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Alyami AS, Madkhali Y, Majrashi NA, Alwadani B, Elbashir M, Ali S, Ageeli W, El-Bahkiry HS, Althobity AA, Refaee T. The role of molecular imaging in detecting fibrosis in Crohn's disease. Ann Med 2024; 56:2313676. [PMID: 38346385 PMCID: PMC10863520 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2313676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological process that occurs due to chronic inflammation, leading to the proliferation of fibroblasts and the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM). The process of long-term fibrosis initiates with tissue hypofunction and progressively culminates in the ultimate manifestation of organ failure. Intestinal fibrosis is a significant complication of Crohn's disease (CD) that can result in persistent luminal narrowing and strictures, which are difficult to reverse. In recent years, there have been significant advances in our understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal fibrosis in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Significant progress has been achieved in the fields of pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of intestinal fibrosis in the last few years. A significant amount of research has also been conducted in the field of biomarkers for the prediction or detection of intestinal fibrosis, including novel cross-sectional imaging modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Molecular imaging represents a promising biomedical approach that enables the non-invasive visualization of cellular and subcellular processes. Molecular imaging has the potential to be employed for early detection, disease staging, and prognostication in addition to assessing disease activity and treatment response in IBD. Molecular imaging methods also have a potential role to enabling minimally invasive assessment of intestinal fibrosis. This review discusses the role of molecular imaging in combination of AI in detecting CD fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali S. Alyami
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahia Madkhali
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif A. Majrashi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bandar Alwadani
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meaad Elbashir
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarra Ali
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Ageeli
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hesham S. El-Bahkiry
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Althobity
- Department of Radiological Sciences and Medical Imaging, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Turkey Refaee
- Department of Diagnostic Radiography Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Vyakaranam AR, Mahamed MM, Hellman P, Eriksson O, Espes D, Christoffersson G, Sundin A. Non-invasive imaging of sympathetic innervation of the pancreas in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2024; 67:199-208. [PMID: 37935826 PMCID: PMC10709256 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-06039-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Compromised pancreatic sympathetic innervation has been suggested as a factor involved in both immune-mediated beta cell destruction and endocrine dysregulation of pancreatic islets. To further explore these intriguing findings, new techniques for in vivo assessment of pancreatic innervation are required. This is a retrospective study that aimed to investigate whether the noradrenaline (norepinephrine) analogue 11C-hydroxy ephedrine (11C-HED) could be used for quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of the sympathetic innervation of the human pancreas. METHODS In 25 individuals with type 2 diabetes and 64 individuals without diabetes, all of whom had previously undergone 11C-HED-PET/CT because of pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma (or suspicion thereof), the 11C-HED standardised uptake value (SUVmean), 11C-HED specific binding index (SBI), pancreatic functional volume (FV, in ml), functional neuronal volume (FNV, calculated as SUVmean × FV), specific binding index with functional volume (SBI FV, calculated as SBI × FV) and attenuation on CT (HU) were investigated in the entire pancreas, and additionally in six separate anatomical pancreatic regions. RESULTS Generally, 11C-HED uptake in the pancreas was high, with marked individual variation, suggesting variability in sympathetic innervation. Moreover, pancreatic CT attenuation (HU) (p<0.001), 11C-HED SBI (p=0.0049) and SBI FV (p=0.0142) were lower in individuals with type 2 diabetes than in individuals without diabetes, whereas 11C-HED SUVmean (p=0.15), FV (p=0.73) and FNV (p=0.30) were similar. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION We demonstrate the feasibility of using 11C-HED-PET for non-invasive assessment of pancreatic sympathetic innervation in humans. These findings warrant further prospective evaluation, especially in individuals with theoretical defects in pancreatic sympathetic innervation, such as those with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achyut Ram Vyakaranam
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology & Molecular Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Maryama M Mahamed
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology & Molecular Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Hellman
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology & Molecular Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Espes
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gustaf Christoffersson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders Sundin
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Radiology & Molecular Imaging, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Redondo-Flórez L, López-Mora C, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Tornero-Aguilera JF. New Insights and Potential Therapeutic Interventions in Metabolic Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10672. [PMID: 37445852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocrine homeostasis and metabolic diseases have been the subject of extensive research in recent years. The development of new techniques and insights has led to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying these conditions and opened up new avenues for diagnosis and treatment. In this review, we discussed the rise of metabolic diseases, especially in Western countries, the genetical, psychological, and behavioral basis of metabolic diseases, the role of nutrition and physical activity in the development of metabolic diseases, the role of single-cell transcriptomics, gut microbiota, epigenetics, advanced imaging techniques, and cell-based therapies in metabolic diseases. Finally, practical applications derived from this information are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | | | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street s/n, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odon, Spain
| | - Clara López-Mora
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas y de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Pg. de l'Albereda, 7, 46010 València, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile
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4
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El-Kawy OA, Ibrahim IT, Shewatah HA, Attalah KM. Preparation and evaluation of radiolabeled gliclazide parenteral nanoemulsion as a new tracer for pancreatic β-cells mass. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1738-1748. [PMID: 37071445 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2204914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present investigation aims to develop and evaluate a radiopharmaceutical for targeting and assessing β-cells mass based on gliclazide, an antidiabetic drug that specifically binds the sulfonylurea receptor unique to the β-cells of the pancreas. METHODS Conditions were optimized to radiolabel gliclazide with radioiodine via electrophilic substitution reaction. Then, it was formulated as a nanoemulsion system using olive oil and egg lecithin by hot homogenization followed by ultrasonication. The system was assessed for its suitability for parenteral administration and drug release. Then, the tracer was evaluated in silico and in vivo in normal and diabetic rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The labeled compound was obtained with a high radiochemical yield (99.3 ± 1.1%) and good stability (>48 h). The radiolabeled nanoemulsion showed an average droplet size of 24.7 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.21, a zeta potential of -45.3 mV, pH 7.4, an osmolality of 285.3 mOsm/kg, and viscosity of 1.24 mPa.s, indicating suitability for parenteral administration. In silico assessment suggested that the labeling did not affect the biological activity of gliclazide. The suggestion was further supported by the in vivo blocking study. Following intravenous administration of nanoemulsion, the pancreas uptake was highest in normal rats (19.57 ± 1.16 and 12 ± 0.13% ID) compared to diabetic rats (8.51 ± 0.16 and 5 ± 0.13% ID) at 1 and 4 h post-injection, respectively. All results supported the feasibility of radioiodinated gliclazide nanoemulsion as a tracer for pancreatic β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A El-Kawy
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - I T Ibrahim
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - K M Attalah
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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5
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Behzadifar S, Barras A, Plaisance V, Pawlowski V, Szunerits S, Abderrahmani A, Boukherroub R. Polymer-Based Nanostructures for Pancreatic Beta-Cell Imaging and Non-Invasive Treatment of Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041215. [PMID: 37111699 PMCID: PMC10143373 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes poses major economic, social, and public health challenges in all countries worldwide. Besides cardiovascular disease and microangiopathy, diabetes is a leading cause of foot ulcers and lower limb amputations. With the continued rise of diabetes prevalence, it is expected that the future burden of diabetes complications, early mortality, and disabilities will increase. The diabetes epidemic is partly caused by the current lack of clinical imaging diagnostic tools, the timely monitoring of insulin secretion and insulin-expressing cell mass (beta (β)-cells), and the lack of patients' adherence to treatment, because some drugs are not tolerated or invasively administrated. In addition to this, there is a lack of efficient topical treatment capable of stopping the progression of disabilities, in particular for treating foot ulcers. In this context, polymer-based nanostructures garnered significant interest due to their tunable physicochemical characteristics, rich diversity, and biocompatibility. This review article emphasizes the last advances and discusses the prospects in the use of polymeric materials as nanocarriers for β-cell imaging and non-invasive drug delivery of insulin and antidiabetic drugs in the management of blood glucose and foot ulcers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Behzadifar
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Barras
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Plaisance
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Valérie Pawlowski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Amar Abderrahmani
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Centrale Lille, Univ. Polytechnique Hauts-de-France, UMR 8520, IEMN, F-59000 Lille, France
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6
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[ 18F]MK-7246 for Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of the Beta-Cell Surface Marker GPR44. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020499. [PMID: 36839820 PMCID: PMC9962486 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive loss of beta-cell mass is a hallmark of diabetes and has been suggested as a complementary approach to studying the progression of diabetes in contrast to the beta-cell function. Non-invasive nuclear medicinal imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography using radiation emitting tracers have thus been suggested as more viable methodologies to visualize and quantify the beta-cell mass with sufficient sensitivity. The transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor GPR44 has been identified as a biomarker for monitoring beta-cell mass. MK-7246 is a GPR44 antagonist that selectively binds to GPR44 with high affinity and good pharmacokinetic properties. Here, we present the synthesis of MK-7246, radiolabeled with the positron emitter fluorine-18 for preclinical evaluation using cell lines, mice, rats and human pancreatic cells. Here, we have described a synthesis and radiolabeling method for producing [18F]MK-7246 and its precursor compound. Preclinical assessments demonstrated the strong affinity and selectivity of [18F]MK-7246 towards GPR44. Additionally, [18F]MK-7246 exhibited excellent metabolic stability, a fast clearance profile from blood and tissues, qualifying it as a promising radioactive probe for GPR44-directed PET imaging.
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7
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Tokgöz S, Boss M, Prasad S, Shah P, Laverman P, van Riel M, Gotthardt M. Protocol for Clinical GLP-1 Receptor PET/CT Imaging with [ 68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-Exendin-4. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2592:143-153. [PMID: 36507990 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2807-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Imaging with radiolabeled exendin enables detection and characterization of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in vivo with high specificity. The novel radiotracer [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 forms a stable complex after a simple and fast labeling procedure. Beta-cell mass in the islets of Langerhans can be visualized using [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4, which is promising for research into diabetes mellitus (DM) pathophysiology. Furthermore, this radiotracer enables very sensitive detection of insulinomas, resulting from vast overexpression of GLP-1Rs, and seems promising for the detection of focal lesions in congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI). Here, we describe the procedures involved in [68Ga]Ga-NODAGA-exendin-4 positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) imaging including the radiolabeling of the NODAGA-exendin conjugate with 68Ga, quality controls, and PET/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tokgöz
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Boss
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Prasad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy, Berlin Experimental Radionuclide Imaging Center (BERIC), Berlin, Germany
| | - P Shah
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust (The Royal London Childrens Hospital), London, UK
| | - P Laverman
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M van Riel
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Van Simaeys D, De La Fuente A, Zilio S, Zoso A, Kuznetsova V, Alcazar O, Buchwald P, Grilli A, Caroli J, Bicciato S, Serafini P. RNA aptamers specific for transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 6 and Clusterin for the targeted delivery of imaging reagents and RNA therapeutics to human β cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1815. [PMID: 35383192 PMCID: PMC8983715 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to detect and target β cells in vivo can substantially refine how diabetes is studied and treated. However, the lack of specific probes still hampers a precise characterization of human β cell mass and the delivery of therapeutics in clinical settings. Here, we report the identification of two RNA aptamers that specifically and selectively recognize mouse and human β cells. The putative targets of the two aptamers are transmembrane p24 trafficking protein 6 (TMED6) and clusterin (CLUS). When given systemically in immune deficient mice, these aptamers recognize the human islet graft producing a fluorescent signal proportional to the number of human islets transplanted. These aptamers cross-react with endogenous mouse β cells and allow monitoring the rejection of mouse islet allografts. Finally, once conjugated to saRNA specific for X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), they can efficiently transfect non-dissociated human islets, prevent early graft loss, and improve the efficacy of human islet transplantation in immunodeficient in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Van Simaeys
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Adriana De La Fuente
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Serena Zilio
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alessia Zoso
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Victoria Kuznetsova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Oscar Alcazar
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter Buchwald
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Andrea Grilli
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Jimmy Caroli
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Silvio Bicciato
- Center for Genome Research, Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Paolo Serafini
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. .,Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA. .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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9
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Puuvuori E, Rokka J, Carlsson PO, Li Z, Eriksson J, Eriksson O. Potential of [ 11C]UCB-J as a PET tracer for islets of Langerhans. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24466. [PMID: 34963683 PMCID: PMC8714818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers for the measurement of islets of Langerhans could help elucidate the etiology of diabetes. Synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2 A (SV2A) is a potential marker reported to be localized in the endocrine pancreas. [11C]UCB-J is a novel positron emission tomography (PET) radiotracer that binds to SV2A and was previously evaluated as a synaptic marker in the central nervous system. Here, we evaluated whether [11C]UCB-J could be utilized as a PET tracer for the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas by targeting SV2A. The mRNA transcription of SV2A was evaluated in human isolated islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue. In vitro autoradiography was performed on pancreas and brain sections from rats and pigs, and consecutive sections were immunostained for insulin. Sprague-Dawley rats were examined with PET-MRI and ex vivo autoradiography at baseline and with administration of levetiracetam (LEV). Similarly, pigs were examined with dynamic PET-CT over the pancreas and brain after administration of [11C]UCB-J at baseline and after pretreatment with LEV. In vivo radioligand binding was assessed using a one-compartment tissue model. The mRNA expression of SV2A was nearly 7 times higher in endocrine tissue than in exocrine tissue (p < 0.01). In vitro autoradiography displayed focal binding of [11C]UCB-J in the pancreas of rats and pigs, but the binding pattern did not overlap with the insulin-positive areas or with ex vivo autoradiography. In rats, pancreas binding was higher than that in negative control tissues but could not be blocked by LEV. In pigs, the pancreas and brain exhibited accumulation of [11C]UCB-J above the negative control tissue spleen. While brain binding could be blocked by pretreatment with LEV, a similar effect was not observed in the pancreas. Transcription data indicate SV2A to be a valid target for imaging islets of Langerhans, but [11C]UCB-J does not appear to have sufficient sensitivity for this application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Puuvuori
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 14C, 3rd floor, 75183, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Johanna Rokka
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhanchun Li
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 14C, 3rd floor, 75183, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 14C, 3rd floor, 75183, Uppsala, Sweden.
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10
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Cheung P, Eriksson O. The Current State of Beta-Cell-Mass PET Imaging for Diabetes Research and Therapies. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1824. [PMID: 34944640 PMCID: PMC8698817 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disease affecting over 400 million people worldwide and one of the leading causes of death, especially in developing nations. The disease is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, caused by defects in the insulin secretion or action pathway. Current diagnostic methods measure metabolic byproducts of the disease such as glucose level, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin or C-peptide levels, which are indicators of the beta-cell function. However, they inaccurately reflect the disease progression and provide poor longitudinal information. Beta-cell mass has been suggested as an alternative approach to study disease progression in correlation to beta-cell function, as it behaves differently in the diabetes physiopathology. Study of the beta-cell mass, however, requires highly invasive and potentially harmful procedures such as pancreatic biopsies, making diagnosis and monitoring of the disease tedious. Nuclear medical imaging techniques using radiation emitting tracers have been suggested as strong non-invasive tools for beta-cell mass. A highly sensitive and high-resolution technique, such as positron emission tomography, provides an ideal solution for the visualization of beta-cell mass, which is particularly essential for better characterization of a disease such as diabetes, and for estimating treatment effects towards regeneration of the beta-cell mass. Development of novel, validated biomarkers that are aimed at beta-cell mass imaging are thus highly necessary and would contribute to invaluable breakthroughs in the field of diabetes research and therapies. This review aims to describe the various biomarkers and radioactive probes currently available for positron emission tomography imaging of beta-cell mass, as well as highlight the need for precise quantification and visualization of the beta-cell mass for designing new therapy strategies and monitoring changes in the beta-cell mass during the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cheung
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-75183 Uppsala, Sweden;
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11
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Bini J, Norcross M, Cheung M, Duffy A. The Role of Positron Emission Tomography in Bariatric Surgery Research: a Review. Obes Surg 2021; 31:4592-4606. [PMID: 34304378 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-021-05576-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery, initially understood as restricting or bypassing the amount of food that reaches the stomach to reduce food intake and/or increase malabsorption of food to promote weight loss, is now recognized to also affect incretin signaling in the gut and promote improvements in system-wide metabolism. Positron emission tomography (PET) is an imaging technique whereby patients are injected with picomolar concentrations of radioactive molecules, below the threshold of having physiological effects, to measure spatial distributions of blood flow, metabolism, receptor, and enzyme pharmacology. Recent advances in both whole-body PET imaging and radioligand development will allow for novel research that may help clarify the roles of peripheral and central receptor/enzyme systems in treating obesity with bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Bini
- Yale PET Center, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Maija Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Andrew Duffy
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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12
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Wegrzyniak O, Rosestedt M, Eriksson O. Recent Progress in the Molecular Imaging of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7348. [PMID: 34298967 PMCID: PMC8306605 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological fibrosis of the liver is a landmark feature in chronic liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Diagnosis and assessment of progress or treatment efficacy today requires biopsy of the liver, which is a challenge in, e.g., longitudinal interventional studies. Molecular imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET) have the potential to enable minimally invasive assessment of liver fibrosis. This review will summarize and discuss the current status of the development of innovative imaging markers for processes relevant for fibrogenesis in liver, e.g., certain immune cells, activated fibroblasts, and collagen depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Wegrzyniak
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (O.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Maria Rosestedt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (O.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, SE-751 83 Uppsala, Sweden; (O.W.); (M.R.)
- Antaros Medical AB, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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13
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Gotthardt M, Joosten L, Jansen TJP, Brom M, Boss M, Willekens SMA. From Mice to Humans: The Exocrine Pancreas Does Not Matter in Human GLP-1 Receptor Imaging. J Nucl Med 2021; 62:745. [PMID: 33608428 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.259184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gotthardt
- Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands E-mail:
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14
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GLP-1 peptide analogs for targeting pancreatic beta cells. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1936-1943. [PMID: 33839290 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss or dysfunction of the pancreatic beta cells or insulin receptors leads to diabetes mellitus (DM). This usually occurs over many years; therefore, the development of methods for the timely detection and clinical intervention are vital to prevent the development of this disease. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is the receptor of GLP-1, an incretin hormone that causes insulin secretion in a glucose-dependent manner. GLP-1R is highly expressed on the surface of pancreatic beta cells, providing a potential target for bioimaging. In this review, we provide an overview of various strategies, such as the development of GLP-1R agonists (e.g., exendin-4), and GLP-1 sequence modifications for GLP-1R targeting for the diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic beta cell disorders. We also discuss the challenges of targeting pancreatic beta cells and strategies to address such challenges.
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15
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Espes D, Carlsson PO, Selvaraju RK, Rosestedt M, Cheung P, Ahlström H, Korsgren O, Eriksson O. Longitudinal Assessment of 11C-5-Hydroxytryptophan Uptake in Pancreas After Debut of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2021; 70:966-975. [PMID: 33479059 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The longitudinal alterations of the pancreatic β-cell and islet mass in the progression of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are still poorly understood. The objective of this study was to repeatedly assess the endocrine volume and the morphology of the pancreas for up to 24 months after T1D diagnosis (n = 16), by 11C-5-hydroxytryptophan (11C-5-HTP) positron emission tomography (PET) and MRI. Study participants were examined four times by PET/MRI: at recruitment and then after 6, 12, and 24 months. Clinical examinations and assessment of β-cell function by a mixed-meal tolerance test and fasting blood samples were performed in connection with the imaging examination. Pancreas volume has a tendency to decrease from 50.2 ± 10.3 mL at T1D debut to 42.2 ± 14.6 mL after 24 months (P < 0.098). Pancreas uptake of 11C-5-HTP (e.g., the volume of the endocrine pancreas) did not decrease from T1D diagnosis (0.23 ± 0.10 % of injected dose) to 24-month follow-up, 0.21 ± 0.14% of injected dose, and exhibited low interindividual changes. Pancreas perfusion was unchanged from diagnosis to 24-month follow-up. The pancreas uptake of 11C-5-HTP correlated with the long-term metabolic control as estimated by HbA1c (P < 0.05). Our findings argue against a major destruction of β-cell or islet mass in the 2-year period after diagnosis of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ram Kumar Selvaraju
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Rosestedt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pierre Cheung
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Ahlström
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Huang LA, Huang KX, Tu J, Kandeel F, Li J. Ramatroban-Based Analogues Containing Fluorine Group as Potential 18F-Labeled Positron Emission Tomography (PET) G-Protein Coupled Receptor 44 (GPR44) Tracers. Molecules 2021; 26:1433. [PMID: 33800801 PMCID: PMC7961607 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26051433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes remains one of the fastest growing chronic diseases and is a leading source of morbidity and accelerated mortality in the world. Loss of beta cell mass (BCM) and decreased sensitivity to insulin underlie diabetes pathogenesis. Yet, the ability to safely and directly assess BCM in individuals with diabetes does not exist. Measures such as blood glucose provide only a crude indirect picture of beta cell health. PET imaging could, in theory, allow for safe, direct, and precise characterization of BCM. However, identification of beta cell-specific radiolabeled tracers remains elusive. G-protein coupled receptor 44 (GPR44) is a transmembrane protein that was characterized in 2012 as highly beta cell-specific within the insulin-positive islets of Langerhans. Accordingly, radiolabeling of existing GPR44 antagonists could be a viable method to accelerate PET tracer development. The present study aims to evaluate and summarize published analogues of the GPR44 antagonist ramatroban to develop 18F-labeled PET tracers for BCM analysis. The 77 corresponding ramatroban analogues containing a fluorine nuclide were characterized for properties including binding affinity, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic and metabolic profile, and 32 compounds with favorable properties were identified. This review illustrates the potential of GPR44 analogues for the development of PET tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junfeng Li
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; (L.A.H.); (K.X.H.); (J.T.); (F.K.)
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17
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Molecular Imaging of Autoimmune Diseases. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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18
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Eriksson O, Långström B, Antoni G. News ways of understanding the complex biology of diabetes using PET. Nucl Med Biol 2021; 92:65-71. [PMID: 32387114 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of metabolic disease and diabetes on a molecular level has increased significantly due to the recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology. However, in vitro studies and animal models do not always translate to the human disease, perhaps illustrated by the failure of many drug candidates in the clinical phase. Non-invasive biomedical imaging techniques such as Positron Emission Tomography (PET) offer tools for direct visualization and quantification of molecular processes in humans. Developments in this area potentially enable longitudinal in vivo studies of receptors and processes involved in diabetes guiding drug development and diagnosis in the near future. This mini-review focuses on describing the overall perspective of how PET can be used to increase our understanding and improve treatment of diabetes. The methodological aspects and future developments and challenges are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - B Långström
- Department of Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - G Antoni
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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19
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20
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Gurzov EN, Ke PC, Ahlgren U, Garcia Ribeiro RS, Gotthardt M. Novel Strategies to Protect and Visualize Pancreatic β Cells in Diabetes. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2020; 31:905-917. [PMID: 33160815 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A common feature in the pathophysiology of different types of diabetes is the reduction of β cell mass and/or impairment of β cell function. Diagnosis and treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes is currently hampered by a lack of reliable techniques to restore β cell survival, to improve insulin secretion, and to quantify β cell mass in patients. Current new approaches may allow us to precisely and specifically visualize β cells in vivo and provide viable therapeutic strategies to preserve, recover, and regenerate β cells. In this review, we discuss recent protective approaches for β cells and the advantages and limitations of current imaging probes in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban N Gurzov
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium.
| | - Pu Chun Ke
- Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200032, China; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Ulf Ahlgren
- Umeå Centre for Molecular Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå S-90187, Sweden
| | - Rita S Garcia Ribeiro
- Signal Transduction and Metabolism Laboratory, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1070, Belgium
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen 6525 GA, The Netherlands
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21
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Buitinga M, Cohrs CM, Eter WA, Claessens-Joosten L, Frielink C, Bos D, Sandker G, Brom M, Speier S, Gotthardt M. Noninvasive Monitoring of Glycemia-Induced Regulation of GLP-1R Expression in Murine and Human Islets of Langerhans. Diabetes 2020; 69:2246-2252. [PMID: 32843570 DOI: 10.2337/db20-0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) imaging with radiolabeled exendin has proven to be a powerful tool to quantify β-cell mass (BCM) in vivo. As GLP-1R expression is thought to be influenced by glycemic control, we examined the effect of blood glucose (BG) levels on GLP-1R-mediated exendin uptake in both murine and human islets and its implications for BCM quantification. Periods of hyperglycemia significantly reduced exendin uptake in murine and human islets, which was paralleled by a reduction in GLP-1R expression. Detailed mapping of the tracer uptake and insulin and GLP-1R expression conclusively demonstrated that the observed reduction in tracer uptake directly correlates to GLP-1R expression levels. Importantly, the linear correlation between tracer uptake and β-cell area was maintained in spite of the reduced GLP-1R expression levels. Subsequent normalization of BG levels restored absolute tracer uptake and GLP-1R expression in β-cells and the observed loss in islet volume was halted. This manuscript emphasizes the potency of nuclear imaging techniques to monitor receptor regulation noninvasively. Our findings have significant implications for clinical practice, indicating that BG levels should be near-normalized for at least 3 weeks prior to GLP-1R agonist treatment or quantitative radiolabeled exendin imaging for BCM analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijke Buitinga
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christian M Cohrs
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wael A Eter
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Cathelijne Frielink
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Desirée Bos
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Gerwin Sandker
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Speier
- Paul Langerhans Institute Dresden of Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus of Technische Universität Dresden, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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22
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Watanabe H, Kawano K, Shimizu Y, Iikuni S, Nakamoto Y, Togashi K, Ono M. Development of Novel PET Imaging Probes for Detection of Amylin Aggregates in the Pancreas. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1293-1299. [PMID: 32202808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b01309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The deposition of islet amyloid is associated with β-cell mass dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Since the amylin aggregate is the main component of islet amyloid, in vivo imaging of amylin may be useful for diagnosis and elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism of T2DM. In the present study, we newly designed, synthesized, and evaluated two 18F labeled compounds ([18F]DANIR-F 2b and [18F]DANIR-F 2c) as positron emission tomography (PET) probes targeting amylin aggregates. In an in vitro binding study, DANIR-F 2b and DANIR-F 2c showed binding affinity for amylin aggregates (Ki = 160 and 29 nM, respectively). In addition, [18F]DANIR-F 2b and [18F]DANIR-F 2c clearly labeled islet amyloids in in vitro autoradiography of T2DM pancreatic sections. In the biodistribution study using normal mice, [18F]DANIR-F 2b and [18F]DANIR-F 2c displayed favorable pharamacokinetics in the pancreas and some organs located near the pancreas. Furthermore, in an ex vivo autoradiographic study, [18F]DANIR-F 2c also bound to amylin aggregates in the pancreas of the amylin transplanted mice. The results of this study suggest that [18F]DANIR-F 2c shows fundamental properties as a PET imaging probe targeting amylin aggregates in the T2DM pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Watanabe
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshiro Kawano
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yoichi Shimizu
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shimpei Iikuni
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuji Nakamoto
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kaori Togashi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Nuclear Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ono
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, 46-29 Yoshida Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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23
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Delcassian D, Luzhansky I, Spanoudaki V, Bochenek M, McGladrigan C, Nguyen A, Norcross S, Zhu Y, Shan CS, Hausser R, Shakesheff KM, Langer R, Anderson DG. Magnetic Retrieval of Encapsulated Beta Cell Transplants from Diabetic Mice Using Dual-Function MRI Visible and Retrievable Microcapsules. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1904502. [PMID: 32134138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201904502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Encapsulated beta cell transplantation offers a potential cure for a subset of diabetic patients. Once transplanted, beta cell grafts can help to restore glycemic control; however, locating and retrieving cells in the event of graft failure may pose a surgical challenge. Here, a dual-function nanoparticle-loaded hydrogel microcapsule is developed that enables graft retrieval under an applied magnetic field. Additionally, this system facilitates graft localization via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and graft isolation from the immune system. Iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated within alginate hydrogel capsules containing viable islets are transplanted and the in vitro and in vivo retrieval of capsules containing nanoparticles functionalized with various ligands are compared. Capsules containing islets co-encapsulated with COOH-coated nanoparticles restore normal glycemia in immunocompetent diabetic mice for at least 6 weeks, can be visualized using MRI, and are retrievable in a magnetic field. Application of a magnetic field for 90 s via a magnetically assisted retrieval device facilitates rapid retrieval of up to 94% (±3.1%) of the transplant volume 24 h after surgical implantation. This strategy aids monitoring of cell-capsule locations in vivo, facilitates graft removal at the end of the transplant lifetime, and may be applicable to many encapsulated cell transplant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derfogail Delcassian
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Igor Luzhansky
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Virginia Spanoudaki
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Matthew Bochenek
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Collin McGladrigan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Amy Nguyen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Samuel Norcross
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yuhan Zhu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Crystal Shuo Shan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Reed Hausser
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kevin M Shakesheff
- Division of Regenerative Medicine and Cellular Therapies, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel G Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 500 Main Street, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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24
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Neo CWY, Ciaramicoli LM, Soetedjo AAP, Teo AKK, Kang NY. A new perspective of probe development for imaging pancreatic beta cell in vivo. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 103:3-13. [PMID: 32057664 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Beta cells assume a fundamental role in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis through the secretion of insulin, which is contingent on both beta cell mass and function, in response to elevated blood glucose levels or secretagogues. For this reason, evaluating beta cell mass and function, as well as scrutinizing how they change over time in a diabetic state, are essential prerequisites in elucidating diabetes pathophysiology. Current clinical methods to measure human beta cell mass and/or function are largely lacking, indirect and sub-optimal, highlighting the continued need for noninvasive in vivo beta cell imaging technologies such as optical imaging techniques. While numerous probes have been developed and evaluated for their specificity to beta cells, most of them are more suited to visualize beta cell mass rather than function. In this review, we highlight the distinction between beta cell mass and function, and the importance of developing more probes to measure beta cell function. Additionally, we also explore various existing probes that can be employed to measure beta cell mass and function in vivo, as well as the caveats in probe development for in vivo beta cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Wen Ying Neo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore
| | - Larissa Miasiro Ciaramicoli
- Department of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas Alvin Purnomo Soetedjo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117596, Singapore.
| | - Nam-Young Kang
- Department of Creative IT Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), 77 Cheongam-ro, Namgu, C5 Building, Room 203, Pohang, Kyungbuk, 37673, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Kang NY, Lee JY, Lee SH, Song IH, Hwang YH, Kim MJ, Phue WH, Agrawalla BK, Wan SYD, Lalic J, Park SJ, Kim JJ, Kwon HY, Im SH, Bae MA, Ahn JH, Lim CS, Teo AKK, Park S, Kim SE, Lee BC, Lee DY, Chang YT. Multimodal Imaging Probe Development for Pancreatic β Cells: From Fluorescence to PET. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:3430-3439. [PMID: 32040300 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic β cells are responsible for insulin secretion and are important for glucose regulation in a healthy body and diabetic disease patient without prelabeling of islets. While the conventional biomarkers for diabetes have been glucose and insulin concentrations in the blood, the direct determination of the pancreatic β cell mass would provide critical information for the disease status and progression. By combining fluorination and diversity-oriented fluorescence library strategy, we have developed a multimodal pancreatic β cell probe PiF for both fluorescence and for PET (positron emission tomography). By simple tail vein injection, PiF stains pancreatic β cells specifically and allows intraoperative fluorescent imaging of pancreatic islets. PiF-injected pancreatic tissue even facilitated an antibody-free islet analysis within 2 h, dramatically accelerating the day-long histological procedure without any fixing and dehydration step. Not only islets in the pancreas but also the low background of PiF in the liver allowed us to monitor the intraportal transplanted islets, which is the first in vivo visualization of transplanted human islets without a prelabeling of the islets. Finally, we could replace the built-in fluorine atom in PiF with radioactive 18F and successfully demonstrate in situ PET imaging for pancreatic islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Young Kang
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development , Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Jung Yeol Lee
- New Drug Discovery Center, DGMIF , Daegu 41061 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam 13620 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - In Ho Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam 13620 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Hwang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK21 PLUS Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, and Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST) , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jun Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK21 PLUS Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, and Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST) , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Wut Hmone Phue
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development , Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | | | - Si Yan Diana Wan
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development , Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Janise Lalic
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development , Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Sung-Jin Park
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development , Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research , Singapore 138667 , Singapore
| | - Jong-Jin Kim
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - Haw-Young Kwon
- Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
| | - So Hee Im
- Bio &Drug Discovery Division , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong-Gu , Gajeongro 141 , Daejeon 34114 , Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Ae Bae
- Bio &Drug Discovery Division , Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology Yuseong-Gu , Gajeongro 141 , Daejeon 34114 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Ahn
- Department of Chemistry , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , Gwangju 61005 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Siang Lim
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore 138673 , Singapore
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB) , Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR) , Singapore 138673 , Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry and Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore 117597 , Singapore
| | - Sunyou Park
- New Drug Discovery Center, DGMIF , Daegu 41061 , Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Eun Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam 13620 , Republic of Korea.,Department of Transdisciplinary Studies, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development , Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , Suwon 16229 , Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine , Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital , Seongnam 13620 , Republic of Korea.,Center for Nanomolecular Imaging and Innovative Drug Development , Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology , Suwon 16229 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yun Lee
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, and BK21 PLUS Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, and Institute of Nano Science & Technology (INST) , Hanyang University , Seoul 04763 , Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development , Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology and Research , Singapore 138667 , Singapore.,Center for Self-Assembly and Complexity , Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Pohang 37673 , Republic of Korea
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26
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Human Physiology of Genetic Defects Causing Beta-cell Dysfunction. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:1579-1598. [PMID: 31953147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has revealed hundreds of genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes, many especially with insulin secretion. However, the evidence for their single or combined effect on beta-cell function relies mostly on genetic association of the variants or genetic risk scores with simple traits, and few have been functionally fully characterized even in cell or animal models. Translating the measured traits into human physiology is not straightforward: none of the various indices for beta-cell function or insulin sensitivity recapitulates the dynamic interplay between glucose sensing, endogenous glucose production, insulin production and secretion, insulin clearance, insulin resistance-to name just a few factors. Because insulin sensitivity is a major determinant of physiological need of insulin, insulin secretion should be evaluated in parallel with insulin sensitivity. On the other hand, multiple physiological or pathogenic processes can either mask or unmask subtle defects in beta-cell function. Even in monogenic diabetes, a clearly pathogenic genetic variant can result in different phenotypic characteristics-or no phenotype at all. In this review, we evaluate the methods available for studying beta-cell function in humans, critically examine the evidence linking some identified variants to a specific beta-cell phenotype, and highlight areas requiring further study.
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27
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Michelotti FC, Bowden G, Küppers A, Joosten L, Maczewsky J, Nischwitz V, Drews G, Maurer A, Gotthardt M, Schmid AM, Pichler BJ. PET/MRI enables simultaneous in vivo quantification of β-cell mass and function. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:398-410. [PMID: 31903128 PMCID: PMC6929626 DOI: 10.7150/thno.33410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-invasive imaging of β-cells represents a desirable preclinical and clinical tool to monitor the change of β-cell mass and the loss of function during pre-diabetic stages. Although it is widely accepted that manganese (Mn) ions are actively gated by voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCC) in response to glucose metabolism, little is known on its specificity in vivo for quantification of islet β-cell function using Mn and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). On the other hand, glucagon-like-peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) represents a validated target for the estimation of β-cell mass using radiolabeled exendin-4 (Ex4) and positron emission tomography (PET). However, a multiparametric imaging workflow revealing β-cell mass and function quantitatively is still missing. Methods: We developed a simultaneous PET/MRI protocol to comprehensively quantify in vivo changes in β-cell mass and function by targeting, respectively, GLP-1R and VDCC coupled with insulin secretion. Differences in the spatial distribution of Mn and radiolabeled Ex4 were monitored overtime in native and transgenic pancreata, characterized by spontaneous pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor development. Follow-up with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and autoradiography allowed the ex vivo validation of the specificity of Mn and PET tracer uptake and the detection of endogenous biometals, such as calcium and zinc, throughout the endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Results: Our in vivo data based on a volumetric PET/MRI readout for native pancreata and insulinomas connects uptake of Mn measured at early imaging time points to high non-specific binding by the exocrine tissue, while specific retention was only found 24 h post injection. These results are supported by cross-validation of the spatial distribution of exogenous 55Mn and endogenous 44Ca and 64Zn as well with the specific internalization of the radiolabeled peptide targeting GLP-1R. Conclusion: Simultaneous PET/MR imaging of the pancreas enabled the comprehensive in vivo quantification of β-cell function and mass using Mn and radiolabeled Ex4. Most important, our data revealed that only late time-point measurements reflect the Mn uptake in the islet β-cells, while early time points detect non-specific accumulation of Mn in the exocrine pancreas.
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28
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Téllez N, Montanya E. Determining Beta Cell Mass, Apoptosis, Proliferation, and Individual Beta Cell Size in Pancreatic Sections. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2128:313-337. [PMID: 32180202 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0385-7_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta cells have a significant remodeling capacity which plays an essential role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Beta cell apoptosis, replication, size, dedifferentiation, and (neo)generation contribute to the beta cell mass regulation. However, the extent of their respective contribution varies significantly depending on the specific condition, and it is the balance among them that determines the eventual change in beta cell mass. Thus, the study of the pancreatic beta cell mass regulation requires the determination of all these factors. In this chapter, we describe the quantification of beta cell replication based on the incorporation of thymidine analogs into replicated DNA strands and on the expression of Ki67 antigen and phosphorylation of histone H3. Beta cell apoptosis is analyzed by the TUNEL technique, and beta cell mass and cross-sectional area of individual beta cells are determined by computerized image processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noèlia Téllez
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain. .,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain. .,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Eduard Montanya
- CIBER of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, CIBERDEM, Barcelona, Spain.,Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Endocrine Unit, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Velikyan I, Eriksson O. Advances in GLP-1 receptor targeting radiolabeled agent development and prospective of theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:437-461. [PMID: 31903131 PMCID: PMC6929622 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of theranostics/radiotheranostics and prospective of personalized medicine in diabetes and oncology, this review presents prior and current advances in the development of radiolabeled imaging and radiotherapeutic exendin-based agents targeting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor. The review covers chemistry, preclinical, and clinical evaluation. Such critical aspects as structure-activity-relationship, stability, physiological potency, kidney uptake, and dosimetry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Fujita N, Fujimoto H, Hamamatsu K, Murakami T, Kimura H, Toyoda K, Saji H, Inagaki N. Noninvasive longitudinal quantification of β-cell mass with [ 111In]-labeled exendin-4. FASEB J 2019; 33:11836-11844. [PMID: 31370679 PMCID: PMC6902711 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900555rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Currently, quantifying β-cell mass (BCM) requires harvesting the pancreas. In this study, we investigated a potential noninvasive method to quantify BCM changes longitudinally using [Lys12(111In-BnDTPA-Ahx)]exendin-4 ([111In]-Ex4) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). We used autoradiography and transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of mouse insulin 1 gene promotor to evaluate the specificity of [111In]-Ex4 toward β cells. Using nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we injected [111In]-Ex4 (3.0 MBq) intravenously and performed SPECT 30 min later, repeating this at a 2-wk interval. After the second scan, we harvested the pancreas and calculated BCM from immunohistochemically stained pancreatic sections. Specific accumulation of [111In]-Ex4 in β cells was confirmed by autoradiography, with a significant correlation (r = 0.94) between the fluorescent and radioactive signal intensities. The radioactive signal from the pancreas in the second SPECT scan significantly correlated (r = 0.89) with BCM calculated from the immunostained pancreatic sections. We developed a regression formula to estimate BCM from the radioactive signals from the pancreas in SPECT scans. BCM can be quantified longitudinally and noninvasively by SPECT imaging with [111In]-Ex4. This technique successfully demonstrated longitudinal changes in BCM in NOD mice before and after onset of hyperglycemia.-Fujita, N., Fujimoto, H., Hamamatsu, K., Murakami, T., Kimura, H., Toyoda, K., Saji, H., Inagaki, N. Noninvasive longitudinal quantification of β-cell mass with [111In]-labeled exendin-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Fujita
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Fujimoto
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Radioisotope Research Center, Agency for Health, Safety, and Environment, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keita Hamamatsu
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murakami
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kimura
- Department of Analytical and Bioinorganic Chemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Toyoda
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideo Saji
- Department of Patho-Functional Bioanalysis, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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31
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Quantitative markers for beta-cell mass (BCM) in human pancreas are currently lacking. Medical imaging using positron emission tomography (PET) markers for beta-cell restricted targets may provide an accurate and non-invasive measurement of BCM, to assist diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disease. GPR44 was recently discovered as a putative marker for beta cells and this review summarizes the developments so far. RECENT FINDINGS Several small molecule binders targeting GPR44 have been radiolabeled for PET imaging and evaluated in vitro and in small and large animal models. 11C-AZ12204657 and 11C-MK-7246 displayed a dose-dependent and GPR44-mediated binding to beta cells both in vitro and in vivo, with negligible uptake in exocrine pancreas. GPR44 represents an attractive target for visualization of BCM. Further progress in radioligand development including clinical testing is expected to clarify the role of GPR44 as a surrogate marker for BCM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-752 37, Uppsala, Sweden.
- Antaros Medical AB, Mölndal, Sweden.
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32
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Kang NY, Soetedjo AAP, Amirruddin NS, Chang YT, Eriksson O, Teo AKK. Tools for Bioimaging Pancreatic β Cells in Diabetes. Trends Mol Med 2019; 25:708-722. [PMID: 31178230 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
When diabetes is diagnosed, the majority of insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells are already dysfunctional or destroyed. This β cell dysfunction/destruction usually takes place over many years, making timely detection and clinical intervention difficult. For this reason, there is immense interest in developing tools to bioimage β cell mass and/or function noninvasively to facilitate early diagnosis of diabetes as well as to assist the development of novel antidiabetic therapies. Recent years have brought significant progress in β cell imaging that is now inching towards clinical applicability. We explore here the need to bioimage human β cells noninvasively in various types of diabetes, and we discuss current and emerging tools for bioimaging β cells. Further developments in this field are expected to facilitate β cell imaging in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Young Kang
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, 138667, Singapore; New Drug Development Center, Daegu Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), 80 Chembok-ro (1115-1 Dongnae-dong), Dong-gu, Daegu City 41061, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Nur Shabrina Amirruddin
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Laboratory of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, 11 Biopolis Way, 02-02 Helios, 138667, Singapore; Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea; Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 77 Hyogok-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-752 36, Sweden
| | - Adrian Kee Keong Teo
- Stem Cells and Diabetes Laboratory, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, 138673, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 119228, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117596, Singapore; School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637551, Singapore.
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33
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Kaeppeli SAM, Schibli R, Mindt TL, Behe M. Comparison of desferrioxamine and NODAGA for the gallium-68 labeling of exendin-4. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:9. [PMID: 31659487 PMCID: PMC6522624 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Radiolabeled exendin-4 (Ex4) derivatives are used to target the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) for the clinical diagnosis of insulinomas, a rare type of neuroendocrine tumor. Gallium-68 is an ideal diagnostic nuclide for this application and a study evaluating an exendin-4-NODAGA conjugate is currently underway. However, in complexion with the chelator DFO, its in vivo stability has been a matter of dispute. The aim of this work was to directly compare [68Ga]Ga-Ex4NOD with [68Ga]Ga-Ex4DFO in vitro and in vivo. METHODS In our approach, we directly compared N'-[5-(acetyl-hydroxy-amino)pentyl]-N-[5-[3-(5-aminopentyl-hydroxy-carbamoyl)propanoylamino]pentyl]-N-hydroxy-butane diamide (desferriox-amine B, DFO) and 2-(4,7-bis (carboxymethyl)-1,4,7-triazonan-1-yl) pentanedioic acid (NODAGA) conjugated to exendin-4 in vitro and in vivo. We radiolabeled the peptides with gallium-68, followed by HPLC quality control. In vitro characterization was performed in CHL cells overexpressing the GLP-1R and in vivo studies were conducted with CD1 nu/nu mice carrying tumors derived from these cells. RESULTS We found that both peptides could be radiolabeled with a molar activity of about 9.33 MBq/nmol without further purification. They internalized equally well into GLP-1R-expressing cells and their IC50 was similar with 15.6 ± 7.8 nM and 18.4 ± 3.0 nM for [natGa]Ga-Ex4NOD and [natGa]Ga-Ex4DFO, respectively. In vivo, [68Ga]Ga-Ex4NOD accumulated more in all tissue, while [68Ga]Ga-Ex4DFO exhibited a more favorable target-to-kidney ratio. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE DFO is a suitable chelator for the radiolabeling of exendin-4 derivatives with gallium-68 for in vitro and preclinical in vivo studies. DFO performed better in vivo due to its significantly lower kidney accumulation (p < 0.0001). It was also found to be stable in vivo in mice, contrary to earlier reports. Based on our results, the DFO chelating system in combination with exendin-4 would be an interesting option for clinical imaging of insulinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon A M Kaeppeli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, OIPA/102, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland
| | - Roger Schibli
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, OIPA/102, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas L Mindt
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, General Hospital Vienna (AKH), c/o Sekretariat Nuklearmedizin Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image Guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Behe
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institute, OIPA/102, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232, Villigen-PSI, Switzerland.
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34
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Khera E, Zhang L, Roberts S, Nessler I, Sandoval D, Reiner T, Thurber GM. Blocking of Glucagonlike Peptide-1 Receptors in the Exocrine Pancreas Improves Specificity for β-Cells in a Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes. J Nucl Med 2019; 60:1635-1641. [PMID: 31076502 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.118.224881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The diabetes community has long desired an imaging agent to quantify the number of insulin-secreting β-cells, beyond just functional equivalents (insulin secretion), to help diagnose and monitor early stages of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Loss in the number of β-cells can be masked by a compensatory increase in function of the remaining cells. Since β-cells form only about 1% of the pancreas and decrease as the disease progresses, only a few imaging agents, such as exendin, have demonstrated clinical potential to detect a drop in the already scarce signal. However, clinical translation of imaging with exendin has been hampered by pancreatic uptake that is higher than expected in subjects with long-term diabetes who lack β-cells. Exendin binds glucagonlike peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R), previously thought to be expressed only on β-cells, but recent studies report low levels of GLP-1R on exocrine cells, complicating β-cell mass quantification. Methods: Here, we used a GLP-1R knockout mouse model to demonstrate that exocrine binding of exendin is exclusively via GLP-1R (∼1,000/cell) and not any other receptor. We then used lipophilic Cy-7 exendin to selectively preblock exocrine GLP-1R in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Results: Sufficient receptors remain on β-cells for subsequent labeling with a fluorescent- or 111In-exendin. Conclusion: Selective GLP-1R blocking, which improves contrast between healthy and diabetic pancreata and provides a potential avenue for achieving the long-standing goal of imaging β-cell mass in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eshita Khera
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sheryl Roberts
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ian Nessler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Darleen Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Thomas Reiner
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.,Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York.,Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and
| | - Greg M Thurber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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35
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Saunders DC, Brissova M, Phillips N, Shrestha S, Walker JT, Aramandla R, Poffenberger G, Flaherty DK, Weller KP, Pelletier J, Cooper T, Goff MT, Virostko J, Shostak A, Dean ED, Greiner DL, Shultz LD, Prasad N, Levy SE, Carnahan RH, Dai C, Sévigny J, Powers AC. Ectonucleoside Triphosphate Diphosphohydrolase-3 Antibody Targets Adult Human Pancreatic β Cells for In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis. Cell Metab 2019; 29:745-754.e4. [PMID: 30449685 PMCID: PMC6402969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Identification of cell-surface markers specific to human pancreatic β cells would allow in vivo analysis and imaging. Here we introduce a biomarker, ectonucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-3 (NTPDase3), that is expressed on the cell surface of essentially all adult human β cells, including those from individuals with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. NTPDase3 is expressed dynamically during postnatal human pancreas development, appearing first in acinar cells at birth, but several months later its expression declines in acinar cells while concurrently emerging in islet β cells. Given its specificity and membrane localization, we utilized an NTPDase3 antibody for purification of live human β cells as confirmed by transcriptional profiling, and, in addition, for in vivo imaging of transplanted human β cells. Thus, NTPDase3 is a cell-surface biomarker of adult human β cells, and the antibody directed to this protein should be a useful new reagent for β cell sorting, in vivo imaging, and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane C Saunders
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Marcela Brissova
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Neil Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Shristi Shrestha
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - John T Walker
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Radhika Aramandla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Greg Poffenberger
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - David K Flaherty
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin P Weller
- Flow Cytometry Shared Resource, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julie Pelletier
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Tracy Cooper
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Matt T Goff
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - John Virostko
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Alena Shostak
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - E Danielle Dean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Dale L Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Nripesh Prasad
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Shawn E Levy
- HudsonAlpha Institute of Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Chunhua Dai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jean Sévigny
- Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada; Départment de Microbiologie-Infectiologie et d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Alvin C Powers
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; VA Tennessee Valley Healthcare, Nashville, TN 37212, USA.
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Horton TM, Allegretti PA, Lee S, Moeller HP, Smith M, Annes JP. Zinc-Chelating Small Molecules Preferentially Accumulate and Function within Pancreatic β Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:213-222.e6. [PMID: 30527998 PMCID: PMC6386607 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a hyperglycemic condition characterized by pancreatic β-cell dysfunction and depletion. Whereas methods for monitoring β-cell function in vivo exist, methods to deliver therapeutics to β cells are lacking. We leveraged the rare ability of β cells to concentrate zinc to preferentially trap zinc-binding molecules within β cells, resulting in β-cell-targeted compound delivery. We determined that zinc-rich β cells and islets preferentially accumulated TSQ (6-methoxy-8-p-toluenesulfonamido-quinoline) in a zinc-dependent manner compared with exocrine pancreas. Next, we asked whether appending a zinc-chelating moiety onto a β-cell replication-inducing compound was sufficient to confer preferential β-cell accumulation and activity. Indeed, the hybrid compound preferentially accumulated within rodent and human islets in a zinc-dependent manner and increased the selectivity of replication-promoting activity toward β cells. These data resolve the fundamental question of whether intracellular accumulation of zinc-chelating compounds is influenced by zinc content. Furthermore, application of this principle yielded a proof-of-concept method for β-cell-targeted drug delivery and bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Horton
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H) Research Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Paul A Allegretti
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H) Research Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Hannah P Moeller
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Mark Smith
- Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H) Research Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Knowledge Center, Stanford CHEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin P Annes
- Department of Medicine and Division of Endocrinology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H) Research Institute, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Elksnis A, Martinell M, Eriksson O, Espes D. Heterogeneity of Metabolic Defects in Type 2 Diabetes and Its Relation to Reactive Oxygen Species and Alterations in Beta-Cell Mass. Front Physiol 2019; 10:107. [PMID: 30837889 PMCID: PMC6383038 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a complex and heterogeneous disease which affects millions of people worldwide. The classification of diabetes is at an interesting turning point and there have been several recent reports on sub-classification of T2D based on phenotypical and metabolic characteristics. An important, and perhaps so far underestimated, factor in the pathophysiology of T2D is the role of oxidative stress and reactive oxygen species (ROS). There are multiple pathways for excessive ROS formation in T2D and in addition, beta-cells have an inherent deficit in the capacity to cope with oxidative stress. ROS formation could be causal, but also contribute to a large number of the metabolic defects in T2D, including beta-cell dysfunction and loss. Currently, our knowledge on beta-cell mass is limited to autopsy studies and based on comparisons with healthy controls. The combined evidence suggests that beta-cell mass is unaltered at onset of T2D but that it declines progressively. In order to better understand the pathophysiology of T2D, to identify and evaluate novel treatments, there is a need for in vivo techniques able to quantify beta-cell mass. Positron emission tomography holds great potential for this purpose and can in addition map metabolic defects, including ROS activity, in specific tissue compartments. In this review, we highlight the different phenotypical features of T2D and how metabolic defects impact oxidative stress and ROS formation. In addition, we review the literature on alterations of beta-cell mass in T2D and discuss potential techniques to assess beta-cell mass and metabolic defects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andris Elksnis
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Martinell
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Espes
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
The clinical onset of type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of the insulin-producing β cells of the pancreas and is caused by autoantigen-induced inflammation (insulitis) of the islets of Langerhans. The current standard of care for type 1 diabetes mellitus patients allows for management of the disease with exogenous insulin, but patients eventually succumb to many chronic complications such as limb amputation, blindness, and kidney failure. New therapeutic approaches now on the horizon are looking beyond glycemic management and are evaluating new strategies from protecting and regenerating endogenous islets to treating the underlying autoimmunity through selective modulation of key immune cell populations. Currently, there are no effective treatments for the autoimmunity that causes the disease, and strategies that aim to delay or prevent the onset of the disease will play an important role in the future of diabetes research. In this review, we summarize many of the key efforts underway that utilize molecular approaches to selectively modulate this disease and look at new therapeutic paradigms that can transform clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sheehy
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Sean Quinnell
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Arturo J. Vegas
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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Wei W, Ehlerding EB, Lan X, Luo QY, Cai W. Molecular imaging of β-cells: diabetes and beyond. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:16-31. [PMID: 31378283 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Since diabetes is becoming a global epidemic, there is a great need to develop early β-cell specific diagnostic techniques for this disorder. There are two types of diabetes (i.e., type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)). In T1DM, the destruction of pancreatic β-cells leads to reduced insulin production or even absolute insulin deficiency, which consequently results in hyperglycemia. Actually, a central issue in the pathophysiology of all types of diabetes is the relative reduction of β-cell mass (BCM) and/or impairment of the function of individual β-cells. In the past two decades, scientists have been trying to develop imaging techniques for noninvasive measurement of the viability and mass of pancreatic β-cells. Despite intense scientific efforts, only two tracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and one contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are currently under clinical evaluation. β-cell specific imaging probes may also allow us to precisely and specifically visualize transplanted β-cells and to improve transplantation outcomes, as transplantation of pancreatic islets has shown promise in treating T1DM. In addition, some of these probes can be applied to the preoperative detection of hidden insulinomas as well. In the present review, we primarily summarize potential tracers under development for imaging β-cells with a focus on tracers for PET, SPECT, MRI, and optical imaging. We will discuss the advantages and limitations of the various imaging probes and extend an outlook on future developments in the field.
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Jahan M, Johnström P, Selvaraju RK, Svedberg M, Winzell MS, Bernström J, Kingston L, Schou M, Jia Z, Skrtic S, Johansson L, Korsgren O, Farde L, Halldin C, Eriksson O. The development of a GPR44 targeting radioligand [ 11C]AZ12204657 for in vivo assessment of beta cell mass. EJNMMI Res 2018; 8:113. [PMID: 30588560 PMCID: PMC6306373 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-018-0465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The G-protein-coupled receptor 44 (GPR44) is a beta cell-restricted target that may serve as a marker for beta cell mass (BCM) given the development of a suitable PET ligand. Methods The binding characteristics of the selected candidate, AZ12204657, at human GPR44 were determined using in vitro ligand binding assays. AZ12204657 was radiolabeled using 11C- or 3H-labeled methyl iodide ([11C/3H]CH3I) in one step, and the conversion of [11C/3H]CH3I to the radiolabeled product [11C/3H]AZ12204657 was quantitative. The specificity of radioligand binding to GPR44 and the selectivity for beta cells were evaluated by in vitro binding studies on pancreatic sections from human and non-human primates as well as on homogenates from endocrine and exocrine pancreatic compartments. Results The radiochemical purity of the resulting radioligand [11C]AZ12204657 was > 98%, with high molar activity (MA), 1351 ± 575 GBq/μmol (n = 18). The radiochemical purity of [3H]AZ12204657 was > 99% with MA of 2 GBq/μmol. Pancreatic binding of [11C/3H]AZ12204657 was co-localized with insulin-positive islets of Langerhans in non-diabetic individuals and individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). The binding of [11C]AZ12204657 to GPR44 was > 10 times higher in islet homogenates compared to exocrine homogenates. In human islets of Langerhans GPR44 was co-expressed with insulin, but not glucagon as assessed by co-staining and confocal microscopy. Conclusion We radiolabeled [11C]AZ12204657, a potential PET radioligand for the beta cell-restricted protein GPR44. In vitro evaluation demonstrated that [3H]AZ12204657 and [11C]AZ12204657 selectively target pancreatic beta cells. [11C]AZ12204657 has promising properties as a marker for human BCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahabuba Jahan
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Peter Johnström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ram K Selvaraju
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marie Svedberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Sörhede Winzell
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jenny Bernström
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lee Kingston
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhisheng Jia
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stanko Skrtic
- Innovation Strategies & External Liaison, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Johansson
- GMED Diabetes, Global Medicines Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Present address: Antaros Medical, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Division of Immunology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Farde
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Gotthardt M, Eizirik DL, Aanstoot HJ, Korsgren O, Mul D, Martin F, Boss M, Jansen TJP, van Lith SAM, Buitinga M, Eriksson O, Cnop M, Brom M. Detection and quantification of beta cells by PET imaging: why clinical implementation has never been closer. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2516-2519. [PMID: 30284016 PMCID: PMC6223852 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4745-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this issue of Diabetologia, Alavi and Werner ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4676-1 ) criticise the attempts to use positron emission tomography (PET) for in vivo imaging of pancreatic beta cells, which they consider as 'futile'. In support of this strong statement, they point out the limitations of PET imaging, which they believe render beta cell mass impossible to estimate using this method. In our view, the Alavi and Werner presentation of the technical limitations of PET imaging does not reflect the current state of the art, which leads them to questionable conclusions towards the feasibility of beta cell imaging using this approach. Here, we put forward arguments in favour of continuing the development of innovative technologies enabling in vivo imaging of pancreatic beta cells and concisely present the current state of the art regarding putative technical limitations of PET imaging. Indeed, far from being a 'futile' effort, we demonstrate that beta cell imaging is now closer than ever to becoming a long-awaited clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Henk-Jan Aanstoot
- Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Dick Mul
- Diabeter, Center for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Care and Research, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marti Boss
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tom J P Jansen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne A M van Lith
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Mijke Buitinga
- Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Olof Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miriam Cnop
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Division of Endocrinology, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud university medical centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Alavi A, Werner TJ. Futility of attempts to detect and quantify beta cells by PET imaging in the pancreas: why it is time to abandon the approach. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2512-2515. [PMID: 29955934 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this commentary, we describe the limitations of positron emission tomography (PET) in visualising and characterising beta cell mass in the native pancreas in healthy individuals and those diagnosed with diabetes. Imaging with PET requires a large mass of targeted cells or other structures in the range of approximately 8-10 cm3. Since islets occupy only 1% of the pancreatic volume and are dispersed throughout the organ, it is our view that uptake of PET tracers, including [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine, in islets cannot be successfully detected by current imaging modalities. Therefore, we dispute the feasibility of PET imaging for the detection of loss of beta cells in the native pancreas in individuals with diabetes. However, we believe this novel approach can be successfully employed to visualise beta cell mass in individuals with hyperinsulinism and transplanted islets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abass Alavi
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Thomas J Werner
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Cline GW, Naganawa M, Chen L, Chidsey K, Carvajal-Gonzalez S, Pawlak S, Rossulek M, Zhang Y, Bini J, McCarthy TJ, Carson RE, Calle RA. Decreased VMAT2 in the pancreas of humans with type 2 diabetes mellitus measured in vivo by PET imaging. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2598-2607. [PMID: 29721633 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4624-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The progressive loss of beta cell function is part of the natural history of type 2 diabetes. Autopsy studies suggest that this is, in part, due to loss of beta cell mass (BCM), but this has not been confirmed in vivo. Non-invasive methods to quantify BCM may contribute to a better understanding of type 2 diabetes pathophysiology and the development of therapeutic strategies. In humans, the localisation of vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 (VMAT2) in beta cells and pancreatic polypeptide cells, with minimal expression in other exocrine or endocrine pancreatic cells, has led to its development as a measure of BCM. We used the VMAT2 tracer [18F]fluoropropyl-(+)-dihydrotetrabenazine to quantify BCM in humans with impaired glucose tolerance (prediabetes) or type 2 diabetes, and in healthy obese volunteers (HOV). METHODS Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) data were obtained for 4 h with metabolite-corrected arterial blood measurement in 16 HOV, five prediabetic and 17 type 2 diabetic participants. Eleven participants (six HOV and five with type 2 diabetes) underwent two abdominal PET/computed tomography (CT) scans for the assessment of test-retest variability. Standardised uptake value ratio (SUVR) was calculated in pancreatic subregions (head, body and tail), with the spleen as a reference region to determine non-specific tracer uptake at 3-4 h. The outcome measure SUVR minus 1 (SUVR-1) accounts for non-specific tracer uptake. Functional beta cell capacity was assessed by C-peptide release following standard (arginine stimulus test [AST]) and acute insulin response to the glucose-enhanced AST (AIRargMAX). Pearson correlation analysis was performed between the binding variables and the C-peptide AUC post-AST and post-AIRargMAX. RESULTS Absolute test-retest variability (aTRV) was ≤15% for all regions. Variability and overlap of SUVR-1 was measured in all groups; HOV and participants with prediabetes and with type 2 diabetes. SUVR-1 showed significant positive correlations with AIRargMAX (all groups) in all pancreas subregions (whole pancreas p = 0.009 and pancreas head p = 0.009; body p = 0.019 and tail p = 0.023). SUVR-1 inversely correlated with HbA1c (all groups) in the whole pancreas (p = 0.033) and pancreas head (p = 0.008). SUVR-1 also inversely correlated with years since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in the pancreas head (p = 0.049) and pancreas tail (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The observed correlations of VMAT2 density in the pancreas and pancreas regions with years since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, glycaemic control and beta cell function suggest that loss of BCM contributes to deficient insulin secretion in humans with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Cline
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Mika Naganawa
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jason Bini
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Cline GW, McCarthy TJ, Carson RE, Calle RA. Clinical and scientific value in the pursuit of quantification of beta cells in the pancreas by PET imaging. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2671-2673. [PMID: 30136144 PMCID: PMC6219921 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Cline
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | | | - Richard E Carson
- Yale University, 801 Howard Avenue, PO Box 208048, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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45
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Templin AT, Meier DT, Willard JR, Wolden-Hanson T, Conway K, Lin YG, Gillespie PJ, Bokvist KB, Attardo G, Kahn SE, Scheuner D, Hull RL. Use of the PET ligand florbetapir for in vivo imaging of pancreatic islet amyloid deposits in hIAPP transgenic mice. Diabetologia 2018; 61:2215-2224. [PMID: 30046852 PMCID: PMC6119478 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Islet amyloid deposits contribute to beta cell dysfunction and death in most individuals with type 2 diabetes but non-invasive methods to determine the presence of these pathological protein aggregates are currently not available. Therefore, we examined whether florbetapir, a radiopharmaceutical agent used for detection of amyloid-β deposits in the brain, also allows identification of islet amyloid in the pancreas. METHODS Saturation binding assays were used to determine the affinity of florbetapir for human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) aggregates in vitro. Islet amyloid-prone transgenic mice that express hIAPP in their beta cells and amyloid-free non-transgenic control mice were used to examine the ability of florbetapir to detect islet amyloid deposits in vitro, in vivo and ex vivo. Mice or mouse pancreases were subjected to autoradiographic, histochemical and/or positron emission tomography (PET) analyses to assess the utility of florbetapir in identifying islet amyloid. RESULTS In vitro, florbetapir bound synthetic hIAPP fibrils with a dissociation constant of 7.9 nmol/l. Additionally, florbetapir bound preferentially to amyloid-containing hIAPP transgenic vs amyloid-free non-transgenic mouse pancreas sections in vitro, as determined by autoradiography (16,475 ± 5581 vs 5762 ± 575 density/unit area, p < 0.05). In hIAPP transgenic and non-transgenic mice fed a high-fat diet for 1 year, intravenous administration of florbetapir followed by PET scanning showed that the florbetapir signal was significantly higher in amyloid-laden hIAPP transgenic vs amyloid-free non-transgenic pancreases in vivo during the first 5 min of the scan (36.83 ± 2.22 vs 29.34 ± 2.03 standardised uptake value × min, p < 0.05). Following PET, pancreases were excised and florbetapir uptake was determined ex vivo by γ counting. Pancreatic uptake of florbetapir was significantly correlated with the degree of islet amyloid deposition, the latter assessed by histochemistry (r = 0.74, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Florbetapir binds to islet amyloid deposits in a specific and quantitative manner. In the future, florbetapir may be useful as a non-invasive tool to identify islet amyloid deposits in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Templin
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA.
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Daniel T Meier
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joshua R Willard
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tami Wolden-Hanson
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
| | - Kelly Conway
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yin-Guo Lin
- Avid Radiopharmaceuticals, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Steven E Kahn
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Rebecca L Hull
- Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA, 98108, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Marchetti P, Suleiman M, Marselli L. Organ donor pancreases for the study of human islet cell histology and pathophysiology: a precious and valuable resource. Diabetologia 2018; 61:770-774. [PMID: 29354869 PMCID: PMC6449064 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Direct in vivo assessment of pancreatic islet-cells for the study of the pathophysiology of diabetes in humans is hampered by anatomical and technological hurdles. To date, most of the information that has been generated is derived from histological studies performed on pancreatic tissue from autopsy, surgery, in vivo biopsy or organ donation. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages (as summarised in this commentary); however, in this edition of Diabetologia, Kusmartseva et al ( https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4494-x ) provide further evidence to support the use of organ donor pancreases for the study of human diabetes. They show that length of terminal hospitalisation of organ donors prior to death does not seem to influence the frequency of inflammatory cells infiltrating the pancreas and the replication of beta cells. These findings are reassuring, demonstrating the reliability of this precious and valuable resource for human islet cells research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Marchetti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and University Hospital, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, 56121, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Mara Suleiman
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and University Hospital, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, 56121, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lorella Marselli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and University Hospital, University of Pisa, via Paradisa 2, 56121, Pisa, Italy
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Eriksson O, Korsgren O, Selvaraju RK, Mollaret M, de Boysson Y, Chimienti F, Altai M. Pancreatic imaging using an antibody fragment targeting the zinc transporter type 8: a direct comparison with radio-iodinated Exendin-4. Acta Diabetol 2018; 55:49-57. [PMID: 29064047 PMCID: PMC5794837 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIM The zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) has been suggested as a suitable target for non-invasive visualization of the functional pancreatic beta cell mass, due to both its pancreatic beta cell restricted expression and tight involvement in insulin secretion. METHODS In order to examine the potential of ZnT8 as a surrogate target for beta cell mass, we performed mRNA transcription analysis in pancreatic compartments. A novel ZnT8 targeting antibody fragment Ab31 was radiolabeled with iodine-125, and evaluated by in vitro autoradiography in insulinoma and pancreas as well as by in vivo biodistribution. The evaluation was performed in a direct comparison with radio-iodinated Exendin-4. RESULTS Transcription of the ZnT8 mRNA was higher in islets of Langerhans compared to exocrine tissue. Ab31 targeted ZnT8 in the cytosol and on the plasma membrane with 108 nM affinity. Ab31 was successfully radiolabeled with iodine-125 with high yield and > 95% purity. [125I]Ab31 binding to insulinoma and pancreas was higher than for [125I]Exendin-4, but could only by partially competed away by 200 nM Ab31 in excess. The in vivo uptake of [125I]Ab31 was higher than [125I]Exendin-4 in most tissues, mainly due to slower clearance from blood. CONCLUSIONS We report a first-in-class ZnT8 imaging ligand for pancreatic imaging. Development with respect to ligand miniaturization and radionuclide selection is required for further progress. Transcription analysis indicates ZnT8 as a suitable target for visualization of the human endocrine pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Olle Korsgren
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ram Kumar Selvaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Fabrice Chimienti
- Mellitech SAS, 38028, Grenoble, France
- Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit (IMED Biotech), AstraZeneca AB, 431 50, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mohamed Altai
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Joosten L, Brom M, Peeters H, Heskamp S, Béhé M, Boerman O, Gotthardt M. Enhanced Specific Activity by Multichelation of Exendin-3 Leads To Improved Image Quality and In Vivo Beta Cell Imaging. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:486-494. [PMID: 29226686 PMCID: PMC6150723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) targeting using radiolabeled exendin is a promising approach to noninvasively visualize and determine beta cell mass (BCM), which could help to unravel the pathophysiology of diabetes. However, saturation of the GLP-1R on beta cells occurs at low peptide doses, since the number of receptors expressed under physiological conditions is low. Therefore, tracers with high specific activities are required to sensitively image small variations in BCM. Here, we describe a novel exendin-3-based radiotracer with multiple chelators and determine its potential for in vivo beta cell imaging. Exendin-3 was modified by adding six lysine residues C-terminally conjugated with one, two, or six DTPA moieties. All compounds were labeled with 111In and their GLP-1R affinity was determined in vitro using GLP-1R expressing cells. The in vivo behavior of the 111In-labeled tracers was examined in BALB/c nude mice with a subcutaneous GLP-1R expressing tumor (INS-1). Brown Norway rats were used for SPECT visualization of the pancreatic BCM. Addition of six lysine and six DTPA residues (hexendin(40-45)) resulted in a 7-fold increase in specific activity (from 0.73 GBq/nmol to 5.54 GBq/nmol). IC50 values varied between 5.2 and 69.5 nM. All compounds with two or six lysine and DTPA residues had a significantly lower receptor affinity than [Lys40(DTPA)]exendin-3 (4.4 nM, p < 0.05). The biodistribution in mice revealed no significant decrease in pancreatic uptake after addition of six lysine and DTPA molecules. Hexendin(40-45) showed a 6-fold increase in absolute 111In uptake in the pancreas of Brown Norway rats compared to [Lys40(DTPA)]exendin-3 (182.7 ± 42.3 kBq vs 28.8 ± 6.0 kBq, p < 0.001). Visualization of the pancreas on SPECT was improved using hexendin(40-45), due to the higher count rate, achieved at the same peptide dose. In conclusion, hexendin(40-45) showed an improved visualization of the pancreas with SPECT. This tracer holds promise to sensitively and specifically detect small variations in BCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke Joosten
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten Brom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke Peeters
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Heskamp
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Béhé
- Center for Radiopharmaceutical Sciences ETH-PSI-USZ, Paul Scherrer Institut , 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Otto Boerman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center , PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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49
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Eriksson O, Rosenström U, Selvaraju RK, Eriksson B, Velikyan I. Species differences in pancreatic binding of DO3A-VS-Cys 40-Exendin4. Acta Diabetol 2017; 54:1039-1045. [PMID: 28891030 PMCID: PMC5643362 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-017-1046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Radiolabeled Exendin-4 has been proposed as suitable imaging marker for pancreatic beta cell mass quantification mediated by Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). However, noticeable species variations in basal pancreatic uptake as well as uptake reduction degree due to selective beta cell ablation were observed. METHODS In vitro and ex vivo autoradiography studies of pancreas were performed using [177Lu]Lu-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4, in order to investigate the mechanism of uptake as well as the islet uptake contrast in mouse, rat, pig, and non-human primate. The autoradiography results were compared to the in vivo pancreatic uptake as assessed by [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) in the same species. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo data formed the basis for calculating the theoretical in vivo contribution of each pancreatic compartment. RESULTS [177Lu]Lu-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4 displayed the highest islet-to-exocrine pancreas ratio (IPR) in rat (IPR 45) followed by non-human primate and mouse at similar levels (IPR approximately 5) while pigs exhibited negligible IPR (1.1). In vivo pancreas uptake was mainly GLP-1R mediated in all species, but the magnitude of uptake under basal physiology varied significantly in decreasing order: non-human primate, mouse, pig, and rat. The theoretical calculation of islet contribution to the total pancreatic PET signal predicted the in vivo observation of differences in pancreatic uptake of [68Ga]Ga-DO3A-VS-Cys40-Exendin4. CONCLUSIONS IPR as well as the exocrine GLP-1R density is the main determinants of the species variability in pancreatic uptake. Thus, the IPR in human is an important factor for assessing the potential of GLP-1R as an imaging biomarker for pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Eriksson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ram K Selvaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbro Eriksson
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irina Velikyan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 14C, 3tr, SE-751 83, Uppsala, Sweden.
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50
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Abstract
As the field of PET has expanded and an ever-increasing number and variety of compounds have been radiolabeled as potential in vivo tracers of biochemistry, transporters have become important primary targets or facilitators of radiotracer uptake and distribution. A transporter can be the primary target through the development of a specific high-affinity radioligand: examples are the multiple high-affinity radioligands for the neuronal membrane neurotransmitter or vesicular transporters, used to image nerve terminals in the brain. The goal of a radiotracer might be to study the function of a transporter through the use of a radiolabeled substrate, such as the application of 3-O-[11C]methyl]glucose to measure rates of glucose transport through the blood-brain barrier. In many cases, transporters are required for radiotracer distributions, but the targeted biochemistries might be unrelated: an example is the use of 2-deoxy-2-[18F]FDG for imaging glucose metabolism, where initial passage of the radiotracer through cell membranes requires the action of specific glucose transporters. Finally, there are transporters such as p-glycoprotein that function to extrude small molecules from tissues, and can effectively work against successful uptake of radiotracers. The diversity of structures and functions of transporters, their importance in human health and disease, and their role in therapeutic drug disposition suggest that in vivo imaging of transporter location and function will continue to be a point of emphasis in PET radiopharmaceutical development. In this review, the variety of transporters and their importance for in vivo PET radiotracer development and application are discussed. Transporters have thus joined the other major protein targets such as G-protein coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, enzymes, and aggregated proteins as of high interest for understanding human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Kilbourn
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI.
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