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Wang W, Yang Y, Wang D, Huang L. Toxic Effects of Rare Earth Elements on Human Health: A Review. TOXICS 2024; 12:317. [PMID: 38787096 PMCID: PMC11125915 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Rare earth elements (REEs) are a new type of material resource which have attracted significant attention in recent years. REEs have emerged as essential metals in modern-day technology due to their unique functions. The long-term, large-scale mining and utilization of rare earths has caused serious environmental pollution and constitutes a global health issue, which has raised concerns regarding the safety of human health. However, the toxicity profile of suspended particulate matter in REEs in the environment, which interacts with the human body, remains largely unknown. Studies have shown that REEs can enter the human body through a variety of pathways, leading to a variety of organ and system dysfunctions through changes in genetics, epigenetics, and signaling pathways. Through an extensive literature search and critical analysis, we provide a comprehensive overview of the available evidence, identify knowledge gaps, and make recommendations for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lihua Huang
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014030, China; (W.W.); (Y.Y.); (D.W.)
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Xu H, Li S, Ma X, Xue T, Shen F, Ru Y, Jiang J, Kuai L, Li B, Zhao H, Ma X. Cerium oxide nanoparticles in diabetic foot ulcer management: Advances, limitations, and future directions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 231:113535. [PMID: 37729799 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most serious complications of diabetes, potentially resulting in wound infection and amputation under severe circumstances. Oxidative stress and dysbiosis are the primary factors that delay wound healing, posing challenges to effective treatment. Unfortunately, conventional approaches in these aspects have proven satisfactory in achieving curative outcomes. Recent research has increasingly focused on using nanoparticles, leveraging their potential in wound dressing and medication delivery. Their unique physical properties further enhance their therapeutic effectiveness. Among these nanoparticles, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) have garnered attention due to their notable beneficial effects on oxidative stress and microbial abundance, thus representing a promising therapeutic avenue for DFU. This review comprehensively assesses recent studies on CONPs in treating DFU. Furthermore, we elaborate on the wound healing process, ceria synthesis, and incorporating CONPs with other materials. Crucially, a thorough evaluation of CONPs' toxicity as a novel metallic nanomaterial for therapeutic use must precede their formal clinical application. Additionally, we identify the current challenges CONPs encounter and propose future directions for their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Xu
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Shiqi Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Ma
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Tingting Xue
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Fang Shen
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Yi Ru
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Jingsi Jiang
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Li
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China; Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xin Ma
- Shanghai Skin Disease Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200443, China; Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China.
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Hadrup N, Sahlgren N, Jacobsen NR, Saber AT, Hougaard KS, Vogel U, Jensen KA. Toxicity dose descriptors from animal inhalation studies of 13 nanomaterials and their bulk and ionic counterparts and variation with primary particle characteristics. Nanotoxicology 2023:1-34. [PMID: 37300873 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2023.2221728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study collects toxicity data from animal inhalation studies of some nanomaterials and their bulk and ionic counterparts. To allow potential grouping and interpretations, we retrieved the primary physicochemical and exposure data to the extent possible for each of the materials. Reviewed materials are compounds (mainly elements, oxides and salts) of carbon (carbon black, carbon nanotubes, and graphene), silver, cerium, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, silicium (amorphous silica and quartz), titanium (titanium dioxide), and zinc (chemical symbols: Ag, C, Ce, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, Si, Ti, TiO2, and Zn). Collected endpoints are: a) pulmonary inflammation, measured as neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at 0-24 hours after last exposure; and b) genotoxicity/carcinogenicity. We present the dose descriptors no-observed-adverse-effect concentrations (NOAECs) and lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentrations (LOAECs) for 88 nanomaterial investigations in data-library and graph formats. We also calculate 'the value where 25% of exposed animals develop tumors' (T25) for carcinogenicity studies. We describe how the data may be used for hazard assessment of the materials using carbon black as an example. The collected data also enable hazard comparison between different materials. An important observation for poorly soluble particles is that the NOAEC for neutrophil numbers in general lies around 1 to 2 mg/m3. We further discuss why some materials' dose descriptors deviate from this level, likely reflecting the effects of the ionic form and effects of the fiber-shape. Finally, we discuss that long-term studies, in general, provide the lowest dose descriptors, and dose descriptors are positively correlated with particle size for near-spherical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Hadrup
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research group for risk-benefit, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicklas Sahlgren
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicklas R Jacobsen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne T Saber
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin S Hougaard
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Keld A Jensen
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment (NFA), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Khurana A, Saifi MA, Godugu C. Nanoceria Ameliorates Fibrosis, Inflammation, and Cellular Stress in Experimental Chronic Pancreatitis. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1030-1042. [PMID: 36695711 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is an inflammatory, irreversible disorder of the pancreas which leads to organ atrophy and poses high risk for the development of pancreatic cancer. Given the lack of clinically approved therapy, we explored the pharmacological potential of the nanoparticles of cerium oxide (nanoceria, NC) against animal models of CP. Nanoceria ameliorated the features of CP as evident from biochemical parameters. It inhibited the inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by abrogation of macrophage signaling. Further, NC attenuated the fibrogenesis by inhibition of TGF-β signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Our findings reveal the anti-CP potential of the novel redox regenerative nanoceria against two models of CP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Khurana
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), NH9, Balanagar Main Road, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500037, India
| | - Mohd Aslam Saifi
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), NH9, Balanagar Main Road, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500037, India
| | - Chandraiah Godugu
- Department of Biological Sciences (Regulatory Toxicology), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), NH9, Balanagar Main Road, Balanagar, Hyderabad, Telangana State 500037, India
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Chou WC, Cheng YH, Riviere JE, Monteiro-Riviere NA, Kreyling WG, Lin Z. Development of a multi-route physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for nanomaterials: a comparison between a traditional versus a new route-specific approach using gold nanoparticles in rats. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:47. [PMID: 35804418 PMCID: PMC9264615 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling is an important tool in predicting target organ dosimetry and risk assessment of nanoparticles (NPs). The methodology of building a multi-route PBPK model for NPs has not been established, nor systematically evaluated. In this study, we hypothesized that the traditional route-to-route extrapolation approach of PBPK modeling that is typically used for small molecules may not be appropriate for NPs. To test this hypothesis, the objective of this study was to develop a multi-route PBPK model for different sizes (1.4–200 nm) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in adult rats following different routes of administration (i.e., intravenous (IV), oral gavage, intratracheal instillation, and endotracheal inhalation) using two approaches: a traditional route-to-route extrapolation approach for small molecules and a new approach that is based on route-specific data that we propose to be applied generally to NPs. Results We found that the PBPK model using this new approach had superior performance than the traditional approach. The final PBPK model was optimized rigorously using a Bayesian hierarchical approach with Markov chain Monte Carlo simulations, and then converted to a web-based interface using R Shiny. In addition, quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) based multivariate linear regressions were established to predict the route-specific key biodistribution parameters (e.g., maximum uptake rate) based on the physicochemical properties of AuNPs (e.g., size, surface area, dose, Zeta potential, and NP numbers). These results showed the size and surface area of AuNPs were the main determinants for endocytic/phagocytic uptake rates regardless of the route of administration, while Zeta potential was an important parameter for the estimation of the exocytic release rates following IV administration. Conclusions This study suggests that traditional route-to-route extrapolation approaches for PBPK modeling of small molecules are not applicable to NPs. Therefore, multi-route PBPK models for NPs should be developed using route-specific data. This novel PBPK-based web interface serves as a foundation for extrapolating to other NPs and to humans to facilitate biodistribution estimation, safety, and risk assessment of NPs. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00489-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chun Chou
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA.,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA.,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yi-Hsien Cheng
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Jim E Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,1Data Consortium, Kansas State University, Olathe, KS, 66061, USA
| | - Nancy A Monteiro-Riviere
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Wolfgang G Kreyling
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, 1225 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA. .,Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA. .,Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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6
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Seiffert SB, Vennemann A, Nordhorn ID, Kröger S, Wiemann M, Karst U. LA-ICP-MS and Immunohistochemical Staining with Lanthanide-Labeled Antibodies to Study the Uptake of CeO 2 Nanoparticles by Macrophages in Tissue Sections. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:981-991. [PMID: 35583351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Due to the increasing use and production of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs), the likelihood of exposure especially via the air rapidly grows. However, the uptake of CeO2 NPs via the lung and the resulting distribution into various cell types of remote organs are not well understood because classical analytical methods provide limited spatial information. In this study, laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was combined with immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with lanthanide-labeled antibodies to investigate the distribution of intratracheally instilled CeO2 NPs from the rat lung to lymph nodes, spleen, and liver after 3 h, 3 days, and 21 days. We selected regions of interest after fast imaging using LA-ICP-MS in low-resolution mode and conducted high-resolution LA-ICP-MS in combination with IHC for cellular localization. The lanthanide labeling, which was largely congruent with conventional fluorescent labeling, allowed us to calculate the association rates of Ce to specific cell types. Major portions of Ce were found to be associated with phagocytic cells in the lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. In the lung, almost 94% of the Ce was co-localized with CD68-positive alveolar macrophages after 21 days. Ce was also detected in the lymph nodes outside macrophages 3 h post instillation but shifted to macrophage-associated locations. In the liver, Ce accumulations associated with Kupffer cells (CD163-positive) were found. Ce-containing populations of metallophilic and marginal zone macrophages (both CD169-positive) as well as red pulp macrophages (CD68-positive) were identified as major targets in the spleen. Overall, high-resolution LA-ICP-MS analysis in combination with IHC staining with lanthanide-labeled antibodies is a suitable tool to quantify and localize Ce associated with specific cell types and to estimate their particle burden under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svenja B Seiffert
- Department of Material Physics, Analytics & Formulation, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ilona D Nordhorn
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sabrina Kröger
- Department of Material Physics, Analytics & Formulation, BASF SE, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health gGmbH, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Jeliazkova N, Ma-Hock L, Janer G, Stratmann H, Wohlleben W. Possibilities to group nanomaterials across different substances - A case study on organic pigments. NANOIMPACT 2022; 26:100391. [PMID: 35560297 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grouping concepts to reduce the testing of NFs have been developed for regulatory purposes for different forms of the same substance. Here we explore possibilities to group nanomaterials across different substances for non-regulatory applications, using the example of 16 organic pigments from six chemical classes. Organic pigments are particles consisting of low-molar-mass organic molecules, and rank by tonnage among the most important substances manufactured in nanoform (NF). Tiered testing strategies relevant to the inhalation route included Tier 1 (deposition, dissolution, reactivity, inflammation) and if available Tier 3 data (in vivo). A similarity assessment of the pigment NF data was conducted in a quantitative (Tier 1 and Tier 3 in vivo potency) or qualitative (Tier 3 in vivo effects) manner. We observed that chemical similarity of organic pigments was predictive for their similarity of reactivity and dissolution, but that additional NF descriptors such as surface area or size, modulate the similarity in inflammation or cytotoxicity. We applied the concept of biologically relevant ranges to crop the values of the Tier 1 data matrix before applying similarity algorithms. The Tier 3 assessment by in vivo inhalation confirmed the IATA methodical choices and IATA assessment criteria as consistent and conservative. We suggested limits of acceptable similarity for Tier 1 data and demonstrated their application to support the grouping of some candidate NFs (subsequently confirmed by Tier 3 data). Four candidate NFs exceeded the limits of acceptability for Tier 1 and were escalated from Tier 1 to Tier 3, but were then included in the group, demonstrating the conservative Tier 1 criteria. The resulting group of low-solubility, low-reactivity materials included both NFs and non-NFs of various substances, and could find use for risk management purposes in the occupational handling of pigment powders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Dept Experimental Toxicology & Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Gemma Janer
- LEITAT Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept Experimental Toxicology & Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany; BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Both AK, Shaker E, Cheung CL. Phytotoxic effect of sub-3-nm crystalline ceria nanoparticles on the hydroponic growth of Daikon radish microgreens. CHEMNANOMAT : CHEMISTRY OF NANOMATERIALS FOR ENERGY, BIOLOGY AND MORE 2022; 8:e202200023. [PMID: 35757180 PMCID: PMC9216221 DOI: 10.1002/cnma.202200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (ceria NPs) have been widely used in many industrial applications. They have been proposed as a potential remedy for reducing oxidative stress in biological systems. General concerns over the toxicity of engineered ceria NPs have led to studies of their phytotoxicity in plants. Most of these plant growth studies were conducted in soil using grain crops and commercial ceria NPs of sizes from 6 nm to 100's nm. In this paper, we report our evaluation of the phytotoxicity and uptake of sub-3-nm crystalline ceria NPs by exposing Daikon radish (Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus) microgreens to these NPs with environmentally relevant concentrations under hydroponic growth conditions. Aqueous suspensions of different concentrations of these ceria NPs (0.1 ppm, 1 ppm, and 10 ppm) were applied to these microgreens for the last 7 days of the 12-day growth period. Our results revealed the uptake of cerium by plant roots and the translocation of cerium to the stems and the cotyledons (seed leaves). The accumulation of cerium was found to be maximum at the roots, followed by the cotyledons and the stems of the plants. Even at the lowest concentration (0.1 ppm) of the sub-3-nm ceria NPs, the accumulation of cerium at the roots significantly stunted the root growth. However, these NP treatments did not show significant changes to the distributions of macro-minerals (Mg, K, and Ca) and micro-minerals (Zn and Cu) in the microgreens at the end of the 12-day growth period. The phytotoxic effect of sub-3-nm crystalline ceria nanoparticles on the hydroponic growth of Daikon radish microgreens was studied. The cerium uptake by the plant and its effect on the bioavailability of major macro-minerals and micro-minerals within the plant were examined.
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Hofer S, Hofstätter N, Punz B, Hasenkopf I, Johnson L, Himly M. Immunotoxicity of nanomaterials in health and disease: Current challenges and emerging approaches for identifying immune modifiers in susceptible populations. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1804. [PMID: 36416020 PMCID: PMC9787548 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Nanosafety assessment has experienced an intense era of research during the past decades driven by a vivid interest of regulators, industry, and society. Toxicological assays based on in vitro cellular models have undergone an evolution from experimentation using nanoparticulate systems on singular epithelial cell models to employing advanced complex models more realistically mimicking the respective body barriers for analyzing their capacity to alter the immune state of exposed individuals. During this phase, a number of lessons were learned. We have thus arrived at a state where the next chapters have to be opened, pursuing the following objectives: (1) to elucidate underlying mechanisms, (2) to address effects on vulnerable groups, (3) to test material mixtures, and (4) to use realistic doses on (5) sophisticated models. Moreover, data reproducibility has become a significant demand. In this context, we studied the emerging concept of adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) from the perspective of immune activation and modulation resulting in pro-inflammatory versus tolerogenic responses. When considering the interaction of nanomaterials with biological systems, protein corona formation represents the relevant molecular initiating event (e.g., by potential alterations of nanomaterial-adsorbed proteins). Using this as an example, we illustrate how integrated experimental-computational workflows combining in vitro assays with in silico models aid in data enrichment and upon comprehensive ontology-annotated (meta)data upload to online repositories assure FAIRness (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability, Reusability). Such digital twinning may, in future, assist in early-stage decision-making during therapeutic development, and hence, promote safe-by-design innovation in nanomedicine. Moreover, it may, in combination with in silico-based exposure-relevant dose-finding, serve for risk monitoring in particularly loaded areas, for example, workplaces, taking into account pre-existing health conditions. This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hofer
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Norbert Hofstätter
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Benjamin Punz
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Ingrid Hasenkopf
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Litty Johnson
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
| | - Martin Himly
- Division of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Biosciences & Medical BiologyParis Lodron University of SalzburgSalzburgAustria
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Jeliazkova N, Bleeker E, Cross R, Haase A, Janer G, Peijnenburg W, Pink M, Rauscher H, Svendsen C, Tsiliki G, Zabeo A, Hristozov D, Stone V, Wohlleben W. How can we justify grouping of nanoforms for hazard assessment? Concepts and tools to quantify similarity. NANOIMPACT 2022; 25:100366. [PMID: 35559874 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The risk of each nanoform (NF) of the same substance cannot be assumed to be the same, as they may vary in their physicochemical characteristics, exposure and hazard. However, neither can we justify a need for more animal testing and resources to test every NF individually. To reduce the need to test all NFs, (regulatory) information requirements may be fulfilled by grouping approaches. For such grouping to be acceptable, it is important to demonstrate similarities in physicochemical properties, toxicokinetic behaviour, and (eco)toxicological behaviour. The GRACIOUS Framework supports the grouping of NFs, by identifying suitable grouping hypotheses that describe the key similarities between different NFs. The Framework then supports the user to gather the evidence required to test these hypotheses and to subsequently assess the similarity of the NFs within the proposed group. The evidence needed to support a hypothesis is gathered by an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment (IATA), designed as decision trees constructed of decision nodes. Each decision node asks the questions and provides the methods needed to obtain the most relevant information. This White paper outlines existing and novel methods to assess similarity of the data generated for each decision node, either via a pairwise analysis conducted property-by-property, or by assessing multiple decision nodes simultaneously via a multidimensional analysis. For the pairwise comparison conducted property-by-property we included in this White paper: The x-fold, Bayesian and Arsinh-OWA distance algorithms performed comparably in the scoring of similarity between NF pairs. The Euclidean distance was also useful, but only with proper data transformation. The x-fold method does not standardize data, and thus produces skewed histograms, but has the advantage that it can be implemented without programming knowhow. A range of multidimensional evaluations, using for example dendrogram clustering approaches, were also investigated. Multidimensional distance metrics were demonstrated to be difficult to use in a regulatory context, but from a scientific perspective were found to offer unexpected insights into the overall similarity of very different materials. In conclusion, for regulatory purposes, a property-by-property evaluation of the data matrix is recommended to substantiate grouping, while the multidimensional approaches are considered to be tools of discovery rather than regulatory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Bleeker
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Cross
- UKRI Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gemma Janer
- LEITAT Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Willie Peijnenburg
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Mario Pink
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hubert Rauscher
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Claus Svendsen
- UKRI Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Georgia Tsiliki
- Athena-Research and Innovation Center in Information, Communication and Knowledge Technologies, Marousi, Greece
| | | | | | - Vicki Stone
- NanoSafety Research Group, Heriot-Watt University, Riccarton, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. Material Physics and Dept Experimental Toxicology & Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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11
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Braakhuis HM, Murphy F, Ma-Hock L, Dekkers S, Keller J, Oomen AG, Stone V. An Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment to Support Grouping and Read-Across of Nanomaterials After Inhalation Exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:112-128. [PMID: 34746334 PMCID: PMC8567336 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2021.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Here, we describe the generation of hypotheses for grouping nanoforms (NFs) after inhalation exposure and the tailored Integrated Approaches to Testing and Assessment (IATA) with which each specific hypothesis can be tested. This is part of a state-of-the-art framework to support the hypothesis-driven grouping and read-across of NFs, as developed by the EU-funded Horizon 2020 project GRACIOUS. Development of Grouping Hypotheses and IATA: Respirable NFs, depending on their physicochemical properties, may dissolve either in lung lining fluid or in acidic lysosomal fluid after uptake by cells. Alternatively, NFs may also persist in particulate form. Dissolution in the lung is, therefore, a decisive factor for the toxicokinetics of NFs. This has led to the development of four hypotheses, broadly grouping NFs as instantaneous, quickly, gradually, and very slowly dissolving NFs. For instantaneously dissolving NFs, hazard information can be derived by read-across from the ions. For quickly dissolving particles, as accumulation of particles is not expected, ion toxicity will drive the toxic profile. However, the particle aspect influences the location of the ion release. For gradually dissolving and very slowly dissolving NFs, particle-driven toxicity is of concern. These NFs may be grouped by their reactivity and inflammation potency. The hypotheses are substantiated by a tailored IATA, which describes the minimum information and laboratory assessments of NFs under investigation required to justify grouping. Conclusion: The GRACIOUS hypotheses and tailored IATA for respiratory toxicity of inhaled NFs can be used to support decision making regarding Safe(r)-by-Design product development or adoption of precautionary measures to mitigate potential risks. It can also be used to support read-across of adverse effects such as pulmonary inflammation and subsequent downstream effects such as lung fibrosis and lung tumor formation after long-term exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedwig M Braakhuis
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona Murphy
- NanoSafety Research Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Susan Dekkers
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Keller
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Agnes G Oomen
- Centre for Health Protection and Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Vicki Stone
- NanoSafety Research Group, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Cosnier F, Seidel C, Valentino S, Schmid O, Bau S, Vogel U, Devoy J, Gaté L. Retained particle surface area dose drives inflammation in rat lungs following acute, subacute, and subchronic inhalation of nanomaterials. Part Fibre Toxicol 2021; 18:29. [PMID: 34353337 PMCID: PMC8340536 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-021-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background An important aspect of nanomaterial (NM) risk assessment is establishing relationships between physicochemical properties and key events governing the toxicological pathway leading to adverse outcomes. The difficulty of NM grouping can be simplified if the most toxicologically relevant dose metric is used to assess the toxicological dose-response. Here, we thoroughly investigated the relationship between acute and chronic inflammation (based on polymorphonuclear neutrophil influx (% PMN) in lung bronchoalveolar lavage) and the retained surface area in the lung. Inhalation studies were performed in rats with three classes of NMs: titanium dioxides (TiO2) and carbon blacks (CB) as poorly soluble particles of low toxicity (PSLT), and multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). We compared our results to published data from nearly 30 rigorously selected articles. Results This analysis combined data specially generated for this work on three benchmark materials - TiO2 P25, the CB Printex-90 and the MWCNT MWNT-7 - following subacute (4-week) inhalation with published data relating to acute (1-week) to subchronic (13-week) inhalation exposure to the classes of NMs considered. Short and long post-exposure recovery times (immediately after exposure up to more than 6 months) allowed us to examine both acute and chronic inflammation. A dose-response relationship across short-term and long-term studies was revealed linking pulmonary retained surface area dose (measured or estimated) and % PMN. This relationship takes the form of sigmoid curves, and is independent of the post-exposure time. Curve fitting equations depended on the class of NM considered, and sometimes on the duration of exposure. Based on retained surface area, long and thick MWCNTs (few hundred nm long with an aspect ratio greater than 25) had a higher inflammatory potency with 5 cm2/g lung sufficient to trigger an inflammatory response (at 6% PMN), whereas retained surfaces greater than 150 cm2/g lung were required for PSLT. Conclusions Retained surface area is a useful metric for hazard grouping purposes. This metric would apply to both micrometric and nanometric materials, and could obviate the need for direct measurement in the lung. Indeed, it could alternatively be estimated from dosimetry models using the aerosol parameters (rigorously determined following a well-defined aerosol characterization strategy). Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-021-00419-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Cosnier
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 1 Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France.
| | - Carole Seidel
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 1 Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Sarah Valentino
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 1 Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764, Neuherberg, Germany.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Munich (CPC-M) - Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sébastien Bau
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 1 Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Lersø Parkallé 105, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Health Technology by DTU Food, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jérôme Devoy
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 1 Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Gaté
- Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité, 1 Rue du Morvan, CS 60027, 54519, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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13
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Janer G, Ag-Seleci D, Sergent JA, Landsiedel R, Wohlleben W. Creating sets of similar nanoforms with the ECETOC NanoApp: real-life case studies. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:1016-1034. [PMID: 34242099 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1946186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ECETOC NanoApp was developed to support industry in the registration of sets of nanoforms, as well as regulators in the evaluation of these registration dossiers. The ECETOC NanoApp uses a systematic approach to create and justify sets of similar nanoforms, following the ECHA guidance in a transparent and evidence-based manner. The rational and decision rules behind the ECETOC NanoApp are described in detail in "Janer, G., R. Landsiedel, and W. Wohlleben. 2021. [Rationale and Decision Rules Behind the ECETOC NanoApp to Support Registration of Sets of Similar Nanoforms within REACH. Nanotoxicology 15 (2): 145-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/17435390.2020.1842933]". The decision criteria apply to human health and environmental hazards and risks. Here, we focus mostly on human health hazards; the decision rules are applied to a series of case studies, each consisting of real nanoforms: two barium sulfate nanoforms, four colloidal silica nanoforms, eight ceria nanoforms, and four copper phthalocyanine nanoforms. For each of them, we show step by step how the ECETOC NanoApp rules are applied. The cases include nanoforms that are justified as members of the same set of similar nanoforms based on sufficient similarity of their intrinsic properties (Tier 1). They also include other nanoforms with a relatively high (but insufficient) similarity of intrinsic properties; their similarity could be justified by functional properties (Tier 2). The case studies also include nanoforms that are concluded not to belong to the same set of similar nanoforms. These outcomes of the NanoApp were overall consistent (sometimes conservative) with available in vivo data. We also noted that datasets for various nanoforms were limited and use of the NanoApp may require the generation of data relevant to the decision criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Janer
- Leitat Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Didem Ag-Seleci
- BASF SE, Department Material Physics and Analytics, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Department Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Department Material Physics and Analytics, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany.,BASF SE, Department Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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14
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Stratmann H, Wohlleben W, Wiemann M, Vennemann A, End N, Veith U, Ma-Hock L, Landsiedel R. Classes of organic pigments meet tentative PSLT criteria and lack toxicity in short-term inhalation studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 124:104988. [PMID: 34224799 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2021.104988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present a non-animal testing battery to identify PSLT (poorly soluble, low toxicity) substances based on their solubility in phagolysosomal lung fluid simulant, surface reactivity and effects on alveolar macrophages in vitro. This is exemplified by eleven organic pigments belonging to five chemical classes that cover a significant share of the European market. Three of the pigments were tested as both, nanoform and non-nanoform. The results obtained in this integrated non-animal testing battery qualified two pigments as non PSLT, one pigment as poorly soluble and eight pigments as poorly soluble and low toxicity in vitro. The low toxic potency of the eight PSLT and the one poorly soluble pigment was corroborated by short-term inhalation studies with rats. These pigments did not elicit apparent toxic effects at 10 mg/m3 (systemic and in the respiratory tract). One of the pigments, Diarylide Pigment Yellow 83 transparent, however, caused minimal infiltration of neutrophils; hence its low toxicity is ambiguous and needs further verification or falsification. The present test battery provides an opportunity to identify PSLT-properties of test substances to prioritise particles for further development. Thus, it can help to reduce animal testing and steer product development towards safe applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Stratmann
- Department of Product Safety, BASF Schweiz AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Martin Wiemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBE R&D Institute for Lung Health GmbH, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Nicole End
- Department of Product Stewardship, BASF Colors & Effects Switzerland AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Ulrich Veith
- Department of Product Stewardship, BASF Colors & Effects Switzerland AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Dept. Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Dept. Material Physics, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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15
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Yokel RA, Wohlleben W, Keller JG, Hancock ML, Unrine JM, Butterfield DA, Grulke EA. The preparation temperature influences the physicochemical nature and activity of nanoceria. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 12:525-540. [PMID: 34136328 PMCID: PMC8182686 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles, so-called nanoceria, are engineered nanomaterials prepared by many methods that result in products with varying physicochemical properties and applications. Those used industrially are often calcined, an example is NM-212. Other nanoceria have beneficial pharmaceutical properties and are often prepared by solvothermal synthesis. Solvothermally synthesized nanoceria dissolve in acidic environments, accelerated by carboxylic acids. NM-212 dissolution has been reported to be minimal. To gain insight into the role of high-temperature exposure on nanoceria dissolution, product susceptibility to carboxylic acid-accelerated dissolution, and its effect on biological and catalytic properties of nanoceria, the dissolution of NM-212, a solvothermally synthesized nanoceria material, and a calcined form of the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria material (ca. 40, 4, and 40 nm diameter, respectively) was investigated. Two dissolution methods were employed. Dissolution of NM-212 and the calcined nanoceria was much slower than that of the non-calcined form. The decreased solubility was attributed to an increased amount of surface Ce4+ species induced by the high temperature. Carboxylic acids doubled the very low dissolution rate of NM-212. Nanoceria dissolution releases Ce3+ ions, which, with phosphate, form insoluble cerium phosphate in vivo. The addition of immobilized phosphates did not accelerate nanoceria dissolution, suggesting that the Ce3+ ion release during nanoceria dissolution was phosphate-independent. Smaller particles resulting from partial nanoceria dissolution led to less cellular protein carbonyl formation, attributed to an increased amount of surface Ce3+ species. Surface reactivity was greater for the solvothermally synthesized nanoceria, which had more Ce3+ species at the surface. The results show that temperature treatment of nanoceria can produce significant differences in solubility and surface cerium valence, which affect the biological and catalytic properties of nanoceria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40536-0596, USA
| | | | | | - Matthew L Hancock
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0046, USA
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40546-0091, USA
| | | | - Eric A Grulke
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506-0046, USA
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16
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Ma-Hock L, Sauer UG, Ruggiero E, Keller JG, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. The Use of Nanomaterial In Vivo Organ Burden Data for In Vitro Dose Setting. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005725. [PMID: 33586349 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Effects of nanomaterials are usually observed at higher concentrations in vitro compared to animal studies. This is pointing to differences between in vivo situations and generally less complex in vitro models. These differences concern toxicodynamics and the internal exposure (at the target cells of the in vitro and in vivo test system). The latter can be minimized by appropriate in vivo to in vitro dose extrapolations (IVIVE). An IVIVE six-step procedure is proposed here: 1) determine in vivo exposure; 2) identify in vivo organ burden at lowest observed adverse effect concentration; 3) extrapolate in vivo organ burden to in vitro effective dose; 4) extrapolate in vitro effective dose to nominal concentration; 5) set dose ranges to establish dose-response relationships; and 6) consider uncertainties and specificities of in vitro test system. Assessing the results of in vitro studies needs careful consideration of discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo models: apart from different endpoints (usually cellular responses in vitro and adverse effects on organs or organisms in vivo), nanomaterials can also have a different potency in relatively simple in vitro models and the more complex corresponding organ in vivo. IVIVE can, nonetheless, reduce the differences in exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, Hallstattfeld 16, 85579, Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Ruggiero
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Wendel Wohlleben
- Department of Material Physics, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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17
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Air-Liquid Interface Exposure of Lung Epithelial Cells to Low Doses of Nanoparticles to Assess Pulmonary Adverse Effects. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 11:nano11010065. [PMID: 33383962 PMCID: PMC7823463 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Reliable and predictive in vitro assays for hazard assessments of manufactured nanomaterials (MNMs) are still limited. Specifically, exposure systems which more realistically recapitulate the physiological conditions in the lung are needed to predict pulmonary toxicity. To this end, air-liquid interface (ALI) systems have been developed in recent years which might be better suited than conventional submerged exposure assays. However, there is still a need for rigorous side-by-side comparisons of the results obtained with the two different exposure methods considering numerous parameters, such as different MNMs, cell culture models and read outs. In this study, human A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages were exposed under submerged conditions to two abundant types of MNMs i.e., ceria and titania nanoparticles (NPs). Membrane integrity, metabolic activity as well as pro-inflammatory responses were recorded. For comparison, A549 monocultures were also exposed at the ALI to the same MNMs. In the case of titania NPs, genotoxicity was also investigated. In general, cells were more sensitive at the ALI compared to under classical submerged conditions. Whereas ceria NPs triggered only moderate effects, titania NPs clearly initiated cytotoxicity, pro-inflammatory gene expression and genotoxicity. Interestingly, low doses of NPs deposited at the ALI were sufficient to drive adverse outcomes, as also documented in rodent experiments. Therefore, further development of ALI systems seems promising to refine, reduce or even replace acute pulmonary toxicity studies in animals.
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18
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Leibrock LB, Jungnickel H, Tentschert J, Katz A, Toman B, Petersen EJ, Bierkandt FS, Singh AV, Laux P, Luch A. Parametric Optimization of an Air-Liquid Interface System for Flow-Through Inhalation Exposure to Nanoparticles: Assessing Dosimetry and Intracellular Uptake of CeO 2 Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2369. [PMID: 33260672 PMCID: PMC7760223 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Air-liquid interface (ALI) systems have been widely used in recent years to investigate the inhalation toxicity of many gaseous compounds, chemicals, and nanomaterials and represent an emerging and promising in vitro method to supplement in vivo studies. ALI exposure reflects the physiological conditions of the deep lung more closely to subacute in vivo inhalation scenarios compared to submerged exposure. The comparability of the toxicological results obtained from in vivo and in vitro inhalation data is still challenging. The robustness of ALI exposure scenarios is not yet well understood, but critical for the potential standardization of these methods. We report a cause-and-effect (C&E) analysis of a flow through ALI exposure system. The influence of five different instrumental and physiological parameters affecting cell viability and exposure parameters of a human lung cell line in vitro (exposure duration, relative humidity, temperature, CO2 concentration and flow rate) was investigated. After exposing lung epithelia cells to a CeO2 nanoparticle (NP) aerosol, intracellular CeO2 concentrations reached values similar to those found in a recent subacute rat inhalation study in vivo. This is the first study showing that the NP concentration reached in vitro using a flow through ALI system were the same as those in an in vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars B. Leibrock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Jutta Tentschert
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Aaron Katz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Blaza Toman
- Information Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaitherburg, MD 20899-8311, USA;
| | - Elijah J. Petersen
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaitherburg, MD 20899-8311, USA;
| | - Frank S. Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Ajay Vikram Singh
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany; (H.J.); (J.T.); (A.K.); (F.S.B.); (A.V.S.); (P.L.); (A.L.)
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19
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Predictive Biomarkers for the Ranking of Pulmonary Toxicity of Nanomaterials. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10102032. [PMID: 33076408 PMCID: PMC7602652 DOI: 10.3390/nano10102032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed the mRNA expression of chemokines in rat lungs following intratracheal instillation of nanomaterials in order to find useful predictive markers of the pulmonary toxicity of nanomaterials. Nickel oxide (NiO) and cerium dioxide (CeO2) as nanomaterials with high pulmonary toxicity, and titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO) as nanomaterials with low pulmonary toxicity, were administered into rat lungs (0.8 or 4 mg/kg BW). C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5), C-C motif chemokine 2 (CCL2), C-C motif chemokine 7 (CCL7), C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), and C-X-C motif chemokine 11 (CXCL11) were selected using cDNA microarray analysis at one month after instillation of NiO in the high dose group. The mRNA expression of these five genes were evaluated while using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) from three days to six months after intratracheal instillation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) results showed a considerable relationship between the pulmonary toxicity ranking of nanomaterials and the expression of CXCL5, CCL2, and CCL7 at one week and one month. The expression levels of these three genes also moderately or strongly correlated with inflammation in the lung tissues. Three chemokine genes can be useful as predictive biomarkers for the ranking of the pulmonary toxicity of nanomaterials.
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20
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Belanova A, Chmykhalo V, Beseda D, Belousova M, Butova V, Soldatov A, Makarenko Y, Zolotukhin P. A mini-review of X-ray photodynamic therapy (XPDT) nonoagent constituents' safety and relevant design considerations. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2020; 19:1134-1144. [PMID: 32776036 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) has proved effective in the management of primary tumors and individual metastases. However, most cancer mortality arises from wide-spread multiple metastases. The latter has thus become the principal target in oncology, and X-ray induced photodynamic therapy (XPDT or PDTX) offers a great solution for adapting the PDT principle to deep tumors and scattered metastases. Developing agents capable of being excited by X-rays and emitting visible light to excite photosensitizers is based on challenging physical and chemical technologies, but there are fundamental biological limitations that are to be accounted for as well. In the present review, we have established eight major groups of safety determinants of NPs encompassing 22 parameters of clinical applicability of XPDT nanoparticulate formulations. Most, if not all, of these parameters can be accounted for and optimized during the design and development of novel XPDT nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Belanova
- Biomedical Innovations LLC, Russian Federation
| | - V Chmykhalo
- Southern Federal University, Russian Federation
| | - D Beseda
- Biomedical Innovations LLC, Russian Federation
| | - M Belousova
- Southern Federal University, Russian Federation
| | - V Butova
- Southern Federal University, Russian Federation
| | - A Soldatov
- Southern Federal University, Russian Federation
| | - Y Makarenko
- Rostov-on-Don Pathological-anatomical bureau No. 1, Russian Federation
| | - P Zolotukhin
- Southern Federal University, Russian Federation.
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21
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Tentschert J, Laux P, Jungnickel H, Brunner J, Estrela-Lopis I, Merker C, Meijer J, Ernst H, Ma-Hock L, Keller J, Landsiedel R, Luch A. Organ burden of inhaled nanoceria in a 2-year low-dose exposure study: dump or depot? Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:1011-1012. [PMID: 32815750 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1786184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Brunner
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Merker
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Meijer
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinrich Ernst
- Department of Pathology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jana Keller
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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23
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Graham UM, Dozier AK, Oberdörster G, Yokel RA, Molina R, Brain JD, Pinto JM, Weuve J, Bennett DA. Tissue Specific Fate of Nanomaterials by Advanced Analytical Imaging Techniques - A Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1145-1162. [PMID: 32349469 PMCID: PMC7774012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A variety of imaging and analytical methods have been developed to study nanoparticles in cells. Each has its benefits, limitations, and varying degrees of expense and difficulties in implementation. High-resolution analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) has the unique ability to image local cellular environments adjacent to a nanoparticle at near atomic resolution and apply analytical tools to these environments such as energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. These tools can be used to analyze particle location, translocation and potential reformation, ion dispersion, and in vivo synthesis of second-generation nanoparticles. Such analyses can provide in depth understanding of tissue-particle interactions and effects that are caused by the environmental "invader" nanoparticles. Analytical imaging can also distinguish phases that form due to the transformation of "invader" nanoparticles in contrast to those that are triggered by a response mechanism, including the commonly observed iron biomineralization in the form of ferritin nanoparticles. The analyses can distinguish ion species, crystal phases, and valence of parent nanoparticles and reformed or in vivo synthesized phases throughout the tissue. This article will briefly review the plethora of methods that have been developed over the last 20 years with an emphasis on the state-of-the-art techniques used to image and analyze nanoparticles in cells and highlight the sample preparation necessary for biological thin section observation in a HRSTEM. Specific applications that provide visual and chemical mapping of the local cellular environments surrounding parent nanoparticles and second-generation phases are demonstrated, which will help to identify novel nanoparticle-produced adverse effects and their associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi M Graham
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Alan K Dozier
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Ramon Molina
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joseph D Brain
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jennifer Weuve
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, 715 Albany Street, The Talbot Building, T3E & T4E, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison Street, Suite 1118, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Bessa MJ, Brandão F, Viana M, Gomes JF, Monfort E, Cassee FR, Fraga S, Teixeira JP. Nanoparticle exposure and hazard in the ceramic industry: an overview of potential sources, toxicity and health effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109297. [PMID: 32155489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ceramic industry is an industrial sector of great impact in the global economy that has been benefiting from advances in materials and processing technologies. Ceramic manufacturing has a strong potential for airborne particle formation and emission, namely of ultrafine particles (UFP) and nanoparticles (NP), meaning that workers of those industries are at risk of potential exposure to these particles. At present, little is known on the impact of engineered nanoparticles (ENP) on the environment and human health and no established Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) or specific regulations to airborne nanoparticles (ANP) exposure exist raising concerns about the possible consequences of such exposure. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on occupational exposure to NP in the ceramic industry and their impact on human health. Possible sources and exposure scenarios, a summary of the existing methods for evaluation and monitoring of ANP in the workplace environment and proposed Nano Reference Values (NRV) for different classes of NP are presented. Case studies on occupational exposure to ANP generated at different stages of the ceramic manufacturing process are described. Finally, the toxicological potential of intentional and unintentional ANP that have been identified in the ceramic industry workplace environment is discussed based on the existing evidence from in vitro and in vivo inhalation toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bessa
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Brandão
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - João F Gomes
- CERENA, Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente/Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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25
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Himly M, Geppert M, Hofer S, Hofstätter N, Horejs-Höck J, Duschl A. When Would Immunologists Consider a Nanomaterial to be Safe? Recommendations for Planning Studies on Nanosafety. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907483. [PMID: 32239645 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The immune system is professional in recognizing and responding to non-self, including nanomaterials. Immune responses by professional and nonprofessional immune cells are thus nearly inevitable upon exposure of cells and organisms to such materials. The state of research into taking the immune system into account in nanosafety studies is reviewed and three aspects in which further improvements are desirable are identified: 1) Due to technical limitations, more stringent testing for endotoxin contamination should be made. 2) Since under overdose conditions immunity shows unphysiological responses, all doses used should be justified by being equivalent to tissue-delivered doses. 3) When markers of acute inflammation or cell stress are observed, functional assays are necessary to distinguish between homeostatic fluctuation and genuine defensive or tolerogenic responses. Since immune activation can also indicate that the immune system considers a stimulus to be harmless and induces tolerance, activation markers by themselves do not necessarily imply a danger to the body. Guidelines such as these are necessary to approach the point where specific nanomaterials are classified as safe based on reliable testing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Himly
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Mark Geppert
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Sabine Hofer
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Norbert Hofstätter
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Jutta Horejs-Höck
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
| | - Albert Duschl
- Department for Biosciences & Allergy Cancer BioNano Research Centre, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, Salzburg, 5020, Austria
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Tentschert J, Laux P, Jungnickel H, Brunner J, Estrela-Lopis I, Merker C, Meijer J, Ernst H, Ma-Hock L, Keller J, Landsiedel R, Luch A. Organ burden of inhaled nanoceria in a 2-year low-dose exposure study: dump or depot? Nanotoxicology 2020; 14:554-576. [PMID: 32216600 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2020.1736355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
No detailed information on in vivo biokinetics of CeO2 nanoparticles (NPs) following chronic low-dose inhalation is available. The CeO2 burden for lung, lung-associated lymph nodes, and major non-pulmonary organs, blood, and feces, was determined in a chronic whole-body inhalation study in female Wistar rats undertaken according to OECD TG453 (6 h per day for 5 days per week for a 104 weeks with the following concentrations: 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/m3, animals were sacrificed after 3, 12, 24 months). Different spectroscopy methods (ICP-MS, ion-beam-microscopy) were used for the quantification of organ burden and for visualization of NP distribution patterns in tissues. After 24 months of exposure, the highest CeO2 lung burden (4.41 mg per lung) was associated with the highest aerosol concentration and was proportionally lower for the other groups in a dose-dependent manner. Imaging techniques confirmed the presence of CeO2 agglomerates of different size categories within lung tissue with a non-homogenous distribution. For the highest exposure group, after 24 months in total 1.2% of the dose retained in the lung was found in the organs and tissues analyzed in this study, excluding lymph nodes and skeleton. The CeO2 burden per tissue decreased from lungs > lymph nodes > hard bone > liver > bone marrow. For two dosage groups, the liver organ burden showed a low accumulation rate. Here, the liver can be regarded as depot, whereas kidneys, the skeleton, and bone marrow seem to be dumps due to steadily increasing NP burden over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Tentschert
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Laux
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Jungnickel
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Brunner
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Estrela-Lopis
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carolin Merker
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Meijer
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinrich Ernst
- Department of Pathology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Jana Keller
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemicals and Product Safety, German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Cappellini F, Di Bucchianico S, Karri V, Latvala S, Malmlöf M, Kippler M, Elihn K, Hedberg J, Odnevall Wallinder I, Gerde P, Karlsson HL. Dry Generation of CeO 2 Nanoparticles and Deposition onto a Co-Culture of A549 and THP-1 Cells in Air-Liquid Interface-Dosimetry Considerations and Comparison to Submerged Exposure. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10040618. [PMID: 32230801 PMCID: PMC7221976 DOI: 10.3390/nano10040618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Relevant in vitro assays that can simulate exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) via inhalation are urgently needed. Presently, the most common method employed is to expose lung cells under submerged conditions, but the cellular responses to NPs under such conditions might differ from those observed at the more physiological air-liquid interface (ALI). The aim of this study was to investigate the cytotoxic and inflammatory potential of CeO2 NPs (NM-212) in a co-culture of A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 cells in both ALI and submerged conditions. Cellular dose was examined quantitatively using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The role of serum and LPS-priming for IL-1β release was further tested in THP-1 cells in submerged exposure. An aerosol of CeO2 NPs was generated by using the PreciseInhale® system, and NPs were deposited on the co-culture using XposeALI®. No or minor cytotoxicity and no increased release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1) were observed after exposure of the co-culture in ALI (max 5 µg/cm2) or submerged (max 22 µg/cm2) conditions. In contrast, CeO2 NPs cause clear IL-1β release in monocultures of macrophage-like THP-1, independent of the presence of serum and LPS-priming. This study demonstrates a useful approach for comparing effects at various in-vitro conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cappellini
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Sebastiano Di Bucchianico
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
- Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 81379 München, Germany
| | - Venkatanaidu Karri
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Siiri Latvala
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm11418, Sweden
| | - Maria Malmlöf
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
- Inhalation Sciences, Hälsovägen 7-9, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm11418, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hedberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall Wallinder
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 114 28 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Gerde
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
- Inhalation Sciences, Hälsovägen 7-9, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hanna L. Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177 Sweden
- Correspondence:
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28
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Koltermann-Jülly J, Ma-Hock L, Gröters S, Landsiedel R. Appearance of Alveolar Macrophage Subpopulations in Correlation With Histopathological Effects in Short-Term Inhalation Studies With Biopersistent (Nano)Materials. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:446-464. [PMID: 32162596 DOI: 10.1177/0192623319896347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following inhalation and deposition in the alveolar region at sufficient dose, biopersistent (nano)materials generally provoke pulmonary inflammation. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are mediators of pulmonary immune responses and were broadly categorized in pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. This study aimed at identifying AM phenotype as M1 or M2 upon short-term inhalation exposure to different (nano)materials followed by a postexposure period. Phenotyping of AM was retrospectively performed using immunohistochemistry. M1 (CD68+iNOS+) and M2 (CD68+CD206+ and CD68+ArgI+) AMs were characterized in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lung tissue of rats exposed for 6 hours/day for 5 days to air, 100 mg/m3 nano-TiO2, 25 mg/m3 nano-CeO2, 32 mg/m3 multiwalled carbon nanotubes, or 100 mg/m3 micron-sized quartz. During acute inflammation, relative numbers of M1 AMs were markedly increased, whereas relative numbers of M2 were generally decreased compared to control. Following an exposure-free period, changes in iNOS or CD206 expression correlated with persistence, regression, or progression of inflammation, suggesting a role of M1/M2 AMs in the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation. However, no clear correlation of AM subpopulations with qualitatively distinct histopathological findings caused by different (nano)materials was found. A more detailed understanding of the processes underlaying these morphological changes is needed to identify biomarkers for different histopathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Koltermann-Jülly
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany.,Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Sibylle Gröters
- Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany
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29
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Meldrum K, Robertson S, Römer I, Marczylo T, Gant TW, Smith R, Tetley TD, Leonard MO. Diesel exhaust particle and dust mite induced airway inflammation is modified by cerium dioxide nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 73:103273. [PMID: 31629203 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have been used as diesel fuel-borne catalysts for improved efficiency and pollutant emissions. Concerns that such material may influence diesel exhaust particle (DEP) effects within the lung upon inhalation, prompted us to examine particle responses in mice in the presence and absence of the common allergen house dust mite (HDM). Repeated intranasal instillation of combined HDM and DEP increased airway mucin, eosinophils, lymphocytes, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17A and plasma IgE, which were further increased with CeO2NPs co-exposure. A single co-exposure of CeO2NPs and DEP after repeated HDM exposure increased macrophage and IL-17A levels above DEP induced levels. CeO2NPs exposure in the absence of HDM also resulted in increased levels of plasma IgE and airway mucin staining, changes not observed with repeated DEP exposure alone. These observations indicate that CeO2NPs can modify exhaust particulate and allergen induced inflammatory events in the lung with the potential to influence conditions such as allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK; Lung Cell Biology, Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Sarah Robertson
- Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Isabella Römer
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Rachel Smith
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - Teresa D Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology, Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, OX11 0RQ, UK.
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30
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Leibrock L, Wagener S, Singh AV, Laux P, Luch A. Nanoparticle induced barrier function assessment at liquid-liquid and air-liquid interface in novel human lung epithelia cell lines. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2019; 8:1016-1027. [PMID: 32153768 PMCID: PMC7021197 DOI: 10.1039/c9tx00179d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhalation is the most relevant entry point for nanoparticles (NPs) into the human body. To date, toxicity testing of nanomaterials in respect to oral, dermal and inhalative application is mainly based on animal experiments. The development of alternative test methods is the subject of current research. In vitro models can help to investigate mechanistic aspects, as e.g. cellular uptake or genotoxicity and might help to reduce in vivo testing. Lung cell lines are proper in vitro tools to assess NP toxicity. In respect to this, various cell models have been developed during the recent years, but often lack in a proper intact barrier function. However, besides other important in vivo criteria which are still missing like e.g. circulation, this is one basic prerequisite to come closer to the in vivo situation in certain mechanistic aspects such as particle translocation which is an important task for risk assessment of nanomaterials. Novel developed in vitro models may help to investigate the translocation of nanomaterials from the lung. We investigated the barrier function of the recently developed human lung cell lines CI-hAELVi and CI-huAEC. The cells were further exposed to CeO2 NPs and ZnO NPs, and their suitability as in vitro models for toxicological investigations was proven. The obtained data were compared with data generated with the A549 cell line. Measurement of transepithelial resistance and immunohistochemical examination of tight junctions confirmed the formation of a functional barrier for both cell lines for submerged and air-liquid cultivation. For particle exposure, hAELVi and huAEC cells showed comparable results to A549 cells without losing the barrier function. CeO2 NP exposure revealed no toxicity for all cell lines. In contrast, ZnO NPs was toxic for all cell lines at a concentration between 10-50 μg ml-1. Due to the comparable results to A549 cells CI-hAELVi and CI-huAEC offer new opportunities to investigate nanoparticle cell interactions more realistic than recent 2D cell models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Leibrock
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Sandra Wagener
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Ajay Vikram Singh
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany .
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31
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Physicochemical and Biological Effects on Activated Sludge Performance and Activity Recovery of Damaged Sludge by Exposure to CeO 2 Nanoparticles in Sequencing Batch Reactors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16204029. [PMID: 31640233 PMCID: PMC6843984 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16204029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the growing release of CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) into sewage systems has attracted great concern. Several studies have extensively explored CeO2 NPs' potential adverse impacts on wastewater treatment plants; however, the impaired activated sludge recovery potentials have seldom been addressed to date. To explore the physicochemical and biological effects on the activated sludge performance and activity recovery of damaged sludge by exposure to CeO2 NPs in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs), four reactors and multiple indicators including water quality, key enzymes, microbial metabolites, the microbial community structure and toxicity were used. Results showed that 10-week exposure to higher CeO2 NP concentration (1, 10 mg/L) resulted in a sharp decrease in nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies, which were consistent with the tendencies of key enzymes. Meanwhile, CeO2 NPs at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L decreased the secretion of tightly bound extracellular polymeric substances to 0.13%, 3.14%, and 28.60%, respectively, compared to the control. In addition, two-week recovery period assays revealed that the functional bacteria Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae and Planctomycetes recovered slightly at the phyla level, as analyzed through high-throughput sequencing, which was consistent with the small amount of improvement of the effluent performance of the system. This reflected the small possibility of the activity recovery of damaged sludge.
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Wohlleben W, Hellack B, Nickel C, Herrchen M, Hund-Rinke K, Kettler K, Riebeling C, Haase A, Funk B, Kühnel D, Göhler D, Stintz M, Schumacher C, Wiemann M, Keller J, Landsiedel R, Broßell D, Pitzko S, Kuhlbusch TAJ. The nanoGRAVUR framework to group (nano)materials for their occupational, consumer, environmental risks based on a harmonized set of material properties, applied to 34 case studies. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:17637-17654. [PMID: 31539006 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03306h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The project nanoGRAVUR (BMBF, 2015-2018) developed a framework for grouping of nanomaterials. Different groups may result for each of the three distinct perspectives of occupational, consumer and environmental safety. The properties, methods and descriptors are harmonised between the three perspectives and are based on: Tier 1 intrinsic physico-chemical properties (what they are) or GHS classification of the non-nano-form (human tox, ecotox, physical hazards); Tier 2 extrinsic physico-chemical properties, release from nano-enabled products, in vitro assays with cells (where they go; what they do); Tier 3 case-specific tests, potentially in vivo studies to substantiate the similarity within groups or application-specific exposure testing. Amongst all properties, dissolution and transformation are least modulated by different nanoforms within one substance, whereas dustiness, dispersion stability, abiotic and especially in vitro surface reactivity vary more often between different nanoforms. The methods developed or selected by nanoGRAVUR fill several gaps highlighted in the ProSafe reviews, and are useful to implement (i) the concept of nanoforms of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and (ii) the concept of discrete forms of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). One cannot assess the significance of a dissimilarity, if the dynamic range of that property is unknown. Benchmark materials span dynamic ranges that enable us to establish bands, often with order-of-magnitude ranges. In 34 case studies we observed high biological similarity within each substance when we compared different (nano)forms of SiO2, BaSO4, kaolin, CeO2, ZnO, organic pigments, especially when we compared forms that are all untreated on the surface. In contrast, different Fe2O3 or TiO2 (nano)forms differ more significantly. The same nanoforms were also integrated in nano-enabled products (NEPs) for automotive coatings, clinker-reduced cements, cosmetic sunscreen, and lightweight polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Dept. of Material Physics and Dept. of Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) is estimated to cause millions of premature deaths annually. This work conveys known routes of exposure to PM and resultant health effects. METHODS A review of available literature. RESULTS Estimates for daily PM exposure are provided. Known mechanisms by which insoluble particles are transported and removed from the body are discussed. Biological effects of PM, including immune response, cytotoxicity, and mutagenicity, are reported. Epidemiological studies that outline the systemic health effects of PM are presented. CONCLUSION While the integrated, per capita, exposure of PM for a large fraction of the first-world may be less than 1 mg per day, links between several syndromes, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, loss of cognitive function, anxiety, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, stroke, and PM exposure have been suggested. This article reviews and summarizes such links reported in the literature.
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Kawai S, Niwano M, Sato M. A risk assessment framework for self-management of poorly soluble low toxic nanomaterials. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02165. [PMID: 31453392 PMCID: PMC6700412 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The safety of nanomaterials is still being debated and the risk should be assessed using the latest available information. As for poorly soluble low toxic (PSLT) nanomaterials, the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimated the occupational exposure limit (OEL) for titanium dioxide (TiO2) based on a particle surface area (SA) metric. The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) suggested a tiered exposure assessment approach. This article proposes a risk assessment framework for self-management of PSLT particles. Lung burden (described in SA units), which had positive correlation with low observed adverse effect levels for PSLT particles, is chosen as the dose metric. In-house OEL is determined for individual workplaces. For materials with limited data, we suggest evaluating in-house OEL by utilizing the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for TiO2, as a representative PSLT nanomaterial. As for the exposure assessment, workplace concentration is first measured with simple equipment (ex. optical particle counter, OPC), and respirator performance is taken into account if it is unavoidable as a last resort. This framework enables efficient risk assessment for PSLT particles by assuming worst cases for each step, and considering the particle characteristics and operational conditions in each workplace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Kawai
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Masanori Niwano
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sato
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98, Kasugadenaka, Konohana-ku, Osaka, 554-8558, Japan
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35
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Yokel RA, Hancock ML, Grulke EA, Unrine JM, Dozier AK, Graham UM. Carboxylic acids accelerate acidic environment-mediated nanoceria dissolution. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:455-475. [PMID: 30729879 PMCID: PMC6609459 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1553251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ligands that accelerate nanoceria dissolution may greatly affect its fate and effects. This project assessed the carboxylic acid contribution to nanoceria dissolution in aqueous, acidic environments. Nanoceria has commercial and potential therapeutic and energy storage applications. It biotransforms in vivo. Citric acid stabilizes nanoceria during synthesis and in aqueous dispersions. In this study, citrate-stabilized nanoceria dispersions (∼4 nm average primary particle size) were loaded into dialysis cassettes whose membranes passed cerium salts but not nanoceria particles. The cassettes were immersed in iso-osmotic baths containing carboxylic acids at pH 4.5 and 37 °C, or other select agents. Cerium atom material balances were conducted for the cassette and bath by sampling of each chamber and cerium quantitation by ICP-MS. Samples were collected from the cassette for high-resolution transmission electron microscopy observation of nanoceria size. In carboxylic acid solutions, nanoceria dissolution increased bath cerium concentration to >96% of the cerium introduced as nanoceria into the cassette and decreased nanoceria primary particle size in the cassette. In solutions of citric, malic, and lactic acids and the ammonium ion ∼15 nm, ceria agglomerates persisted. In solutions of other carboxylic acids, some select nanoceria agglomerates grew to ∼1 micron. In carboxylic acid solutions, dissolution half-lives were 800-4000 h; in water and horseradish peroxidase they were ≥55,000 h. Extending these findings to in vivo and environmental systems, one expects acidic environments containing carboxylic acids to degrade nanoceria by dissolution; two examples would be phagolysosomes and in the plant rhizosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Eric A. Grulke
- Chemical & Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jason M. Unrine
- Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | | | - Uschi M. Graham
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- CDC/NIOSH, Cincinnati, OH
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36
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Ganguly K, Carlander U, Garessus EDG, Fridén M, Eriksson UG, Tehler U, Johanson G. Computational modeling of lung deposition of inhaled particles in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients: identification of gaps in knowledge and data. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:160-173. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1584153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koustav Ganguly
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Carlander
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Estella DG Garessus
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Fridén
- Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Translational PKPD, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulf G Eriksson
- Early Clinical Development, IMED Biotech Unit, Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Tehler
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, Early Product Development, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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37
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Pagano G, Thomas PJ, Di Nunzio A, Trifuoggi M. Human exposures to rare earth elements: Present knowledge and research prospects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:493-500. [PMID: 30743241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of rare earth elements (REEs) in a number of technologies is expected to impact on human health, including occupational and environmental REE exposures. A body of experimental evidence on REE-associated toxicity has been accumulated in recent decades, thus providing extensive background information on the adverse effects of REE exposures. Unlike experimental studies, the consequences of REE exposures to human health have been subjected to relatively fewer investigations. Geographical studies have been conducted on residents in REE mining districts, reporting on REE bioaccumulation, and associations between REE residential exposures and adverse health effects. A recent line of studies has associated tobacco smoking and indoor smoke with increased levels of some REEs in exposed residents. A body of literature has been focused on occupational REE exposures, with the observation of respiratory tract damage. The occupations related to REE mining and processing have shown REE bioaccumulation in scalp hair, excess REE urine levels, and defective gene expression. As for other REE occupational exposures, mention should be made of: a) jobs exposing to REE aerosol, such as movie operator; b) e-waste processing and, c) diesel engine repair and maintenance, with exposures to exhaust microparticulate (containing nanoCeO2 as a catalytic additive). Diesel exhaust microparticulate has been studied in animal models, leading to evidence of several pathological effects in animals exposed by respiratory or systemic routes. A working hypothesis for REE occupational exposures is raised on REE-based supermagnet production and manufacture, by reviewing experimental studies that suggest several pathological effects of static magnetic fields, and warrant further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pagano
- Federico II Naples University, Department of Chemical Sciences, via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science & Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Center - Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0H3
| | - Aldo Di Nunzio
- Federico II Naples University, Department of Chemical Sciences, via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Trifuoggi
- Federico II Naples University, Department of Chemical Sciences, via Cinthia, I-80126 Naples, Italy
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38
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Guo C, Robertson S, Weber RJM, Buckley A, Warren J, Hodgson A, Rappoport JZ, Ignatyev K, Meldrum K, Römer I, Macchiarulo S, Chipman JK, Marczylo T, Leonard MO, Gant TW, Viant MR, Smith R. Pulmonary toxicity of inhaled nano-sized cerium oxide aerosols in Sprague-Dawley rats. Nanotoxicology 2019; 13:733-750. [PMID: 30704321 PMCID: PMC6816500 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1554751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs), used in some diesel fuel additives to improve fuel combustion efficiency and exhaust filter operation, have been detected in ambient air and concerns have been raised about their potential human health impact. The majority of CeO2NP inhalation studies undertaken to date have used aerosol particles of larger sizes than the evidence suggests are emitted from vehicles using such fuel additives. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of inhaled CeO2NP aerosols of a more environmentally relevant size, utilizing a combination of methods, including untargeted multi-omics to enable the broadest possible survey of molecular responses and synchrotron X-ray spectroscopy to investigate cerium speciation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by nose-only inhalation to aerosolized CeO2NPs (mass concentration 1.8 mg/m3, aerosol count median diameter 40 nm) for 3 h/d for 4 d/week, for 1 or 2 weeks and sacrificed at 3 and 7 d post-exposure. Markers of inflammation changed significantly in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which, combined with results from lung histopathology and gene expression analyses suggest an inflammatory response greater than that seen in studies using micron-sized ceria aerosols. Lipidomics of lung tissue revealed changes to minor lipid species, implying specific rather than general cellular effects. Cerium speciation analysis indicated a change in Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio within lung tissue. Collectively, these results in conjunction with earlier studies emphasize the importance of aerosol particle size on toxicity determination. Furthermore, the limited effect resolution within 7 d suggested the possibility of longer-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Guo
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Sarah Robertson
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Ralf J M Weber
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT , UK
| | - Alison Buckley
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - James Warren
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Alan Hodgson
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Joshua Z Rappoport
- c Department of Cell and Molecular Biology , Northwestern University , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Konstantin Ignatyev
- d Diamond Light Source Ltd , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0DE , UK
| | - Kirsty Meldrum
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Isabella Römer
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Sameirah Macchiarulo
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - James Kevin Chipman
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT , UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Timothy W Gant
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
| | - Mark R Viant
- b School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham, B15 2TT , UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- a Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Public Health England , Harwell Science and Innovation Campus , Didcot, Oxfordshire , OX11 0RQ , UK
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The Short-Term Inhalation Study (STIS) as a Range Finder and Screening Tool in a Tiered Grouping Strategy. CURRENT TOPICS IN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-8433-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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40
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Dekkers S, Ma-Hock L, Lynch I, Russ M, Miller MR, Schins RPF, Keller J, Römer I, Küttler K, Strauss V, De Jong WH, Landsiedel R, Cassee FR. Differences in the toxicity of cerium dioxide nanomaterials after inhalation can be explained by lung deposition, animal species and nanoforms. Inhal Toxicol 2018; 30:273-286. [PMID: 30286672 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2018.1516834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Considerable differences in pulmonary responses have been observed in animals exposed to cerium dioxide nanoparticles via inhalation. These differences in pulmonary toxicity might be explained by differences in lung deposition, species susceptibility or physicochemical characteristics of the tested cerium dioxide nanoforms (i.e. same chemical substance, different size, shape, surface area or surface chemistry). In order to distinguish the relative importance of these different influencing factors, we performed a detailed analysis of the data from several inhalation studies with different exposure durations, species and nanoforms, namely published data on NM211 and NM212 (JRC repository), NanoAmor (commercially available) and our published and unpublished data on PROM (industry provided). Data were analyzed by comparing the observed pulmonary responses at similar external and internal dose levels. Our analyses confirm that rats are more sensitive to developing pulmonary inflammation compared to mice. The observed differences in responses do not result purely from differences in the delivered and retained doses (expressed in particle mass as well as surface area). In addition, the different nanoforms assessed showed differences in toxic potency likely due to differences in their physicochemical parameters. Primary particle and aggregate/agglomerate size distributions have a substantial impact on the deposited dose and consequently on the pulmonary response. However, in our evaluation size could not fully explain the difference observed in the analyzed studies indicating that the pulmonary response also depends on other physicochemical characteristics of the particles. It remains to be determined to what extent these findings can be generalized to other poorly soluble nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Dekkers
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Lan Ma-Hock
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Iseult Lynch
- c School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , UK
| | - Mike Russ
- d Promethean Particles Ltd , Nottingham , UK
| | - Mark R Miller
- e Centre for Cardiovascular Science University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Roel P F Schins
- f IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jana Keller
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Isabella Römer
- c School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , UK
| | - Karin Küttler
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Volker Strauss
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Wim H De Jong
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- b Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, BASF SE , Ludwigshafen , Germany
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,g Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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Tsai SM, Duran-Robles E, Goshia T, Mesina M, Garcia C, Young J, Sibal A, Chiu MH, Chin WC. CeO 2 nanoparticles attenuate airway mucus secretion induced by TiO 2 nanoparticles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 631-632:262-269. [PMID: 29525705 PMCID: PMC5930066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanotoxicity studies associated with various nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted intense research interest due to the broader applications of nanoparticles in our daily lives. The exposure of nanoparticles can lead to hypersecretion and accumulation of airway mucus which are closely associated with many respiratory diseases. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), one of the PM10 components, is a major NP that is widely utilized in many commercial products. Our previous study established the connection between induced airway mucus secretion and TiO2 NPs. However, the countermeasure to reduce the harmful effects of TiO2 NPs, especially airway mucus secretion, remains unexplored. One of the potential candidates to reduce airway mucus secretion is cerium oxide (CeO2) NPs. It has been reported that CeO2 NPs can protect cells by diminishing ROS and inflammatory responses. Herein, our study shows that CeO2 NPs are able to reduce cytosolic Ca2+ changes and mitochondrial damage caused by TiO2 NPs. Our results provide the evidence that hypersecretion of mucus and apoptosis progression induced by TiO2 NPs can be attenuated by CeO2 NPs. This study highlights the potential capacity of CeO2 NPs as a supplementary material for TiO2 NPs applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Ming Tsai
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Edith Duran-Robles
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Tyler Goshia
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Maria Mesina
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Carlos Garcia
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Julia Young
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Angelo Sibal
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Meng-Hsuen Chiu
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
| | - Wei-Chun Chin
- Bioengineering Program, School of Engineering, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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Pauluhn J. Fate of inhaled Nano-CeO2 revisited: Predicting the unpredictable. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:63-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Meldrum K, Robertson SB, Römer I, Marczylo T, Dean LSN, Rogers A, Gant TW, Smith R, Tetley TD, Leonard MO. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles exacerbate house dust mite induced type II airway inflammation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2018; 15:24. [PMID: 29792201 PMCID: PMC5966909 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-018-0261-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanomaterial inhalation represents a potential hazard for respiratory conditions such as asthma. Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) have the ability to modify disease outcome but have not been investigated for their effect on models of asthma and inflammatory lung disease. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of CeO2NPs in a house dust mite (HDM) induced murine model of asthma. Results Repeated intranasal instillation of CeO2NPs in the presence of HDM caused the induction of a type II inflammatory response, characterised by increased bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophils, mast cells, total plasma IgE and goblet cell metaplasia. This was accompanied by increases in IL-4, CCL11 and MCPT1 gene expression together with increases in the mucin and inflammatory regulators CLCA1 and SLC26A4. CLCA1 and SLC26A4 were also induced by CeO2NPs + HDM co-exposure in air liquid interface cultures of human primary bronchial epithelial cells. HDM induced airway hyperresponsiveness and airway remodelling in mice were not altered with CeO2NPs co-exposure. Repeated HMD instillations followed by a single exposure to CeO2NPs failed to produce changes in type II inflammatory endpoints but did result in alterations in the neutrophil marker CD177. Treatment of mice with CeO2NPs in the absence of HDM did not have any significant effects. RNA-SEQ was used to explore early effects 24 h after single treatment exposures. Changes in SAA3 expression paralleled increased neutrophil BAL levels, while no changes in eosinophil or lymphocyte levels were observed. HDM resulted in a strong induction of type I interferon and IRF3 dependent gene expression, which was inhibited with CeO2NPs co-exposure. Changes in the expression of genes including CCL20, CXCL10, NLRC5, IRF7 and CLEC10A suggest regulation of dendritic cells, macrophage functionality and IRF3 modulation as key early events in how CeO2NPs may guide pulmonary responses to HDM towards type II inflammation. Conclusions CeO2NPs were observed to modulate the murine pulmonary response to house dust mite allergen exposure towards a type II inflammatory environment. As this type of response is present within asthmatic endotypes this finding may have implications for how occupational or incidental exposure to CeO2NPs should be considered for those susceptible to disease. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12989-018-0261-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Meldrum
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Chilton, OX110RQ, UK.,Lung Cell Biology, Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah B Robertson
- Environmental Hazards and Emergencies Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Harwell Campus, Chilton, OX110RQ, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Isabella Römer
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Chilton, OX110RQ, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Chilton, OX110RQ, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lareb S N Dean
- Lung Cell Biology, Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Rogers
- Lung Cell Biology, Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Timothy W Gant
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Chilton, OX110RQ, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Smith
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Chilton, OX110RQ, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Terry D Tetley
- Lung Cell Biology, Airways Disease, National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Martin O Leonard
- Toxicology Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Harwell Campus, Chilton, OX110RQ, UK. .,The National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit (NIHR HPRU), Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in partnership with Public Health England (PHE) in collaboration with Imperial College London, London, UK.
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44
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Bierkandt FS, Leibrock L, Wagener S, Laux P, Luch A. The impact of nanomaterial characteristics on inhalation toxicity. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2018; 7:321-346. [PMID: 30090585 PMCID: PMC6060709 DOI: 10.1039/c7tx00242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved into a success story, apparent from a steadily increasing number of scientific publications as well as a large number of applications based on engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Its widespread uses suggest a high relevance for consumers, workers and the environment, hence justifying intensive investigations into ENM-related adverse effects as a prerequisite for nano-specific regulations. In particular, the inhalation of airborne ENMs, being assumed to represent the most hazardous type of human exposure to these kinds of particles, needs to be scrutinized. Due to an increased awareness of possible health effects, which have already been seen in the case of ultrafine particles (UFPs), research and regulatory measures have set in to identify and address toxic implications following their almost ubiquitous occurrence. Although ENM properties differ from those of the respective bulk materials, the available assessment protocols are often designed for the latter. Despite the large benefit ensuing from the application of nanotechnology, many issues related to ENM behavior and adverse effects are not fully understood or should be examined anew. The traditional hypothesis that ENMs exhibit different or additional hazards due to their "nano" size has been challenged in recent years and ENM categorization according to their properties and toxicity mechanisms has been proposed instead. This review summarizes the toxicological effects of inhaled ENMs identified to date, elucidating the modes of action which provoke different mechanisms in the respiratory tract and their resulting effects. By linking particular mechanisms and adverse effects to ENM properties, grouping of ENMs based on toxicity-related properties is supposed to facilitate toxicological risk assessment. As intensive studies are still required to identify these "ENM classes", the need for alternatives to animal studies is evident and advances in cell-based test systems for pulmonary research are presented here. We hope to encourage the ongoing discussion about ENM risks and to advocate the further development and practice of suitable testing and grouping methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank S Bierkandt
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Lars Leibrock
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Sandra Wagener
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Peter Laux
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
| | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR) , Department of Chemical and Product Safety , Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10 , 10589 Berlin , Germany . ; Tel: (+49) 30 18412-4538
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Carlander U, Moto TP, Desalegn AA, Yokel RA, Johanson G. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling of nanoceria systemic distribution in rats suggests dose- and route-dependent biokinetics. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:2631-2646. [PMID: 29750034 PMCID: PMC5936012 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s157210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerium dioxide nanoparticles (nanoceria) are increasingly being used in a variety of products as catalysts, coatings, and polishing agents. Furthermore, their antioxidant properties make nanoceria potential candidates for biomedical applications. To predict and avoid toxicity, information about their biokinetics is essential. A useful tool to explore such associations between exposure and internal target dose is physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling. The aim of this study was to test the appropriateness of our previously published PBPK model developed for intravenous (IV) administration when applied to various sizes of nanoceria and to exposure routes relevant for humans. METHODS Experimental biokinetic data on nanoceria (obtained from various exposure routes, sizes, coatings, doses, and tissues sampled) in rats were collected from the literature and also obtained from the researchers. The PBPK model was first calibrated and validated against IV data for 30 nm citrate coated ceria and then recalibrated for 5 nm ceria. Finally, the model was modified and tested against inhalation, intratracheal (IT) instillation, and oral nanoceria data. RESULTS The PBPK model adequately described nanoceria time courses in various tissues for 5 nm ceria given IV. The time courses of 30 nm ceria were reasonably well predicted for liver and spleen, whereas the biokinetics in other tissues were not well captured. For the inhalation, IT instillation, and oral exposure routes, re-optimization was difficult due to low absorption and, hence, low and variable nanoceria tissue levels. Moreover, the nanoceria properties and exposure conditions varied widely among the inhalation, IT instillation, and oral studies, making it difficult to assess the importance of different factors. CONCLUSION Overall, our modeling efforts suggest that nanoceria biokinetics depend largely on the exposure route and dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrika Carlander
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Tshepo Paulsen Moto
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Anteneh Assefa Desalegn
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Robert A Yokel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Unit of Work Environment Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
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Wiemann M, Sauer UG, Vennemann A, Bäcker S, Keller JG, Ma-Hock L, Wohlleben W, Landsiedel R. In Vitro and In Vivo Short-Term Pulmonary Toxicity of Differently Sized Colloidal Amorphous SiO₂. NANOMATERIALS 2018. [PMID: 29534009 PMCID: PMC5869651 DOI: 10.3390/nano8030160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In vitro prediction of inflammatory lung effects of well-dispersed nanomaterials is challenging. Here, the in vitro effects of four colloidal amorphous SiO2 nanomaterials that differed only by their primary particle size (9, 15, 30, and 55 nm) were analyzed using the rat NR8383 alveolar macrophage (AM) assay. Data were compared to effects of single doses of 15 nm and 55 nm SiO2 intratracheally instilled in rat lungs. In vitro, all four elicited the release of concentration-dependent lactate dehydrogenase, β-glucuronidase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, and the two smaller materials also released H2O2. All effects were size-dependent. Since the colloidal SiO2 remained well-dispersed in serum-free in vitro conditions, effective particle concentrations reaching the cells were estimated using different models. Evaluating the effective concentration–based in vitro effects using the Decision-making framework for the grouping and testing of nanomaterials, all four nanomaterials were assigned as “active.” This assignment and the size dependency of effects were consistent with the outcomes of intratracheal instillation studies and available short-term rat inhalation data for 15 nm SiO2. The study confirms the applicability of the NR8383 AM assay to assessing colloidal SiO2 but underlines the need to estimate and consider the effective concentration of such well-dispersed test materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wiemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Ursula G Sauer
- Scientific Consultancy-Animal Welfare, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany.
| | - Antje Vennemann
- IBR R&D gGmbH Institute for Lung Health, Mendelstr. 11, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sandra Bäcker
- BASF SE, Human Biomonitoring and Industrial Hygiene, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | | | - Lan Ma-Hock
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Advanced Materials Research, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
| | - Robert Landsiedel
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.
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Schwotzer D, Niehof M, Schaudien D, Kock H, Hansen T, Dasenbrock C, Creutzenberg O. Cerium oxide and barium sulfate nanoparticle inhalation affects gene expression in alveolar epithelial cells type II. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:16. [PMID: 29463257 PMCID: PMC5819288 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the molecular mechanisms of nanomaterial interacting with cellular systems is important for appropriate risk assessment. The identification of early biomarkers for potential (sub-)chronic effects of nanoparticles provides a promising approach towards cost-intensive and animal consuming long-term studies. As part of a 90-day inhalation toxicity study with CeO2 NM-212 and BaSO4 NM-220 the present investigations on gene expression and immunohistochemistry should reveal details on underlying mechanisms of pulmonary effects. The role of alveolar epithelial cells type II (AEII cells) is focused since its contribution to defense against inhaled particles and potentially resulting adverse effects is assumed. Low dose levels should help to specify particle-related events, including inflammation and oxidative stress. RESULTS Rats were exposed to clean air, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 mg/m3 CeO2 NM-212 or 50.0 mg/m3 BaSO4 NM-220 and the expression of 391 genes was analyzed in AEII cells after one, 28 and 90 days exposure. A total number of 34 genes was regulated, most of them related to inflammatory mediators. Marked changes in gene expression were measured for Ccl2, Ccl7, Ccl17, Ccl22, Ccl3, Ccl4, Il-1α, Il-1ß, and Il-1rn (inflammation), Lpo and Noxo1 (oxidative stress), and Mmp12 (inflammation/lung cancer). Genes related to genotoxicity and apoptosis did not display marked regulation. Although gene expression was less affected by BaSO4 compared to CeO2 the gene pattern showed great overlap. Gene expression was further analyzed in liver and kidney tissue showing inflammatory responses in both organs and marked downregulation of oxidative stress related genes in the kidney. Increases in the amount of Ce were measured in liver but not in kidney tissue. Investigation of selected genes on protein level revealed increased Ccl2 in bronchoalveolar lavage of exposed animals and increased Lpo and Mmp12 in the alveolar epithelia. CONCLUSION AEII cells contribute to CeO2 nanoparticle caused inflammatory and oxidative stress reactions in the respiratory tract by the release of related mediators. Effects of BaSO4 exposure are low. However, overlap between both substances were detected and support identification of potential early biomarkers for nanoparticle effects on the respiratory system. Signs for long-term effects need to be further evaluated by comparison to a respective exposure setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Schwotzer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Monika Niehof
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiko Kock
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanja Hansen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Clemens Dasenbrock
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Otto Creutzenberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany
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Graham UM, Yokel RA, Dozier AK, Drummy L, Mahalingam K, Tseng MT, Birch E, Fernback J. Analytical High-resolution Electron Microscopy Reveals Organ-specific Nanoceria Bioprocessing. Toxicol Pathol 2018; 46:47-61. [PMID: 29145781 PMCID: PMC5954437 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317737254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This is the first utilization of advanced analytical electron microscopy methods, including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping to characterize the organ-specific bioprocessing of a relatively inert nanomaterial (nanoceria). Liver and spleen samples from rats given a single intravenous infusion of nanoceria were obtained after prolonged (90 days) in vivo exposure. These advanced analytical electron microscopy methods were applied to elucidate the organ-specific cellular and subcellular fate of nanoceria after its uptake. Nanoceria is bioprocessed differently in the spleen than in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi M Graham
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Academic Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
- 2 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert A Yokel
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky Academic Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Alan K Dozier
- 2 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Michael T Tseng
- 4 Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, College of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eileen Birch
- 2 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Joseph Fernback
- 2 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Microscopy-based high-throughput assays enable multi-parametric analysis to assess adverse effects of nanomaterials in various cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2017; 92:633-649. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-2106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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50
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Dekkers S, Miller MR, Schins RPF, Römer I, Russ M, Vandebriel RJ, Lynch I, Belinga-Desaunay MF, Valsami-Jones E, Connell SP, Smith IP, Duffin R, Boere JAF, Heusinkveld HJ, Albrecht C, de Jong WH, Cassee FR. The effect of zirconium doping of cerium dioxide nanoparticles on pulmonary and cardiovascular toxicity and biodistribution in mice after inhalation. Nanotoxicology 2017; 11:794-808. [PMID: 28741972 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2017.1357214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Development and manufacture of nanomaterials is growing at an exponential rate, despite an incomplete understanding of how their physicochemical characteristics affect their potential toxicity. Redox activity has been suggested to be an important physicochemical property of nanomaterials to predict their biological activity. This study assessed the influence of redox activity by modification of cerium dioxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) via zirconium (Zr) doping on the biodistribution, pulmonary and cardiovascular effects in mice following inhalation. Healthy mice (C57BL/6 J), mice prone to cardiovascular disease (ApoE-/-, western-diet fed) and a mouse model of neurological disease (5 × FAD) were exposed via nose-only inhalation to CeO2 NPs with varying amounts of Zr-doping (0%, 27% or 78% Zr), or clean air, over a four-week period (4 mg/m3 for 3 h/day, 5 days/week). Effects were assessed four weeks post-exposure. In all three mouse models CeO2 NP exposure had no major toxicological effects apart from some modest inflammatory histopathology in the lung, which was not related to the amount of Zr-doping. In ApoE-/- mice CeO2 did not change the size of atherosclerotic plaques, but there was a trend towards increased inflammatory cell content in relation to the Zr content of the CeO2 NPs. These findings show that subacute inhalation of CeO2 NPs causes minimal pulmonary and cardiovascular effect four weeks post-exposure and that Zr-doping of CeO2 NPs has limited effect on these responses. Further studies with nanomaterials with a higher inherent toxicity or a broader range of redox activities are needed to fully assess the influence of redox activity on the toxicity of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Dekkers
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Mark R Miller
- b Centre for Cardiovascular Science & Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Roel P F Schins
- c IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Isabella Römer
- d School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Mike Russ
- e Promethean Particles Ltd. , Nottingham , UK
| | - Rob J Vandebriel
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Iseult Lynch
- d School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | | | - Eugenia Valsami-Jones
- d School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Shea P Connell
- b Centre for Cardiovascular Science & Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Ian P Smith
- b Centre for Cardiovascular Science & Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - Rodger Duffin
- b Centre for Cardiovascular Science & Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh , Edinburgh , UK
| | - John A F Boere
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,c IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Catrin Albrecht
- c IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Wim H de Jong
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- a National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Bilthoven , The Netherlands.,f Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands
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