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Conner BT, Bravo AJ, Win N, Rahm-Knigge RL. Examination of Rumination's Mediating Role in the Relation Between Distal Personality Predictors, Cannabis Coping Motives, and Negative Cannabis-Related Consequences. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2024; 6:82-98. [PMID: 38883285 PMCID: PMC11178068 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2024/000172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Objective Perseverative cognitive processes, such as rumination, may indirectly influence effects of personality traits on cannabis use and related problems. Understanding relations among personality, rumination, and cannabis use motives may lead to better understanding of problematic cannabis use. The present study examined personality traits' influence on negative cannabis-related consequences via rumination and cannabis use coping motives. Methods We tested a sequential path model across two independent samples such that the model was tested in one sample and replicated in the second sample. Participants were U.S. undergraduate students from multiple universities who reported using cannabis at least once in the prior thirty days. Results Results partially supported hypotheses such negative urgency and distress tolerance were indirectly related to negative cannabis-related consequences via rumination and coping motives. Specifically, higher negative urgency and lower distress tolerance were related to higher rumination. Higher rumination was related to higher coping motives; which in turn was related to more negative cannabis-related consequences. Results indicate that rumination is a risk factor belying associations between personality and cannabis use to cope and negative consequences of use. Conclusions Implementing techniques that attenuate rumination for individuals high in negative urgency or low in distress tolerance may reduce or prevent problematic cannabis and unintended outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Naomi Win
- Department of Education and Human Development, University of Colorado, Denver
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2
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Moskal KR, Teeters JB, McCollum DC. Examining Differences in Emotion Dysregulation Between Emerging Adult Alcohol-Only Users, Abstainers, and Simultaneous Users. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2023; 6:34-48. [PMID: 38035171 PMCID: PMC10683745 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2023/000166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Objective Simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis is associated with more negative consequences than use of either substance alone. Research suggests that emotion dysregulation is linked to alcohol, cannabis, and polysubstance use. However, no previous research has examined whether emotion dysregulation scores differ among individuals without past month substance use (abstainers), individuals who report past-month alcohol use only (no past month cannabis or simultaneous use; alcohol-only users), and individuals who engage in past-month simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use (simultaneous users). Our aim was to examine differences in overall levels of emotion dysregulation and emotion dysregulation subscales between these groups. Methods The sample included 468 college students. Participants completed an online survey assessing demographics, emotion dysregulation, average number of drinks per week, days of monthly cannabis use, and simultaneous use of alcohol and cannabis. Results A one-way ANOVA showed significant differences in emotion dysregulation between alcohol-only users, abstainers, and simultaneous users. A Bonferroni post hoc analysis revealed significant differences in emotion dysregulation for simultaneous users (p = .004) compared to alcohol-only users and abstainers. A series of ANOVAs were run to examine emotion dysregulation subscale scores and significant differences were found for impulse control difficulties (p = .003) and limited access to emotion regulation strategies (p = .005) for simultaneous users compared to alcohol-only users and abstainers, and for non-acceptance of emotional responses (p = .018) for simultaneous users compared to and alcohol-only users. Conclusion These findings indicate that simultaneous users have higher levels of emotion dysregulation, higher levels of impulse control difficulties, greater non-acceptance of emotions, and greater lack of access to emotion regulation strategies compared to abstainers and alcohol-only users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie R. Moskal
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University
| | - Jenni B. Teeters
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Western Kentucky University
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3
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Schwartz A, Meschke LL, Tree JJ, Brown K, Coatsworth JD. Beating trauma: Physical activity to promote resilience against substance use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 248:109942. [PMID: 37257325 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.109942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and frequent substance use (SU) is not well understood, impeding prevention efforts. METHODS We assessed the relationship between ACEs and frequent SU and investigated if different modalities of physical activity (PA) moderate this pathway. The analysis included persons enrolled in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health who responded to surveys at Waves I (11-20 years), III (18-27 years), and IV (24-33 years). The impacts of cumulative ACEs and PA modalities on daily cigarette smoking, daily cannabis use, and binge drinking ≥ 3 times a week in emerging and early adulthood were assessed through adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS Among the sample (N=9451), 29.3%, 12.5%, and 7.8% experienced 1, 2, or 3 or more ACEs, respectively. With exception to binge drinking, cumulative ACEs (3+) were strongly associated with daily cannabis use in Wave III (aOR: 2.5; 95% CI: 1.6-3.6) and Wave IV (aOR: 2.1; 95% CI:1.3-3.3) and daily cigarette smoking in Wave III (aOR: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.9-3.0) and Wave IV (aOR: 2.3; 95% CI: 1.8-2.8). No PA modality moderated the ACEs to SU pathway; however, walking for exercise lowered the odds of current and prospective daily cannabis and cigarette use by 20-40%. Strength training, team sports, and individual sport participation were associated with 20-30% reduced risks of future daily cigarette use. CONCLUSION The impacts of ACEs exposure on frequent SU persist into emerging and early adulthood. Future research should investigate the potential of PA to improve SU prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashlyn Schwartz
- University of Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, U1219, CHU BordeauxBordeauxF-33000, France; Public Health, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, USA.
| | - Laurie L Meschke
- Public Health, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Brown
- Public Health, University of Tennessee-Knoxville, Knoxville, USA
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D’Amico EJ, Rodriguez A, Tucker JS, Dunbar MS, Pedersen ER, Seelam R. Disparities in functioning from alcohol and cannabis use among a racially/ethnically diverse sample of emerging adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 234:109426. [PMID: 35364418 PMCID: PMC9175265 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trajectory studies have consistently shown that alcohol and cannabis (AC) use during emerging adulthood (EA) affect functioning; however, few studies examine whether racial/ethnic disparities may occur at similar levels of use. METHODS We conducted web-based surveys across five waves from mean age 18.3 through 22.6. The sample (N = 2945) is 55% female, 46% Hispanic, 23% Asian, 23% White, 6% multi-racial (MR)/other, and 2% Black. MEASUREMENTS Past month substance use was defined as number of days used. Outcomes at age 22.6 included negative consequences, delinquency, physical ailments and health, depression and anxiety, peer relationship functioning, life satisfaction, employment, and education. RESULTS Compared to White EAs, Hispanic, Asian, and MR/other EAs reported less initial alcohol use; Hispanic and Asian EAs reported less initial cannabis use, whereas Black EAs reported more cannabis use. Greater initial frequency and increased frequency of AC use were associated with poorer outcomes (e.g., worse mental health). In terms of disparities, compared to White EAs, Hispanic EAs reported poorer physical health at the same levels of AC use; Hispanic, Asian, and MR/other EAs reported greater alcohol consequences and delinquency; Black, Hispanic, Asian and MR/other EAs reported lower life satisfaction; and Hispanic and MR/other EAs were less likely to pursue education beyond high school (although Asian EAs were more likely). CONCLUSIONS Findings emphasize that trajectories of AC use during EA are associated with a range of functional outcomes. Disparities in functioning at similar levels of AC use highlight the importance of reaching racially/ethnically diverse EAs with prevention and intervention programming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael S. Dunbar
- RAND Corporation, 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
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5
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Donnelly J, Young M, Marshall B, Hecht ML, Saldutti E. Public Health Implications of Cannabis Legalization: An Exploration of Adolescent Use and Evidence-Based Interventions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19063336. [PMID: 35329023 PMCID: PMC8950733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19063336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the relaxation of state marijuana laws, changes in adolescent use of marijuana, and implications for drug education. Under federal law, use of marijuana remains illegal. In spite of this federal legislation, as of 1 June 2021, 36 states, four territories and the District of Columbia have enacted medical marijuana laws. There are 17 states, two territories and the District of Columbia that have also passed recreational marijuana laws. One of the concerns regarding the enactment of legislation that has increased access to marijuana is the possibility of increased adolescent use of marijuana. While there are documented benefits of marijuana use for certain medical conditions, we know that marijuana use by young people can interfere with brain development, so increased marijuana use by adolescents raises legitimate health concerns. A review of results from national survey data, including CDC’s YRBS, Monitoring the Future, and the National Household Survey on Drug Use, allows us to document changes in marijuana use over time. Increased legal access to marijuana also has implications for educational programming. A “Reefer Madness” type educational approach no longer works (if it ever did). We explore various strategies, including prevention programs for education about marijuana, and make recommendations for health educators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Donnelly
- Department of Public Health, Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michael Young
- Center for Evidence-Based Programming, South Padre Island, TX 78597, USA;
| | - Brenda Marshall
- Department of Nursing, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USA;
| | | | - Elena Saldutti
- Department of Public Health, Montclair State University, Upper Montclair, NJ 07043, USA;
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6
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Smith CL, Rhoades Cooper B, Miguel A, Roll J, Hill L, Cleveland M, McPherson S. Youth risk profiles and their prediction of distal cannabis and tobacco co-use in the Population Assessment of Tobacco Health (PATH). Subst Abus 2022; 43:733-741. [PMID: 35100083 DOI: 10.1080/08897077.2021.2007516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background: Co-use of cannabis and tobacco is common and increases negative behavioral, physical and mental health consequences. This study aimed to describe latent profiles of youth internalizing and externalizing problems, sensation seeking, and family environment in the US and their relationships with substance co-use. Methods: Data come from the Population Assessment of Tobacco Health (PATH). Using latent profile analysis with a distal outcome, we conducted a secondary data analysis examining relationships between latent profiles and the distal outcome of cannabis/tobacco use and co-use one year later. Participants were a nationally representative sample of youth ages 12-17 (N = 13,651). Results: We identified five youth subgroups: (1;11%) Family Risk, (2;32%) Family Protection with Very Low Internalizing, (3;21%) Family Protection with High Youth Risk, (4;24%) Family Protection with Moderate Youth Risk, (5;12%) Family Risk with High Youth Risk. Relationships between group membership and tobacco/cannabis outcomes, one year later, indicated that the least likely tobacco/cannabis users were the Family Protection with Very Low Internalizing class (no lifetime use probability (PR)=0.86, standard error (SE)=0.007; no 30-day use PR = 0.96, SE = 0.004). In contrast, the Family Risk with High Youth Risk class had the highest probability of both co-use (lifetime co-use PR = 0.33; SE = 0.014; 30-day co-use PR = 0.10; SE = 0.010) and single substance use (probability of lifetime single substance use PR = 0.30; SE = 0.013; 30-day single substance use PR = 0.24; SE = 0.014). Conclusions: A "protective but reactive" risk buffering pattern effect of family factors on youth factors was observed in that the lowest rates of co-use were observed in the three classes with family protection. These findings highlight the need for interventions addressing multiple domains and focusing on youth and family risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Lederhos Smith
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Analytics and PsychoPharmacology Laboratory (APPL) and the Program of Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | | | - Andre Miguel
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Analytics and PsychoPharmacology Laboratory (APPL) and the Program of Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - John Roll
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Analytics and PsychoPharmacology Laboratory (APPL) and the Program of Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Laura Hill
- Human Development, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Michael Cleveland
- Human Development, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Sterling McPherson
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
- Analytics and PsychoPharmacology Laboratory (APPL) and the Program of Excellence in Addiction Research, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
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7
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Capaldi DM, Tiberio SS, Kerr DCR, Owen LD. Associations of Cannabis Use across Adolescence and Early Adulthood With Health and Psychosocial Adjustment in Early Adulthood and Midadulthood in Men. Subst Abuse 2022; 16:11782218221096154. [PMID: 35677294 PMCID: PMC9168876 DOI: 10.1177/11782218221096154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Associations between men’s prior cannabis use and their physical and
psychosocial adjustment were examined using prospective data across
adolescence (ages 13-20 years), early adulthood (ages 20-30 years), and
midadulthood (ages 30-38 years). The theoretical framework was based in
developmental-contextual and lifespan approaches. Method: Models were tested using men in the Oregon Youth Study who had been studied
since ages 9 to 10 years and who, in childhood, lived in neighborhoods with
higher than average rates of delinquency. Cannabis use in adolescence was
used to predict early adult outcomes (and early adult use to midadult
outcomes). In addition, a set of covariates was added to the models,
including childhood risk factors assessed at age 9 years (ie, family
socioeconomic status; externalizing behaviors; and if available, the
childhood proxy for the outcome [eg, age 9 intelligence scale]) and alcohol
use in adolescence (or early adulthood). physical health outcomes included
accidental injuries, problems resulting from a prior injury, body mass
index, self-report health, and also pain and cardiovascular risk (blood
pressure and pulse rate) in midadulthood. Psychosocial outcomes included
income, housing insecurity, intelligence, depressive symptoms, psychosis
symptoms, hostility/aggression, social problems, and attention problems. Results: Whereas there was almost no prediction from prior cannabis use to the
physical health outcomes, there were comprehensive associations of cannabis
use from the prior developmental period and psychosocial outcomes in both
early adulthood and midadulthood. Conclusion: Cannabis use in prior developmental periods was associated with a broad range
of types of poor psychosocial adjustment in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Capaldi
- Deborah M Capaldi, Oregon Social Learning
Center, 10 Shelton McMurphey Blvd, Eugene, OR 97401, USA.
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8
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Hines LA, Spry EA, Moreno-Betancur M, Mohamad Husin H, Becker D, Middleton M, Craig JM, Doyle LW, Olsson CA, Patton G. Cannabis and tobacco use prior to pregnancy and subsequent offspring birth outcomes: a 20-year intergenerational prospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16826. [PMID: 34413325 PMCID: PMC8376878 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the life-course origins of health and development begin before conception. We examined associations between timing and frequency of preconception cannabis and tobacco use and next generation preterm birth (PTB), low birth weight (LBW) and small for gestational age. 665 participants in a general population cohort were repeatedly assessed on tobacco and cannabis use between ages 14-29 years, before pregnancy. Associations were estimated using logistic regression. Preconception parent (either maternal or paternal) daily cannabis use age 15-17 was associated with sixfold increases in the odds of offspring PTB (aOR 6.65, 95% CI 1.92, 23.09), and offspring LBW (aOR 5.84, 95% CI 1.70-20.08), after adjusting for baseline sociodemographic factors, parent sex, offspring sex, family socioeconomic status, parent mental health at baseline, and concurrent tobacco use. There was little evidence of associations with preconception parental cannabis use at other ages or preconception parental tobacco use. Findings support the hypothesis that the early life origins of growth begin before conception and provide a compelling rationale for prevention of frequent use during adolescence. This is pertinent given liberalisation of cannabis policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Hines
- Centre for Academic Mental Health, Population Health Sciences Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Elizabeth A Spry
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Margarita Moreno-Betancur
- University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hanafi Mohamad Husin
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Denise Becker
- Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa Middleton
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, Deakin University School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lex W Doyle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paedatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig A Olsson
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - George Patton
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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9
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The Relationship between Drug Consumption and Dating App Use: Results from an Italian Survey. SOCIAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/socsci10080290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To date, the literature regarding the relationship between drug consumption and dating app use is still very scant and inconclusive. The present study was thus aimed at investigating the association between drug consumption and dating app use in the general population. A total of 1278 Italian respondents completed an online ad hoc questionnaire assessing drug consumption (cannabis versus other illicit drugs), dating app use, the primary motive for installing dating apps, and demographics. Multiple logistic regression analyses were run to investigate the role of demographics and dating app use on drug consumption. Being single predicted cannabis use. Using dating apps accounted for higher odds of cannabis use; however, people who intensely used the apps were less likely to consume marijuana. Conversely, dating app use was not associated with the consumption of other drugs. This study suggests the presence of common underlying factors between dating app use and cannabis use, and it highlights the mediating role of the intensity of app use. Conversely, the study suggests that dating app use and the use of other drugs are quite independent behaviors.
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10
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Grigsby TJ, Howard K, Howard JT. Comparison of Past Year Substance Use Estimates by Age, Sex, and Race/Ethnicity Between Two Representative Samples of the U.S. Adult Population. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2021; 41:401-416. [PMID: 33642658 PMCID: PMC7893844 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-021-09645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Comparative evaluations of national survey data can improve future survey design and sampling strategies thereby enhancing our ability to detect important population level trends. This paper presents differences in past year estimates of alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and non-medical painkiller use prevalence by age, sex, and race/ethnicity between the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) and the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III) administered in 2012-2013. In general, estimates were higher for the NSDUH survey, but patterns of substance use prevalence were similar across race/ethnicity, age, and sex. Results show most significant differences in estimates, across substances, age groups, and sex were greatest among Hispanics, followed by non-Hispanic Whites, and non-Hispanic Blacks. Members of other racial/ethnic groups (e.g., Asian-American, Native American/Alaskan Native) were underrepresented in the NSDUH survey. In many cases, estimates for these subpopulations could not be calculated using the NSDUH data limiting our ability to draw comparisons with the NESARC estimates. Methodological differences in data collection for the NSDUH and NESARC surveys may have contributed to these findings. To promote effective population health surveillance methods, more work is needed to derive reliable and valid estimates from demographic subpopulations to better improve policymaking and intervention programming for at-risk populations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11113-021-09645-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Grigsby
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV 89154 USA
| | - Krista Howard
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, 601 University Dr., San Marcos, TX 78666 USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Howard
- Department of Public Health, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Cir., San Antonio, TX 78249 USA
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11
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Paulus FW, Ohmann S, Möhler E, Plener P, Popow C. Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents With Psychiatric Disorders. A Narrative Review. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:628252. [PMID: 34759846 PMCID: PMC8573252 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.628252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Emotional dysregulation (ED) is a transdiagnostic construct defined as the inability to regulate the intensity and quality of emotions (such as, fear, anger, sadness), in order to generate an appropriate emotional response, to handle excitability, mood instability, and emotional overreactivity, and to come down to an emotional baseline. Because ED has not been defined as a clinical entity, and because ED plays a major role in child and adolescent psychopathology, we decided to summarize current knowledge on this topic based on a narrative review of the current literature. Methods: This narrative review is based on a literature search of peer-reviewed journals. We searched the databases ERIC, PsycARTICLES, PsycINFO and PSYNDEX on June 2, 2020 for peer reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2020 in English language for the preschool, school, and adolescent age (2-17 years) using the following search terms: "emotional dysregulation" OR "affect dysregulation," retrieving 943 articles. Results: The results of the literature search are presented in the following sections: the relationship between ED and psychiatric disorders (ADHD, Mood Disorders, Psychological Trauma, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Non-suicidal Self-Injury, Eating Disorders, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, Conduct Disorder, Disruptive Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, Personality Disorders, Substance Use Disorder, Developmental Disorders, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Psychosis and Schizophrenia, and Gaming Disorder), prevention, and treatment of ED. Conclusion: Basic conditions of ED are genetic disposition, the experience of trauma, especially sexual or physical abuse, emotional neglect in childhood or adolescence, and personal stress. ED is a complex construct and a comprehensive concept, aggravating a number of various mental disorders. Differential treatment is mandatory for individual and social functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank W Paulus
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Ohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Society of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (OeGVT), Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Möhler
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Saarland University Medical Center, Homburg, Germany
| | - Paul Plener
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Popow
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Society of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (OeGVT), Vienna, Austria.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Regional Psychiatric Hospital, Mauer, Austria
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12
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Scheier LM, Griffin KW. Youth marijuana use: a review of causes and consequences. Curr Opin Psychol 2020; 38:11-18. [PMID: 32653770 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The legalization of medical and recreational marijuana has raised concerns about a potential increase in the availability and illegal use of marijuana by adolescent minors. To better understand the etiology, patterns, and consequences of adolescent marijuana use, this article reviews high quality, methodologically rigorous, longitudinal studies that focus on the role of personality factors such as sensation-seeking in the etiology of use, developmental trajectories of use and the effects of chronic use, potential gateway effects of marijuana on other illicit drugs, and its role in the onset of psychiatric disorders in adolescents and young adults. Implications are discussed in terms of mechanisms that account for initial and continued use of marijuana by adolescents, how use is associated with key developmental milestones and adult role socialization, and the potential of marijuana use during adolescence in furthering later drug involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence M Scheier
- LARS Research Institute, Inc., Scottsdale, AZ, USA; Prevention Strategies, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Griffin
- George Mason University, Department of Global and Community Health, College of Health & Human Services, USA
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13
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Allegrini AG, Verweij KJH, Abdellaoui A, Treur JL, Hottenga JJ, Willemsen G, Boomsma DI, Vink JM. Genetic Vulnerability for Smoking and Cannabis Use: Associations With E-Cigarette and Water Pipe Use. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:723-730. [PMID: 30053134 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cigarette smoking and cannabis use are heritable traits and share, at least in part, a common genetic substrate. In recent years, the prevalence of alternative methods of nicotine intakes, such as electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) and water pipe use, has risen substantially. We tested whether the genetic vulnerability underlying cigarettes smoking and cannabis use explained variability in e-cigarette and water pipe use phenotypes, as these vaping methods are alternatives for smoking tobacco cigarettes and joints. METHODS On the basis of the summary statistics of the International Cannabis Consortium and the Tobacco and Genetics Consortium, we generated polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for smoking and cannabis use traits, and used these to predict e-cigarette and water pipe use phenotypes in a sample of 5025 individuals from the Netherlands Twin Register. RESULTS PRSs for cigarettes per day were positively associated with lifetime e-cigarette use and early initiation of water pipe use, but only in ex-smokers (odds ratio = 1.43, R2 = 1.56%, p = .011) and never cigarette smokers (odds ratio = 1.35, R2 = 1.60%, p = .013) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Most associations of PRSs for cigarette smoking and cannabis use with e-cigarette and water pipe use were not significant, potentially due to a lack of power. The significant associations between genetic liability to smoking heaviness with e-cigarette and water pipe phenotypes are in line with studies indicating a common genetic background for substance-use phenotypes. These associations emerged only in nonsmokers, and future studies should investigate the nature of this observation. IMPLICATIONS Our study showed that genetic vulnerability to smoking heaviness is associated with lifetime e-cigarette use and age at initiation of water pipe use. This finding has implications for the current debate on whether alternative smoking methods, such as usage of vaping devices, predispose to smoking initiation and related behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea G Allegrini
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin J H Verweij
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Abdel Abdellaoui
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jorien L Treur
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jouke-Jan Hottenga
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gonneke Willemsen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Jacqueline M Vink
- Department of Developmental Psychopathology, Behavioural Science Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Park E, Livingston JA, Wang W, Kwon M, Eiden RD, Chang YP. Adolescent E-cigarette use trajectories and subsequent alcohol and marijuana use. Addict Behav 2020; 103:106213. [PMID: 31862618 PMCID: PMC6954975 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has become more prevalent among adolescents, there is a growing body of evidence linking e-cigarette use to the initiation of other substances. Whether there is a threshold level of e-cigarette use that is predictive of other substance use is unknown. The current study examines patterns of e-cigarette use over time and determines whether different patterns of early adolescent e-cigarette use are concurrently and prospectively associated with alcohol and marijuana use in late adolescence. METHOD Eight hundred and one adolescents (13-15 years old at baseline recruitment) completed five on-line surveys over a two-year period. Latent class growth analysis was used to model different developmental courses of e-cigarette, alcohol (drinking to intoxication), and marijuana use. Logistic regression was used to test the association between e-cigarette use trajectory patterns and alcohol and marijuana use trajectories. RESULTS Three developmental courses of e-cigarette use were identified: 1) high and increasing, 2) low and increasing, and 3) never. Compared to adolescents who had never used e-cigarettes, those in the other two groups were more likely to have been intoxicated and to be in the moderate and increasing marijuana use group. CONCLUSION Both high and low levels of e-cigarette use patterns are associated with increasing use of other substances (alcohol and marijuana use) over time. Findings highlight the need for early intervention and prevention of e-cigarette use among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhee Park
- University at Buffalo, School of Nursing, 3435 Main St. University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8013, United States.
| | - Jennifer A Livingston
- University at Buffalo, School of Nursing, 3435 Main St. University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8013, United States.
| | - Weijun Wang
- Clinical and Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Psychology, 1021 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14203-1016, United States.
| | - Misol Kwon
- University at Buffalo, School of Nursing, 3435 Main St. University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8013, United States.
| | - Rina D Eiden
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology & Consortium for Combatting Substance Abuse, Pennsylvania State University, 140 Moore Building, University Park, PA 16801, United States.
| | - Yu-Ping Chang
- University at Buffalo, School of Nursing, 3435 Main St. University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14214-8013, United States.
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15
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Epstein M, Bailey JA, Furlong M, Steeger CM, Hill KG. An intergenerational investigation of the associations between parental marijuana use trajectories and child functioning. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2019; 34:830-838. [PMID: 31497987 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Diverse patterns of life-course marijuana use may have differential health impacts for the children of users. Data are drawn from an intergenerational study of 426 families that included a parent, their oldest biological child, and (where appropriate) another caregiver who were interviewed 10 times from 2002 to 2018; the current study used data from 380 families in waves 6-10. Analyses linked parent marijuana use trajectories estimated in a previous publication (Epstein et al., 2015) to child marijuana, alcohol, and nicotine use; promarijuana norms; internalizing; externalizing; attention problems; and grades using multilevel modeling among children ages 6 to 21. Four trajectories had been found in the previous study: nonuser, chronic, adolescent-limited, and late-onset. Results indicate that children of parents in the groups that initiated marijuana use in adolescence (chronic and adolescent-limited) were most likely to use substances. Children of parents in the late-onset group, where parents initiated use in young adulthood, were not at increased risk for substance use but were more likely to have attention problems and lower grades. Results held when parent current marijuana use was added to the models. Implications of this work highlight the importance of considering both current use and use history in intergenerational transmission of marijuana use, and the need to address parent use history in family based prevention. Prevention of adolescent marijuana use remains a priority. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Epstein
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - Jennifer A Bailey
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - Madeline Furlong
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | | | - Karl G Hill
- Institute for Behavioral Research, University of Colorado Boulder
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16
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Miranda R, Wemm SE, Treloar Padovano H, Carpenter RW, Emery NN, Gray JC, Mereish EH. Weaker Memory Performance Exacerbates Stress-Induced Cannabis Craving in Youths' Daily Lives. Clin Psychol Sci 2019; 7:1094-1108. [PMID: 31737439 DOI: 10.1177/2167702619841976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Theories of addiction posit that stimuli associated with drug use, including both exteroceptive (e.g., paraphernalia) and interoceptive (e.g., feeling tense or "stressed"), evoke craving and contribute to the pathogenesis of substance misuse. Control over drug cue response and stress is essential for moderating use. Building from laboratory data supporting associations between cue exposure, stress, and craving, this study tested whether these associations generalize to real-world settings and examined whether a well-vetted neurocognitive control capacity, i.e., working memory (WM), moderated associations. Youth (N = 85; 15-24 years) completed baseline and ecological momentary assessments. Cue exposure and participants' average stress predicted higher craving. Youth with weaker WM experienced stronger craving at higher-stress moments but not when faced with cues. Interactions were present for both previous-moment and same-moment stress. Craving among adolescents with stronger WM was not swayed by momentary stress. Findings suggest stronger WM protects against craving at more stressful moments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Miranda
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | | | | | | | - Noah N Emery
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Joshua C Gray
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University
| | - Ethan H Mereish
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University; Department of Health Studies, American University
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17
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Seidel AK, Pedersen A, Hanewinkel R, Morgenstern M. Cessation of cannabis use: A retrospective cohort study. Psychiatry Res 2019; 279:40-46. [PMID: 31295646 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Given recent findings of a worldwide increase in cannabis use, a better understanding of the factors associated with cannabis use is needed. Most previous studies have focused on factors that predict the initiation of cannabis use, but less is known about factors associated with cessation. The present study is a retrospective cohort study of 6467 current or former cannabis users aged 15 to 46 years (mean age 22.5, SD = 4.8). Data were collected via an online survey advertised in social media. All analyzed participants had used cannabis for at least three years. Approximately 16.3% (n = 1055) of the sample population had not used cannabis in the previous 12 months and were classified as quitters; all others (83.7%, n = 5412) reported at least monthly use. Cessation was predicted by older current age, being female, nonmigrant status, less sensation seeking, using psychological treatment, more peer cannabis use during youth and more negative first experience with cannabis. An additional predictor was a nonincrease in the frequency of cannabis use in the first three years of use, indicating that trajectories of cannabis use are set early on and might be used to identify risk groups for early preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Seidel
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, Harmsstr. 2, D-24114 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anya Pedersen
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Kiel, Germany
| | - Reiner Hanewinkel
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, Harmsstr. 2, D-24114 Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthis Morgenstern
- Institute for Therapy and Health Research, Harmsstr. 2, D-24114 Kiel, Germany
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18
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Ames ME, Leadbeater BJ, Merrin GJ, Thompson K. Patterns of marijuana use and physical health indicators among Canadian youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 55:1-12. [PMID: 30511434 PMCID: PMC7003924 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We examine how trajectories of marijuana use in Canadian youth (ages 15 to 28) are related to physical health indicators in adolescence and young adulthood. Youth were initially recruited in 2003 (N = 662; 48% male; ages 12 to 18) and followed for six waves. Five trajectories of marijuana use (Abstainers-29%, Occasional users-27%, Decreasers-14%, Increasers-20% and Chronic users-11%) were identified. Chronic users reported more physical symptoms, poorer physical self-concept, less physical activity, poorer eating practices, less sleep, and higher number of sexual partners during adolescence than other classes. Decreasers also reported poorer physical self-concept and poorer eating practices than abstainers. Other trajectory classes showed few significant health problems. Chronic users also reported more acute health problems (i.e. serious injuries, early sexual debut, higher number of sexual partners, greater likelihood of having a STI) in young adulthood than all other classes contributing to costs of healthcare. Youth who engage in early, frequent and continued use of marijuana from adolescence to young adulthood are at-risk of physical health problems in adolescence and young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kara Thompson
- St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, NS, Canada
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19
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Subramaniam P, Rogowska J, DiMuzio J, Lopez-Larson M, McGlade E, Yurgelun-Todd D. Orbitofrontal connectivity is associated with depression and anxiety in marijuana-using adolescents. J Affect Disord 2018; 239:234-241. [PMID: 30025312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prevalence of marijuana (MJ) use among adolescents has been on the rise. MJ use has been reported to impact several brain regions, including frontal regions such as the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The OFC is involved in emotion regulation and processing and has been associated with symptoms of depression and anxiety. Therefore, we hypothesized that adolescent MJ users would show disruptions in OFC connectivity compared with healthy adolescents (HC) which would be associated with symptoms of mood and anxiety. METHODS 43 MJ-using and 31 HC adolescents completed clinical measures including the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data was also acquired for all participants. RESULTS In MJ users, increased depressive symptoms were associated with increased connectivity between the left OFC and left parietal regions. In contrast, lower ratings of anxiety were associated with increased connectivity between right and left OFC and right occipital and temporal regions. These findings indicate significant differences in OFC connectivity in MJ-using adolescents, which correlated with mood/anxiety. LIMITATIONS Future studies with an increased number of female participants is required to address potential sex differences in connectivity patterns related to symptoms of depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the association between OFC connectivity, MJ use, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescents. These findings provide further insight into understanding the neural correlates that modulate the relationship between comorbid MJ use and mood disorders and could potentially help us better develop preventive and treatment measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punitha Subramaniam
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
| | - Jadwiga Rogowska
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer DiMuzio
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Erin McGlade
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Veteran Affairs, Rocky Mountain MIRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deborah Yurgelun-Todd
- Diagnostic Neuroimaging, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Neuroscience, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Veteran Affairs, Rocky Mountain MIRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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20
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Audrain-McGovern J, Stone MD, Barrington-Trimis J, Unger JB, Leventhal AM. Adolescent E-Cigarette, Hookah, and Conventional Cigarette Use and Subsequent Marijuana Use. Pediatrics 2018; 142:peds.2017-3616. [PMID: 30082450 PMCID: PMC6317758 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2017-3616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : media-1vid110.1542/5799875103001PEDS-VA_2017-3616Video Abstract OBJECTIVES: Noncigarette tobacco products may confer a risk of marijuana use similar to combustible cigarettes. We examined whether adolescent electronic cigarette (e-cigarette), hookah, or combustible cigarette use is associated with initiating and currently using marijuana as well as using both tobacco and marijuana concurrently. METHODS Adolescents from 10 public schools in Los Angeles, California, completed in-classroom surveys at baseline (fall 2013, ninth grade) and at a 24-month follow-up (fall 2015, 11th grade). Among adolescents who never used marijuana at baseline (N = 2668), associations of baseline e-cigarette, hookah, or combustible cigarette use with ever marijuana use (initiation), current marijuana use (past 30 days), and current dual use of marijuana and these tobacco products at the 24-month follow-up were examined. RESULTS Baseline ever versus never e-cigarette use was associated with initiation (odds ratio [OR] 3.63; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.69-4.90) and current (OR 3.67; 95% CI 2.51-5.36) marijuana use 24 months later. Ever versus never hookah use was associated with initiation (OR 3.55; 95% CI 2.49-5.08) and current (OR 4.10; 95% CI 2.69-6.25) marijuana use 24 months later. Similar associations were observed for combustible cigarette smoking and initiation (OR 4.30; 95% CI 2.79-6.63) and current use of marijuana (OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.05-3.68). Current use of any of these tobacco products at baseline was associated with current use of both tobacco and marijuana (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.47-3.55) 24 months later. CONCLUSIONS The association between tobacco use and subsequent marijuana use across adolescence extends to multiple tobacco products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Audrain-McGovern
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Matthew D. Stone
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jessica Barrington-Trimis
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jennifer B. Unger
- Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adam M. Leventhal
- Departments of Psychology and,Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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21
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Grigsby TJ, McLawhorn J. Missing Data Techniques and the Statistical Conclusion Validity of Survey-Based Alcohol and Drug Use Research Studies: A Review and Comment on Reproducibility. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042618795878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present review was to examine whether or not the use of modern missing data techniques impacts the statistical conclusion validity of research on alcohol and drug use outcomes in survey-based research studies. We identified 28 papers and received complete case data from the authors of 12 studies. Seven studies (25%) reported the missing data pattern (missing not at random [MNAR], missing at random [MAR], missing completely at random [MCAR]), 15 studies (53.6%) indicated the amount of missing observations in the data set, and a significant proportion of studies ( n = 13, 46.4%) did not report any of the conditions or assumptions under which the missing data analysis was performed or implemented. Six of the 12 (50%) studies analyzed reported a different number of statistically significant associations between the complete case and full sample analyses. Efforts should be made to make missing data analysis more accessible, easy to implement and report to improve transparency and reproducibility of findings.
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22
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Earnshaw VA, Bogart LM, Menino D, Kelly JF, Chaudoir SR, Brousseau N, Levy S. Disclosure, Stigma, and Social Support among Young People Receiving Treatment for Substance Use Disorders and their Caregivers: A Qualitative Analysis. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018; 17:1535-1549. [PMID: 33312084 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9930-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Relational processes (i.e., disclosure, stigma, social support) experienced by youth with substance use disorders (SUDs) and their caregivers may act as barriers to, or facilitators of, recovery but are understudied. Single-session qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 patients and 15 caregivers recruited by clinicians from a SUD program. There was variability in disclosure experiences, including how many people knew about patients' SUD diagnosis and treatment, whether patients or caregivers primarily disclosed to others, and feelings about others knowing about one's or one's child's SUD treatment. After disclosing, patients and caregivers experienced stigmatizing (e.g., social rejection) and supportive (e.g., understanding, advice) reactions from others. Disclosures may have important implications for relationship and recovery-related outcomes. Moreover, some child-caregiver pairs have significant disagreements regarding disclosure of SUD treatment. Addressing relational processes within treatment by encouraging patients and caregivers to share the disclosure decision-making process may support the recovery of youth with SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie A Earnshaw
- University of Delaware, 111 Alison Hall West, Newark, DE 19716.,Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115.,Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Laura M Bogart
- RAND Corporation, 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138
| | - David Menino
- Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - John F Kelly
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115.,Massachussetts General Hospital, 60 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114
| | | | | | - Sharon Levy
- Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, MA 02115.,Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
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Abstract
Objective In this study, we examined: (1) differences among never, current, and former young adult marijuana users; and (2) reasons for use and cessation. Methods We conducted interviews with 57 young adults (including 46 marijuana users) enrolled in a longitudinal study of 3418 young adults and a survey in this cohort (N = 2866). Participants reporting former but not current use on the survey (N = 607) completed the Reasons for Marijuana Cessation section. Results Interview data indicated reasons for initiating (or not initiating) use, continued use, and quitting. The Reasons for Marijuana Cessation scale included 2 factors: (1) Instrumentality and 2) Social/Legal reasons. Conclusions These findings might inform theoretical frameworks upon which marijuana cessation occurs and direct future intervention studies.
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24
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Green KM, Doherty EE, Ensminger ME. Long-term consequences of adolescent cannabis use: Examining intermediary processes. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 43:567-575. [PMID: 27929672 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1258706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, perceptions of marijuana's acceptability are at an all-time high, risk perceptions among youth are low, and rates are rising among Black youth. Thus, it is imperative to increase the understanding of long-term effects of adolescent marijuana use and ways to mitigate adverse consequences. OBJECTIVES To identify the midlife consequences of heavy adolescent marijuana use and the mechanisms driving effects among a Black, urban population. METHODS This study analyzed the propensity score-matched prospective data from the Woodlawn Study, a community cohort study of urban Black youth followed from ages 6-42. After matching the 165 adolescents who used marijuana heavily to 165 non-heavy/nonusers on background confounders to reduce selection effects (64.5% male), we tested the association of heavy marijuana use by age 16 with social, economic, and physical and psychological health outcomes in midlife and the ability of adult drug trajectories (marijuana, cocaine, and heroin use from ages 17-42) and school dropout to mediate effects. RESULTS Heavy adolescent marijuana use was associated with an increased risk of being poor and of being unmarried in midlife. Marijuana use also predicted lower income and greater anxious mood in midlife. Both adult drug use trajectories and school dropout significantly mediated socioeconomic effects but not marital or anxious mood outcomes. CONCLUSION Heavy adolescent marijuana use seems to set Black, urban youth on a long-term trajectory of disadvantage that persists into midlife. It is critical to interrupt this long-term disadvantage through the prevention of heavy adolescent marijuana use, long-term marijuana and other drug use, and school dropout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry M Green
- a Department of Behavioral and Community Health , University of Maryland, College Park , MD , USA
| | - Elaine E Doherty
- b Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice , University of Missouri Saint Louis , Saint Louis , MO , USA
| | - Margaret E Ensminger
- c Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Department of Health, Behavior & Society , Baltimore , MD , USA
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