < 0.001). This threshold was also significantly associated with incidence of AAA (p < 0.001 by Chi-square analysis). In addition, we observed previously unrecognized inverse association of Statin use with TAA, and an association of AAA with arrhythmia. Taken together, our data strongly demonstrate for the first time that circulating H4B levels can serve as a first-in-class, sensitive, robust and independent biomarker for clinical diagnosis and prediction of TAA and AAA in human patients, which can be rapidly translated to bedside to fundamentally improve clinical management of the devastating human disease of aortic aneurysms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Kin Lung Siu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Kimberly Howard-Quijano
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Jennifer Scovotti
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Aman Mahajan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Youn JY, Wang J, Li Q, Huang K, Cai H. Robust therapeutic effects on COVID-19 of novel small molecules: Alleviation of SARS-CoV-2 S protein induction of ACE2/TMPRSS2, NOX2/ROS, and MCP-1. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:957340. [PMID: 36187008 PMCID: PMC9520320 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.957340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While new variants of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constantly emerge to prolong the pandemic of COVID-19, robust and safe therapeutics are in urgent need. During the previous and ongoing fight against the pandemic in China, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has proven to be markedly effective in treating COVID-19. Among active ingredients of TCM recipes, small molecules such as quercetin, glabridin, gallic acid, and chrysoeriol have been predicted to target viral receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) via system pharmacology/molecular docking/visualization analyses. Of note, endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidative stress and inflammation represents a critical mediator of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ injuries in patients with COVID-19. Hence, in the present study, we examined whether quercetin, glabridin, gallic acide and chrysoeriol regulate viral receptors of ACE2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2), redox modulator NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2), and inflammatory protein of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in endothelial cells to mediate therapeutic protection against COVID-19. Indeed, quercetin, glabridin, gallic acide and chrysoeriol completely attenuated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein)-induced upregulation in ACE2 protein expression in endothelial cells. In addition, these small molecules abolished S protein upregulation of cleaved/active form of TMPRSS2, while native TMPRSS2 was not significantly regulated. Moreover, these small molecules completely abrogated S protein-induced upregulation in NOX2 protein expression, which resulted in alleviated superoxide production, confirming their preventive efficacies against S protein-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells. In addition, treatment with these small molecules abolished S protein induction of MCP-1 expression. Collectively, our findings for the first time demonstrate that these novel small molecules may be used as novel and robust therapeutic options for the treatment of patients with COVID-19, via effective attenuation of S protein induction of endothelial oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United State
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Cardiology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Li
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United State
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kai Huang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United State
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United State
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Hua Cai,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Murugesan P, Zhang Y, Youn JY, Cai H. Novel and robust treatment of pulmonary hypertension with netrin-1 and netrin-1-derived small peptides. Redox Biol 2022; 55:102348. [PMID: 35830752 PMCID: PMC9287481 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited medical therapies have been implemented for the treatment of the devastating cardiorespiratory disease of pulmonary hypertension (PH) while none of which is sufficiently effective to stop or regress development of PH. We have previously shown that netrin-1, an axon-guiding protein during development, protects against ischemia reperfusion injury induced myocardial infarction via modest and stable production of nitric oxide (NO) and attenuation of oxidative stress. Since NO deficiency and oxidative stress-mediated vascular remodeling play important roles in the pathogenesis of PH, our present study investigated therapeutic effects on PH of netrin-1 and its derived small peptides. Infused into mice for 3 weeks during exposure to hypoxia, netrin-1 and netrin-1 derived small peptides V1, V2 or V3 substantially alleviated pathophysiological and molecular features of PH, as indicated by abrogated increases in mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) and right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), attenuated right ventricular hypertrophy, diminished vascular remodeling of medial thickening and upregulation in smooth muscle alpha-actin (SMA) and proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and alleviated perivascular and peribronchial fibrosis reflected by collagen deposition. NO bioavailability was substantially improved by treatment with netrin-1 and netrin-1 derived small peptides, while hypoxia induced increases in total superoxide production and eNOS uncoupling activity were all attenuated. These dual mechanisms of increasing NO bioavailability and decreasing oxidative stress at the same time, underlie robust protective effects on PH of netrin-1 and its derived small peptides, which are different from existing medications that primarily target NO signaling alone. Our data for the first time demonstrate intriguing findings that netrin-1 and netrin-1 derived small peptides can be used as novel and robust therapeutics for the treatment of PH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya Murugesan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang X, Murugesan P, Zhang P, Xu S, Peng L, Wang C, Cai H. NADPH Oxidase Isoforms in COPD Patients and Acute Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Mice: Induction of Oxidative Stress and Lung Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081539. [PMID: 36009258 PMCID: PMC9405243 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which represents the third leading cause of death worldwide. CS induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, leading to pulmonary inflammation and remodeling. NADPH oxidases (NOXs) represent essential sources of ROS production in the cardiovascular system. Whether and how NOX isoforms are activated in COPD patients and in response to acute cigarette smoke (ACS) remains incompletely understood. In the present study, the expression of NOX isoforms was examined in the lungs of end-stage COPD patients. In addition, mice silenced of NOX1 or NOX4 expression using in vivo RNA interference (RNAi), and NOX2-deficient (NOX2−/y) mice, were exposed to ACS for 1 h using a standard TE-10B smoking machine. In lung sections isolated from COPD patients undergoing lung transplantation, protein expression of NOX1, NOX2, NOX4, or NOX5 was markedly upregulated compared to non-smoking donor controls. Likewise, ACS upregulated protein expression of NOX1, NOX2, and NOX4, production of ROS, inflammatory cell infiltration, and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and KC in the mouse lung. In vivo RNAi knockdown of NOX1 or NOX4 decreased ACS induced ROS production, inflammatory cell influx, and the expression of TNF-α and KC, which were accompanied by inhibition of the NF-κB-COX-2 axis. Although ACS induced ROS production was reduced in the lungs of NOX2−/y mice, inflammatory cell influx and expression of NF-κB/COX-2 were increased. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that NOX isoforms 1, 2, 4 and 5 all remain activated in end-stage COPD patients, while NOX1 and NOX4 mediate oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in response to acute cigarette smoke. Therefore, targeting different isoforms of NOX might be necessary to treat COPD at different stages of the disease, which represents novel mechanistic insights enabling improved management of the devastating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Priya Murugesan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (H.C.)
| | - Hua Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence: (C.W.); (H.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Saenz-Medina J, Muñoz M, Rodriguez C, Contreras C, Sánchez A, Coronado MJ, Ramil E, Santos M, Carballido J, Prieto D. Hyperoxaluria Induces Endothelial Dysfunction in Preglomerular Arteries: Involvement of Oxidative Stress. Cells 2022; 11:cells11152306. [PMID: 35954150 PMCID: PMC9367519 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Urolithiasis is a worldwide problem and a risk factor for kidney injury. Oxidative stress-associated renal endothelial dysfunction secondary to urolithiasis could be a key pathogenic factor, similar to obesity and diabetes-related nephropathy. The aim of the present study was to characterize urolithiasis-related endothelial dysfunction in a hyperoxaluria rat model of renal lithiasis. Experimental approach: Endothelial dysfunction was assessed in preglomerular arteries isolated from control rats and in which 0.75% ethylene glycol was administered in drinking water. Renal interlobar arteries were mounted in microvascular myographs for functional studies; superoxide generation was measured by chemiluminescence and mRNA and protein expression by RT-PCR and immunofluorescence, respectively. Selective inhibitors were used to study the influence of the different ROS sources, xanthine oxidase, COX-2, Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4. Inflammatory vascular response was also studied by measuring the RNAm expression of NF-κB, MCP-1 and TNFα by RT-PCR. Results: Endothelium-dependent vasodilator responses were impaired in the preglomerular arteries of the hyperoxaluric group along with higher superoxide generation in the renal cortex and vascular inflammation developed by MCP-1 and promoted by NF-κB. The xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol restored the endothelial relaxations and returned superoxide generation to basal values. Nox1 and Nox2 mRNA were up-regulated in arteries from the hyperoxaluric group, and Nox1 and Nox2 selective inhibitors also restored the impaired vasodilator responses and normalized NADPH oxidase-dependent higher superoxide values of renal cortex from the hyperoxaluric group. Conclusions: The current data support that hyperoxaluria induces oxidative stress-mediated endothelial dysfunction and inflammatory response in renal preglomerular arteries which is promoted by the xanthine oxidase, Nox1 and Nox2 pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Saenz-Medina
- Department of Urology, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, King Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.-M.); (D.P.)
| | - Mercedes Muñoz
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Claudia Rodriguez
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Cristina Contreras
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Ana Sánchez
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacy Faculty, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.); (C.R.); (C.C.); (A.S.)
| | - María José Coronado
- Confocal Microscopy Facility, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda Research Institute, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
| | - Elvira Ramil
- Molecular Biology and DNA Sequencing Facility, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda Research Institute, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
| | - Martin Santos
- Medical and Surgical Research Facility, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda Research Institute, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
| | - Joaquín Carballido
- Department of Urology, Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda University Hospital, 28222 Majadahonda, Spain;
| | - Dolores Prieto
- Department of Medical Specialties and Public Health, King Juan Carlos University, 28933 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.S.-M.); (D.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sabe SA, Feng J, Sellke FW, Abid MR. Mechanisms and clinical implications of endothelium-dependent vasomotor dysfunction in coronary microvasculature. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2022; 322:H819-H841. [PMID: 35333122 PMCID: PMC9018047 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00603.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Coronary microvascular disease (CMD), which affects the arterioles and capillary endothelium that regulate myocardial perfusion, is an increasingly recognized source of morbidity and mortality, particularly in the setting of metabolic syndrome. The coronary endothelium plays a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis, though factors such as diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and obesity can contribute to endothelial injury and consequently arteriolar vasomotor dysfunction. These disturbances in the coronary microvasculature clinically manifest as diminished coronary flow reserve, which is a known independent risk factor for cardiac death, even in the absence of macrovascular atherosclerotic disease. Therefore, a growing body of literature has examined the molecular mechanisms by which coronary microvascular injury occurs at the level of the endothelium and the consequences on arteriolar vasomotor responses. This review will begin with an overview of normal coronary microvascular physiology, modalities of measuring coronary microvascular function, and clinical implications of CMD. These introductory topics will be followed by a discussion of recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms by which inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, shear stress, endothelial cell senescence, and tissue ischemia dysregulate coronary endothelial homeostasis and arteriolar vasomotor function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif A Sabe
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jun Feng
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Frank W Sellke
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - M Ruhul Abid
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
The Role of NRF2 in Obesity-Associated Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020235. [PMID: PMID: 35204118 PMCID: PMC8868420 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The raising prevalence of obesity is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), particularly coronary artery disease (CAD), and heart failure, including atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death. Obesity contributes directly to incident cardiovascular risk factors, including hyperglycemia or diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, which are involved in atherosclerosis, including structural and functional cardiac alterations, which lead to cardiac dysfunction. CVDs are the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In obesity, visceral and epicardial adipose tissue generate inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS), which induce oxidative stress and contribute to the pathogenesis of CVDs. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2; encoded by Nfe2l2 gene) protects against oxidative stress and electrophilic stress. NRF2 participates in the regulation of cell inflammatory responses and lipid metabolism, including the expression of over 1000 genes in the cell under normal and stressed environments. NRF2 is downregulated in diabetes, hypertension, and inflammation. Nfe2l2 knockout mice develop structural and functional cardiac alterations, and NRF2 deficiency in macrophages increases atherosclerosis. Given the endothelial and cardiac protective effects of NRF2 in experimental models, its activation using pharmacological or natural products is a promising therapeutic approach for obesity and CVDs. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on the role of NRF2 in obesity-associated cardiovascular risk factors.
Collapse
|
15
|
Xu L, Balzarolo M, Robinson EL, Lorenz V, Verde GD, Joray L, Mochizuki M, Kaufmann BA, Valstar G, de Jager SCA, den Ruijter HM, Heymans S, Pfister O, Kuster GM. NOX1 mediates metabolic heart disease in mice and is upregulated in monocytes of humans with diastolic dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 118:2973-2984. [PMID: 34849611 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Microvascular inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of diastolic dysfunction (DD) and metabolic heart disease. NOX1 is expressed in vascular and immune cells and has been implicated in the vascular pathology of metabolic disease. However, its contribution to metabolic heart disease is less understood. METHODS AND RESULTS NOX1-deficient mice (KO) and male wild-type (WT) littermates were fed a high-fat high-sucrose diet (HFHS) and injected streptozotocin (75 mg/kg i.p.) or control diet (CTD) and sodium citrate. Despite similar weight gain and increase in fasting blood glucose and insulin, only WT-HFHS but not KO-HFHS mice developed concentric cardiac hypertrophy and elevated left ventricular filling pressure. This was associated with increased endothelial adhesion molecule expression, accumulation of Mac-2-, IL-1β- and NLRP3-positive cells and nitrosative stress in WT-HFHS but not KO-HFHS hearts. Nox1 mRNA was solidly expressed in CD45+ immune cells isolated from healthy mouse hearts, but was negligible in cardiac CD31+ endothelial cells. However, in vitro, Nox1 expression increased in response to LPS in endothelial cells and contributed to LPS-induced upregulation of Icam-1. Nox1 was also upregulated in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages in response to LPS. In peripheral monocytes from age- and sex-matched symptomatic patients with and without DD, NOX1 was significantly higher in patients with DD compared to those without DD. CONCLUSIONS NOX1 mediates endothelial activation and contributes to myocardial inflammation and remodeling in metabolic disease in mice. Given its high expression in monocytes of humans with DD, NOX1 may represent a potential target to mitigate heart disease associated with DD. TRANSLATIONAL PERSPECTIVE In their multifactorial pathogenesis, diastolic dysfunction (DD) and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) still remain poorly understood. They frequently occur in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Microvascular inflammation and dysfunction have recently been recognized as major driving forces. We show that genetic deletion of Nox1 prevents cardiac inflammation, remodeling and dysfunction in metabolic disease in mice and find NOX1 upregulated in peripheral monocytes of patients with DD. These findings add to our understanding how obesity, inflammation and heart disease are linked, which is a prerequisite to find therapeutic strategies beyond the control of co-morbidities in HFpEF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lifen Xu
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Melania Balzarolo
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emma L Robinson
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Vera Lorenz
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giacomo Della Verde
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lydia Joray
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michika Mochizuki
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beat A Kaufmann
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gideon Valstar
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hester M den Ruijter
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 911, 3000 Belgium, Leuven.,Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER The Netherlands.,ICIN-Netherlands Heart Institute, Holland Heart House, Moreelsepark 1, Utrecht, 3511 EP The Netherlands
| | - Otmar Pfister
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Gabriela M Kuster
- Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel and University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Therapeutic application of estrogen for COVID-19: Attenuation of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and IL-6 stimulated, ACE2-dependent NOX2 activation, ROS production and MCP-1 upregulation in endothelial cells. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102099. [PMID: 34509916 PMCID: PMC8372492 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has remained uncontained with urgent need for robust therapeutics. We have previously reported sex difference of COVID-19 for the first time indicating male predisposition. Males are more susceptible than females, and more often to develop into severe cases with higher mortality. This predisposition is potentially linked to higher prevalence of cigarette smoking. Nonetheless, we found for the first time that cigarette smoking extract (CSE) had no effect on angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) expression in endothelial cells. The otherwise observed worse outcomes in smokers is likely linked to baseline respiratory diseases associated with chronic smoking. Instead, we hypothesized that estrogen mediated protection might underlie lower morbidity, severity and mortality of COVID-19 in females. Of note, endothelial inflammation and barrier dysfunction are major mediators of disease progression, and development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure in patients with COVID-19. Therefore, we investigated potential protective effects of estrogen on endothelial cells against oxidative stress induced by interleukin-6 (IL-6) and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (S protein). Indeed, 17β-estradiol completely reversed S protein-induced selective activation of NADPH oxidase isoform 2 (NOX2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production that are ACE2-dependent, as well as ACE2 upregulation and induction of pro-inflammatory gene monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in endothelial cells to effectively attenuate endothelial dysfunction. Effects of IL-6 on activating NOX2-dependent ROS production and upregulation of MCP-1 were also completely attenuated by 17β-estradiol. Of note, co-treatment with CSE had no additional effects on S protein stimulated endothelial oxidative stress, confirming that current smoking status is likely unrelated to more severe disease in chronic smokers. These data indicate that estrogen can serve as a novel therapy for patients with COVID-19 via inhibition of initial viral responses and attenuation of cytokine storm induced endothelial dysfunction, to substantially alleviate morbidity, severity and mortality of the disease, especially in men and post-menopause women. Short-term administration of estrogen can therefore be readily applied to the clinical management of COVID-19 as a robust therapeutic option.
Collapse
|
17
|
Guo Z, Zhang Y, Liu C, Youn JY, Cai H. Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) Knockout Abrogates Diabetic and Obese Phenotypes While Restoring Endothelial Function via Inhibition of NOX1. Diabetes 2021; 70:2107-2119. [PMID: 34127487 PMCID: PMC8576422 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated a novel role of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) in inducing NOX1-dependent endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) uncoupling, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammatory activation in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, how BMP4 activates NOX1 and whether targeting the new mechanistic pathway revealed is effective in preserving endothelial function in T2DM remains unclear. In this study, we observed that BMP4 induced a marked, time-dependent increase in physiological binding between TLR2 and NOX1 in aortic endothelial cells as well as increased binding of TLR2 to NOXO1. In TLR2 knockout (Tlr2 -/-) mice fed high-fat diet, body weight gain was significantly less compared with wild-type (WT) mice both in males and females. The high-fat diet-induced increases in fasting blood glucose levels, as well as in circulating insulin and leptin levels, were absent in Tlr2 -/- mice. High-fat feeding induced increases in overall fat mass, and in fat mass of different pockets were abrogated in Tlr2 -/- mice. Whereas energy intake was similar in high-fat-fed WT and Tlr2 -/- mice, TLR2 deficiency resulted in higher energy expenditure attributable to improved physical activity, which was accompanied by restored skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. In addition, TLR2 deficiency recoupled eNOS, reduced total superoxide production, improved H4B and NO bioavailabilities in aortas, and restored endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation. Collectively, our data strongly indicate that TLR2 plays important roles in the development of metabolic features of T2DM and its related endothelial/vascular dysfunction. Therefore, targeting TLR2 may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for T2DM, obesity, and cardiovascular complications via specific inhibition of NOX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Guo
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Chang Liu
- Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Akther F, Razan MR, Shaligram S, Graham JL, Stanhope KL, Allen KN, Vázquez-Medina JP, Havel PJ, Rahimian R. Potentiation of Acetylcholine-Induced Relaxation of Aorta in Male UC Davis Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (UCD-T2DM) Rats: Sex-Specific Responses. Front Physiol 2021; 12:616317. [PMID: 34366875 PMCID: PMC8339592 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.616317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports suggest that diabetes may differentially affect the vascular beds of females and males. The objectives of this study were to examine whether there were (1) sex differences in aortic function and (2) alterations in the relative contribution of endothelium-derived relaxing factors in modulating aortic reactivity in UC Davis Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (UCD-T2DM) rats. Endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation (EDV) in response to acetylcholine (ACh) was measured in aortic rings before and after exposure to pharmacological inhibitors. Relaxation responses to sodium nitroprusside were assessed in endothelium-denuded rings. Moreover, contractile responses to phenylephrine (PE) were measured before and after incubation of aortic rings with a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor in the presence of indomethacin. Metabolic parameters and expression of molecules associated with vascular and insulin signaling as well as reactive oxygen species generation were determined. Diabetes slightly but significantly impaired EDV in response to ACh in aortas from females but potentiated the relaxation response in males. The potentiation of EDV in diabetic male aortas was accompanied by a traces of nitric oxide (NO)- and prostanoid-independent relaxation and elevated aortic expression of small- and intermediate conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels in this group. The smooth muscle sensitivity to NO was not altered, whereas the responsiveness to PE was significantly enhanced in aortas of diabetic groups in both sexes. Endothelium-derived NO during smooth muscle contraction, as assessed by the potentiation of the response to PE after NOS inhibition, was reduced in aortas of diabetic rats regardless of sex. Accordingly, decreases in pAkt and peNOS were observed in aortas from diabetic rats in both sexes compared with controls. Our data suggest that a decrease in insulin sensitivity via pAkt-peNOS-dependent signaling and an increase in oxidative stress may contribute to the elevated contractile responses observed in diabetic aortas in both sexes. This study demonstrates that aortic function in UCD-T2DM rats is altered in both sexes. Here, we provide the first evidence of sexual dimorphism in aortic relaxation in UCD-T2DM rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farjana Akther
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Md Rahatullah Razan
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - Sonali Shaligram
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| | - James L. Graham
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kimber L. Stanhope
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Kaitlin N. Allen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
| | | | - Peter J. Havel
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Roshanak Rahimian
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Thomas J. Long School of Pharmacy, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumar S, Andueza A, Jo H. Is Endothelial Dysfunction a Therapeutic Target for Peripheral Artery Disease?: PRDM16 is going out on a limb. Circ Res 2021; 129:78-80. [PMID: 34166078 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Aitor Andueza
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30322
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Milewski K, Czarnecka AM, Albrecht J, Zielińska M. Decreased Expression and Uncoupling of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Cerebral Cortex of Rats with Thioacetamide-Induced Acute Liver Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6662. [PMID: 34206365 PMCID: PMC8268495 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) is associated with deregulated nitric oxide (NO) signaling in the brain, which is one of the key molecular abnormalities leading to the neuropsychiatric disorder called hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This study focuses on the effect of ALF on the relatively unexplored endothelial NOS isoform (eNOS). The cerebral prefrontal cortices of rats with thioacetamide (TAA)-induced ALF showed decreased eNOS expression, which resulted in an overall reduction of NOS activity. ALF also decreased the content of the NOS cofactor, tetrahydro-L-biopterin (BH4), and evoked eNOS uncoupling (reduction of the eNOS dimer/monomer ratio). The addition of the NO precursor L-arginine in the absence of BH4 potentiated ROS accumulation, whereas nonspecific NOS inhibitor L-NAME or EDTA attenuated ROS increase. The ALF-induced decrease of eNOS content and its uncoupling concurred with, and was likely causally related to, both increased brain content of reactive oxidative species (ROS) and decreased cerebral cortical blood flow (CBF) in the same model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magdalena Zielińska
- Department of Neurotoxicology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawińskiego Str, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (K.M.); (A.M.C.); (J.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bunbupha S, Prasarttong P, Poasakate A, Maneesai P, Pakdeechote P. Imperatorin alleviates metabolic and vascular alterations in high-fat/high-fructose diet-fed rats by modulating adiponectin receptor 1, eNOS, and p47 phox expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 899:174010. [PMID: 33711309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the therapeutic effects of imperatorin on metabolic and vascular alterations and possible underlying mechanisms were investigated in high-fat/high-fructose diet (HFFD)-fed rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high-fat diet plus 15% fructose in drinking water for 16 weeks. HFFD-fed rats were treated with imperatorin (15 or 30 mg/kg/day) for the last 4 weeks. In HFFD-fed rats, imperatorin significantly reduced obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Imperatorin markedly improved vascular endothelial function and alleviated changes in vascular morphology. Furthermore, imperatorin treatment significantly increased the plasma levels of the nitric oxide metabolite and adiponectin, and upregulated adiponectin receptor 1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) protein expression in the thoracic aorta. Imperatorin treatment decreased vascular superoxide anion production and downregulated aortic NADPH oxidase subunit p47phox protein expression. These findings indicated that imperatorin alleviates HFFD-induced metabolic and vascular alterations in rats. The possible underlying mechanism may involve the restoration of adiponectin receptor 1 and eNOS expression and suppression of p47phox expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarawoot Bunbupha
- Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham, 44000, Thailand
| | - Patoomporn Prasarttong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Anuson Poasakate
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Putcharawipa Maneesai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Cardiovascular Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Poungrat Pakdeechote
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand; Cardiovascular Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
A link between oxidative stress and hypertension has been firmly established in multiple animal models of hypertension but remains elusive in humans. While initial studies focused on inactivation of nitric oxide by superoxide, our understanding of relevant reactive oxygen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite) and how they modify complex signaling pathways to promote hypertension has expanded significantly. In this review, we summarize recent advances in delineating the primary and secondary sources of reactive oxygen species (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria), the posttranslational oxidative modifications they induce on protein targets important for redox signaling, their interplay with endogenous antioxidant systems, and the role of inflammasome activation and endoplasmic reticular stress in the development of hypertension. We highlight how oxidative stress in different organ systems contributes to hypertension, describe new animal models that have clarified the importance of specific proteins, and discuss clinical studies that shed light on how these processes and pathways are altered in human hypertension. Finally, we focus on the promise of redox proteomics and systems biology to help us fully understand the relationship between ROS and hypertension and their potential for designing and evaluating novel antihypertensive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathy K Griendling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Livia L Camargo
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhéure Alves-Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ouerd S, Idris-Khodja N, Trindade M, Ferreira NS, Berillo O, Coelho SC, Neves MF, Jandeleit-Dahm KA, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Endothelium-restricted endothelin-1 overexpression in type 1 diabetes worsens atherosclerosis and immune cell infiltration via NOX1. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:1144-1153. [PMID: 32533834 PMCID: PMC7983005 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS NADPH oxidase (NOX) 1 but not NOX4-dependent oxidative stress plays a role in diabetic vascular disease, including atherosclerosis. Endothelin (ET)-1 has been implicated in diabetes-induced vascular complications. We showed that crossing mice overexpressing human ET-1 selectively in endothelium (eET-1) with apolipoprotein E knockout (Apoe-/-) mice enhanced high-fat diet-induced atherosclerosis in part by increasing oxidative stress. We tested the hypothesis that ET-1 overexpression in the endothelium would worsen atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes through a mechanism involving NOX1 but not NOX4. METHODS AND RESULTS Six-week-old male Apoe-/- and eET-1/Apoe-/- mice with or without Nox1 (Nox1-/y) or Nox4 knockout (Nox4-/-) were injected intraperitoneally with either vehicle or streptozotocin (55 mg/kg/day) for 5 days to induce type 1 diabetes and were studied 14 weeks later. ET-1 overexpression increased 2.5-fold and five-fold the atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic sinus and arch of diabetic Apoe-/- mice, respectively. Deletion of Nox1 reduced aortic arch plaque size by 60%; in contrast, Nox4 knockout increased lesion size by 1.5-fold. ET-1 overexpression decreased aortic sinus and arch plaque alpha smooth muscle cell content by ∼35% and ∼50%, respectively, which was blunted by Nox1 but not Nox4 knockout. Reactive oxygen species production was increased two-fold in aortic arch perivascular fat of diabetic eET-1/Apoe-/- and eET-1/Apoe-/-/Nox4-/- mice but not eET-1/Apoe-/-/Nox1y/- mice. ET-1 overexpression enhanced monocyte/macrophage and CD3+ T-cell infiltration ∼2.7-fold in the aortic arch perivascular fat of diabetic Apoe-/- mice. Both Nox1 and Nox4 knockout blunted CD3+ T-cell infiltration whereas only Nox1 knockout prevented the monocyte/macrophage infiltration in diabetic eET-1/Apoe-/- mice. CONCLUSION Endothelium ET-1 overexpression enhances the progression of atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes, perivascular oxidative stress, and inflammation through NOX1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/enzymology
- Aorta/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Endothelin-1/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Fibrosis
- Humans
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Monocytes/enzymology
- Monocytes/immunology
- NADPH Oxidase 1/genetics
- NADPH Oxidase 1/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Up-Regulation
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane Ouerd
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Noureddine Idris-Khodja
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michelle Trindade
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Nathanne S Ferreira
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Olga Berillo
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suellen C Coelho
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Mario F Neves
- Department of Clinical Medicine, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Pierre Paradis
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ernesto L Schiffrin
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Unit, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, #B-127 3755 Cote Ste-Catherine Road, Montréal, QC H3T 1E2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Myeloperoxidase: A versatile mediator of endothelial dysfunction and therapeutic target during cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107711. [PMID: 33137376 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is a prominent mammalian heme peroxidase and a fundamental component of the innate immune response against microbial pathogens. In recent times, MPO has received considerable attention as a key oxidative enzyme capable of impairing the bioactivity of nitric oxide (NO) and promoting endothelial dysfunction; a clinically relevant event that manifests throughout the development of inflammatory cardiovascular disease. Increasing evidence indicates that during cardiovascular disease, MPO is released intravascularly by activated leukocytes resulting in its transport and sequestration within the vascular endothelium. At this site, MPO catalyzes various oxidative reactions that are capable of promoting vascular inflammation and impairing NO bioactivity and endothelial function. In particular, MPO catalyzes the production of the potent oxidant hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and the catalytic consumption of NO via the enzyme's NO oxidase activity. An emerging paradigm is the ability of MPO to also influence endothelial function via non-catalytic, cytokine-like activities. In this review article we discuss the implications of our increasing knowledge of the versatility of MPO's actions as a mediator of cardiovascular disease and endothelial dysfunction for the development of new pharmacological agents capable of effectively combating MPO's pathogenic activities. More specifically, we will (i) discuss the various transport mechanisms by which MPO accumulates into the endothelium of inflamed or diseased arteries, (ii) detail the clinical and basic scientific evidence identifying MPO as a significant cause of endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease, (iii) provide an up-to-date coverage on the different oxidative mechanisms by which MPO can impair endothelial function during cardiovascular disease including an evaluation of the contributions of MPO-catalyzed HOCl production and NO oxidation, and (iv) outline the novel non-enzymatic mechanisms of MPO and their potential contribution to endothelial dysfunction. Finally, we deliver a detailed appraisal of the different pharmacological strategies available for targeting the catalytic and non-catalytic modes-of-action of MPO in order to protect against endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
25
|
Targeting feed-forward signaling of TGFβ/NOX4/DHFR/eNOS uncoupling/TGFβ axis with anti-TGFβ and folic acid attenuates formation of aortic aneurysms: Novel mechanisms and therapeutics. Redox Biol 2020; 38:101757. [PMID: 33126053 PMCID: PMC7585948 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study we aimed to identify novel mechanisms and therapeutics for thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) in Fbn1C1039G/+ Marfan Syndrome (MFS) mice. The expression of mature/active TGFβ and its downstream effector NOX4 were upregulated while tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) salvage enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) was downregulated in Fbn1C1039G/+ mice. In vivo treatment with anti-TGFβ completely attenuated NOX4 expression, restored DHFR protein abundance, reduced ROS production, recoupled eNOS and attenuated aneurysm formation. Intriguingly, oral administration with folic acid (FA) to recouple eNOS markedly alleviated expansion of aortic roots and abdominal aortas in Fbn1C1039G/+ mice, which was attributed to substantially upregulated DHFR expression and activity in the endothelium to restore tissue and circulating levels of H4B. Notably, circulating H4B levels were accurately predictive of tissue H4B bioavailability, and negatively associated with expansion of aortic roots, indicating a novel biomarker role of circulating H4B for TAA. Furthermore, FA diet abrogated TGFβ and NOX4 expression, disrupting the feed-forward loop to inactivate TGFβ/NOX4/DHFR/eNOS uncoupling axis in vivo and in vitro, while PTIO, a NO scavenger, reversed this effect in cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Besides, expression of the rate limiting H4B synthetic enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase 1 (GTPCHI), was downregulated in Fbn1C1039G/+ mice at baseline. In cultured HAECs, RNAi inhibition of fibrillin resulted in reduced GTPCHI expression, while this response was abrogated by anti-TGFβ, indicating TGFβ-dependent downregulation of GTPCHI in response to fibrillin deficiency. Taken together, our data for the first time reveal that uncoupled eNOS plays a central role in TAA formation, while anti-TGFβ and FA diet robustly abolish aneurysm formation via inactivation of a novel TGFβ/NOX4/DHFR/eNOS uncoupling/TGFβ feed-forward pathway. Correction of fibrillin deficiency is additionally beneficial via preservation of GTPCHI function.
Collapse
|
26
|
Vara D, Tarafdar A, Celikag M, Patinha D, Gulacsy CE, Hounslea E, Warren Z, Ferreira B, Koeners MP, Caggiano L, Pula G. NADPH oxidase 1 is a novel pharmacological target for the development of an antiplatelet drug without bleeding side effects. FASEB J 2020; 34:13959-13977. [PMID: 32851720 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001086rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence supports a central role of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) in the regulation of platelets, which are circulating cells involved in both hemostasis and thrombosis. Here, the use of Nox1-/- and Nox1+/+ mice as experimental models of human responses demonstrated a critical role of NOX1 in collagen-dependent platelet activation and pathological arterial thrombosis, as tested in vivo by carotid occlusion assays. In contrast, NOX1 does not affect platelet responses to thrombin and normal hemostasis, as assayed in tail bleeding experiments. Therefore, as NOX1 inhibitors are likely to have antiplatelet effects without associated bleeding risks, the NOX1-selective inhibitor 2-acetylphenothiazine (2APT) and a series of its derivatives generated to increase inhibitory potency and drug bioavailability were tested. Among the 2APT derivatives, 1-(10H-phenothiazin-2-yl)vinyl tert-butyl carbonate (2APT-D6) was selected for its high potency. Both 2APT and 2APT-D6 inhibited collagen-dependent platelet aggregation, adhesion, thrombus formation, superoxide anion generation, and surface activation marker expression, while responses to thrombin or adhesion to fibrinogen were not affected. In vivo administration of 2APT or 2APT-D6 led to the inhibition of mouse platelet aggregation, oxygen radical output, and thrombus formation, and carotid occlusion, while tail hemostasis was unaffected. Differently to in vitro experiments, 2APT-D6 and 2APT displayed similar potency in vivo. In summary, NOX1 inhibition with 2APT or its derivative 2APT-D6 is a viable strategy to control collagen-induced platelet activation and reduce thrombosis without deleterious effects on hemostasis. These compounds should, therefore, be considered for the development of novel antiplatelet drugs to fight cardiovascular diseases in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Vara
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Anuradha Tarafdar
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Meral Celikag
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Daniela Patinha
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Ellie Hounslea
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Zach Warren
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Barbara Ferreira
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Maarten P Koeners
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| | - Lorenzo Caggiano
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Giordano Pula
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jiang J, Huang K, Xu S, Garcia JGN, Wang C, Cai H. Targeting NOX4 alleviates sepsis-induced acute lung injury via attenuation of redox-sensitive activation of CaMKII/ERK1/2/MLCK and endothelial cell barrier dysfunction. Redox Biol 2020; 36:101638. [PMID: 32863203 PMCID: PMC7381685 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased pulmonary vascular permeability due to endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction is a major pathological feature of acute respiratory distress syndrome/acute lung injury (ARDS/ALI), which is a devastating critical illness with high incidence and excessive mortality. Activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) induces EC dysfunction via production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the role(s) of NOX isoform(s), and their downstream signaling events, in the development of ARDS/ALI have remained unclear. Cecal Ligation Puncture (CLP) was used to induce preclinical septic ALI in wild-type mice and mice deficient in NOX2 or p47phox, or mice transfected of control siRNA, NOX1 or NOX4 siRNA in vivo. The survival rate of the CLP group at 24 h (26.6%, control siRNA treated) was substantially improved by NOX4 knockdown (52.9%). Mice lacking NOX2 or p47phox, however, had worse outcomes after CLP (survival rates at 0% and 8.3% respectively), whereas NOX1-silenced mice had similar survival rate (30%). NOX4 knockdown attenuated lung ROS production in septic mice, whereas NOX1 knockdown, NOX2 knockout, or p47phox knockout in mice had no effects. In addition, NOX4 knockdown attenuated redox-sensitive activation of the CaMKII/ERK1/2/MLCK pathway, and restored expression of EC tight junction proteins ZO-1 and Occludin to maintain EC barrier integrity. Correspondingly, NOX4 knockdown in cultured human lung microvascular ECs also reduced LPS-induced ROS production, CaMKII/ERK1/2/MLCK activation and EC barrier dysfunction. Scavenging superoxide in vitro and in vivo with TEMPO, or inhibiting CaMKII activation with KN93, had similar effects as NOX4 knockdown in preserving EC barrier dysfunction. In summary, we have identified a novel, selective and causal role of NOX4 (versus other NOX isoforms) in inducing lung EC barrier dysfunction and injury/mortality in a preclinical CLP-induced septic model, which involves redox-sensitive activation of CaMKII/ERK1/2/MLCK pathway. Targeting NOX4 may therefore prove to an innovative therapeutic option that is markedly effective in treating ALI/ARDS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyao Jiang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
| | - Hua Cai
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Li H, Li Q, Zhang Y, Liu W, Gu B, Narumi T, Siu KL, Youn JY, Liu P, Yang X, Cai H. Novel Treatment of Hypertension by Specifically Targeting E2F for Restoration of Endothelial Dihydrofolate Reductase and eNOS Function Under Oxidative Stress. Hypertension 2019; 73:179-189. [PMID: 30571557 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We have shown that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) downregulates tetrahydrobiopterin salvage enzyme DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase) to result in eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) uncoupling and elevated blood pressure. Here, we aimed to delineate molecular mechanisms underlying H2O2 downregulation of endothelial DHFR by examining transcriptional pathways hypothesized to modulate DHFR expression and effects on blood pressure regulation of targeting these novel mechanisms. H2O2 dose and time dependently attenuated DHFR mRNA and protein expression and enzymatic activity in endothelial cells. Deletion of E2F-binding sites, but not those of Sp1 (specificity protein 1), abolished H2O2 attenuation of DHFR promoter activity. Overexpression of E2F1/2/3a activated DHFR promoter at baseline and alleviated the inhibitory effect of H2O2 on DHFR promoter activity. H2O2 treatment diminished mRNA and protein expression of E2F1/2/3a, whereas overexpression of E2F isoforms increased DHFR protein levels. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay indicated direct binding of E2F1/2/3a to the DHFR promoter, which was weakened by H2O2. E2F1 RNA interference attenuated DHFR protein levels, whereas its overexpression elevated tetrahydrobiopterin levels and tetrahydrobiopterin/dihydrobiopterin ratios in vitro and in vivo. In Ang II (angiotensin II)-infused mice, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of E2F1 markedly abrogated blood pressure to control levels, by restoring endothelial DHFR function to improve NO bioavailability and vasorelaxation. Bioinformatic analyses confirmed a positive correlation between E2F1 and DHFR in human endothelial cells and arteries, and downregulation of both by oxidized phospholipids. In summary, endothelial DHFR is downregulated by H2O2 transcriptionally via an E2F-dependent mechanism, and that specifically targeting E2F1/2/3a to restore DHFR and eNOS function may serve as a novel therapeutic option for the treatment of hypertension.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (H.L., P.L.)
| | - Qiang Li
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Wenting Liu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (W.L., X.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Bo Gu
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Taro Narumi
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kin Lung Siu
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (H.L., P.L.)
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology (W.L., X.Y.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Hua Cai
- From the Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories (H.L., Q.L., Y.Z., B.G., T.N., K.L.S., J.Y.Y., H.C.), David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
NADPH oxidases and oxidase crosstalk in cardiovascular diseases: novel therapeutic targets. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 17:170-194. [PMID: 31591535 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-019-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent production of ROS underlies sustained oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, aortic aneurysm, hypercholesterolaemia, atherosclerosis, diabetic vascular complications, cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion injury, myocardial infarction, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Interactions between different oxidases or oxidase systems have been intensively investigated for their roles in inducing sustained oxidative stress. In this Review, we discuss the latest data on the pathobiology of each oxidase component, the complex crosstalk between different oxidase components and the consequences of this crosstalk in mediating cardiovascular disease processes, focusing on the central role of particular NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms that are activated in specific cardiovascular diseases. An improved understanding of these mechanisms might facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting these oxidase systems and their interactions, which could be effective in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disorders.
Collapse
|
30
|
DeVallance E, Li Y, Jurczak MJ, Cifuentes-Pagano E, Pagano PJ. The Role of NADPH Oxidases in the Etiology of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of Individual Isoforms and Cell Biology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:687-709. [PMID: 31250671 PMCID: PMC6909742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Highly prevalent in Western cultures, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes increase the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and cost health care systems billions of dollars annually. At the cellular level, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes are associated with increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Increased levels of ROS production in key organ systems such as adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, and the vasculature cause disruption of tissue homeostasis, leading to increased morbidity and risk of mortality. More specifically, growing evidence implicates the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) enzymes in these pathologies through impairment of insulin signaling, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction. The NOX family of enzymes is a major driver of redox signaling through its production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and attendant downstream metabolites acting on redox-sensitive signaling molecules. Recent Advances: The primary goal of this review is to highlight recent advances and survey our present understanding of cell-specific NOX enzyme contributions to metabolic diseases. Critical Issues: However, due to the short half-lives of individual ROS and/or cellular defense systems, radii of ROS diffusion are commonly short, often restricting redox signaling and oxidant stress to localized events. Thus, special emphasis should be placed on cell type and subcellular location of NOX enzymes to better understand their role in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases. Future Directions: We discuss the targeting of NOX enzymes as potential therapy and bring to light potential emerging areas of NOX research, microparticles and epigenetics, in the context of metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan DeVallance
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yao Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael J Jurczak
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eugenia Cifuentes-Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Patrick J Pagano
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Pittsburgh Heart, Lung and Blood, Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Interplay between BMPs and Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Signaling and Pathology. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9100534. [PMID: 31561501 PMCID: PMC6843432 DOI: 10.3390/biom9100534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The integration of cell extrinsic and intrinsic signals is required to maintain appropriate cell physiology and homeostasis. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are cytokines that belong to the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which play a key role in embryogenesis, organogenesis and regulation of whole-body homeostasis. BMPs interact with membrane receptors that transduce information to the nucleus through SMAD-dependent and independent pathways, including PI3K-AKT and MAPKs. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are intracellular molecules derived from the partial reduction of oxygen. ROS are highly reactive and govern cellular processes by their capacity to regulate signaling pathways (e.g., NF-κB, MAPKs, KEAP1-NRF2 and PI3K-AKT). Emerging evidence indicates that BMPs and ROS interplay in a number of ways. BMPs stimulate ROS production by inducing NOX expression, while ROS regulate the expression of several BMPs. Moreover, BMPs and ROS influence common signaling pathways, including PI3K/AKT and MAPK. Additionally, dysregulation of BMPs and ROS occurs in several pathologies, including vascular and musculoskeletal diseases, obesity, diabetes and kidney injury. Here, we review the current knowledge on the integration between BMP and ROS signals and its potential applications in the development of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Muñoz M, López-Oliva ME, Rodríguez C, Martínez MP, Sáenz-Medina J, Sánchez A, Climent B, Benedito S, García-Sacristán A, Rivera L, Hernández M, Prieto D. Differential contribution of Nox1, Nox2 and Nox4 to kidney vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in obesity. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101330. [PMID: 31563085 PMCID: PMC6812001 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-associated endothelial dysfunction is a key pathogenic factor underlying the microvascular complications of metabolic disease. NADPH oxidase (Nox) is a major source of oxidative stress in diabetic nephropathy and chronic kidney disease, despite Nox4 and Nox2 have been identified as relevant sources of vasodilator endothelial H2O2.The present study was sought to investigate the role of Nox enzymes in renal vascular oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in a rat model of genetic obesity. Endothelial function was assessed in intrarenal arteries of obese Zucker rats (OZR) and their counterparts lean Zucker rats (LZR) mounted in microvascular myographs, and superoxide (O2.-) and H2O2 production were measured. Impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) were associated to augmented O2.- generation, but neither ROS scavengers nor the Nox inhibitor apocynin significantly improved these relaxant responses in renal arteries of OZR. Whereas NO contribution to endothelial relaxations was blunted, catalase-sensitive non-NO non-prostanoid relaxations were enhanced in obese rats. Interestingly, NADPH-dependent O2.- production was augmented while NADPH-dependent H2O2 generation was reduced, and cytosolic and mitochondrial SOD were up-regulated in kidney of obese rats. Nox4 was down-regulated in renal arteries and Nox4-dependent H2O2 generation and endothelial relaxation were reduced in OZR. Up-regulation of both Nox2 and Nox1 was associated with augmented O2.- production but reduced H2O2 generation and blunted endothelial Nox2-derived H2O2-mediated in obese rats. Moreover, increased Nox1-derived O2.- contributed to renal endothelial dysfunction in OZR. In summary, the current data support a main role for Nox1-derived O2.- in kidney vascular oxidative stress and renal endothelial dysfunction in obesity, while reduced endothelial Nox4 expression associated to decreased H2O2 generation and H2O2-mediated vasodilatation might hinder Nox4 protective renal effects thus contributing to kidney injury. This suggests that effective therapies to counteract oxidative stress and prevent microvascular complications must identify the specific Nox subunits involved in metabolic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Muñoz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Rodríguez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Pilar Martínez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Embriología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Sáenz-Medina
- Departamento de Urología, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Climent
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Benedito
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Luis Rivera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Medardo Hernández
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Prieto
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Meza CA, La Favor JD, Kim DH, Hickner RC. Endothelial Dysfunction: Is There a Hyperglycemia-Induced Imbalance of NOX and NOS? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153775. [PMID: 31382355 PMCID: PMC6696313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (NOX) are enzyme complexes that have received much attention as key molecules in the development of vascular dysfunction. NOX have the primary function of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and are considered the main source of ROS production in endothelial cells. The endothelium is a thin monolayer that lines the inner surface of blood vessels, acting as a secretory organ to maintain homeostasis of blood flow. The enzymatic production of nitric oxide (NO) by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) is critical in mediating endothelial function, and oxidative stress can cause dysregulation of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. Insulin is a stimulus for increases in blood flow and endothelium-dependent vasodilation. However, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes are characterized by poor control of the endothelial cell redox environment, with a shift toward overproduction of ROS by NOX. Studies in models of type 2 diabetes demonstrate that aberrant NOX activation contributes to uncoupling of eNOS and endothelial dysfunction. It is well-established that endothelial dysfunction precedes the onset of cardiovascular disease, therefore NOX are important molecular links between type 2 diabetes and vascular complications. The aim of the current review is to describe the normal, healthy physiological mechanisms involved in endothelial function, and highlight the central role of NOX in mediating endothelial dysfunction when glucose homeostasis is impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Meza
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Justin D La Favor
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Do-Houn Kim
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Robert C Hickner
- Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Institute of Sports Sciences and Medicine, College of Human Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
- Department of Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville 4041, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Elbatreek MH, Pachado MP, Cuadrado A, Jandeleit-Dahm K, Schmidt HHHW. Reactive Oxygen Comes of Age: Mechanism-Based Therapy of Diabetic End-Organ Damage. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:312-327. [PMID: 30928357 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been mainly viewed as unwanted by-products of cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, a sign of a cellular redox imbalance, and potential disease mechanisms, such as in diabetes mellitus (DM). Antioxidant therapies, however, have failed to provide clinical benefit. This paradox can be explained by recent discoveries that ROS have mainly essential signaling and metabolic functions and evolutionally conserved physiological enzymatic sources. Disease can occur when ROS accumulate in nonphysiological concentrations, locations, or forms. By focusing on disease-relevant sources and targets of ROS, and leaving ROS physiology intact, precise therapeutic interventions are now possible and are entering clinical trials. Their outcomes are likely to profoundly change our concepts of ROS in DM and in medicine in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud H Elbatreek
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Mayra P Pachado
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Cuadrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas UAM-CSIC, Ciber sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPaz), Madrid, Spain
| | - Karin Jandeleit-Dahm
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Harald H H W Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology and Personalised Medicine, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
da Costa RM, Rodrigues D, Pereira CA, Silva JF, Alves JV, Lobato NS, Tostes RC. Nrf2 as a Potential Mediator of Cardiovascular Risk in Metabolic Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:382. [PMID: 31031630 PMCID: PMC6473049 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Free radicals act as secondary messengers, modulating a number of important biological processes, including gene expression, ion mobilization in transport systems, protein interactions and enzymatic functions, cell growth, cell cycle, redox homeostasis, among others. In the cardiovascular system, the physiological generation of free radicals ensures the integrity and function of cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and adjacent smooth muscle cells. In physiological conditions, there is a balance between free radicals generation and the activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Redox imbalance, caused by increased free radical's production and/or reduced antioxidant defense, plays an important role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, contributing to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, endothelial dysfunction, hypertrophy and hypercontractility of vascular smooth muscle. Excessive production of oxidizing agents in detriment of antioxidant defenses in the cardiovascular system has been described in obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), a major regulator of antioxidant and cellular protective genes, is primarily activated in response to oxidative stress. Under physiological conditions, Nrf2 is constitutively expressed in the cytoplasm of cells and is usually associated with Keap-1, a repressor protein. This association maintains low levels of free Nrf2. Stressors, such as free radicals, favor the translocation of Nrf2 to the cell nucleus. The accumulation of nuclear Nrf2 allows the binding of this protein to the antioxidant response element of genes that code antioxidant proteins. Although little information on the role of Nrf2 in the cardiovascular system is available, growing evidence indicates that decreased Nrf2 activity contributes to oxidative stress, favoring the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disorders found in obesity, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. The present mini-review will provide a comprehensive overview of the role of Nrf2 as a contributing factor to cardiovascular risk in metabolic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael M da Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila A Pereira
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josiane F Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliano V Alves
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Núbia S Lobato
- Special Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Jataí, Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Knockout of dihydrofolate reductase in mice induces hypertension and abdominal aortic aneurysm via mitochondrial dysfunction. Redox Biol 2019; 24:101185. [PMID: 30954686 PMCID: PMC6451172 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) are severe cardiovascular diseases with incompletely defined molecular mechanisms. In the current study we generated dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) knockout mice for the first time to examine its potential contribution to the development of hypertension and AAA, as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms. Whereas the homozygote knockout mice were embryonically lethal, the heterozygote knockout mice had global reduction in DHFR protein expression and activity. Angiotensin II infusion into these animals resulted in substantially exaggerated elevation in blood pressure and development of AAA, which was accompanied by excessive eNOS uncoupling activity (featured by significantly impaired tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide bioavailability), vascular remodeling (MMP2 activation, medial elastin breakdown and adventitial fibrosis) and inflammation (macrophage infiltration). Importantly, scavenging of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species with Mito-Tempo in vivo completely abrogated development of hypertension and AAA in DHFR knockout mice, indicating a novel role of mitochondria in mediating hypertension and AAA downstream of DHFR deficiency-dependent eNOS uncoupling. These data for the first time demonstrate that targeting DHFR-deficiency driven mitochondrial dysfunction may represent an innovative therapeutic option for the treatment of AAA and hypertension.
Collapse
|
37
|
Li Y, Cifuentes-Pagano E, DeVallance ER, de Jesus DS, Sahoo S, Meijles DN, Koes D, Camacho CJ, Ross M, St Croix C, Pagano PJ. NADPH oxidase 2 inhibitors CPP11G and CPP11H attenuate endothelial cell inflammation & vessel dysfunction and restore mouse hind-limb flow. Redox Biol 2019; 22:101143. [PMID: 30897521 PMCID: PMC6435978 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
First described as essential to the phagocytic activity of leukocytes, Nox2-derived ROS have emerged as mediators of a range of cellular and tissue responses across species from salubrious to deleterious consequences. Knowledge of their role in inflammation is limited, however. We postulated that TNFα-induced endothelial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and pro-inflammatory signaling would be ameliorated by targeting Nox2. Herein, we in silico-modelled two first-in-class Nox2 inhibitors developed in our laboratory, explored their cellular mechanism of action and tested their efficacy in in vitro and mouse in vivo models of inflammation. Our data show that these inhibitors (CPP11G and CPP11H) disrupted canonical Nox2 organizing factor, p47phox, translocation to Nox2 in the plasma membrane; and abolished ROS production, markedly attenuated stress-responsive MAPK signaling and downstream AP-1 and NFκB nuclear translocation in human cells. Consequently, cell adhesion molecule expression and monocyte adherence were significantly inhibited by both inhibitors. In vivo, TNFα-induced ROS and inflammation were ameliorated by targeted Nox2 inhibition, which, in turn, improved hind-limb blood flow. These studies identify a proximal role for Nox2 in propagated inflammatory signaling and support therapeutic value of Nox2 inhibitors in inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- Vascular Medicine Institute, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA
| | - E Cifuentes-Pagano
- Vascular Medicine Institute, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA
| | - E R DeVallance
- Vascular Medicine Institute, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA
| | - D S de Jesus
- Vascular Medicine Institute, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA
| | - S Sahoo
- Vascular Medicine Institute, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA
| | | | - D Koes
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - C J Camacho
- Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh, USA
| | - M Ross
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - C St Croix
- Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - P J Pagano
- Vascular Medicine Institute, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tejero J, Shiva S, Gladwin MT. Sources of Vascular Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species and Their Regulation. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:311-379. [PMID: 30379623 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a small free radical with critical signaling roles in physiology and pathophysiology. The generation of sufficient NO levels to regulate the resistance of the blood vessels and hence the maintenance of adequate blood flow is critical to the healthy performance of the vasculature. A novel paradigm indicates that classical NO synthesis by dedicated NO synthases is supplemented by nitrite reduction pathways under hypoxia. At the same time, reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, are produced in the vascular system for signaling purposes, as effectors of the immune response, or as byproducts of cellular metabolism. NO and ROS can be generated by distinct enzymes or by the same enzyme through alternate reduction and oxidation processes. The latter oxidoreductase systems include NO synthases, molybdopterin enzymes, and hemoglobins, which can form superoxide by reduction of molecular oxygen or NO by reduction of inorganic nitrite. Enzymatic uncoupling, changes in oxygen tension, and the concentration of coenzymes and reductants can modulate the NO/ROS production from these oxidoreductases and determine the redox balance in health and disease. The dysregulation of the mechanisms involved in the generation of NO and ROS is an important cause of cardiovascular disease and target for therapy. In this review we will present the biology of NO and ROS in the cardiovascular system, with special emphasis on their routes of formation and regulation, as well as the therapeutic challenges and opportunities for the management of NO and ROS in cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Tejero
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood and Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ; and Department of Medicine, Center for Metabolism and Mitochondrial Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
p47phox-Dependent Reactive Oxygen Species Stimulate Nuclear Translocation of the FoxO1 Transcription Factor During Metabolic Inhibition in Cardiomyoblasts. Cell Biochem Biophys 2018; 76:401-410. [PMID: 29956081 PMCID: PMC6097050 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-018-0847-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) control forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factor activity by influencing their nuclear translocation. However, knowledge of the ROS cellular source(s) involved herein remains scarce. Recently, we have shown p47phox-dependent activation of ROS-producing NADPH oxidase (NOX) at the nuclear pore in H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts in response to ischemia. This localizes NOX perfectly to affect protein nuclear translocation, including that of transcription factors. In the current study, involvement of p47phox-dependent production of ROS in the nuclear translocation of FOXO1 was analyzed in H9c2 cells following 4 h of metabolic inhibition (MI), which mimics the effects of ischemia. Nuclear translocation of FOXO1 was determined by quantitative digital-imaging fluorescence and western blot analysis. Subsequently, the effect of inhibiting p47phox-dependent ROS production by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transfection on FOXO1 translocation was analyzed by digital-imaging microscopy. MI induced a significant translocation of FOXO1 into the nucleus. Transfection with p47phox-shRNA successfully knocked-down p47phox expression, reduced nuclear nitrotyrosine production, an indirect marker for ROS production, and inhibited the nuclear translocation of FOXO1 following MI. With these results, we show for the first time that nuclear import of FOXO1 induced by MI in H9c2 depends critically on p47phox-mediated ROS production.
Collapse
|
40
|
Rezende F, Moll F, Walter M, Helfinger V, Hahner F, Janetzko P, Ringel C, Weigert A, Fleming I, Weissmann N, Kuenne C, Looso M, Rieger MA, Nawroth P, Fleming T, Brandes RP, Schröder K. The NADPH organizers NoxO1 and p47phox are both mediators of diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction in mice. Redox Biol 2018; 15:12-21. [PMID: 29195137 PMCID: PMC5723277 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM NADPH oxidases are important sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several Nox homologues are present together in the vascular system but whether they exhibit crosstalk at the activity level is unknown. To address this, vessel function of knockout mice for the cytosolic Nox organizer proteins p47phox, NoxO1 and a p47phox-NoxO1-double knockout were studied under normal condition and during streptozotocin-induced diabetes. RESULTS In the mouse aorta, mRNA expression for NoxO1 was predominant in smooth muscle and endothelial cells, whereas p47phox was markedly expressed in adventitial cells comprising leukocytes and tissue resident macrophages. Knockout of either NoxO1 or p47phox resulted in lower basal blood pressure. Deletion of any of the two subunits also prevented diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction. mRNA expression analysis by MACE (Massive Analysis of cDNA ends) identified substantial gene expression differences between the mouse lines and in response to diabetes. Deletion of p47phox induced inflammatory activation with increased markers of myeloid cells and cytokine and chemokine induction. In contrast, deletion of NoxO1 resulted in an attenuated interferon gamma signature and reduced expression of genes related to antigen presentation. This aspect was also reflected by a reduced number of circulating lymphocytes in NoxO1-/- mice. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION ROS production stimulated by NoxO1 and p47phox limit endothelium-dependent relaxation and maintain blood pressure in mice. However, NoxO1 and p47phox cannot substitute each other despite their similar effect on vascular function. Deletion of NoxO1 induced an anti-inflammatory phenotype, whereas p47phox deletion rather elicited a hyper-inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Rezende
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Moll
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maria Walter
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Valeska Helfinger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Fabian Hahner
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick Janetzko
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christian Ringel
- Institute for Patho Biochemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute for Patho Biochemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signaling, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carsten Kuenne
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Bad Nauheim, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Peter Nawroth
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC Helmholtz Center Munich and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Fleming
- Department of Internal Medicine I and Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany; Joint Division Molecular Metabolic Control, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH) and University Hospital Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Institute for Diabetes and Cancer IDC Helmholtz Center Munich and Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt, Germany; German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhein Main, Frankfurt, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pak O, Sydykov A, Kosanovic D, Schermuly RT, Dietrich A, Schröder K, Brandes RP, Gudermann T, Sommer N, Weissmann N. Lung Ischaemia-Reperfusion Injury: The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 967:195-225. [PMID: 29047088 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63245-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Lung ischaemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) occurs in many lung diseases and during surgical procedures such as lung transplantation. The re-establishment of blood flow and oxygen delivery into the previously ischaemic lung exacerbates the ischaemic injury and leads to increased microvascular permeability and pulmonary vascular resistance as well as to vigorous activation of the immune response. These events initiate the irreversible damage of the lung with subsequent oedema formation that can result in systemic hypoxaemia and multi-organ failure. Alterations in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) have been suggested as crucial mediators of such responses during ischaemia-reperfusion in the lung. Among numerous potential sources of ROS/RNS within cells, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases, xanthine oxidases, nitric oxide synthases and mitochondria have been investigated during LIRI. Against this background, we aim to review here the extensive literature about the ROS-mediated cellular signalling during LIRI, as well as the effectiveness of antioxidants as treatment option for LIRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Pak
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Djuro Kosanovic
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Goethestraße 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Goethestraße 33, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-pulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Aulweg 130, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Calabró V, Litterio MC, Fraga CG, Galleano M, Piotrkowski B. Effects of quercetin on heart nitric oxide metabolism in l-NAME treated rats. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 647:47-53. [PMID: 29621523 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of a quercetin-supplemented diet on the biochemical changes installed in the heart of NO-deficient rats in terms of oxidants production and NO bioavailability determinants. Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) treatment (360 mg/L l-NAME in the drinking water, 4 d) with or without supplementation with quercetin (4 g/kg diet). l-NAME administration led to increased blood pressure (BP) (30%), decreased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (50%), and increases in NADPH oxidase (NOX)-dependent superoxide anion production (60%) and p47phox protein level (65%). The co-administration of quercetin prevented the increase in BP and the activation of NOX but did not modify the decrease in NOS activity caused by l-NAME. In addition, quercetin affected oxidative stress parameters as glutathione oxidation, and the activities of oxidant detoxifying enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. Thus, quercetin administration counteracts l-NAME effects on NO bioavailability determinants in vivo, essentially through controlling NOX-mediated superoxide anion production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Calabró
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María C Litterio
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar G Fraga
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Monica Galleano
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Barbara Piotrkowski
- Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
NADPH Oxidase Deficiency: A Multisystem Approach. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:4590127. [PMID: 29430280 PMCID: PMC5753020 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4590127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is a complex system able to recognize a wide variety of host agents, through different biological processes. For example, controlled changes in the redox state are able to start different pathways in immune cells and are involved in the killing of microbes. The generation and release of ROS in the form of an “oxidative burst” represent the pivotal mechanism by which phagocytic cells are able to destroy pathogens. On the other hand, impaired oxidative balance is also implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory complications, which may affect the function of many body systems. NADPH oxidase (NOX) plays a pivotal role in the production of ROS, and the defect of its different subunits leads to the development of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). The defect of the different NOX subunits in CGD affects different organs. In this context, this review will be focused on the description of the effect of NOX2 deficiency in different body systems. Moreover, we will also focus our attention on the novel insight in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and inflammation-related manifestations and on the protective role of NOX2 deficiency against the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
|
44
|
Gao L, Hu Y, Li J. Pigment epithelium-derived factor protects human glomerular mesangial cells from diabetes via NOXO1-iNOS suppression. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7855-7863. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
45
|
Schröder K, Weissmann N, Brandes RP. Organizers and activators: Cytosolic Nox proteins impacting on vascular function. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:22-32. [PMID: 28336130 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases of the Nox family are important enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cardiovascular system. Of the 7 members of the Nox family, at least three depend for their activation on specific cytosolic proteins. These are p47phox and its homologue NoxO1 and p67phox and its homologue NoxA1. Also the Rho-GTPase Rac is important but as this protein has many additional functions, it will not be covered here. The Nox1 enzyme is preferentially activated by the combination of NoxO1 with NoxA1, whereas Nox2 gains highest activity with p47phox together with p67phox. As p47phox, different to NoxO1 contains an auto inhibitory region it has to be phosphorylated prior to complex formation. In the cardio-vascular system, all cytosolic Nox proteins are expressed but the evidence for their contribution to ROS production is not well established. Most data have been collected for p47phox, whereas NoxA1 has basically not yet been studied. In this article the specific aspects of cytosolic Nox proteins in the cardiovascular system with respect to Nox activation, their expression and their importance will be reviewed. Finally, it will be discussed whether cytosolic Nox proteins are suitable pharmacological targets to tamper with vascular ROS production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schröder
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralf P Brandes
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Chen Q, Wang Q, Zhu J, Xiao Q, Zhang L. Reactive oxygen species: key regulators in vascular health and diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 175:1279-1292. [PMID: 28430357 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ROS are a group of small reactive molecules that play critical roles in the regulation of various cell functions and biological processes. In the vascular system, physiological levels of ROS are essential for normal vascular functions including endothelial homeostasis and smooth muscle cell contraction. In contrast, uncontrolled overproduction of ROS resulting from an imbalance of ROS generation and elimination leads to the development of vascular diseases. Excessive ROS cause vascular cell damage, the recruitment of inflammatory cells, lipid peroxidation, activation of metalloproteinases and deposition of extracellular matrix, collectively leading to vascular remodelling. Evidence from a large number of studies has revealed that ROS and oxidative stress are involved in the initiation and progression of numerous vascular diseases including hypertension, atherosclerosis, restenosis and abdominal aortic aneurysm. Furthermore, considerable research has been implemented to explore antioxidants that can reduce ROS production and oxidative stress in order to ameliorate vascular diseases. In this review, we will discuss the nature and sources of ROS, their roles in vascular homeostasis and specific vascular diseases and various antioxidants as well as some of the pharmacological agents that are capable of reducing ROS and oxidative stress. The aim of this review is to provide information for developing promising clinical strategies targeting ROS to decrease cardiovascular risks. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qishan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiwen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qingzhong Xiao
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Vieceli Dalla Sega F, Aquila G, Fortini F, Vaccarezza M, Secchiero P, Rizzo P, Campo G. Context-dependent function of ROS in the vascular endothelium: The role of the Notch pathway and shear stress. Biofactors 2017; 43:475-485. [PMID: 28419584 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) act as signal molecules in several biological processes whereas excessive, unregulated, ROS production contributes to the development of pathological conditions including endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis. The maintenance of a healthy endothelium depends on many factors and on their reciprocal interactions; in this framework, the Notch pathway and shear stress (SS) play two lead roles. Recently, evidence of a crosstalk between ROS, Notch, and SS, is emerging. The aim of this review is to describe the way ROS interact with the Notch pathway and SS protecting from-or promoting-the development of endothelial dysfunction. © 2017 BioFactors, 43(4):475-485, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Aquila
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Fortini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Vaccarezza
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Paola Secchiero
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA) Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paola Rizzo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, E.S. Health Science Foundation, Cotignola, (RA), Italy
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Cardiovascular Institute, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna, Cona, (FE), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Thompson JA, Larion S, Mintz JD, Belin de Chantemèle EJ, Fulton DJ, Stepp DW. Genetic Deletion of NADPH Oxidase 1 Rescues Microvascular Function in Mice With Metabolic Disease. Circ Res 2017; 121:502-511. [PMID: 28684629 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.309965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Early vascular changes in metabolic disease that precipitate the development of cardiovascular complications are largely driven by reactive oxygen species accumulation, yet the extent to which excess reactive oxygen species derive from specific NADPH oxidase isoforms remains ill defined. OBJECTIVE Identify the role of Nox1 in the development of microvascular dysfunction in metabolic disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Four genotypes were generated by breeding Nox1 knockout mice with db/db mice: lean (HdbWnox1), lean Nox1 knockout (HdbKnox1), obese (KdbWnox1), and obese KK (KdbKnox1). The degree of adiposity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia in KW mice was not influenced by Nox1 deletion as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, glucose tolerance tests, and plasma analyses. Endothelium-dependent responses to acetylcholine in pressurized mesenteric arteries were reduced in KW versus HW (P<0.01), whereas deletion of Nox1 in KW mice normalized dilation. Vasodilator responses after inhibition of NO synthase blunted acetylcholine responses in KK and lean controls, but had no impact in KW, attributing recovered dilatory capacity in KK to normalization of NO. Acetylcholine responses were improved (P<0.05) with Tempol, and histochemistry revealed oxidative stress in KW animals, whereas Tempol had no impact and reactive oxygen species staining was negligible in KK. Blunted dilatory responses to an NO donor and loss of myogenic tone in KW animals were also rescued with Nox1 deletion. CONCLUSIONS Nox1 deletion reduces oxidant load and restores microvascular health in db/db mice without influencing the degree of metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, targeted Nox1 inhibition may be effective in the prevention of vascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Thompson
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - Sebastian Larion
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - James D Mintz
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - Eric J Belin de Chantemèle
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - David J Fulton
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA
| | - David W Stepp
- From the Vascular Biology Center (J.A.T., S.L., J.D.M., E.J.B.d.C., D.J.F., D.W.S.), Department of Physiology (D.W.S), Department of Pharmacology (D.J.F.), and Department of Medicine (S.L., E.J.B.d.C.), Augusta University, GA.
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cai H, Wang C. Graphical review: The redox dark side of e-cigarettes; exposure to oxidants and public health concerns. Redox Biol 2017; 13:402-406. [PMID: 28667909 PMCID: PMC5493817 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the initial marketing in 2005, the use of e-cigarettes has increased exponentially. Nonetheless, accumulating evidence has demonstrated the ineffectiveness of e-cigarettes in leading to smoking cessation, and decreasing the adverse health impacts of cigarette smoking. The number of adolescents adapted to e-cigarettes has been increasing substantially each year, and this adaptation has promoted openness to tobacco smoking. The present review discusses controversies regarding the smoking cessation effects of e-cigarettes, recent governmental policies and regulations of e-cigarette use, toxic components and vaporization products of e-cigarettes, and the novel molecular mechanisms underlying the adverse health impacts of e-cigarettes leading to oxidative stress in target tissues, and consequent development of cardiopulmonary diseases (i.e. COPD), neurodegenerative disorders (i.e. Alzheimer's' disease), and cancer. Health warning signs on the packaging and professional consultation to avoid adaptation in risk groups might be helpful solutions to control negative impacts of e-cigarettes. It is also recommended to further expand basic and clinical investigations to reveal more detailed oxidative stress mechanisms of e-cigarette induced damages, which would ultimately result in more effective protective strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cai
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, United States.
| | - Chen Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, Center for Respiratory Diseases, Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Siu KL, Li Q, Zhang Y, Guo J, Youn JY, Du J, Cai H. NOX isoforms in the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm. Redox Biol 2017; 11:118-125. [PMID: 27912196 PMCID: PMC5133668 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays an important role in the formation of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and we have recently established a causal role of uncoupled eNOS in this severe human disease. We have also shown that activation of NADPH oxidase (NOX) lies upstream of uncoupled eNOS. Therefore, identification of the specific NOX isoforms that are required for eNOS uncoupling and AAA formation would ultimately lead to novel therapies for AAA. In the present study, we used the Ang II infused hph-1 mice to examine the roles of NOX isoforms in the development of AAA. We generated double mutants of hph-1-NOX1, hph-1-NOX2, hph-1-p47phox, and hph-1-NOX4. After two weeks of Ang II infusion, the incidence rate of AAA substantially dropped from 76.5% in Ang II infused hph-1 mice (n=34) to 11.1%, 15.0%, 9.5% and 0% in hph-1-NOX1 (n=27), hph-1-NOX2 (n=40), hph-1-p47phox (n=21), and hph-1-NOX4 (n=33) double mutant mice, respectively. The size of abdominal aortas of the four double mutant mice, determined by ultrasound analyses, was significantly smaller than the hph-1 mice. Aortic nitric oxide and H4B bioavailabilities were markedly improved in the double mutants, while superoxide production and eNOS uncoupling activity were substantially diminished. These effects seemed attributed to an endothelial specific restoration of dihydrofolate reductase expression and activity, deficiency of which has been shown to induce eNOS uncoupling and AAA formation in both Ang II-infused hph-1 and apoE null animals. In addition, over-expression of human NOX4 N129S or T555S mutant newly identified in aneurysm patients increased hydrogen peroxide production, further implicating a relationship between NOX and human aneurysm. Taken together, these data indicate that NOX isoforms 1, 2 or 4 lies upstream of dihydrofolate reductase deficiency and eNOS uncoupling to induce AAA formation. These findings may promote development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of the disease by inhibiting NOX signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kin Lung Siu
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Qiang Li
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Guo
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Du
- Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Ministry of Education, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung & Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hua Cai
- Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|