1
|
Meneses-Valdés R, Gallero S, Henriquez-Olguín C, Jensen TE. Exploring NADPH oxidases 2 and 4 in cardiac and skeletal muscle adaptations - a cross-tissue comparison ‡. Free Radic Biol Med 2024:S0891-5849(24)00581-1. [PMID: 39069268 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Striated muscle cells, encompassing cardiac myocytes and skeletal muscle fibers, are fundamental to athletic performance, facilitating blood circulation and coordinated movement through contraction. Despite their distinct functional roles, these muscle types exhibit similarities in cytoarchitecture, protein expression, and excitation-contraction coupling. Both muscle types also undergo molecular remodeling in energy metabolism and cell size in response to acute and repeated exercise stimuli to enhance exercise performance. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH oxidase (NOX) isoforms 2 and 4 have emerged as signaling molecules that regulate exercise adaptations. This review systematically compares NOX2 and NOX4 expression, regulation, and roles in cardiac and skeletal muscle responses across exercise modalities. We highlight the many gaps in our knowledge and opportunities to let future skeletal muscle research into NOX-dependent mechanisms be inspired by cardiac muscle studies and vice versa. Understanding these processes could enhance the development of exercise routines to optimize human performance and health strategies that capitalize on the advantages of physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Meneses-Valdés
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Samantha Gallero
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Henriquez-Olguín
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark; Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Av. Pedro de Valdivia 1509, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Thomas E Jensen
- The August Krogh Section for Molecular Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 13, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Viken JK, Olsen T, Drevon CA, Hjorth M, Birkeland KI, Norheim F, Lee-Ødegård S. Intra-Individual Variations in How Insulin Sensitivity Responds to Long-Term Exercise: Predictions by Machine Learning Based on Large-Scale Serum Proteomics. Metabolites 2024; 14:335. [PMID: 38921470 PMCID: PMC11206077 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical activity is effective for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes, but some individuals do not achieve metabolic benefits from exercise ("non-responders"). We investigated non-responders in terms of insulin sensitivity changes following a 12-week supervised strength and endurance exercise program. We used a hyperinsulinaemic euglycaemic clamp to measure insulin sensitivity among 26 men aged 40-65, categorizing them into non-responders or responders based on their insulin sensitivity change scores. The exercise regimen included VO2max, muscle strength, whole-body MRI scans, muscle and fat biopsies, and serum samples. mRNA sequencing was performed on biopsies and Olink proteomics on serum samples. Non-responders showed more visceral and intramuscular fat and signs of dyslipidaemia and low-grade inflammation at baseline and did not improve in insulin sensitivity following exercise, although they showed gains in VO2max and muscle strength. Impaired IL6-JAK-STAT3 signalling in non-responders was suggested by serum proteomics analysis, and a baseline serum proteomic machine learning (ML) algorithm predicted insulin sensitivity responses with high accuracy, validated across two independent exercise cohorts. The ML model identified 30 serum proteins that could forecast exercise-induced insulin sensitivity changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Krag Viken
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (J.K.V.); (K.I.B.)
| | - Thomas Olsen
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (C.A.D.); (M.H.); (F.N.)
| | - Christian André Drevon
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (C.A.D.); (M.H.); (F.N.)
- Vitas Ltd., Oslo Science Park, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marit Hjorth
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (C.A.D.); (M.H.); (F.N.)
| | - Kåre Inge Birkeland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (J.K.V.); (K.I.B.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0586 Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Norheim
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (T.O.); (C.A.D.); (M.H.); (F.N.)
| | - Sindre Lee-Ødegård
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0313 Oslo, Norway; (J.K.V.); (K.I.B.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, 0586 Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Qi Z, LE S, Cheng R, DU X, Zhao C, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Feng L, Schumann M, Mao L, Cheng S. Responses of the Serum Lipid Profile to Exercise and Diet Interventions in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2024; 56:1036-1045. [PMID: 38247038 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000003388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to assess the response patterns of circulating lipids to exercise and diet interventions in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). METHODS The 8.6-month four-arm randomized controlled study comprised 115 NAFLD patients with prediabetes who were assigned to aerobic exercise (AEx; n = 29), low-carbohydrate diet (Diet; n = 28), AEx plus low-carbohydrate diet (AED; n = 29), and nonintervention (NI, n = 29) groups. Hepatic fat content (HFC) was quantified by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Serum lipidomic analytes were measured using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS After intervention, the total level of phosphatidylcholine (PC) increased significantly in the AEx group ( P = 0.043), whereas phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and triacylglycerol decreased significantly in the AED group ( P = 0.046 and P = 0.036, respectively), and phosphatidylserine decreased in the NI group ( P = 0.002). Changes of 21 lipid metabolites were significantly associated with changes of HFC, among which half belonged to PC. Most of the molecules related to insulin sensitivity belonged to sphingomyelin (40 of 79). Controlling for the change of visceral fat, the significant associations between lipid metabolites and HFC remained. In addition, baseline serum lipids could predict the response of HFC to exercise and/or diet interventions (PE15:0/18:0 for AED, area under the curve (AUC) = 0.97; PE22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)/0:0 for AEx, AUC = 0.90; and PC14:1(9Z)/19:1(9Z) for Diet, AUC = 0.92). CONCLUSIONS Changes of lipidome after exercise and/or diet interventions were associated with HFC reductions, which are independent of visceral fat reduction, particularly in metabolites belonging to PC. Importantly, baseline PE could predict the HFC response to exercise, and PC predicted the response to diet. These results indicate that a circulating metabolomics panel can be used to facilitate clinical implementation of lifestyle interventions for NAFLD management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Qi
- Physical Education Department, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CHINA
| | | | - Runtan Cheng
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Xiaming DU
- Department of Orthopedic, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Can Zhao
- School of Athletic Performance, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Zhengyun Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, CHINA
| | - Xiaobo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Optometry and Visual Science, Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, CHINA
| | - Lei Feng
- Instrumental Analysis Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, CHINA
| | | | - Lijuan Mao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, CHINA
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Garneau L, Mulvihill EE, Smith SR, Sparks LM, Aguer C. Myokine Secretion following an Aerobic Exercise Intervention in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes with or without Exercise Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4889. [PMID: 38732106 PMCID: PMC11084395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by muscle metabolic dysfunction that exercise can minimize, but some patients do not respond to an exercise intervention. Myokine secretion is intrinsically altered in patients with T2D, but the role of myokines in exercise resistance in this patient population has never been studied. We sought to determine if changes in myokine secretion were linked to the response to an exercise intervention in patients with T2D. The participants followed a 10-week aerobic exercise training intervention, and patients with T2D were grouped based on muscle mitochondrial function improvement (responders versus non-responders). We measured myokines in serum and cell-culture medium of myotubes derived from participants pre- and post-intervention and in response to an in vitro model of muscle contraction. We also quantified the expression of genes related to inflammation in the myotubes pre- and post-intervention. No significant differences were detected depending on T2D status or response to exercise in the biological markers measured, with the exception of modest differences in expression patterns for certain myokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-15). Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms involving myokines may explain exercise resistance with T2D; however, the role in metabolic adaptations to exercise in T2D requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léa Garneau
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (L.G.); (E.E.M.)
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - Erin E. Mulvihill
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (L.G.); (E.E.M.)
- University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4W7, Canada
| | - Steven R. Smith
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, USA; (S.R.S.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Lauren M. Sparks
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, FL 32804, USA; (S.R.S.); (L.M.S.)
| | - Céline Aguer
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1H 8M5, Canada; (L.G.); (E.E.M.)
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, McGill University–Campus Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8V 3T4, Canada
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kovac L, Goj T, Ouni M, Irmler M, Jähnert M, Beckers J, Hrabé De Angelis M, Peter A, Moller A, Birkenfeld AL, Weigert C, Schürmann A. Skeletal Muscle Gene Expression Signatures of Obese High and Low Responders to Endurance Exercise Training. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024; 109:1318-1327. [PMID: 37988600 PMCID: PMC11031218 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Exercise training is known to improve glucose tolerance and reverse insulin resistance in people with obesity. However, some individuals fail to improve or even decline in their clinical traits following exercise intervention. OBJECTIVE This study focused on gene expression and DNA methylation signatures in skeletal muscle of low (LRE) and high responders (RES) to 8 weeks of supervised endurance training. METHODS We performed skeletal muscle gene expression and DNA methylation analyses in LRE and RES before and after exercise intervention. Additionally, we applied the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) approach to identify predictive marker genes of exercise outcome. RESULTS We show that the two groups differ markedly already before the intervention. RES were characterized by lower expression of genes involved in DNA replication and repair, and higher expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The LASSO approach identified several novel candidates (eg, ZCWPW2, FOXRED1, STK40) that have not been previously described in the context of obesity and exercise response. Following the intervention, LRE reacted with expression changes of genes related to inflammation and apoptosis, RES with genes related to mitochondrial function. LRE exhibited significantly higher expression of ECM components compared to RES, suggesting improper remodeling and potential negative effects on insulin sensitivity. Between 45% and 70% of differences in gene expression could be linked to differences in DNA methylation. CONCLUSION Together, our data offer an insight into molecular mechanisms underlying differences in response to exercise and provide potential novel markers for the success of intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leona Kovac
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal 14558, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Research Group Molecular and Clinical Life Science of Metabolic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, University of Potsdam, Brandenburg 14469, Germany
| | - Thomas Goj
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Meriem Ouni
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal 14558, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Markus Jähnert
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal 14558, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Freising 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabé De Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- School of Life Sciences, Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technical University Munich, Freising 85764, Germany
| | - Andreas Peter
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Anja Moller
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Andreas L Birkenfeld
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine IV, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Cora Weigert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department for Diagnostic Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Annette Schürmann
- Department of Experimental Diabetology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal 14558, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), München-Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal 14558, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vilca Coaquira KM, Rojas Chambilla RA, Tejada Flores J, Tintaya Ramos HO, Quispe Trujillo MM, Quispe Humpiri SA, Calisaya Huacasi ÁG, Pino Vanegas YM, Peña Vicuña GF, Salazar Granara AA, Tacuna Calderon AL, Garcia Bedoya NM, Yang M, Hancco Zirena I. Lower glycemia levels in subjects with excessive erythrocytosis during the oral glucose tolerance test living in conditions of severe hypoxia. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1387132. [PMID: 38655033 PMCID: PMC11035787 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1387132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies showed that residents of higher elevations have lower glucose levels. Our objective in this study is to determine the basal and postprandial glucose levels in apparently healthy permanent residents of the miner population center of La Rinconada located 5100 meters (m) above sea level. Method Forty male permanent residents of the Rinconada miner population center were studied. The oral glucose tolerance test was used to evaluate basal and postprandial glycemia levels at 1, 2, and 3 h. Results The individuals had a mean age of 43.95 ± 8.54 years. Basal glycemia in subjects without excessive erythrocytosis (EE) was 73.3 ± 7.9 mg/dL, while levels in patients with EE were 57.98 ± 7.38 mg/dL. In the postprandial period, at 1 h after oral glucose overload, a mean value of 76.35 ± 13.53 mg/dL was observed in subjects with EE compared to 94.68 ± 9.98 mg/dL in subjects without EE. After 2 h, subjects with EE had a glycemia level of 72.91 ± 9.17 mg/dL EE compared to 90.73 ± 13.86 mg/dL without EE. At 3 h, the average glycemia level in subjects with EE was 70.77 ± 8.73 mg/dL compared to 87.79 ± 14.16 mg/dL in those without EE. Conclusion These findings suggest that under hypoxic conditions, glycemia levels are lower in both subjects with and without EE, having obtained lower levels in subjects with EE in relation to those with normal values of Hb and Hct. The results of this study indicate that in the conditions of severe hypoxia, blood glucose levels are below the values considered normal for sea level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeancarlo Tejada Flores
- Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Del Altiplano, Puno, Perú
- ACEM UNA, Puno, Perú
| | | | | | | | | | - Yony M. Pino Vanegas
- Facultad De Educación, Escuela Profesional De Educación Física, UNA Puno, Puno, Perú
| | | | | | - Ana Lucia Tacuna Calderon
- Instituto De Investigación en Medicina De Altura (CIMA), Facultad De Medicina Humana, Universidad De San Martín De Porres, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Moua Yang
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ivan Hancco Zirena
- Instituto De Investigación en Medicina De Altura (CIMA), Facultad De Medicina Humana, Universidad De San Martín De Porres, Lima, Perú
- Division of Hemostasis and Thrombosis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Noone J, Mucinski JM, DeLany JP, Sparks LM, Goodpaster BH. Understanding the variation in exercise responses to guide personalized physical activity prescriptions. Cell Metab 2024; 36:702-724. [PMID: 38262420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that contribute to exercise response variation is the first step in achieving the goal of developing personalized exercise prescriptions. This review discusses the key molecular and other mechanistic factors, both extrinsic and intrinsic, that influence exercise responses and health outcomes. Extrinsic characteristics include the timing and dose of exercise, circadian rhythms, sleep habits, dietary interactions, and medication use, whereas intrinsic factors such as sex, age, hormonal status, race/ethnicity, and genetics are also integral. The molecular transducers of exercise (i.e., genomic/epigenomic, proteomic/post-translational, transcriptomic, metabolic/metabolomic, and lipidomic elements) are considered with respect to variability in physiological and health outcomes. Finally, this review highlights the current challenges that impede our ability to develop effective personalized exercise prescriptions. The Molecular Transducers of Physical Activity Consortium (MoTrPAC) aims to fill significant gaps in the understanding of exercise response variability, yet further investigations are needed to address additional health outcomes across all populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Noone
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | | | - James P DeLany
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Edman S, Jones RG, Jannig PR, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Norrbom J, Thomas NT, Khadgi S, Koopmans PJ, Morena F, Peterson CS, Scott LN, Greene NP, Figueiredo VC, Fry CS, Zhengye L, Lanner JT, Wen Y, Alkner B, Murach KA, von Walden F. The 24-Hour Time Course of Integrated Molecular Responses to Resistance Exercise in Human Skeletal Muscle Implicates MYC as a Hypertrophic Regulator That is Sufficient for Growth. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.26.586857. [PMID: 38586026 PMCID: PMC10996609 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.26.586857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Molecular control of recovery after exercise in muscle is temporally dynamic. A time course of biopsies around resistance exercise (RE) combined with -omics is necessary to better comprehend the molecular contributions of skeletal muscle adaptation in humans. Vastus lateralis biopsies before and 30 minutes, 3-, 8-, and 24-hours after acute RE were collected. A time-point matched biopsy-only group was also included. RNA-sequencing defined the transcriptome while DNA methylomics and computational approaches complemented these data. The post-RE time course revealed: 1) DNA methylome responses at 30 minutes corresponded to upregulated genes at 3 hours, 2) a burst of translation- and transcription-initiation factor-coding transcripts occurred between 3 and 8 hours, 3) global gene expression peaked at 8 hours, 4) ribosome-related genes dominated the mRNA landscape between 8 and 24 hours, 5) methylation-regulated MYC was a highly influential transcription factor throughout the 24-hour recovery and played a primary role in ribosome-related mRNA levels between 8 and 24 hours. The influence of MYC in human muscle adaptation was strengthened by transcriptome information from acute MYC overexpression in mouse muscle. To test whether MYC was sufficient for hypertrophy, we generated a muscle fiber-specific doxycycline inducible model of pulsatile MYC induction. Periodic 48-hour pulses of MYC over 4 weeks resulted in higher muscle mass and fiber size in the soleus of adult female mice. Collectively, we present a temporally resolved resource for understanding molecular adaptations to RE in muscle and reveal MYC as a regulator of RE-induced mRNA levels and hypertrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Edman
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ronald G. Jones
- University of Arkansas, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Paulo R. Jannig
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Fernandez-Gonzalo
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden
- Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jessica Norrbom
- Karolinska Institute, Molecular Exercise Physiology Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nicholas T. Thomas
- University of Kentucky, Center for Muscle Biology, Lexington, KY, USA
- University of Kentucky, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sabin Khadgi
- University of Arkansas, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Pieter Jan Koopmans
- University of Arkansas, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- University of Arkansas, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Francielly Morena
- University of Arkansas, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Calvin S. Peterson
- University of Arkansas, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Logan N. Scott
- University of Kentucky, Center for Muscle Biology, Lexington, KY, USA
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY, USA
- University of Kentucky, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Greene
- University of Arkansas, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Vandre C. Figueiredo
- University of Kentucky, Center for Muscle Biology, Lexington, KY, USA
- Oakland University, Department of Biological Sciences, Rochester Hills, MI, USA
| | - Christopher S. Fry
- University of Kentucky, Center for Muscle Biology, Lexington, KY, USA
- University of Kentucky, Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Liu Zhengye
- Karolinska Institute, Molecular Muscle Physiology & Pathophysiology Group, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T. Lanner
- Karolinska Institute, Molecular Muscle Physiology & Pathophysiology Group, Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuan Wen
- University of Kentucky, Center for Muscle Biology, Lexington, KY, USA
- University of Kentucky, Department of Physiology, Lexington, KY, USA
- University of Kentucky, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Biomedical Informatics, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Björn Alkner
- Department of Orthopedics, Eksjö, Region Jönköping County and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kevin A. Murach
- University of Arkansas, Exercise Science Research Center, Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- University of Arkansas, Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Coyle EF. Physical inactivity causes exercise resistance of fat metabolism: harbinger or culprit of disease? J Physiol 2024. [PMID: 38477868 DOI: 10.1113/jp284169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Physical inactivity is the fourth leading cause of death in the world. It is associated with myriad diseases and premature death. Two possible contributing factors are postprandial lipidaemia (PPL), which accelerates atherosclerosis, and impaired whole-body fat oxidation, which contributes to obesity. Acute exercise in physically active people is effective for increasing whole body fat oxidation and lowering PPL the next morning. However, in people who have low physical activity (<8000 steps/day), an acute bout of exercise (1 h at 62% maximal oxygen consumption) has no effect on increasing fat oxidation or reducing PPL ('exercise resistance'). The acute harms of inactivity are not due to the lack of exercise and are more powerful than the benefits of exercise, at least regarding fat metabolism. The increase in mortality with reduced daily steps is remarkably steep. Low background steps/day also impair the metabolic adaptations to short-term endurance training, suggesting that the ills of inactivity extend beyond fat metabolism. 'Exercise resistance' with inactivity could be a culprit, causing atherosclerosis, or maybe also a harbinger (impaired fat oxidation) of more widespread diseases. Recommendations regarding the amount of moderate to vigorous exercise needed for health should factor in the amount of background activity (i.e. ∼8000 steps/day) necessary to avoid 'exercise resistance'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward F Coyle
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mathis V, Wegman-Points L, Pope B, Lee CMJ, Mohamed M, Rhodes JS, Clark PJ, Clayton S, Yuan LL. Estrogen-mediated individual differences in female rat voluntary running behavior. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:592-605. [PMID: 38299221 PMCID: PMC11212800 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00611.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise has numerous health benefits, but the human population displays significant variability in exercise participation. Rodent models, such as voluntary wheel running (VWR) in rats, can provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of exercise behavior and its regulation. In this study, we focused on the role of estrogen on VWR in female rats. Female rats run more than males, and we aimed to determine to what extent running levels in females were regulated by estrogen signaling. The running behavior of rats (duration, speed, and total distance run) was measured under normal physiological conditions, ovariectomy (OVX), and estrogen replacement in an OVX background. Results show cyclic variations in running linked to the estrous cycle. Ovariectomy markedly reduced running and eliminated the cyclic pattern. Estrogen replacement through estradiol benzoate (EB) injections and osmotic minipumps reinstated running activity to pre-OVX levels and restored the cyclic pattern. Importantly, individual differences and ranking are preserved such that high versus low runners before OVX remain high and low runners after treatment. Further analysis revealed that individual variation in running distance was primarily caused by rats running different speeds, but rats also varied in running duration. However, it is noteworthy that this model also displays features distinct from estrogen-driven running behavior under physiological conditions, notably a delayed onset and a broader duration of running activity. Collectively, this estrogen causality VWR model presents a unique opportunity to investigate sex-specific mechanisms that control voluntary physical activity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study investigates estrogen's role in voluntary wheel running (VWR) behavior in female rats. Female rats exhibit greater running than males, with estrogen signaling regulating this activity. The estrous cycle influences running, whereas ovariectomy reduces it, and estrogen replacement restores it, maintaining individual differences under all conditions. Both running speed and duration contribute to VWR variations. These findings emphasize individual estrogen regulation in female exercise and provide an estrogen replacement animal model for investigating neurobiological underpinnings that drive voluntary exercise behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Mathis
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
| | - Lauren Wegman-Points
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
| | - Brock Pope
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
| | - Chia-Ming Jimmy Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
| | - Merna Mohamed
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Peter J Clark
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States
| | - Sarah Clayton
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
| | - Li-Lian Yuan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Des Moines University, Des Moines, Iowa, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hartley C, Carr A, Roberts SSH, Bredie WLP, Keast RSJ. Carbohydrate Oral Rinsing, Cycling Performance and Individual Complex Carbohydrate Taste Sensitivity. Nutrients 2024; 16:459. [PMID: 38337743 PMCID: PMC10857552 DOI: 10.3390/nu16030459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this pilot study was to determine the effect of individual complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity on cycling performance with complex carbohydrate oral rinsing. Ten male participants completed five cycling time trials in a fasted state with a seven-day washout period between each trial. Participants completed a fixed amount of work (738.45 ± 150.74 kJ) as fast as possible on a cycle ergometer while rinsing with an oral rinse for 10 s every 12.5% of the trial. An oral rinse (maltodextrin, oligofructose, glucose, sucralose or water control) was given per visit in a randomised, crossover, blinded design. Afterwards, participants had their taste assessed with three stimuli, complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin), sweet (glucose) and sour (citric acid), using taste assessment protocol to determine individual taste sensitivity status. Participants were subsequently grouped according to their complex carbohydrate taste sensitivity and complex carbohydrate taste intensity. There were no significant effects of the oral rinses on cycling performance time (p = 0.173). Participants who did not have improvements in exercise performance with the maltodextrin rinse experienced a stronger taste intensity with complex carbohydrate stimuli at baseline (p = 0.047) and overall (p = 0.047) than those who did have improvements in performance. Overall, a carbohydrate oral rinse was ineffective in significantly improving cycling performance in comparison with a water control. However, when participants were grouped according to complex carbohydrate taste intensity, differences in exercise performance suggest that individual sensitivity status to complex carbohydrates could impact the efficacy of a carbohydrate-based oral rinse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Amelia Carr
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Spencer S. H. Roberts
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia; (A.C.); (S.S.H.R.)
| | - Wender L. P. Bredie
- Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 26, 1958 Frederiksberg, Denmark;
| | - Russell S. J. Keast
- CASS Food Research Centre, Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia;
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gonzalez-Armenta JL, Bergstrom J, Lee J, Furdui CM, Nicklas BJ, Molina AJA. Serum factors mediate changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics associated with diet and exercise interventions. GeroScience 2024; 46:349-365. [PMID: 37368157 PMCID: PMC10828137 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00855-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial improvements resulting from behavioral interventions, such as diet and exercise, are systemic and apparent across multiple tissues. Here, we test the hypothesis that factors present in serum, and therefore circulating throughout the body, can mediate changes in mitochondrial function in response to intervention. To investigate this, we used stored serum from a clinical trial comparing resistance training (RT) and RT plus caloric restriction (RT + CR) to examine effects of blood borne circulating factors on myoblasts in vitro. We report that exposure to dilute serum is sufficient to mediate bioenergetic benefits of these interventions. Additionally, serum-mediated bioenergetic changes can differentiate between interventions, recapitulate sex differences in bioenergetic responses, and is linked to improvements in physical function and inflammation. Using metabolomics, we identified circulating factors associated with changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics and the effects of interventions. This study provides new evidence that circulating factors play a role in the beneficial effects of interventions that improve healthspan among older adults. Understanding the factors that drive improvements in mitochondrial function is a key step towards predicting intervention outcomes and developing strategies to countermand systemic age-related bioenergetic decline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jenny L Gonzalez-Armenta
- Section On Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Jaclyn Bergstrom
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0665, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0665, USA
| | - Jingyun Lee
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Cristina M Furdui
- Section On Molecular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Barbara J Nicklas
- Section On Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Anthony J A Molina
- Division of Geriatrics, Gerontology, and Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0665, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0665, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brinkmann C. Road map for personalized exercise medicine in T2DM. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023; 34:789-798. [PMID: 37730486 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
The number of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rising at an alarming rate. Regular physical activity and exercise are cornerstones in the therapy of T2DM. While a one-size-fits-all approach fails to account for many between-subject differences, the use of personalized exercise medicine has the potential of optimizing health outcomes. Here, a road map for personalized exercise therapy targeted at patients with T2DM is presented. It considers secondary complications, glucose management, response heterogeneity, and other relevant factors that might influence the effectiveness of exercise as medicine, taking exercise-medication-diet interactions, as well as feasibility and acceptance into account. Furthermore, the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning-based applications in assisting sports therapists to find appropriate exercise programs is outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Brinkmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, Department of Preventive and Rehabilitative Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Fitness & Health, IST University of Applied Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pataky MW, Dasari S, Michie KL, Sevits KJ, Kumar AA, Klaus KA, Heppelmann CJ, Robinson MM, Carter RE, Lanza IR, Nair KS. Impact of biological sex and sex hormones on molecular signatures of skeletal muscle at rest and in response to distinct exercise training modes. Cell Metab 2023; 35:1996-2010.e6. [PMID: 37939659 PMCID: PMC10659143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Substantial divergence in cardio-metabolic risk, muscle size, and performance exists between men and women. Considering the pivotal role of skeletal muscle in human physiology, we investigated and found, based on RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), that differences in the muscle transcriptome between men and women are largely related to testosterone and estradiol and much less related to genes located on the Y chromosome. We demonstrate inherent unique, sex-dependent differences in muscle transcriptional responses to aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise training in young and older cohorts. The hormonal changes with age likely explain age-related differential expression of transcripts. Furthermore, in primary human myotubes we demonstrate the profound but distinct effects of testosterone and estradiol on amino acid incorporation to multiple individual proteins with specific functions. These results clearly highlight the potential of designing exercise programs tailored specifically to men and women and have implications for people who change gender by altering their hormone profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kelly L Michie
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kyle J Sevits
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - A Aneesh Kumar
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Katherine A Klaus
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Matthew M Robinson
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Rickey E Carter
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ian R Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rowe SJ, Paratz ED, Foulkes SJ, Janssens K, Spencer LW, Fahy L, D'Ambrosio P, Haykowsky MJ, La Gerche A. Understanding Exercise Capacity: From Elite Athlete to HFpEF. Can J Cardiol 2023; 39:S323-S334. [PMID: 37574129 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise capacity is a spectrum that reflects an individual's functional capacity and the dynamic nature of cardiac remodelling along with respiratory and skeletal muscle systems. The relationship of increasing physical activity, increased cardiac mass and volumes, and improved cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is well established in the endurance athlete. However, less emphasis has been placed on the other end of the spectrum, which includes individuals with a more sedentary lifestyle and small hearts who are at increased risk of functional disability and poor clinical outcomes. Reduced CRF is an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events determined by multiple inter-related exogenous and endogenous factors. In this review, we explore the relationship of physical activity, cardiac remodelling, and CRF across the exercise spectrum, emphasising the critical role of cardiac size in determining exercise capacity. In contrast to the large compliant left ventricle of the endurance athlete, an individual with a lifetime of physical inactivity is likely to have a small, stiff heart with reduced cardiac reserve. We propose that this might contribute to the development of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in certain individuals, and is key to understanding the link between low CRF and increased risk of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J Rowe
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Cardiology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Elizabeth D Paratz
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Cardiology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen J Foulkes
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristel Janssens
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, The Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Luke W Spencer
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Fahy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Cardiology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paolo D'Ambrosio
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Cardiology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andre La Gerche
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia; Cardiology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Baker Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ely IA, Phillips BE, Smith K, Wilkinson DJ, Piasecki M, Breen L, Larsen MS, Atherton PJ. A focus on leucine in the nutritional regulation of human skeletal muscle metabolism in ageing, exercise and unloading states. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1849-1865. [PMID: 37625315 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and muscle protein breakdown (MPB) are influenced through dietary protein intake and physical (in)activity, which it follows, regulate skeletal muscle (SKM) mass across the lifespan. Following consumption of dietary protein, the bio-availability of essential amino acids (EAA), and primarily leucine (LEU), drive a transient increase in MPS with an ensuing refractory period before the next MPS stimulation is possible (due to the "muscle full" state). At the same time, MPB is periodically constrained via reflex insulin actions. Layering exercise on top of protein intake increases the sensitivity of SKM to EAA, therefore extending the muscle full set-point (∼48 h), to permit long-term remodelling (e.g., hypertrophy). In contrast, ageing and physical inactivity are associated with a premature muscle full set-point in response to dietary protein/EAA and contractile activity. Of all the EAA, LEU is the most potent stimulator of the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1)-signalling pathway, with the phosphorylation of mTORC1 substrates increasing ∼3-fold more than with all other EAA. Furthermore, maximal MPS stimulation is also achieved following low doses of LEU-enriched protein/EAA, negating the need for larger protein doses. As a result, LEU supplementation has been of long term interest to maximise muscle anabolism and subsequent net protein accretion, especially when in tandem with resistance exercise. This review highlights current knowledge vis-à-vis the anabolic effects of LEU supplementation in isolation, and in enriched protein/EAA sources (i.e., EAA and/or protein sources with added LEU), in the context of ageing, exercise and unloading states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A Ely
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mathew Piasecki
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Leigh Breen
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Philip J Atherton
- Centre of Metabolism, Ageing & Physiology (COMAP), MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and Nottingham NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Derby, DE22 3DT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Metcalfe RS, Gurd BJ, Vollaard NBJ. Exploring interindividual differences in fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity adaptations in response to sprint interval exercise training. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:1950-1960. [PMID: 36093904 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2124385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have concluded that wide variance in changes in insulin sensitivity markers following exercise training demonstrates heterogeneity in individual trainability. However, these studies frequently don't account for technical, biological, and random within-subject measurement error. We used the standard deviation of individual responses (SDIR) to determine whether interindividual variability in trainability exists for fasting and postprandial insulin sensitivity outcomes following low-volume sprint interval training (SIT). We pooled data from 63 untrained participants who completed 6 weeks of SIT (n = 49; VO2max: 35 (7) mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1) or acted as no-intervention controls (n = 14; VO2max: 34 (6) mL⋅kg-1⋅min-1). Fasting and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)-derived measures of insulin sensitivity were measured pre- and post-intervention. SDIR values were positive and exceeded a small effect size threshold for changes in fasting glucose (SDIR = 0.27 [95%CI 0.07,0.38] mmol⋅L-1), 2-h OGTT glucose (SDIR = 0.89 [0.22,1.23] mmol⋅L-1), glucose area-under-the-curve (SDIR = 66.4 [-81.5,124.3] mmol⋅L-1⋅120min-1) and The Cederholm Index (SDIR = 7.2 [-16.0,19.0] mg⋅l2⋅mmol-1⋅mU-1⋅min-1), suggesting meaningful individual responses to SIT, whilst SDIR values were negative for fasting insulin, fasting insulin resistance and insulin AUC. For all variables, the 95% CIs were wide and/or crossed zero, highlighting uncertainty about the existence of true interindividual differences in exercise trainability. Only 2-22% of participants could be classified as responders or non-responders with more than 95% certainty. Our findings demonstrate it cannot be assumed that variation in changes in insulin sensitivity following SIT is attributable to inherent differences in trainability, and reiterate the importance of accounting for technical, biological, and random error when examining heterogeneity in health-related training adaptations.Highlights This study tested whether true interindividual variability exists for changes in insulin sensitivity and glyceamic control following 6-weeks of low volume sprint interval training (SIT).The high level of technical, biological, and random error associated with repeated measurements of insulin sensitivity and glycaemic control, means we can neither confidently conclude that there is evidence of true interindividual differences in the trainability of these outcomes following SIT, nor confidently identify responders or non-responders for such parameters.Researchers contrasting responders vs. non-responders for a given parameter, either to understand mechanisms of adaptation and/or develop physiological/genetic/epigenetic predictors of response, need to be aware that identification of responders and non-responders with sufficient certainty may not be achievable for parameters with a high level of technical, biological, and random error.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Metcalfe
- Applied Sports, Technology, Exercise and Medicine (A-STEM) Research Centre, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Niels B J Vollaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bhasin S, Cawthon PM, Correa-de-Araujo R, Storer TW, Volpi E, Newman AB, Dioh W, Tourette C, Evans WJ, Fielding RA. Optimizing the Design of Clinical Trials to Evaluate the Efficacy of Function-Promoting Therapies. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2023; 78:86-93. [PMID: 37325959 PMCID: PMC10272979 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several candidate molecules that may have application in treating physical limitations associated with aging and chronic diseases are in development. Challenges in the framing of indications, eligibility criteria, and endpoints and the lack of regulatory guidance have hindered the development of function-promoting therapies. METHODS Experts from academia, pharmaceutical industry, National Institutes of Health (NIH), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) discussed optimization of trial design including the framing of indications, eligibility criteria, and endpoints. RESULTS Mobility disability associated with aging and chronic diseases is an attractive indication because it is recognized by geriatricians as a common condition associated with adverse outcomes, and it can be ascertained reliably. Other conditions associated with functional limitation in older adults include hospitalization for acute illnesses, cancer cachexia, and fall injuries. Efforts are underway to harmonize definitions of sarcopenia and frailty. Eligibility criteria should reconcile the goals of selecting participants with the condition and ensuring generalizability and ease of recruitment. An accurate measure of muscle mass (eg, D3 creatine dilution) could be a good biomarker in early-phase trials. Performance-based and patient-reported measures of physical function are needed to demonstrate whether treatment improves how a person lives, functions, or feels. Multicomponent functional training that integrates training in balance, stability, strength, and functional tasks with cognitive and behavioral strategies may be needed to translate drug-induced muscle mass gains into functional improvements. CONCLUSIONS Collaborations among academic investigators, NIH, FDA, pharmaceutical industry, patients, and professional societies are needed to conduct well-designed trials of function-promoting pharmacological agents with and without multicomponent functional training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shalender Bhasin
- Research Program in Men’s Health, Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peggy M Cawthon
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Rosaly Correa-de-Araujo
- Division of Geriatrics and Clinical Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas W Storer
- Research Program in Men’s Health, Aging and Metabolism, Boston Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena Volpi
- Sealy Center on Aging; UTMB Claude D. Pepper Older Americans Independence Center, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - William J Evans
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California at Berkely, Berkely, California, USA
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center in Aging, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leach HJ, Fairman CM, Gomes EL, Marker RJ. Evaluating individual level change in physical function response following an exercise program for cancer survivors. Support Care Cancer 2023; 31:353. [PMID: 37233792 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-023-07814-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer survivors physical function response to exercise programs at the group level is well-established. However, to advance toward a more personalized approach in exercise oncology, a greater understanding of individual response is needed. This study utilized data from a well-established cancer-exercise program to evaluate the heterogeneity of physical function response and explore characteristics of participants who did vs. did not achieve a minimal clinically important difference (MCID). METHODS Physical function measures (grip strength, 6-min walk test (6MWT), and sit-to-stand) were completed pre/post the 3-month program. Change scores for each participant and the proportion achieving the MCID for each physical function measure were calculated. The independent t-tests, Fisher's exact test, and decision tree analyses were used to explore differences in age, body mass index (BMI), treatment status, exercise session attendance, and baseline value between participants who achieved the MCID vs. those who did not. RESULTS Participants (N = 250) were 55 ± 14 years old, majority female (69.2%), white (84.1%), and diagnosed with breast cancer (36.8%). Change in grip strength ranged from - 42.1 to + 47.0 lb, and 14.8% achieved the MCID. Change in 6MWT ranged from - 151 to + 252 m, and 59% achieved the MCID. Change in sit-to-stand ranged from - 13 to + 20 reps, and 63% achieved the MCID. Baseline grip strength, age, BMI, and exercise session attendance were related to achieving MCID. CONCLUSIONS Findings illustrate wide variability in the magnitude of cancer survivors' physical function response following an exercise program, and that a variety of factors predict response. Further investigation into the biological, behavioral, physiological, and genetic factors will inform tailoring of exercise interventions and programs to maximize the proportion of cancer survivors who can derive clinically meaningful benefits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Leach
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, Colorado School of Public Health at CSU, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ciaran M Fairman
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Emma L Gomes
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ryan J Marker
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hejazi K, Hackett D. Effect of Exercise on Liver Function and Insulin Resistance Markers in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12083011. [PMID: 37109347 PMCID: PMC10143548 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12083011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Structured exercise as part of lifestyle modification plays an important role in the improvement of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, its effectiveness has been shown to vary. This systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the effects of exercise on liver function and insulin resistance markers in patients with NAFLD. METHODS Six electronic databases were searched using terms related to exercise and NAFLD up to March 2022. Data were analyzed using a random-effects model to estimate the standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence interval. RESULTS The systematic search identified 2583 articles, of which a total of 26 studies met the inclusion criteria and were eligible. Exercise training had a moderate effect on reducing ALT (SMD: -0.59, p = 0.01) and small effects on reducing AST (SMD: -0.40, p = 0.01) and insulin (SMD: -0.43, p = 0.02). Significant reductions in ALT were found following aerobic training (SMD: -0.63, p < 0.01) and resistance training (SMD: -0.45, p < 0.001). Moreover, reductions in AST were found following resistance training (SMD: -0.54, p = 0.001), but not after aerobic training and combined training. However, reductions in insulin were found following aerobic training (SMD: -0.55, p = 0.03). Exercise interventions for <12 weeks compared to ≥12 weeks were more effective in reducing FBG and HOMA-IR, while interventions for ≥12 weeks compared to <12 weeks were more effective in reducing ALT and AST levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the effectiveness of exercise in improving liver function markers but not in blood glucose control in NAFLD patients. Additional studies are needed to determine the exercise prescription to maximize health in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Hejazi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Discipline of Exercise & Sport Science, Health and Performance Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney School of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Muli S, Brachem C, Alexy U, Schmid M, Oluwagbemigun K, Nöthlings U. Exploring the association of physical activity with the plasma and urine metabolome in adolescents and young adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:23. [PMID: 37020289 PMCID: PMC10074825 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00742-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regular physical activity elicits many health benefits. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms through which physical activity influences overall health are less understood. Untargeted metabolomics enables system-wide mapping of molecular perturbations which may lend insights into physiological responses to regular physical activity. In this study, we investigated the associations of habitual physical activity with plasma and urine metabolome in adolescents and young adults. METHODS This cross-sectional study included participants from the DONALD (DOrtmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed) study with plasma samples n = 365 (median age: 18.4 (18.1, 25.0) years, 58% females) and 24 h urine samples n = 215 (median age: 18.1 (17.1, 18.2) years, 51% females). Habitual physical activity was assessed using a validated Adolescent Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire. Plasma and urine metabolite concentrations were determined using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) methods. In a sex-stratified analysis, we conducted principal component analysis (PCA) to reduce the dimensionality of metabolite data and to create metabolite patterns. Multivariable linear regression models were then applied to assess the associations between self-reported physical activity (metabolic equivalent of task (MET)-hours per week) with single metabolites and metabolite patterns, adjusted for potential confounders and controlling the false discovery rate (FDR) at 5% for each set of regressions. RESULTS Habitual physical activity was positively associated with the "lipid, amino acids and xenometabolite" pattern in the plasma samples of male participants only (β = 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.04, p = 0.001, adjusted p = 0.042). In both sexes, no association of physical activity with single metabolites in plasma and urine and metabolite patterns in urine was found (all adjusted p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our explorative study suggests that habitual physical activity is associated with alterations of a group of metabolites reflected in the plasma metabolite pattern in males. These perturbations may lend insights into some of underlying mechanisms that modulate effects of physical activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Muli
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch- Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Christian Brachem
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch- Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Alexy
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch- Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology (IMBIE), University Hospital Bonn, Venusberg Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kolade Oluwagbemigun
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch- Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Nöthlings
- Nutritional Epidemiology, Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Friedrich-Hirzebruch- Allee 7, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Diaz-Canestro C, Chen J, Liu Y, Han H, Wang Y, Honoré E, Lee CH, Lam KSL, Tse MA, Xu A. A machine-learning algorithm integrating baseline serum proteomic signatures predicts exercise responsiveness in overweight males with prediabetes. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:100944. [PMID: 36787735 PMCID: PMC9975321 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
The molecular transducers conferring the benefits of chronic exercise in diabetes prevention remain to be comprehensively investigated. Herein, serum proteomic profiling of 688 inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers in 36 medication-naive overweight and obese men with prediabetes reveals hundreds of exercise-responsive proteins modulated by 12-week high-intensity interval exercise training, including regulators of metabolism, cardiovascular system, inflammation, and apoptosis. Strong associations are found between proteins involved in gastro-intestinal mucosal immunity and metabolic outcomes. Exercise-induced changes in trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) are associated with changes in insulin resistance and fasting insulin, whereas baseline levels of the pancreatic secretory granule membrane major glycoprotein GP2 are related to changes in fasting glucose and glucose tolerance. A hybrid set of 23 proteins including TFF2 are differentially altered in exercise responders and non-responders. Furthermore, a machine-learning algorithm integrating baseline proteomic signatures accurately predicts individualized metabolic responsiveness to exercise training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candela Diaz-Canestro
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiarui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eric Honoré
- Université Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Valbonne, France
| | - Chi-Ho Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen S L Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Andrew Tse
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Centre for Sports and Exercise, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Araya AV, Bezanilla CG, Figueroa M, Pino J, Cancino J, Mackenney B. Efectos de una rutina de ejercicios de resistencia aplicada a pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica durante la hemodiálisis. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
|
24
|
Furtado GE, Letieri RV, Carballeira E. Exercise Evaluation and Prescription in Older Adults. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 11:healthcare11010042. [PMID: 36611502 PMCID: PMC9819181 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The over-65 age group is growing faster than other age groups worldwide [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços-S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF, UID/PTD/04213/2020), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education (FCDEF-UC), Pavilhão 3, 3040-248 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rubens Vinícius Letieri
- Physical Education Department, Multidisciplinary Research Nucleus in Physical Education (NIMEF), Federal University of Northern of Tocantins (UFNT), Avenida Nossa Senhora de Fátima, 1558, Centro, Tocantinópolis 77900-000, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Carballeira
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Science and Physical Education, University of A Coruña, 15001 A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fairfield WD, Minton DM, Elliehausen CJ, Nichol AD, Cook TL, Rathmacher JA, Pitchford LM, Paluska SA, Kuchnia AJ, Allen JM, Konopka AR. Small-Scale Randomized Controlled Trial to Explore the Impact of β-Hydroxy-β-Methylbutyrate Plus Vitamin D 3 on Skeletal Muscle Health in Middle Aged Women. Nutrients 2022; 14:4674. [PMID: 36364934 PMCID: PMC9658601 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
β-Hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), a leucine metabolite, can increase skeletal muscle size and function. However, HMB may be less effective at improving muscle function in people with insufficient Vitamin D3 (25-OH-D < 30 ng/mL) which is common in middle-aged and older adults. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that combining HMB plus Vitamin D3 (HMB + D) supplementation would improve skeletal muscle size, composition, and function in middle-aged women. In a double-blinded fashion, women (53 ± 1 yrs, 26 ± 1 kg/m2, n = 43) were randomized to take placebo or HMB + D (3 g Calcium HMB + 2000 IU D per day) during 12 weeks of sedentary behavior (SED) or resistance exercise training (RET). On average, participants entered the study Vitamin D3 insufficient while HMB + D increased 25-OH-D to sufficient levels after 8 and 12 weeks. In SED, HMB + D prevented the loss of arm lean mass observed with placebo. HMB + D increased muscle volume and decreased intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) volume in the thigh compared to placebo but did not change muscle function. In RET, 12-weeks of HMB + D decreased IMAT compared to placebo but did not influence the increase in skeletal muscle volume or function. In summary, HMB + D decreased IMAT independent of exercise status and may prevent the loss or increase muscle size in a small cohort of sedentary middle-aged women. These results lend support to conduct a longer duration study with greater sample size to determine the validity of the observed positive effects of HMB + D on IMAT and skeletal muscle in a small cohort of middle-aged women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Fairfield
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dennis M. Minton
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Christian J. Elliehausen
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Alexander D. Nichol
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Taylor L. Cook
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | | - Scott A. Paluska
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam J. Kuchnia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jacob M. Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Adam R. Konopka
- Division of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center (GRECC), William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Erickson ML, Allen JM, Beavers DP, Collins LM, Davidson KW, Erickson KI, Esser KA, Hesselink MKC, Moreau KL, Laber EB, Peterson CA, Peterson CM, Reusch JE, Thyfault JP, Youngstedt SD, Zierath JR, Goodpaster BH, LeBrasseur NK, Buford TW, Sparks LM. Understanding heterogeneity of responses to, and optimizing clinical efficacy of, exercise training in older adults: NIH NIA Workshop summary. GeroScience 2022; 45:569-589. [PMID: 36242693 PMCID: PMC9886780 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00668-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise is a cornerstone of preventive medicine and a promising strategy to intervene on the biology of aging. Variation in the response to exercise is a widely accepted concept that dates back to the 1980s with classic genetic studies identifying sequence variations as modifiers of the VO2max response to training. Since that time, the literature of exercise response variance has been populated with retrospective analyses of existing datasets that are limited by a lack of statistical power from technical error of the measurements and small sample sizes, as well as diffuse outcomes, very few of which have included older adults. Prospective studies that are appropriately designed to interrogate exercise response variation in key outcomes identified a priori and inclusive of individuals over the age of 70 are long overdue. Understanding the underlying intrinsic (e.g., genetics and epigenetics) and extrinsic (e.g., medication use, diet, chronic disease) factors that determine robust versus poor responses to various exercise factors will be used to improve exercise prescription to target the pillars of aging and optimize the clinical efficacy of exercise training in older adults. This review summarizes the proceedings of the NIA-sponsored workshop entitled, "Understanding Heterogeneity of Responses to, and Optimizing Clinical Efficacy of, Exercise Training in Older Adults" and highlights the importance and current state of exercise response variation research, particularly in older adults, prevailing challenges, and future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa L Erickson
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, 301 E Princeton St, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Jacob M Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Daniel P Beavers
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Linda M Collins
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Karina W Davidson
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kirk I Erickson
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, 301 E Princeton St, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthijs K C Hesselink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric B Laber
- Department of Statistical Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Courtney M Peterson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Jane E Reusch
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KN, USA
| | - Shawn D Youngstedt
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Juleen R Zierath
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, 301 E Princeton St, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA
| | - Nathan K LeBrasseur
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Thomas W Buford
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1313 13th St. S., Birmingham, AL, 35244, USA.
- Birmingham/Atlanta VA GRECC, Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Lauren M Sparks
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, 301 E Princeton St, Orlando, FL, 32804, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hackett D, Ghayomzadeh M, Farrell S, Davies T, Sabag A. Influence of total repetitions per set on local muscular endurance: A systematic review with meta-analysis and meta-regression. Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
28
|
Pileggi CA, Blondin DP, Hooks BG, Parmar G, Alecu I, Patten DA, Cuillerier A, O'Dwyer C, Thrush AB, Fullerton MD, Bennett SA, Doucet É, Haman F, Cuperlovic-Culf M, McPherson R, Dent RRM, Harper ME. Exercise training enhances muscle mitochondrial metabolism in diet-resistant obesity. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104192. [PMID: 35965199 PMCID: PMC9482931 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Current paradigms for predicting weight loss in response to energy restriction have general validity but a subset of individuals fail to respond adequately despite documented diet adherence. Patients in the bottom 20% for rate of weight loss following a hypocaloric diet (diet-resistant) have been found to have less type I muscle fibres and lower skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, leading to the hypothesis that physical exercise may be an effective treatment when diet alone is inadequate. In this study, we aimed to assess the efficacy of exercise training on mitochondrial function in women with obesity with a documented history of minimal diet-induced weight loss. Methods From over 5000 patient records, 228 files were reviewed to identify baseline characteristics of weight loss response from women with obesity who were previously classified in the top or bottom 20% quintiles based on rate of weight loss in the first 6 weeks during which a 900 kcal/day meal replacement was consumed. A subset of 20 women with obesity were identified based on diet-resistance (n=10) and diet sensitivity (n=10) to undergo a 6-week supervised, progressive, combined aerobic and resistance exercise intervention. Findings Diet-sensitive women had lower baseline adiposity, higher fasting insulin and triglycerides, and a greater number of ATP-III criteria for metabolic syndrome. Conversely in diet-resistant women, the exercise intervention improved body composition, skeletal muscle mitochondrial content and metabolism, with minimal effects in diet-sensitive women. In-depth analyses of muscle metabolomes revealed distinct group- and intervention- differences, including lower serine-associated sphingolipid synthesis in diet-resistant women following exercise training. Interpretation Exercise preferentially enhances skeletal muscle metabolism and improves body composition in women with a history of minimal diet-induced weight loss. These clinical and metabolic mechanism insights move the field towards better personalised approaches for the treatment of distinct obesity phenotypes. Funding Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR-INMD and FDN-143278; CAN-163902; CIHR PJT-148634).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chantal A Pileggi
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Denis P Blondin
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Breana G Hooks
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaganvir Parmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irina Alecu
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A Patten
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexanne Cuillerier
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Conor O'Dwyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Brianne Thrush
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morgan D Fullerton
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steffany Al Bennett
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Éric Doucet
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - François Haman
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miroslava Cuperlovic-Culf
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; National Research Council of Canada, Digital Technologies Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Ruth McPherson
- Division of Cardiology, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Robert R M Dent
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mary-Ellen Harper
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Centre for Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Moderators of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Responses: A Large-Scale Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2837-2851. [PMID: 35781787 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have assumed variability reflects variance caused by exercise training, few studies have examined whether interindividual differences in trainability are present following exercise training. The present individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis sought to: (1) investigate the presence of interindividual differences in trainability for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), waist circumference, and body mass; and (2) examine the influence of exercise training and potential moderators on the probability that an individual will experience clinically important differences. The IPD meta-analysis combined data from 1879 participants from eight previously published randomized controlled trials. We implemented a Bayesian framework to: (1) test the hypothesis of interindividual differences in trainability by comparing variability in change scores between exercise and control using Bayes factors; and (2) compare posterior predictions of control and exercise across a range of moderators (baseline body mass index (BMI) and exercise duration, intensity, amount, mode, and adherence) to estimate the proportions of participants expected to exceed minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs) for all three outcomes. Bayes factors demonstrated a lack of evidence supporting a high degree of variance attributable to interindividual differences in trainability across all three outcomes. These findings indicate that interindividual variability in observed changes are likely due to measurement error and external behavioural factors, not interindividual differences in trainability. Additionally, we found that a larger proportion of exercise participants were expected to exceed MCIDs compared with controls for all three outcomes. Moderator analyses identified that larger proportions were associated with a range of factors consistent with standard exercise theory and were driven by mean changes. Practitioners should prescribe exercise interventions known to elicit large mean changes to increase the probability that individuals will experience beneficial changes in CRF, waist circumference and body mass.
Collapse
|
30
|
Bell LR, Gabbett TJ, Davis GM, Wallen MP, O’Brien BJ. Stubborn Exercise Responders-Where to Next? Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10060095. [PMID: 35736835 PMCID: PMC9229615 DOI: 10.3390/sports10060095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a wide variance in the magnitude of physiological adaptations after resistance or endurance training. The incidence of “non” or “poor” responders to training has been reported to represent as high as 40% of the project’s sample. However, the incidence of poor responders to training can be ameliorated with manipulation of either the training frequency, intensity, type and duration. Additionally, global non-response to cardio-respiratory fitness training is eliminated when evaluating several health measures beyond just the target variables as at least one or more measure improves. More research is required to determine if altering resistance training variables results in a more favourable response in individuals with an initial poor response to resistance training. Moreover, we recommend abandoning the term “poor” responders, as ultimately the magnitude of change in cardiorespiratory fitness in response to endurance training is similar in “poor” and “high” responders if the training frequency is subsequently increased. Therefore, we propose “stubborn” responders as a more appropriate term. Future research should focus on developing viable physiological and lifestyle screening tests that identify likely stubborn responders to conventional exercise training guidelines before the individual engages with training. Exerkines, DNA damage, metabolomic responses in blood, saliva and breath, gene sequence, gene expression and epigenetics are candidate biomarkers that warrant investigation into their relationship with trainability. Crucially, viable biomarker screening tests should show good construct validity to distinguish between different exercise loads, and possess excellent sensitivity and reliability. Furthermore “red flag” tests of likely poor responders to training should be practical to assess in clinical settings and be affordable and non-invasive. Early identification of stubborn responders would enable optimization of training programs from the onset of training to maintain exercise motivation and optimize the impact on training adaptations and health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo R. Bell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Tim J. Gabbett
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
- Gabbett Performance Solutions, Brisbane, QLD 4011, Australia
| | - Gregory M. Davis
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
| | - Matthew P. Wallen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
- Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Brendan J. O’Brien
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Mount Helen, VIC 3350, Australia; (L.R.B.); (T.J.G.); (G.M.D.); (M.P.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Schaun GZ, Alberton CL, Brizio Gomes ML, Mendes GF, Häfele MS, Andrade LS, Campelo PC, Ferreira HK, Oppelt LL, Galliano LM, Alves L, de Ataides VA, Carmona MA, Lázaro R, Pinto SS, Wilhelm EN. Exercise intervention does not reduce the likelihood of VO 2max underestimation in older adults with hypertension. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1399-1405. [PMID: 35609113 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2081403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether training status would influence the capacity of a verification phase (VER) to confirm maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) of a previous graded exercise test (GXT) in individuals with hypertension. Twelve older adults with hypertension (8 women) were recruited. Using a within-subject design, participants performed a treadmill GXT to exhaustion followed by a multistage VER both before and after a 12-wkcombined exercise training programme. Individual VO2max, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), maximal heart rate (HRmax), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured during both GXT and VER tests. Absolute and relative VO2max values were higher in VER than in GXT at baseline, but only absolute VO2max differed between bouts post-intervention (all p < 0.05). Individual VO2max comparisons revealed that 75% of the participants (9/12) achieved a VO2max value that was ≥3% during VER both before (range: +4.9% to +21%) and after the intervention (range: +3.4% to +18.8%), whereas 91.7% (11/12) of the tests would have been validated as a maximal effort if the classic criteria were employed. A 12-wk combined training intervention could not improve the capacity of older adults with hypertension to achieve VO2max during a GXT, as assessed by VER.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Z Schaun
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Cristine L Alberton
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Maria Laura Brizio Gomes
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Graciele F Mendes
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mariana S Häfele
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Luana S Andrade
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Paula C Campelo
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Hector K Ferreira
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Lorena L Oppelt
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Leony M Galliano
- Exercise Pathophysiology Laboratory, Centro de Pesquisa Clínica, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Alves
- Medical School, Federal University of Rio Grande, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Vinícius A de Ataides
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Marco A Carmona
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lázaro
- Departamento de Nefrologia, Hospital Universitário São Francisco de Paula, Catholic University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Stephanie S Pinto
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Eurico N Wilhelm
- Neuromuscular Assessment Laboratory, Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Department of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cheng R, Wang L, Le S, Yang Y, Zhao C, Zhang X, Yang X, Xu T, Xu L, Wiklund P, Ge J, Lu D, Zhang C, Chen L, Cheng S. A randomized controlled trial for response of microbiome network to exercise and diet intervention in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2555. [PMID: 35538056 PMCID: PMC9091228 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29968-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise and diet are treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and prediabetes, however, how exercise and diet interventions impact gut microbiota in patients is incompletely understood. We previously reported a 8.6-month, four-arm (Aerobic exercise, n = 29; Diet, n = 28; Aerobic exercise + Diet, n = 29; No intervention, n = 29) randomized, singe blinded (for researchers), and controlled intervention in patients with NAFLD and prediabetes to assess the effect of interventions on the primary outcomes of liver fat content and glucose metabolism. Here we report the third primary outcome of the trial—gut microbiota composition—in participants who completed the trial (22 in Aerobic exercise, 22 in Diet, 23 in Aerobic exercise + Diet, 18 in No Intervention). We show that combined aerobic exercise and diet intervention are associated with diversified and stabilized keystone taxa, while exercise and diet interventions alone increase network connectivity and robustness between taxa. No adverse effects were observed with the interventions. In addition, in exploratory ad-hoc analyses we find that not all subjects responded to the intervention in a similar manner, when using differentially altered gut microbe amplicon sequence variants abundance to classify the responders and low/non-responders. A personalized gut microbial network at baseline could predict the individual responses in liver fat to exercise intervention. Our findings suggest an avenue for developing personalized intervention strategies for treatment of NAFLD based on host-gut microbiome ecosystem interactions, however, future studies with large sample size are needed to validate these discoveries. The Trial Registration Number is ISRCTN 42622771. Exercise and diet interventions are treatments for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here the authors report that in randomized, controlled trial in patients with NAFLD exercise and diet intervention were associated with diversified gut microbiome keystone taxa. Exploratory analysis suggests gut microbial network may be used to predict the individual liver fat response to exercise intervention, if validated in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runtan Cheng
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Faculty of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Shenglong Le
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Yifan Yang
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Can Zhao
- School of Physical Education and Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangqi Zhang
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Leiting Xu
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Ningbo University, School of Medicine, Ningbo, China
| | - Petri Wiklund
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Faculty of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ge
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shidong Hospital of Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Dajiang Lu
- Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Faculty of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhong Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China. .,Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Sulin Cheng
- Exercise Translational Medicine Center, Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Exercise, Health and Technology Center, Faculty of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China. .,Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
MacDonald TL, Pattamaprapanont P, Cooney EM, Nava RC, Mitri J, Hafida S, Lessard SJ. Canagliflozin Prevents Hyperglycemia-Associated Muscle Extracellular Matrix Accumulation and Improves the Adaptive Response to Aerobic Exercise. Diabetes 2022; 71:881-893. [PMID: 35108373 PMCID: PMC9044131 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hyperglycemia is associated with low response to aerobic exercise training in rodent models and humans, including reduced aerobic exercise capacity and impaired oxidative remodeling in skeletal muscle. Here, we investigated whether glucose lowering with the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), canagliflozin (Cana; 30 mg/kg/day), could restore exercise training response in a model of hyperglycemia (low-dose streptozotocin [STZ]). Cana effectively prevented increased blood glucose in STZ-treated mice. After 6 weeks of voluntary wheel running, Cana-treated mice displayed improvements in aerobic exercise capacity, higher capillary density in striated muscle, and a more oxidative fiber-type in skeletal muscle. In contrast, these responses were blunted or absent in STZ-treated mice. Recent work implicates glucose-induced accumulation of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) and hyperactivation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/SMAD2 mechanical signaling as potential mechanisms underlying poor exercise response. In line with this, muscle ECM accretion was prevented by Cana in STZ-treated mice. JNK/SMAD2 signaling with acute exercise was twofold higher in STZ compared with control but was normalized by Cana. In human participants, ECM accumulation was associated with increased JNK signaling, low VO2peak, and impaired metabolic health (oral glucose tolerance test-derived insulin sensitivity). These data demonstrate that hyperglycemia-associated impairments in exercise adaptation can be ameliorated by cotherapy with SGLT2i.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara L. MacDonald
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Roberto C. Nava
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Joanna Mitri
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Samar Hafida
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sarah J. Lessard
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Corresponding author: Sarah J. Lessard,
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
He Y, Feng Y, Shi J, Tang H, Chen L, Lou Q. β-cell function and body mass index are predictors of exercise response in elderly patients with pre-diabetes. J Diabetes Investig 2022; 13:1253-1261. [PMID: 35191202 PMCID: PMC9248431 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction To explore the predicting factors of exercise response (whether the participants converted to diabetes) in elderly patients with prediabetes. Materials and Methods This is a retrospective subgroup analysis of the registered clinical trial with previous publication of the same cohort. A total of 248 participants with prediabetes were randomized to the aerobic training (n = 83) group, resistance training (n = 82) group and control group (n = 83). The patients who finished the 2‐year exercise intervention were included in this analysis to explore the factors impacting exercise response. Results A total of 113 patients with prediabetes completed 2 years of exercise, with 56 participants in the aerobic exercise group and 57 in the resistance exercise group. Patients who reversed to normal glucose tolerance, remained in prediabetes and developed diabetes were 18 (15.90%), 70 (62.00%) and 25 (22.10%), respectively. Logistic regression showed that baseline, homeostatic model 2 assessment of β‐cell function (β = −0.143, P = 0.039), hemoglobin A1c (β = 3.301, P = 0.007) and body mass index (β = 0.402, P = 0.012) were related to exercise response, whereas the waist‐to‐hip ratio (β = −3.277, P = 0.693) and types of exercise (β = 1.192, P = 0.093) were not significantly related to exercise response. Conclusions Baseline homeostatic model 2 assessment of β‐cell function, hemoglobin A1c and body mass index were the predictors for the response to exercise in elderly patients with prediabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yali He
- Taiyuan Diabetes Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Yanhong Feng
- Taiyuan Diabetes Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Junli Shi
- Taiyuan Diabetes Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Chengdu Ruien Diabetes Hospital, Chendu, 610000, Sichuan, China
| | - Linhui Chen
- Taiyuan Diabetes Hospital, Taiyuan, 030000, Shanxi, China
| | - Qingqing Lou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 570102, Hainan, China.,Beijing Ruijing Diabetes Hospital, Beijing, 100000, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pinches JL, Pinches YL, Johnson JO, Haddad NC, Boueri MG, Oke LM, Haddad GE. Could “Cellular Exercise” be the Missing Ingredient in a Healthy Life? Diets, Caloric Restriction and Exercise-Induced Hormesis. Nutrition 2022; 99-100:111629. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
36
|
Egawa T, Ogawa T, Yokokawa T, Kido K, Goto K, Hayashi T. Methylglyoxal reduces molecular responsiveness to 4 weeks of endurance exercise in mouse plantaris muscle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:477-488. [PMID: 35023763 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00539.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise triggers skeletal muscle adaptations, including enhanced insulin signaling, glucose metabolism, and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptations may not occur in some cases, a condition known as exercise-resistance. Methylglyoxal (MG) is a highly reactive dicarbonyl metabolite and has detrimental effects on the body such as causing diabetic complications, mitochondrial dysfunction, and inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the effect of methylglyoxal on skeletal muscle molecular adaptations following endurance exercise. Mice were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 12 per group): sedentary control group, voluntary exercise group, MG-treated group, and MG-treated with voluntary exercise group. Mice in the voluntary exercise group were housed in a cage with a running wheel, while mice in the MG-treated groups received drinking water containing 1% MG. Four weeks of voluntary exercise induced several molecular adaptations in the plantaris muscle, including increased expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), mitochondria complex proteins, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), 72-kDa heat shock protein (HSP72), hexokinase II, and glyoxalase 1; this also enhanced insulin-stimulated Akt Ser473 phosphorylation and citrate synthase activity. However, these adaptations were suppressed with MG treatment. In the soleus muscle, the exercise-induced increases in the expression of TLR4, HSP72, and advanced glycation end products receptor 1 were inhibited with MG treatment. These findings suggest that MG is a factor that inhibits endurance exercise-induced molecular responses including mitochondrial adaptations, insulin signaling activation, and the upregulation of several proteins related to mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose handling, and glycation in primarily fast-twitch skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Egawa
- Laboratory of Health and Exercise Sciences, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ogawa
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Yokokawa
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Goto
- Laboratory of Physiology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyohashi SOZO University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Petersen MH, de Almeida ME, Wentorf EK, Jensen K, Ørtenblad N, Højlund K. High-intensity interval training combining rowing and cycling efficiently improves insulin sensitivity, body composition and VO 2max in men with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1032235. [PMID: 36387850 PMCID: PMC9664080 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1032235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Non-weight-bearing high-intensity interval training (HIIT) involving several muscle groups may efficiently improve metabolic health without compromising adherence in obesity and type 2 diabetes. In a non-randomized intervention study, we examined the effect of a novel HIIT-protocol, recruiting both lower and upper body muscles, on insulin sensitivity, measures of metabolic health and adherence in obesity and type 2 diabetes. METHODS In 15 obese men with type 2 diabetes and age-matched obese (n=15) and lean (n=18) glucose-tolerant men, the effects of 8-weeks supervised HIIT combining rowing and cycling on ergometers (3 sessions/week) were examined by DXA-scan, incremental exercise test and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp combined with indirect calorimetry. RESULTS At baseline, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal rate (GDR) was ~40% reduced in the diabetic vs the non-diabetic groups (all p<0.01). In response to HIIT, insulin-stimulated GDR increased ~30-40% in all groups (all p<0.01) entirely explained by increased glucose storage. These changes were accompanied by ~8-15% increases in VO2max, (all p<0.01), decreased total fat mass and increased lean body mass in all groups (all p<0.05). There were no correlations between these training adaptations and no group-differences in these responses. HbA1c showed a clinically relevant decrease in men with type 2 diabetes (4±2 mmol/mol; p<0.05). Importantly, adherence was high (>95%) in all groups and no injuries were reported. CONCLUSIONS A novel HIIT-protocol recruiting lower and upper body muscles efficiently improves insulin sensitivity, VO2max and body composition with intact responses in obesity and type 2 diabetes. The high adherence and lack of injuries show that non-weight-bearing HIIT involving several muscle groups is a promising mode of exercise training in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Eisemann de Almeida
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Emil Kleis Wentorf
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Jensen
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kurt Højlund
- Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Kurt Højlund,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hart DA. Learning From Human Responses to Deconditioning Environments: Improved Understanding of the "Use It or Lose It" Principle. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:685845. [PMID: 34927066 PMCID: PMC8677937 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.685845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, mobility or patterned mobility (i.e., exercise) is intrinsic to the functioning of Homo sapiens, and required for maintenance of health. Thus, systems such as the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular systems appear to require constant reinforcement or conditioning to maintain integrity. Loss of conditioning or development of chronic deconditioning can have multiple consequences. The study of different types of deconditioning and their prevention or reversal can offer a number of clues to the regulation of these systems and point to how deconditioning poses risk for disease development and progression. From the study of deconditioning associated with spaceflight, a condition not predicted by evolution, prolonged bedrest, protracted sedentary behavior, as well as menopause and obesity and their consequences, provide a background to better understand human heterogeneity and how physical fitness may impact the risks for chronic conditions subsequent to the deconditioning. The effectiveness of optimized physical activity and exercise protocols likely depend on the nature of the deconditioning, the sex and genetics of the individual, whether one is addressing prevention of deconditioning-associated disease or disease-associated progression, and whether it is focused on acute or chronic deconditioning associated with different forms of deconditioning. While considerable research effort has gone into preventing deconditioning, the study of the process of deconditioning and its endpoints can provide clues to the regulation of the affected systems and their contributions to human heterogeneity that have been framed by the boundary conditions of Earth during evolution and the "use it or lose it" principle of regulation. Such information regarding heterogeneity that is elaborated by the study of deconditioning environments could enhance the effectiveness of individualized interventions to prevent deconditions or rescue those who have become deconditioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Hart
- Bone and Joint Health Strategic Clinical Network, Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Family Practice, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
TGF-β Induction of miR-143/145 Is Associated to Exercise Response by Influencing Differentiation and Insulin Signaling Molecules in Human Skeletal Muscle. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123443. [PMID: 34943951 PMCID: PMC8700369 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical training improves insulin sensitivity and can prevent type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, approximately 20% of individuals lack a beneficial outcome in glycemic control. TGF-β, identified as a possible upstream regulator involved in this low response, is also a potent regulator of microRNAs (miRNAs). The aim of this study was to elucidate the potential impact of TGF-β-driven miRNAs on individual exercise response. Non-targeted long and sncRNA sequencing analyses of TGF-β1-treated human skeletal muscle cells corroborated the effects of TGF-β1 on muscle cell differentiation, the induction of extracellular matrix components, and identified several TGF-β1-regulated miRNAs. qPCR validated a potent upregulation of miR-143-3p/145-5p and miR-181a2-5p by TGF-β1 in both human myoblasts and differentiated myotubes. Healthy subjects who were overweight or obese participated in a supervised 8-week endurance training intervention (n = 40) and were categorized as responder or low responder in glycemic control based on fold change ISIMats (≥+1.1 or <+1.1, respectively). In skeletal muscle biopsies of low responders, TGF-β signaling and miR-143/145 cluster levels were induced by training at much higher rates than among responders. Target-mining revealed HDACs, MYHs, and insulin signaling components INSR and IRS1 as potential miR-143/145 cluster targets. All these targets were down-regulated in TGF-β1-treated myotubes. Transfection of miR-143-3p/145-5p mimics in differentiated myotubes validated MYH1, MYH4, and IRS1 as miR-143/145 cluster targets. Elevated TGF-β signaling and miR-143/145 cluster induction in skeletal muscle of low responders might obstruct improvements in insulin sensitivity by training in two ways: by a negative impact of miR-143-3p on muscle cell fusion and myofiber functionality and by directly impairing insulin signaling via a reduction in INSR by TGF-β and finetuned IRS1 suppression by miR-143-3p.
Collapse
|
40
|
Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Cancino-López J, Zapata-Bastias J, García-García JM. Inter-Individual Variability of a High-Intensity Interval Training With Specific Techniques vs. Repeated Sprints Program in Sport-Related Fitness of Taekwondo Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 12:766153. [PMID: 34867471 PMCID: PMC8637814 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.766153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 4 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with specific techniques (TS-G) vs. repeated sprints (RS-G) and analyzed the inter-individual variability [classified into responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs)] on sport-related fitness in taekwondo (TKD) athletes. Athletes of both genders (n = 12) were randomly assigned into TS-G and RS-G groups. Both groups trained 3 days/week for 4 weeks [two blocks of three rounds of 2 min of activity (4-s of all-out efforts with 28-s dynamical pauses) with 1 min of recovery in between and 5 min between blocks] during their regular training. The related sport fitness assessments included squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), multiple frequency speed of kick test (FSKTMULT), specifically total kicks and Kick Decrement Index (KDI), and 20-m shuttle run (20MSR). Relevant results indicate a significant effect of the time factor in both groups for SJ performance and a significant decrease for KDI in RS-G. In addition, an improvement in performance according to the effect size analysis in the TS-G in total kicks, KDI, and 20MSR. Complementarily, a higher proportion of athlete Rs was reported in TS-G vs. RS-G for SJ (50% vs. 30.3%, respectively), CMJ, and total kicks (16.6% vs. 0%). In conclusion, the addition to the regular training of a HIIT with specific-techniques and repeated-sprints associated with intervals and similar structure of the combat during 4 weeks of training can improve the concentric characteristics of lower limb performance, although they were not the sufficient stimuli in the other components of TKD-related fitness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile.,Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Escuela de Ciencias del Deporte y la Actividad Física, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tomás (UST), Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile.,Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Jorge Cancino-López
- Exercise Science Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Zapata-Bastias
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo, Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ojeda-Aravena A, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Valdés-Badilla P, Martín EBS, Cancino-López J, Gallardo JA, Zapata-Bastías J, García-García JM. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training With Specific Techniques on Jumping Ability and Change of Direction Speed in Karate Athletes: An Inter-individual Analysis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:769267. [PMID: 34887776 PMCID: PMC8650689 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.769267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 4weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with specific techniques and analyzed inter-individual variability [classified in responders (Rs) and non-responders (NRs)] on jumping ability and change of direction speed (CODS) in youth karate athletes. Athletes of both genders (n=10) were randomly assigned into experimental group (EG; n=5) and the control group (CG; n=5). The EG trained 2-3days per week applying HIIT (three rounds [15 sets of 4s all-out specific efforts with 8s of dynamical pauses] with 3min of recovery between rounds) during their usual training during 4weeks. Assessments included squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) and CODS by T-test. No significant interaction effect group by time was found. Although, in percentage and effect size (ES) terms increases were reported in both groups for SJ (EG: 15.2%, ES=0.91 vs. CG: 12.4%, ES=0.02) and only in EG for the T-test (-1.7%; ES=-0.35). In turn, a trend toward a higher proportion of Rs was observed in the EG (40% Rs) vs. CG (20% Rs) for SJ and CODS, respectively. In conclusion, the addition to regular training of a HIIT with specific techniques and based on the temporal combat structure after 4weeks was not a sufficient stimulus to increase jumping ability and CODS in karate athletes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Movimiento Humano, Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Laboratorio de Entrenamiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - Tomás Herrera-Valenzuela
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Valdés-Badilla
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Eduardo Báez-San Martín
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Departamento de Deportes y Recreación, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jorge Cancino-López
- Exercise Science Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jairo Azócar Gallardo
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Movimiento Humano, Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Laboratorio de Entrenamiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| | - José Zapata-Bastías
- Carrera de Entrenador Deportivo Escuela de Educación, Universidad Viña del Mar, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - José Manuel García-García
- Laboratorio de Entrenamiento Deportivo, Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Watanabe LP, Riddle NC. Exercise-induced changes in climbing performance. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211275. [PMID: 34804578 PMCID: PMC8580468 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is recommended to promote health and prevent a range of diseases. However, how exercise precipitates these benefits is unclear, nor do we understand why exercise responses differ so widely between individuals. We investigate how climbing ability in Drosophila melanogaster changes in response to an exercise treatment. We find extensive variation in baseline climbing ability and exercise-induced changes ranging from -13% to +20% in climbing ability. Climbing ability, and its exercise-induced change, is sex- and genotype-dependent. GWASs implicate 'cell-cell signalling' genes in the control of climbing ability. We also find that animal activity does not predict climbing ability and that the exercise-induced climbing ability change cannot be predicted from the activity level induced by the exercise treatment. These results provide promising new avenues for further research into the molecular pathways controlling climbing activity and illustrate the complexities involved in trying to predict individual responses to exercise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis P. Watanabe
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH464, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, US
| | - Nicole C. Riddle
- Department of Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH464, 1720 2nd Ave South, Birmingham, AL 35294, US
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
de Santana DA, Castro A, Cavaglieri CR. Strength Training Volume to Increase Muscle Mass Responsiveness in Older Individuals: Weekly Sets Based Approach. Front Physiol 2021; 12:759677. [PMID: 34658936 PMCID: PMC8514686 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.759677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Davi Alves de Santana
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Adventist University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alex Castro
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Regina Cavaglieri
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Apostolopoulou M, Mastrototaro L, Hartwig S, Pesta D, Straßburger K, de Filippo E, Jelenik T, Karusheva Y, Gancheva S, Markgraf D, Herder C, Nair KS, Reichert AS, Lehr S, Müssig K, Al-Hasani H, Szendroedi J, Roden M. Metabolic responsiveness to training depends on insulin sensitivity and protein content of exosomes in insulin-resistant males. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi9551. [PMID: 34623918 PMCID: PMC8500512 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi9551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) improves cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max), but its impact on metabolism remains unclear. We hypothesized that 12-week HIIT increases insulin sensitivity in males with or without type 2 diabetes [T2D and NDM (nondiabetic humans)]. However, despite identically higher VO2max, mainly insulin-resistant (IR) persons (T2D and IR NDM) showed distinct alterations of circulating small extracellular vesicles (SEVs) along with lower inhibitory metabolic (protein kinase Cε activity) or inflammatory (nuclear factor κB) signaling in muscle of T2D or IR NDM, respectively. This is related to the specific alterations in SEV proteome reflecting down-regulation of the phospholipase C pathway (T2D) and up-regulated antioxidant capacity (IR NDM). Thus, SEV cargo may contribute to modulating the individual metabolic responsiveness to exercise training in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Apostolopoulou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Lucia Mastrototaro
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sonja Hartwig
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Straßburger
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Biometrics and Epidemiology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elisabetta de Filippo
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tomas Jelenik
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yanislava Karusheva
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sofiya Gancheva
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Markgraf
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Herder
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - K. Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andreas S. Reichert
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Stefan Lehr
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hadi Al-Hasani
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Szendroedi
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Roden
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
- Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lazarus NR, Harridge SDR. A Hypothesis: The Interplay of Exercise and Physiological Heterogeneity as Drivers of Human Ageing. Front Physiol 2021; 12:695392. [PMID: 34566675 PMCID: PMC8458865 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.695392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the inherent ageing process affects every facet of biology, physiology could be considered as the study of the healthy human ageing process. Where biological health is affected by lifestyle, the continual and continuing interaction of this process with physical activity and other lifestyle choices determine whether the ageing trajectory is toward health or disease. The presentation of both these states is further modified in individuals by the interaction of inherent physiological heterogeneity and the heterogeneity associated with responses and adaptions to exercise. The range of heterogeneity in healthy physiology is circumscribed by the necessity to conform to that of the human species. Our hypothesis is that, when sufficient exercise is present, these multiple interactions appear to produce an ageing profile that, while functional ability is in decline, remains synchronous, coherent, and integrated throughout most of life. In the absence of sufficient physical activity, physiology over time is gradually deteriorating toward the production of a lifestyle disease. Here, the ageing process, interacting with individual physiological heterogeneity, probably determines the age of presentation of a disease as well as the order of presentation of subsequent diseases. In this article, we discuss this hypothesis and related concepts in the context of the trajectory of healthy and non-healthy human ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norman R Lazarus
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre for Human & Applied Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Andrade-Mayorga O, Díaz E, Salazar LA. Effects of Four Lipid Metabolism-Related Polymorphisms on Body Composition Improvements After 12 Weeks of High-Intensity Interval Training and Dietary Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Adult Women: A Pilot Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:712787. [PMID: 34539437 PMCID: PMC8440869 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.712787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Polymorphisms in lipid metabolism-related genes have been associated with obesity and body composition, but these have been scarcely described concerning the magnitude of the response to exercise interventions in the overweight/obese population. Objective: To evaluate the association of perilipin 1 (PLIN1; rs1052700 and rs2304795), lipoprotein lipase (rs283), and adrenoceptor beta 3 (rs4994) polymorphisms with high and low responders (LoRes) to fat mass reduction after 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and dietary energy restriction in overweight/obese adult women. In addition, we examined the effect of these genetic variants on body composition changes. Methods: Forty-three unrelated overweight/obese adult women were incorporated and genotyped, of which 30 women (age = 27.4 ± 7.9 years; BMI = 29.9 ± 3.3 kg/m2) successfully completed the 12-week supervised HIIT program plus an individually prescribed home hypocaloric diet. Results: An association was observed between the PLIN1 rs1052700 polymorphism with high and LoRes (χ2 = 8.138; 2 df; p = 0.01). Moreover, after the intervention, the carriers of TT genotype of PLIN1 rs1052700 as compared to AA and AT showed a greater reduction in absolute fat mass (Δ: −5.1 ± 1.8 vs. − 1.8 ± 1.4 vs. − 2.1 ± 2.3 kg; p = 0.04). The effect size of this fat mass reduction between TT and AT genotypes was a mean difference of −3.01 kg [95%IC − 4.88– − 1.1], and between TT and AA genotypes was −3.29 kg [95%IC − 4.86– − 1.65]. No differences were observed for other polymorphisms investigated. Conclusion: These results suggest that the rs1052700 (14995A>T) polymorphism of the PLIN1 gene is associated with a differential response to fat mass reduction after a 12-week intervention in overweight/obese adult women. In addition, women with the TT genotype of this genetic variant showed greater changes in fat mass than AA and AT genotypes. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Andrade-Mayorga
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Exercise, Movement and Health Research Group, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Erik Díaz
- Exercise, Movement and Health Research Group, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Luis A Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wilson SM, Maes AP, Yeoman CJ, Walk ST, Miles MP. Determinants of the postprandial triglyceride response to a high-fat meal in healthy overweight and obese adults. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:107. [PMID: 34544430 PMCID: PMC8451105 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidemia is a feature of impaired metabolic health in conjunction with impaired glucose metabolism and central obesity. However, the contribution of factors to postprandial lipemia in healthy but metabolically at-risk adults is not well understood. We investigated the collective contribution of several physiologic and lifestyle factors to postprandial triglyceride (TG) response to a high-fat meal in healthy, overweight and obese adults. Methods Overweight and obese adults (n = 35) underwent a high-fat meal challenge with blood sampled at fasting and hourly in the 4-hour postprandial period after a breakfast containing 50 g fat. Incremental area under the curve (iAUC) and postprandial magnitude for TG were calculated and data analyzed using a linear model with physiologic and lifestyle characteristics as explanatory variables. Model reduction was used to assess which explanatory variables contributed most to the postprandial TG response. Results TG responses to a high-fat meal were variable between individuals, with approximately 57 % of participants exceeded the nonfasting threshold for hypertriglyceridemia. Visceral adiposity was the strongest predictor of TG iAUC (β = 0.53, p = 0.01), followed by aerobic exercise frequency (β = 0.31, p = 0.05), insulin resistance based on HOMA-IR (β = 0.30, p = 0.04), and relative exercise intensity at which substrate utilization crossover occurred (β = 0.05, p = 0.04). For postprandial TG magnitude, visceral adiposity was a strong predictor (β = 0.43, p < 0.001) followed by aerobic exercise frequency (β = 0.23, p = 0.01), and exercise intensity for substrate utilization crossover (β = 0.53, p = 0.01). Conclusions Postprandial TG responses to a high-fat meal was partially explained by several physiologic and lifestyle characteristics, including visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, aerobic exercise frequency, and relative substrate utilization crossover during exercise. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04128839, Registered 16 October 2019 – Retrospectively registered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01543-4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Wilson
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Box 173540, 20 Herrick Hall, MT, 59717, Bozeman, USA
| | - Adam P Maes
- School of Public and Community Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Seth T Walk
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, Bozeman, USA
| | - Mary P Miles
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Box 173540, 20 Herrick Hall, MT, 59717, Bozeman, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Dementia is an eurodegenerative disorder, which causes significant disability, especially among the elderly population worldwide. The affected person shows a progressive cognitive decline, which interferes with the independence in performing the activities of daily living. Other than the cognitive domain, the patient tends to have neuropsychiatric, behavioral, sensorimotor, speech, and language-related issues. It is expected that the global burden of the disease will rise with more people entering the geriatric age group. By 2050 close, to 140 million people will be living with one or the other type of dementia. Alzheimer's disease contributes to more than 60% of cases worldwide, followed by vascular dementia. Pharmacotherapy has a limited role to play in the treatment, and at present, no drug is available, which can halt or reverse the progress of the disease. World Health Organization has mandated rehabilitation as a core recommendation in the global action plan on the public health response to dementia. Rehabilitation services are widely recognized as a practical framework to maximize independence and community participation in dementia care. The rehabilitation program is customized to achieve the desired goals, as each person has different experiences, preferences, motivations, strengths, and requirements based on type, course, and severity of the illness. It is an interdisciplinary-team approach with the involvement of several health care professionals. This article reviews the existing literature and outlines the effective rehabilitation strategies concisely in dementia care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Gupta
- Dept. of Neurological Rehabilitation, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Naveen B Prakash
- Dept. of Neurological Rehabilitation, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gourav Sannyasi
- Dept. of Neurological Rehabilitation, NIMHANS, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Andrade-Mayorga O, Martínez-Maturana N, Salazar LA, Díaz E. Physiological Effects and Inter-Individual Variability to 12 Weeks of High Intensity-Interval Training and Dietary Energy Restriction in Overweight/Obese Adult Women. Front Physiol 2021; 12:713016. [PMID: 34393829 PMCID: PMC8358598 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.713016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human adaptive response to exercise interventions is often described as group average and SD to represent the typical response for most individuals, but studies reporting individual responses to exercise show a wide range of responses. Objective: To characterize the physiological effects and inter-individual variability on fat mass and other health-related and physical performance outcomes after 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and dietary energy restriction in overweight/obese adult women. Methods: Thirty untrained adult overweight and obese women (age = 27.4 ± 7.9 years; BMI = 29.9 ± 3.3 kg/m2) successfully completed a 12-week supervised HIIT program and an individually prescribed home hypocaloric diet (75% of daily energy requirements) throughout the whole intervention. High and low responders to the intervention were those individuals who were able to lose ≥ 10 and < 10% of initial absolute fat mass (i.e., kilograms), respectively. Results: The prevalence for high and low responders was 33% (n = 11) and 66% (n = 19), respectively. At the whole group level, the intervention was effective to reduce the absolute fat mass (30.9 ± 7.2 vs. 28.5 ± 7.2 kg; p < 0.0001), body fat percentage (39.8 ± 4.3 vs. 37.8 ± 4.9%; p < 0.0001), and total body mass (76.7 ± 10.1 vs. 74.4 ± 9.9 kg; p < 0.0001). In addition, there were improvements in systolic blood pressure (SBP; Δ% = −5.1%), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; Δ% = −6.4%), absolute VO2peak (Δ% = +14.0%), relative VO2peak (Δ% = +13.8%), peak power output (PPO; Δ% = +19.8%), anaerobic threshold (AT; Δ% = +16.7%), maximal ventilation (VE; Δ% = +14.1%), and peak oxygen pulse (O2 pulse; Δ% = +10.4%). However, at the individual level, a wide range of effects were appreciated on all variables, and the magnitude of the fat mass changes did not correlate with baseline body mass or fat mass. Conclusion: A 12-week supervised HIIT program added to a slight dietary energy restriction effectively improved fat mass, body mass, blood pressure, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). However, a wide range of inter-individual variability was observed in the adaptative response to the intervention. Furthermore, subjects classified as low responders for fat mass reduction could be high responders (HiRes) in many other health-related and physical performance outcomes. Thus, the beneficial effects of exercise in obese and overweight women go further beyond the adaptive response to a single outcome variable such as fat mass or total body mass reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Andrade-Mayorga
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile.,Exercise, Movement, and Health Research Group, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | | | - Luis A Salazar
- Center of Molecular Biology and Pharmacogenetics, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| | - Erik Díaz
- Exercise, Movement, and Health Research Group, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Clark LA, Russ DW, Tavoian D, Arnold WD, Law TD, France CR, Clark BC. Heterogeneity of the strength response to progressive resistance exercise training in older adults: Contributions of muscle contractility. Exp Gerontol 2021; 152:111437. [PMID: 34098008 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults display wide individual variability (heterogeneity) in the effects of resistance exercise training on muscle strength. The mechanisms driving this heterogeneity are poorly understood. Understanding of these mechanisms could permit development of more targeted interventions and/or improved identification of individuals likely to respond to resistance training interventions. Thus, this study assessed potential physiological factors that may contribute to strength response heterogeneity in older adults: neural activation, muscle hypertrophy, and muscle contractility. METHODS In 24 older adults (72.3 ± 6.8 years), we measured the following parameters before and after 12 weeks of progressive resistance exercise training: i) isometric leg extensor strength; ii) isokinetic (60°/sec) leg extensor strength; iii) voluntary (neural) activation by comparing voluntary and electrically-stimulated muscle forces (i.e., superimposed doublet technique); iv) muscle hypertrophy via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) estimates of regional lean tissue mass; and v) intrinsic contractility by electrically-elicited twitch and doublet torques. We examined associations between physiological factors (baseline values and relative change) and the relative change in isometric and isokinetic muscle strength. RESULTS Notably, changes in quadriceps contractility were positively associated with the relative improvement in isokinetic (r = 0.37-0.46, p ≤ 0.05), but not isometric strength (r = 0.09-0.21). Change in voluntary activation did not exhibit a significant association with the relative improvements in either isometric or isokinetic strength (r = 0.35 and 0.33, respectively; p > 0.05). Additionally, change in thigh lean mass was not significantly associated with relative improvement in isometric or isokinetic strength (r = 0.09 and -0.02, respectively; p > 0.05). Somewhat surprising was the lack of association between exercise-induced changes in isometric and isokinetic strength (r = 0.07). CONCLUSIONS The strength response to resistance exercise in older adults appears to be contraction-type dependent. Therefore, future investigations should consider obtaining multiple measures of muscle strength to ensure that strength adaptations are comprehensively assessed. Changes in lean mass did not explain the heterogeneity in strength response for either contraction type, and the data regarding the influence of voluntary activation was inconclusive. For isokinetic contraction, the strength response was moderately explained by between-subject variance in the resistance-exercise induced changes in muscle contractility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leatha A Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - David W Russ
- School of Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.
| | - Dallin Tavoian
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - W David Arnold
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Timothy D Law
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Christopher R France
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Brian C Clark
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| |
Collapse
|