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Griffin JN, Santos GM, Nguyen LD, Rodriguez DRO, Pereira LG, Jaén-Barrios N, Assis-Pereira G, de Oliveira Barreto N, Brandes AFN, Barbosa AC, Groenendijk P. Demystifying the tropics: FTIR characterization of pantropical woods and their α-cellulose extracts for past atmospheric 14C reconstructions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175010. [PMID: 39053534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
To ensure unbiased tree-ring radiocarbon (14C) results, traditional pretreatments carefully isolate wood cellulose from extractives using organic solvents, among other chemicals. The addition of solvents is laborious, time-consuming, and can increase the risk of carbon contamination. Tropical woods show a high diversity in wood-anatomical and extractive composition, but the necessity of organic-solvent extraction for the 14C dating of these diverse woods remains untested. We applied a chemical treatment that excludes the solvent step on the wood of 8 tropical tree species sampled in South-America and Africa, with different wood-anatomical and extractive properties. We analyzed the success of the extractive removal along with several steps of the α-cellulose extraction procedure using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and further confirmed the quality of 14C measurements after extraction. The α-cellulose extracts obtained here showed FTIR-spectra free of signals from various extractives and the 14C results on these samples showed reliable results. The chemical method evaluated reduces the technical complexity required to prepare α-cellulose samples for 14C dating, and therefore can bolster global atmospheric 14C applications, especially in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Nakachi Griffin
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
| | - Guaciara M Santos
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA.
| | - Lucas Duy Nguyen
- Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USA
| | - Daigard R O Rodriguez
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas G Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Nelson Jaén-Barrios
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Assis-Pereira
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP 13418-900, Brazil; Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais do Estado de São Paulo, Assis, SP 19800-970, Brazil
| | | | - Arno F N Brandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ 24210-201, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Barbosa
- Departamento de Ciências Florestais, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG 37200-900, Brazil
| | - Peter Groenendijk
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, SP 13083-862, Brazil
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2
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Holden CA, McAinsh MR, Taylor JE, Beckett P, Albacete A, Martínez-Andújar C, Morais CLM, Martin FL. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of hormone concentrations in plants. Analyst 2024; 149:3380-3395. [PMID: 38712606 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01817b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Plant hormones are important in the control of physiological and developmental processes including seed germination, senescence, flowering, stomatal aperture, and ultimately the overall growth and yield of plants. Many currently available methods to quantify such growth regulators quickly and accurately require extensive sample purification using complex analytic techniques. Herein we used ultra-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) to create and validate the prediction of hormone concentrations made using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectral profiles of both freeze-dried ground leaf tissue and extracted xylem sap of Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) plants grown under different environmental conditions. In addition to these predictions made with partial least squares regression, further analysis of spectral data was performed using chemometric techniques, including principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and support vector machines (SVM). Plants grown in different environments had sufficiently different biochemical profiles, including plant hormonal compounds, to allow successful differentiation by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with SVM. ATR-FTIR spectral biomarkers highlighted a range of biomolecules responsible for the differing spectral signatures between growth environments, such as triacylglycerol, proteins and amino acids, tannins, pectin, polysaccharides such as starch and cellulose, DNA and RNA. Using partial least squares regression, we show the potential for accurate prediction of plant hormone concentrations from ATR-FTIR spectral profiles, calibrated with hormonal data quantified by UHPLC-HRMS. The application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and chemometrics offers accurate prediction of hormone concentrations in plant samples, with advantages over existing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Holden
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Martin R McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jane E Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | | | - Alfonso Albacete
- Institute for Agro-Environmental Research and Development of Murcia (IMIDA), Department of Plant Production and Agrotechnology, C/ Mayor s/n, La Alberca, E-30150 Murcia, Spain
- CEBAS-CSIC, Department of Plant Nutrition, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | - Camilo L M Morais
- Center for Education, Science and Technology of the Inhamuns Region, State University of Ceará, Tauá 63660-000, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Francis L Martin
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Whinney Heys Road, Blackpool FY3 8NR, UK.
- Biocel UK Ltd, Hull HU10 6TS, UK
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3
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Morar IM, Stefan R, Dan C, Sestras RE, Truta P, Medeleanu M, Ranga F, Sestras P, Truta AM, Sestras AF. FT-IR and HPLC analysis of silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) bark compounds from different geographical provenances. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26820. [PMID: 38463881 PMCID: PMC10920173 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) could be applied to study the provenance of wood, specifically the differentiation of wood resources, as well as the identification of chemical compounds that are connected to the changes that occur in wood as a result of drying treatments. To test this hypothesis, the bark of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) from trees belonging to seven different geographical provenances was studied, using samples dried at three different temperatures (60, 80, and 100 °C). FT-IR spectroscopy revealed different band assignments in the mid-infrared region depending on fir provenances, whereas the vibrational bands of the biomass functional groups tended to shift to lower wavenumbers. Significant differences were identified between the chemical compounds in the bark depending on the provenances. The largest proportion of the total phenolics was represented by the epicatechin gallate, epicatechin, catechin, and procyanidin dimer B1. Exploratory data analysis was performed using principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and Pearson correlations. This allowed a comparative evaluation of the samples and interpret the findings according to the geographical provenances, respectively ecological conditions in the areas of origin, but also the influence of the drying temperatures of the samples on chemical compounds. The precipitation in the areas of origin decreased total phenolics in silver fir bark samples, and total phenolics differed not only due to the geographic provenance, but also due to drying temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina M. Morar
- Department of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan Stefan
- Preclinic Department, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Catalina Dan
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Radu E. Sestras
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Petru Truta
- Department of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mădălina Medeleanu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Florica Ranga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Sestras
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400020, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, Ilfov 3, 050044, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina M. Truta
- Department of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adriana F. Sestras
- Department of Forestry, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Jesus E, Franca T, Calvani C, Lacerda M, Gonçalves D, Oliveira SL, Marangoni B, Cena C. Making wood inspection easier: FTIR spectroscopy and machine learning for Brazilian native commercial wood species identification. RSC Adv 2024; 14:7283-7289. [PMID: 38433943 PMCID: PMC10906009 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra00174e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The molecular structure of wood is mainly based on cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. However, low concentrations of lipids, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, fatty acids, resin acids, and waxes can also be found. In general, their color, smell, texture, quantity, and distribution of pores are used in human sensory analysis to identify native wood species, which may lead to erroneous classification, impairing quality control and inspection of commercialized wood. This study developed a fast and accurate method to discriminate Brazilian native commercial wood species using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and machine learning algorithms. It not only solves the limitations of traditional methods but also goes beyond as it allows fast analyses to be obtained at low cost and high accuracy. In this work, we provide the identification of five Brazilian native wood species: Angelim-pedra (Hymenolobium petraeum Ducke), Cambara (Gochnatia polymorpha), Cedrinho (Erisma uncinatum), Champagne (Dipteryx odorata), and Peroba do Norte (Goupia glabra Aubl). The results showed the great potential of FTIR and multivariate analysis for wood sample classification; here, the Linear SVM differentiated the five wood species with an accuracy of 98%. The developed method allows industries, laboratories, companies, and control bodies to identify the nature of the wood product after being extracted and semi-manufactured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Jesus
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Thiago Franca
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Camila Calvani
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Miller Lacerda
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Daniel Gonçalves
- UFGD - Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados Dourados MS Brazil
- UEMS - Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul Dourados MS Brazil
| | - Samuel L Oliveira
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Bruno Marangoni
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Cicero Cena
- UFMS - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Optics and Photonic Lab (SISFOTON-UFMS) Campo Grande MS Brazil
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Silva TAR, Marques AC, Dos Santos RG, Shakoor RA, Taryba M, Montemor MF. Development of BioPolyurethane Coatings from Biomass-Derived Alkylphenol Polyols-A Green Alternative. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112561. [PMID: 37299359 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bio-based polyols were obtained from the thermochemical liquefaction of two biomass feedstocks, pinewood and Stipa tenacissima, with conversion rates varying between 71.9 and 79.3 wt.%, and comprehensively characterized. They exhibit phenolic and aliphatic moieties displaying hydroxyl (OH) functional groups, as confirmed by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analysis. The biopolyols obtained were successfully employed as a green raw material to produce bio-based polyurethane (BioPU) coatings on carbon steel substrates, using, as an isocyanate source, a commercial bio-based polyisocyanate-Desmodur® Eco N7300. The BioPU coatings were analyzed in terms of chemical structure, the extent of the reaction of the isocyanate species, thermal stability, hydrophobicity, and adhesion strength. They show moderate thermal stability at temperatures up to 100 °C, and a mild hydrophobicity, displaying contact angles between 68° and 86°. The adhesion tests reveal similar pull-off strength values (ca. 2.2 MPa) for the BioPU either prepared with pinewood and Stipa-derived biopolyols (BPUI and BPUII). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were carried out on the coated substrates for 60 days in 0.05 M NaCl solution. Good corrosion protection properties were achieved for the coatings, with particular emphasis on the coating prepared with the pinewood-derived polyol, which exhibited a low-frequency impedance modulus normalized for the coating thickness of 6.1 × 1010 Ω cm at the end of the 60 days test, three times higher than for coatings prepared with Stipa-derived biopolyols. The produced BioPU formulations show great potential for application as coatings, and for further modification with bio-based fillers and corrosion inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago A R Silva
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana C Marques
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui G Dos Santos
- Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente (CERENA), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rana A Shakoor
- Centre for Advanced Materials (CAM), Qatar University, 9FHQ + JMF, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Maryna Taryba
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Fátima Montemor
- Centro de Química Estrutural (CQE), Institute of Molecular Sciences (IMS), Departamento de Engenharia Química (DEQ), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Javier-Astete R, Melo J, Jimenez-Davalos J, Zolla G. Classification of Amazonian fast-growing tree species and wood chemical determination by FTIR and multivariate analysis (PLS-DA, PLS). Sci Rep 2023; 13:7827. [PMID: 37188729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast-growing trees like Capirona, Bolaina, and Pashaco have the potential to reduce forest degradation because of their ecological features, the economic importance in the Amazon Forest, and an industry based on wood-polymer composites. Therefore, a practical method to discriminate specie (to avoid illegal logging) and determine chemical composition (tree breeding programs) is needed. This study aimed to validate a model for the classification of wood species and a universal model for the rapid determination of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin using FTIR spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics. Our results showed that PLS-DA models for the classification of wood species (0.84 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.91, 0.12 ≤ RMSEP ≤ 0.20, accuracy, specificity, and sensibility between 95.2 and 100%) were satisfied with the full spectra and the differentiation among these species based on IR peaks related to cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose. Besides, the full spectra helped build a three-species universal PLS model to quantify the principal wood chemical components. Lignin (RPD = 2.27, [Formula: see text] = 0.84) and hemicellulose (RPD = 2.46, [Formula: see text] = 0.83) models showed a good prediction, while cellulose model (RPD = 3.43, [Formula: see text] = 0.91) classified as efficient. This study showed that FTIR-ATR, together with chemometrics, is a reliable method to discriminate wood species and to determine the wood chemical composition in juvenile trees of Pashaco, Capirona, and Bolaina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Javier-Astete
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas del PIPS de Cereales y Granos Nativos, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Jessenia Melo
- Laboratorio de Evaluación Nutricional de Alimentos, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Jimenez-Davalos
- Grupo de Investigacion en Mutaciones & Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru
| | - Gastón Zolla
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Molecular de Plantas del PIPS de Cereales y Granos Nativos, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru.
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7
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Han X, Wang Z, Lu N, Tang J, Lu P, Zhu K, Guan J, Feike T. Comprehensive study on the hydrochar for adsorption of Cd(II): preparation, characterization, and mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:64221-64232. [PMID: 37061638 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonization process via converting invasive plants into functional materials may provide a novel strategy to comprehensively control and utilized the exotic invasive plants. In this study, Eupatorium adenophorum was utilized to fabricate the hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization process, which was further applied to remove Cd(II). The results showed that the hydrochar was a mesoporous material with abundant O-containing functional groups (OFPs) on the surface. The adsorption isotherms were fitted by both the Langmuir and Freundlich models, and the maximum adsorption amount achieved 24.53 mg/g. The adsorption dynamics were governed by surface adsorption and film diffusion. pH and ionic strength can exert a strong influence on the adsorption efficiency. The mechanisms on the adsorption of Cd(II) on the hydrochar concluded the pore-filling effects, electrostatic interactions, ion exchange, precipitation, coordination with π electrons, and surface complexation with the OFPs, such as hydroxyl, carboxylic, phenol, acetyl, and ester groups. Thus, hydrothermal carbonization process may provide a promising technique to fabricate the hydrocar for the treatment of Cd(II), which may facilitate comprehensive control of invasive plants and boost to the carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Han
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Zirui Wang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Lu
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqing Tang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Lu
- College of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhu
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiunian Guan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130117, People's Republic of China.
| | - Til Feike
- Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Inst. for Strategies and Technology Assessment, Julius Kühn-Institut, 14532, Kleinmachnow, Germany
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8
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Fico D, Rizzo D, Montagna F, Esposito Corcione C. Fused Filament Fabrication and Computer Numerical Control Milling in Cultural Heritage Conservation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3038. [PMID: 37109876 PMCID: PMC10141658 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a comparison between the advantages and disadvantages of fused filament fabrication (FFF) and computer numerical control (CNC) milling, when applied to a specific case of conservation of cultural heritage: the reproduction of four missing columns of a 17th-century tabernacle. To make the replica prototypes, European pine wood (the original material) was used for CNC milling, while polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) was used for FFF printing. Neat materials were chemically and structurally characterized (FTIR, XRD, DSC, contact angle measurement, colorimetry, and bending tests) before and after artificial aging, in order to study their durability. The comparison showed that although both materials are subject to a decrease in crystallinity (an increase in amorphous bands in XRD diffractograms) and mechanical performance with aging, these characteristics are less evident in PETG (E = 1.13 ± 0.01 GPa and σ = 60.20 ± 2.11 MPa after aging), which retains water repellent (ca = 95.96 ± 5.56°) and colorimetric (∆E = 2.6) properties. Furthermore, the increase in flexural strain (%) in pine wood, from 3.71 ± 0.03% to 4.11 ± 0.02%, makes it not suitable for purpose. Both techniques were then used to produce the same column, showing that for this specific application CNC milling is quicker than FFF, but, at the same time, it is also much more expensive and produces a huge amount of waste material compared to FFF printing. Based on these results, it was assessed that FFF is more suitable for the replication of the specific column. For this reason, only the 3D-printed PETG column was used for the subsequent conservative restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Fico
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniela Rizzo
- Department of Cultural Heritage, University of Salento, Via D. Birago 64, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Francesco Montagna
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- Department of Engineering for Innovation, University of Salento, Edificio P, Campus Ecotekne, s.p. 6 Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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9
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Lin CF, Karlsson O, Das O, Mensah RA, Mantanis GI, Jones D, Antzutkin ON, Försth M, Sandberg D. High Leach-Resistant Fire-Retardant Modified Pine Wood ( Pinus sylvestris L.) by In Situ Phosphorylation and Carbamylation. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11381-11396. [PMID: 37008136 PMCID: PMC10061617 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The exterior application of fire-retardant (FR) timber necessitates it to have high durability because of the possibility to be exposed to rainfall. In this study, water-leaching resistance of FR wood has been imparted by grafting phosphate and carbamate groups of the water-soluble FR additives ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP)/urea onto the hydroxyl groups of wood polymers via vacuum-pressure impregnation, followed by drying/heating in hot air. A darker and more reddish wood surface was observed after the modification. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, solid-state 13C cross-polarization magic-angle-spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (13C CP-MAS NMR), and direct-excitation 31P MAS NMR suggested the formation of C-O-P covalent bonds and urethane chemical bridges. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry suggested the diffusion of ADP/urea into the cell wall. The gas evolution analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with quadrupole mass spectrometry revealed a potential grafting reaction mechanism starting with the thermal decomposition of urea. Thermal behavior showed that the FR-modified wood lowered the main decomposition temperature and promoted the formation of char residues at elevated temperatures. The FR activity was preserved even after an extensive water-leaching test, confirmed by the limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry. The reduction of fire hazards was achieved through the increase of the LOI to above 80%, reduction of 30% of the peak heat release rate (pHRR2), reduction of smoke production, and a longer ignition time. The modulus of elasticity of FR-modified wood increased by 40% without significantly decreasing the modulus of rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-feng Lin
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Olov Karlsson
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Oisik Das
- Structural
and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural
Resources Engineering, Luleå University
of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Rhoda Afriyie Mensah
- Structural
and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural
Resources Engineering, Luleå University
of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - George I. Mantanis
- Laboratory
of Wood Science and Technology, Department of Forestry, Wood Sciences
and Design, University of Thessaly, GR-431 00 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dennis Jones
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
- Department
of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood
Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences
Prague, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-16521 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg N. Antzutkin
- Chemistry
of Interfaces, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources
Engineering, Luleå University of
Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Michael Försth
- Structural
and Fire Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural
Resources Engineering, Luleå University
of Technology, SE-971 87 Luleå, Sweden
| | - Dick Sandberg
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
- Department
of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood
Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences
Prague, Praha 6-Suchdol, CZ-16521 Prague, Czech Republic
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Kuhl E, Zang C, Esper J, Riechelmann DFC, Büntgen U, Briesch M, Reinig F, Römer P, Konter O, Schmidhalter M, Hartl C. Using machine learning on tree‐ring data to determine the geographical provenance of historical construction timbers. Ecosphere 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Kuhl
- Department of Geography Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Christian Zang
- Department of Forestry University of Applied Science Weihenstephan‐Triesdorf Freising Germany
| | - Jan Esper
- Department of Geography Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
- Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe) Brno Czech Republic
| | | | - Ulf Büntgen
- Global Change Research Centre (CzechGlobe) Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Geography University of Cambridge Cambridge UK
- Swiss Federal Research Institute (WSL) Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Department of Geography Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Martin Briesch
- Department of Information Systems and Business Administration Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Frederick Reinig
- Department of Geography Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Philipp Römer
- Department of Geography Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | - Oliver Konter
- Department of Geography Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Germany
| | | | - Claudia Hartl
- Nature Rings ‐ Environmental Research and Education Mainz Germany
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11
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A New Insight into the Composition and Physical Characteristics of Corncob—Substantiating Its Potential for Tailored Biorefinery Objectives. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Corncobs of four different corn varieties were physically segregated into two different anatomical portions, namely the corncob outer (CO) and corncob pith (CP). The biomass composition analysis of both the CO and CP was performed by four different methods. The CP showed a higher carbohydrate and lower lignin content (83.32% and 13.58%, respectively) compared with the CO (79.93% and 17.12%, respectively) in all of the methods. The syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio was observed to be higher in the CP (1.34) than in the CO (1.28). The comprehensive physical characterization of both samples substantiated the lower crystallinity and lower thermal stability that was observed in the CP compared to the CO. These properties make the CP more susceptible to glycanases, as evident from the enzymatic saccharification of CP carried out with a commercial cellulase and xylanase in this work. The yields obtained were 70.57% and 88.70% of the respective theoretical yields and were found to be equal to that of pure cellulose and xylan substrates. These results support the feasibility of the tailored valorization of corncob anatomical portions, such as enzymatic production of xylooligosaccharides from CP without pretreatment combined with the bioethanol production from pretreated CO to achieve an economical biorefinery output from corncob feedstock.
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12
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Rudolph-Schöpping G, Schagerlöf H, Jönsson AS, Lipnizki F. Comparison of membrane fouling during ultrafiltration with adsorption studied by Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Mazurek S, Włodarczyk M, Pielorz S, Okińczyc P, Kuś PM, Długosz G, Vidal-Yañez D, Szostak R. Quantification of Salicylates and Flavonoids in Poplar Bark and Leaves Based on IR, NIR, and Raman Spectra. Molecules 2022; 27:3954. [PMID: 35745076 PMCID: PMC9229158 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poplar bark and leaves can be an attractive source of salicylates and other biologically active compounds used in medicine. However, the biochemical variability of poplar material requires a standardization prior to processing. The official analytical protocols used in the pharmaceutical industry rely on the extraction of active compounds, which makes their determination long and costly. An analysis of plant materials in their native state can be performed using vibrational spectroscopy. This paper presents for the first time a comparison of diffuse reflectance in the near- and mid-infrared regions, attenuated total reflection, and Raman spectroscopy used for the simultaneous determination of salicylates and flavonoids in poplar bark and leaves. Based on 185 spectra of various poplar species and hybrid powdered samples, partial least squares regression models, characterized by the relative standard errors of prediction in the 4.5-9.9% range for both calibration and validation sets, were developed. These models allow for fast and precise quantification of the studied active compounds in poplar bark and leaves without any chemical sample treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Mazurek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (S.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Maciej Włodarczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
| | - Sonia Pielorz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (S.P.); (R.S.)
| | - Piotr Okińczyc
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
| | - Piotr M. Kuś
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
| | - Gabriela Długosz
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
| | - Diana Vidal-Yañez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Herbal Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, 211a Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (P.O.); (P.M.K.); (G.D.); (D.V.-Y.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Joan XXIII, 27-31, 08014 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland; (S.P.); (R.S.)
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14
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Combined Use of Non-Invasive and Micro-Invasive Analytical Investigations to Understand the State of Conservation and the Causes of Degradation of I Tesori del Mare (1901) by Plinio Nomellini. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:mps5030052. [PMID: 35736553 PMCID: PMC9229264 DOI: 10.3390/mps5030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the investigation of the oil painting on canvas I Tesori del Mare made by Plinio Nomellini in 1901 is presented. The aim of the research was threefold: the examination of the state of conservation in view of the restoration treatment, together with the identification of the causes of degradation and the study of the artistic technique. During the years, the artwork underwent several cleaning and fixing interventions, resulting in a patchy appearance of the surface. Nevertheless, the presence of consistent liftings persists, while the protective coating shows uneven chromatic alteration, both requiring further analysis. Multispectral imaging allowed for better visualization of the figuration’s structure and the restored areas. The combined use of Raman spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy in the Attenuated Total Reflection mode (FT-IR ATR), and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with an Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) enabled better understanding of the stratigraphy through the identification of some pigments, the binder, and the aged varnish layer on the top. SEM/EDS highlighted the presence of zinc in both the ground layer and the paint layers. Furthermore, FT-IR ATR spectroscopy showed peaks related to metal soaps such as zinc stearate, which are known to cause severe delamination of the paint layers, explaining the recurring lifting issues. Eventually, the varnish layer was found to be acrylic resin, presumably mixed with varnishes applied in past restoration treatments.
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Wei X, Yu Y, Shen Z, Liu Y, Liu X, Wang S, Zhang L, Min D. Deciphering the linkage type and structural characteristics of the p-hydroxyphenyl unit in Pinus massoniana Lamb compressed wood lignin. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 208:772-781. [PMID: 35367267 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.03.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To reveal the existence of p-hydroxyphenyl (H) units in compressed wood lignin, four different milled wood lignins were extracted using Pinus massoniana Lamb compressed wood, Pinus massoniana Lamb normal wood, and sugarcane bagasse as raw materials. Then, three dehydrogenation polymers (DHPs) were synthesized using coniferyl/p-coumaryl alcohol as raw materials to reveal the interunit linkages of H units. The lignin and DHP samples were systematically characterized by 1H, 13C, 2D HSQC, and 31P NMR techniques. Compared with the opposite wood milled wood lignin (OW-MWL) and the normal wood milled wood lignin (NW-MWL), the compressed wood milled wood lignin (CW-MWL) contained a large amount of H units, and the H/G ratio and the p-hydroxyphenyl OH group contents were 0.15 and 1.09 mmol/g, respectively. Through the characterization of CW-MWL and DHPs, it was revealed that p-hydroxyphenyl units mainly coupled with other units by β-O-4, β-β, and β-5 linkages. Compared to the sugarcane bagasse milled wood lignin, it was clearly demonstrated that the H unit rather than p-coumarate ester occurred in CW-MWL. This study comprehensively explored the structural characteristics and linkages of H units in compress wood lignin, and provided useful information for revealing the participation of H units in the construction of lignin macromolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Zheng Shen
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xi Liu
- Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Bossco Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Nanning 530007, PR China
| | - Liming Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Douyong Min
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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16
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Surface Chemical and Morphological Analysis of Chitosan/1,3-β-d-Glucan Polysaccharide Films Cross-Linked at 90 °C. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23115953. [PMID: 35682630 PMCID: PMC9180171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-linking temperature of polymers may affect the surface characteristics and molecular arrangement, which are responsible for their mechanical and physico-chemical properties. The aim of this research was to determine and explain in detail the mechanism of unit interlinkage of two-component chitosan/1,3-β-d-glucan matrices gelled at 90 °C. This required identifying functional groups interacting with each other and assessing surface topography providing material chemical composition. For this purpose, various spectroscopic and microscopic approaches, such as attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), were applied. The results indicate the involvement mainly of the C-C and C-H groups and C=O⋯HN moieties in the process of biomaterial polymerization. Strong chemical interactions and ionocovalent bonds between the N-glucosamine moieties of chitosan and 1,3-β-d-glucan units were demonstrated, which was also reflected in the uniform surface of the sample without segregation. These unique properties, hybrid character and proper cell response may imply the potential application of studied biomaterial as biocompatible scaffolds used in regenerative medicine, especially in bone restoration and/or wound healing.
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17
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High-value compounds obtained from grape canes (Vitis vinifera L.) by steam pressure alkali extraction. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Santos J, Pereira J, Escobar-Avello D, Ferreira I, Vieira C, Magalhães FD, Martins JM, Carvalho LH. Grape Canes (Vitis vinifera L.) Applications on Packaging and Particleboard Industry: New Bioadhesive Based on Grape Extracts and Citric Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061137. [PMID: 35335468 PMCID: PMC8949575 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The main by-product generated in the wine industry are the grape canes, derived from the pruning process. In order to increase the valorisation possibilities of this highly polyphenolic lignocellulosic material, this work focuses on its applicability in the materials industry. As a first step, we demonstrate the viability of using grape cane particles as raw material for particleboard production, combined with a melamine formaldehyde urea (MFU) binder. In addition, looking for the application of these particleboards in the food packaging industry, particleboards based on grape canes were also produced using a new bioadhesive, obtained from the grape cane extract and citric acid. The self-condensation reaction of the grape cane extracts, and the curing reaction with citric acid, were studied by FTIR-ATR and ABES showing the feasibility of this new bioadhesive formulation. Looking for a zero-waste process, the effect of the type of raw material (fresh grape cane, solid by-product of the extraction) and of the extract used on the properties of particleboard were also studied. Citric acid was demonstrated to be a good crosslinking agent for grape cane extract. This work shows that it is possible to produce a new lignocellulosic product based only on grape cane particles using a binder based on grape cane extracts and citric acid. The implemented methodology allowed producing particleboards with applicability in the food-packaging industry, minimizing the waste generated in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Santos
- ARCP—Associação Rede de Competência em Polímeros, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal;
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.M.); (J.M.M.); (L.H.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - João Pereira
- ARCP—Associação Rede de Competência em Polímeros, 4200-355 Porto, Portugal;
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.M.); (J.M.M.); (L.H.C.)
| | - Danilo Escobar-Avello
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción, Coronel 4191996, Chile;
- Centro Nacional de Excelencia para la Industria de la Madera (CENAMAD), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Vicuña Mackena 4860, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Irene Ferreira
- FWFI—Freshwood Forms Industry, 2430-600 Vieira de Leiria, Portugal; (I.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Carlos Vieira
- FWFI—Freshwood Forms Industry, 2430-600 Vieira de Leiria, Portugal; (I.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Fernão D. Magalhães
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.M.); (J.M.M.); (L.H.C.)
| | - Jorge Manuel Martins
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.M.); (J.M.M.); (L.H.C.)
- DEMad—Department of Wood Engineering, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
| | - Luísa H. Carvalho
- LEPABE—Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (F.D.M.); (J.M.M.); (L.H.C.)
- DEMad—Department of Wood Engineering, Instituto Politécnico de Viseu, Campus Politécnico de Repeses, 3504-510 Viseu, Portugal
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Ren S, Rodriguez-Saona L, Giusti MM. Analyzing the Interaction between Anthocyanins and Native or Heat-Treated Whey Proteins Using Infrared Spectroscopy. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27051538. [PMID: 35268638 PMCID: PMC8911780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The color stability of anthocyanins (ACN) has been shown to be improved by interaction with whey proteins (WP). In this study, we explore the ACN–WP interaction using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (IR). ACN from purple corn, grape, and black carrot (50 μM) were evaluated. IR spectra (4000–700 cm−1) were collected for native and preheated (40–80 °C) WP (5 mg/mL) and ACN–WP mixtures at pH 7.4. Soft independent modeling of class analogy was used to analyze the IR data. The WP secondary structure changed after heat treatments and after interaction with ACN. As expected, the WP α-helices decreased, and β-sheet increased after heat treatment. The intensities of the WP amide I and II bands decreased after ACN addition, revealing a decrease in the WP α-helix content. Higher preheating temperatures (70–80 °C) resulted in a more disordered WP structure that favored stronger WP–ACN interactions related to amide III changes. Addition of ACN stabilized WP structure due to heat denaturation, but different ACN structures had different binding affinities with WP. WP structure had less change after interaction with ACN with simpler structures. These results increase our understanding of ACN–WP interactions, providing a potential strategy to extend anthocyanin color stability by WP addition.
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Investigations of the Chemical Distribution in Sorbitol and Citric Acid (SorCA) Treated Wood—Development of a Quality Control Method on the Basis of Electromagnetic Radiation. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies showed treatments with sorbitol and citric acid (SorCA) to significantly improve the dimensional stability and biological durability of wood. The industrialization of this process requires a quality control (QC) method to determine if the fixated chemicals are homogenously distributed within the piece of wood, which is essential for uniform material performance. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the use of common electromagnetic radiation-based methods to determine the degree of modification in SorCA-treated wood. Both Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have been used to create rough calibrations for the weight percent gain (WPG) prediction models. The FTIR measurements resulted in a high linear correlation between the band area ratio (BAR) and the WPG (R2 = 0.93). Additionally, a partial least square (PLS) regression of NIR spectroscopic data resulted in a model with a high prediction power (R2 = 0.83). Furthermore, X-ray density profiling emerged as a simple alternative for the QC by showing a gradient of modification chemicals inside the sample and differences in chemical uptake between earlywood and latewood. Overall, it can be concluded that the results from FTIR, NIR and X-ray densitometry can serve as indicators of impregnation chemical distribution in SorCA-modified wood.
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21
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Acemi A. Monitoring the effects of chitosan on the profile of certain cell wall and membrane biomolecules in the leaves of Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa through FT-IR spectroscopy. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 173:25-32. [PMID: 35092928 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chitosan at different molecular weights on the biomolecule profile of cell walls and membranes in Eruca vesicaria ssp. sativa leaves through FT-IR spectroscopy. It was demonstrated that the chitosan treatments could increase membrane destabilization through the elevation of lipid peroxidation and/or membrane fluidity. However, 10 kDa chitosan at 5 mg L-1 treatment was estimated to increase membrane lipid production. The 10 and 100 kDa chitosan treatments at 20 mg L-1 suggested higher protein contents than the other treatments. Chitosan's molecular weight and concentration influenced the relative ratios of functional groups in cell wall lignin. Ten kDa chitosan treatments triggered lignin production better than the other chitosan variants. The results showed that its molecular weight plays a role in the differentiation of chitosan's effects on the biomolecule pattern of E. vesicaria ssp. sativa leaves. However, none of the treatments induced significant changes in the peak positions, indicating that ex vitro chitosan treatment did not induce structural changes in the monitored biomolecules. The results also suggested that 10 kDa chitosan at 5 mg L-1 could be a better option than the other treatments tested, considering reducing the chemical use and cost in the cultivation process of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arda Acemi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Kocaeli University, 41001, İzmit, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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22
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Holden CA, Bailey JP, Taylor JE, Martin F, Beckett P, McAinsh M. Know your enemy: Application of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy to invasive species control. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0261742. [PMID: 34995300 PMCID: PMC8740966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extreme weather and globalisation leave our climate vulnerable to invasion by alien species, which have negative impacts on the economy, biodiversity, and ecosystem services. Rapid and accurate identification is key to the control of invasive alien species. However, visually similar species hinder conservation efforts, for example hybrids within the Japanese Knotweed complex.We applied the novel method of ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics (mathematics applied to chemical data) to historic herbarium samples, taking 1580 spectra in total. Samples included five species from within the interbreeding Japanese Knotweed complex (including three varieties of Japanese Knotweed), six hybrids and five species from the wider Polygonaceae family. Spectral data from herbarium specimens were analysed with several chemometric techniques: support vector machines (SVM) for differentiation between plant types, supported by ploidy levels; principal component analysis loadings and spectral biomarkers to explore differences between the highly invasive Reynoutria japonica var. japonica and its non-invasive counterpart Reynoutria japonica var. compacta; hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) to investigate the relationship between plants within the Polygonaceae family, of the Fallopia, Reynoutria, Rumex and Fagopyrum genera.ATR-FTIR spectroscopy coupled with SVM successfully differentiated between plant type, leaf surface and geographical location, even in herbarium samples of varying age. Differences between Reynoutria japonica var. japonica and Reynoutria japonica var. compacta included the presence of two polysaccharides, glucomannan and xyloglucan, at higher concentrations in Reynoutria japonica var. japonica than Reynoutria japonica var. compacta. HCA analysis indicated that potential genetic linkages are sometimes masked by environmental factors; an effect that can either be reduced or encouraged by altering the input parameters. Entering the absorbance values for key wavenumbers, previously highlighted by principal component analysis loadings, favours linkages in the resultant HCA dendrogram corresponding to expected genetic relationships, whilst environmental associations are encouraged using the spectral fingerprint region.The ability to distinguish between closely related interbreeding species and hybrids, based on their spectral signature, raises the possibility of using this approach for determining the origin of Japanese knotweed infestations in legal cases where the clonal nature of plants currently makes this difficult and for the targeted control of species and hybrids. These techniques also provide a new method for supporting biogeographical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Anne Holden
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - John Paul Bailey
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Martin McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Sriariyanun M, Kitiborwornkul N, Tantayotai P, Rattanaporn K, Show PL. One-Pot Ionic Liquid-Mediated Bioprocess for Pretreatment and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Rice Straw with Ionic Liquid-Tolerance Bacterial Cellulase. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9010017. [PMID: 35049726 PMCID: PMC8772859 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL) pretreatment of lignocellulose is an efficient method for the enhancement of enzymatic saccharification. However, the remaining residues of ILs deactivate cellulase, therefore making intensive biomass washing after pretreatment necessary. This study aimed to develop the one-pot process combining IL pretreatment and enzymatic saccharification by using low-toxic choline acetate ([Ch][OAc]) and IL-tolerant bacterial cellulases. Crude cellulases produced from saline soil inhabited Bacillus sp. CBD2 and Brevibacillus sp. CBD3 were tested under the influence of 0.5–2.0 M [Ch][OAc], which showed that their activities retained at more than 95%. However, [Ch][OAc] had toxicity to CBD2 and CBD3 cultures, in which only 32.85% and 12.88% were alive at 0.5 M [Ch][OAc]. Based on the specific enzyme activities, the sugar amounts produced from one-pot processes using 1 mg of CBD2 and CBD3 were higher than that of Celluclast 1.5 L by 2.0 and 4.5 times, respectively, suggesting their potential for further application in the biorefining process of value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malinee Sriariyanun
- Biorefinery and Process Automation Engineering Center, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nichaphat Kitiborwornkul
- Biorefinery and Process Automation Engineering Center, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, The Sirindhorn International Thai-German Graduate School of Engineering (TGGS), King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bangkok 10800, Thailand;
| | - Prapakorn Tantayotai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand;
| | - Kittipong Rattanaporn
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Pau-Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih 43500, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Paulo I, Costa L, Rodrigues A, Orišková S, Matos S, Gonçalves D, Gonçalves AR, Silva L, Vieira S, Bordado JC, Galhano dos Santos R. Acid-Catalyzed Liquefaction of Biomasses from Poplar Clones for Short Rotation Coppice Cultivations. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27010304. [PMID: 35011536 PMCID: PMC8746395 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Liquefaction of biomass delivers a liquid bio-oil with relevant chemical and energetic applications. In this study we coupled it with short rotation coppice (SRC) intensively managed poplar cultivations aimed at biomass production while safeguarding environmental principles of soil quality and biodiversity. We carried out acid-catalyzed liquefaction, at 160 °C and atmospheric pressure, with eight poplar clones from SRC cultivations. The bio-oil yields were high, ranging between 70.7 and 81.5%. Average gains of bio-oil, by comparison of raw biomasses, in elementary carbon and hydrogen and high heating, were 25.6, 67, and 74%, respectively. Loss of oxygen and O/C ratios averaged 38 and 51%, respectively. Amounts of elementary carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen in bio-oil were 65, 26, and 8.7%, and HHV averaged 30.5 MJkg−1. Correlation analysis showed the interrelation between elementary carbon with HHV in bio-oil or with oxygen loss. Overall, from 55 correlations, 21 significant and high correlations among a set of 11 variables were found. Among the most relevant ones, the percentage of elementary carbon presented five significant correlations with the percentage of O (−0.980), percentage of C gain (0.902), percentage of O loss (0.973), HHV gain (0.917), and O/C loss (0.943). The amount of carbon is directly correlated with the amount of oxygen, conversely, the decrease in oxygen content increases the elementary carbon and hydrogen concentration, which leads to an improvement in HHV. HHV gain showed a strong positive dependence on the percentage of C (0.917) and percentage of C gain (0.943), while the elementary oxygen (−0.885) and its percentage of O loss (0.978) adversely affect the HHV gain. Consequently, the O/C loss (0.970) increases the HHV positively. van Krevelen’s analysis indicated that bio-oils are chemically compatible with liquid fossil fuels. FTIR-ATR evidenced the presence of derivatives of depolymerization of lignin and cellulose in raw biomasses in bio-oil. TGA/DTG confirmed the bio-oil burning aptitude by the high average 53% mass loss of volatiles associated with lowered peaking decomposition temperatures by 100 °C than raw biomasses. Overall, this research shows the potential of bio-oil from liquefaction of SRC biomasses for the contribution of renewable energy and chemical deliverables, and thereby, to a greener global economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Paulo
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Luis Costa
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Abel Rodrigues
- INIAV—Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, I.P., Ministry of Agriculture, 2780-159 Oeiras, Portugal;
- IDMEC—Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Orišková
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Sandro Matos
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
- WOODCHEM SA., Estrada das Moitas Altas, 2401-902 Leiria, Portugal
| | - Diogo Gonçalves
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Ana Raquel Gonçalves
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Luciana Silva
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Salomé Vieira
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
| | - João Carlos Bordado
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
| | - Rui Galhano dos Santos
- CERENA-Centre for Natural Resources and the Environment, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; (I.P.); (L.C.); (S.O.); (S.M.); (D.G.); (A.R.G.); (L.S.); (S.V.); (J.C.B.)
- Correspondence:
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25
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Söftje M, Weingartz T, Plarre R, Gjikaj M, Namyslo JC, Kaufmann DE. Surface Tuning of Wood via Covalent Modification of Its Lignocellulosic Biopolymers with Substituted Benzoates-A Study on Reactivity, Efficiency, and Durability. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33542-33553. [PMID: 34926903 PMCID: PMC8675034 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c04353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemical modification of wood applying benzotriazolyl-activated carboxylic acids has proven to be a versatile method for the durable functionalization of its lignocellulosic biopolymers. Through this process, the material properties of wood can be influenced and specifically optimized. To check the scope and limitations of this modification method, various benzamide derivatives with electron-withdrawing (EWG) or electron-donating (EDG) functional groups in different positions of the aromatic ring were synthesized and applied for covalent modification of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood in this study. The bonded amounts of substances (up to 2.20 mmol) were compared with the reactivity constants of the Hammett equation, revealing a significant correlation between the modification efficiency and the theoretical reactivity constants of the corresponding aromatic substitution pattern. The successful covalent attachment of the respective substituted benzamides was proven by attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, while the stability of the newly formed ester bond was proven in a standardized leaching test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Söftje
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University
of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, Clausthal-ZellerfeldD-38678, Germany
| | - Thea Weingartz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University
of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, Clausthal-ZellerfeldD-38678, Germany
| | - Rudy Plarre
- Bundesanstalt
für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, Berlin D-12205, Germany
| | - Mimoza Gjikaj
- Institute
of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal
University of Technology, Paul-Ernst-Straße 4, Clausthal-Zellerfeld D-38678, Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University
of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, Clausthal-ZellerfeldD-38678, Germany
| | - Dieter E. Kaufmann
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Clausthal University
of Technology, Leibnizstraße 6, Clausthal-ZellerfeldD-38678, Germany
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26
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Holden CA, Morais CLM, Taylor JE, Martin FL, Beckett P, McAinsh M. Regional differences in clonal Japanese knotweed revealed by chemometrics-linked attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:522. [PMID: 34753418 PMCID: PMC8579538 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03293-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese knotweed (R. japonica var japonica) is one of the world's 100 worst invasive species, causing crop losses, damage to infrastructure, and erosion of ecosystem services. In the UK, this species is an all-female clone, which spreads by vegetative reproduction. Despite this genetic continuity, Japanese knotweed can colonise a wide variety of environmental habitats. However, little is known about the phenotypic plasticity responsible for the ability of Japanese knotweed to invade and thrive in such diverse habitats. We have used attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, in which the spectral fingerprint generated allows subtle differences in composition to be clearly visualized, to examine regional differences in clonal Japanese knotweed. RESULTS We have shown distinct differences in the spectral fingerprint region (1800-900 cm- 1) of Japanese knotweed from three different regions in the UK that were sufficient to successfully identify plants from different geographical regions with high accuracy using support vector machine (SVM) chemometrics. CONCLUSIONS These differences were not correlated with environmental variations between regions, raising the possibility that epigenetic modifications may contribute to the phenotypic plasticity responsible for the ability of R. japonica to invade and thrive in such diverse habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Holden
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
| | - Camilo L M Morais
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Jane E Taylor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | | | | | - Martin McAinsh
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
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27
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Jenoh EM, Traoré M, Kosore C, Koedam N. Biochemical response of Sonneratia alba Sm. branches infested by a wood boring moth (Gazi Bay, Kenya). PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259261. [PMID: 34727136 PMCID: PMC8562821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infestation by a moth woodborer species is causing mortality of Sonneratia alba Sm. mangrove by tunneling through the inner bark, cambium and conductive tissue. Infestation leads to death of some infested branches, whereas in other cases infested branches have been observed to recover from infestation. We have used Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate the differences in macromolecule (polysaccharide and lignin) content present in branches that died (D) of the infestation, those that recovered (R) from the infestation and control branches (C) that were not subject to any infestation. Wood samples were taken from four sampling plots (A, B, C and D) in Gazi Bay (Kenya). From each of the four plots, 15 S. alba branches were taken from five trees, from which 1 cm thick discs were cut from each of these branches to be used as samples. To identify the most characteristic FTIR bands for the three groups of samples, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied on the transposed data matrix. Furthermore, canonical discriminant analysis was applied on the data considering the main FTIR band that would be identified through the PCA factors. Finally, One-way ANOVA and post hoc test were used to verify the significance of the observed trends. Branches that recovered from infestation had higher relative abundance of lignified cells. We conclude that insect-infested S. alba undergo changes related to the lignocellulosic contents. The infestation induces a decrease of the proportion of the polysaccharide content and an increase of the proportion of the lignin contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisha Mrabu Jenoh
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa, Kenya
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Ecology & Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Traoré
- Department of Geology and Mines, Ecole Nationale d’Ingénieur–Abderhamane Baba Touré, Bamako, Mali
| | - Charles Kosore
- Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), Mombasa, Kenya
| | - Nico Koedam
- Laboratory of Plant Biology and Nature Management (APNA), Ecology & Biodiversity, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Javier-Astete R, Jimenez-Davalos J, Zolla G. Determination of hemicellulose, cellulose, holocellulose and lignin content using FTIR in Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K. Schum. and Guazuma crinita Lam. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256559. [PMID: 34705842 PMCID: PMC8550379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Capirona (Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K. Schum.) and Bolaina (Guazuma crinita Lam.) are fast-growing Amazonian trees with increasing demand in timber industry. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the content of cellulose, hemicellulose, holocellulose and lignin in juvenile trees to accelerate forest breeding programs. The aim of this study was to identify chemical differences between apical and basal stem of Capirona and Bolaina to develop models for estimating the chemical composition using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. FTIR-ATR spectra were obtained from 150 samples for each species that were 1.8 year-old. The results showed significant differences between the apical and basal stem for each species in terms of cellulose, hemicellulose, holocellulose and lignin content. This variability was useful to build partial least squares (PLS) models from the FTIR spectra and they were evaluated by root mean squared error of predictions (RMSEP) and ratio of performance to deviation (RPD). Lignin content was efficiently predicted in Capirona (RMSEP = 0.48, RPD > 2) and Bolaina (RMSEP = 0.81, RPD > 2). In Capirona, the predictive power of cellulose, hemicellulose and holocellulose models (0.68 < RMSEP < 2.06, 1.60 < RPD < 1.96) were high enough to predict wood chemical composition. In Bolaina, model for cellulose attained an excellent predictive power (RMSEP = 1.82, RPD = 6.14) while models for hemicellulose and holocellulose attained a good predictive power (RPD > 2.0). This study showed that FTIR-ATR together with PLS is a reliable method to determine the wood chemical composition in juvenile trees of Capirona and Bolaina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Javier-Astete
- Grupo de Investigacion en Mutaciones y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Jorge Jimenez-Davalos
- Grupo de Investigacion en Mutaciones y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Lima, Lima, Peru
| | - Gaston Zolla
- Grupo de Investigacion en Mutaciones y Biotecnologia Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Lima, Lima, Peru
- Laboratorio de Fisiologia Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina - Lima, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
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29
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Latos-Brozio M, Masek A, Chrzescijanska E, Podsędek A, Kajszczak D. Characteristics of the Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Cone Extracts from Conifers Determined Using Electrochemical and Spectrophotometric Methods. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111723. [PMID: 34829594 PMCID: PMC8615251 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to analyze the polyphenolic profile of cone extracts of Douglas fir, Scots pine and Korean fir, and to study their antioxidant activity. The mechanism of electro-oxidation of polyphenols (such as procyanidins and catechins) from cone extracts was investigated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), as well as spectrophotometric methods-ABTS (2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power ) and CUPRAC (CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity). The scientific novelty of the research is the comprehensive analysis of cone extracts in terms of antioxidant properties. Due to the high polyphenol content, the extracts showed significant ability to reduce oxidative reactions, as well as the ability to scavenge free radicals and transition metal ions. Douglas fir, Scots pine and Korean fir cone extracts can potentially be used as natural stabilizers, preservatives and antimicrobial substances in the food industry and in medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Latos-Brozio
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.L.-B.); (A.M.)
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 16, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.L.-B.); (A.M.)
| | - Ewa Chrzescijanska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Podsędek
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (D.K.)
| | - Dominika Kajszczak
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 2/22, 90-537 Lodz, Poland; (A.P.); (D.K.)
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Deng W, Cao Y, Yuan G, Liu G, Zhang X, Xia Y. Realizing Improved Sodium-Ion Storage by Introducing Carbonyl Groups and Closed Micropores into a Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:47728-47739. [PMID: 34585568 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Micropores and defects, like oxygen-containing groups, as active sites for sodium-ion storage in hard carbon have attracted considerable attention; nevertheless, most oxygen doping or oxidizing processes inevitably introduce undesired oxygen groups into a carbon framework, leading to deteriorated initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE). Here, precise carbonyl groups and closed micropores are together introduced into biomass-derived hard carbon to enhance the Na-ion storage performance. The hard carbon delivers a large reversible capacity of 354.6 mA h g-1 at 30 mA g-1, a high ICE (88.7%), as well as ultra-long cycling stability (277 mA h g-1 at 0.3 A g-1 over 1000 cycles; 243 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1 over 5000 cycles). The rate capability and cycling stability of hard carbon in carbonate- and diglyme-based electrolytes are contrasted to demonstrate the superiority of diglyme. Cyclic voltammetry at varied scans and galvanostatic intermittent titration techniques are carried out to clarify the disparity between the two different electrolyte systems. Furthermore, the as-prepared hard carbon is utilized as the anode for sodium-ion full cells exhibiting an energy density of 166.2 W h kg-1 at 0.2 C and a long-cycle life (47.9% retention over 200 cycles at 1 C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Deng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yongjie Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guangming Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Gonggang Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Materials Surface & Interface Science and Technology, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yongyao Xia
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China
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The Effects of Iron Rust on the Ageing of Woods and Their Derived Pulp Paper. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203483. [PMID: 34685242 PMCID: PMC8537420 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The accelerated ageing of wood in terms of heating or iron rusting has a potential effect on the physio-mechanical, chemical and biological properties of wood. The effects of accelerated ageing on the mechanical, physical and fungal activity properties of some wood materials (Schinus terebinthifolius, Erythrina humeana, Tectona grandis, Pinus rigida and Juglans nigra) were studied after several cycles of heating and iron rusting. The fungal activity was assayed against the growth of Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium culmorum and Stemphylium solani. In addition, the mechanical and optical properties of paper sheets produced from those wood pulps by means of Kraft cooking were evaluated. The mechanical and chemical properties of the studied wood species were affected significantly (p < 0.05) by the accelerated ageing, compared to control woods. With Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, we detected an increase in the intensity of the spectra of the functional groups of cellulose in the heated samples, which indicates an increase in cellulose content and decrease in lignin content, compared to other chemical compounds. For pulp properties, woods treated by heating showed a decrease in the pulp yield. The highest significant values of tensile strength were observed in pulp paper produced from untreated, heated and iron-rusted P. rigida wood and they were 69.66, 65.66 and 68.33 N·m/g, respectively; we calculated the tear resistance from pulp paper of untreated P. rigida (8.68 mN·m2/g) and T. grandis (7.83 mN·m2/g) and rusted P. rigida (7.56 mN·m2/g) wood; we obtained the values of the burst strength of the pulp paper of untreated woods of P. rigida (8.19 kPa·m2/g) and T. grandis (7.49 kPa·m2/g), as well as the fold number of the pulp paper of untreated, heated and rusted woods from P. rigida, with values of 195.66, 186.33 and 185.66, respectively. After 14 days from the incubation, no fungal inhibition zones were observed. Accelerated ageing (heated or iron-rusted) produced significant effects on the mechanical and chemical properties of the studied wood species and affected the properties of the produced pulp paper.
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32
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Jiang W, Hosseinpourpia R, Biziks V, Ahmed SA, Militz H, Adamopoulos S. Preparation of Polyurethane Adhesives from Crude and Purified Liquefied Wood Sawdust. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193267. [PMID: 34641084 PMCID: PMC8512079 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) adhesives were prepared with bio-polyols obtained via acid-catalyzed polyhydric alcohol liquefaction of wood sawdust and polymeric diphenylmethane diisocyanate (pMDI). Two polyols, i.e., crude and purified liquefied wood (CLW and PLW), were obtained from the liquefaction process with a high yield of 99.7%. PU adhesives, namely CLWPU and PLWPU, were then prepared by reaction of CLW or PLW with pMDI at various isocyanate to hydroxyl group (NCO:OH) molar ratios of 0.5:1, 1:1, 1.5:1, and 2:1. The chemical structure and thermal behavior of the bio-polyols and the cured PU adhesives were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Performance of the adhesives was evaluated by single-lap joint shear tests according to EN 302-1:2003, and by adhesive penetration. The highest shear strength was found at the NCO:OH molar ratio of 1.5:1 as 4.82 ± 1.01 N/mm2 and 4.80 ± 0.49 N/mm2 for CLWPU and PLWPU, respectively. The chemical structure and thermal properties of the cured CLWPU and PLWPU adhesives were considerably influenced by the NCO:OH molar ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Lückligs Plats 1, 35195 Växjö, Sweden; (W.J.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Reza Hosseinpourpia
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Lückligs Plats 1, 35195 Växjö, Sweden; (W.J.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Vladimirs Biziks
- Institute of Wood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August University Göettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (V.B.); (H.M.)
| | - Sheikh Ali Ahmed
- Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Linnaeus University, Lückligs Plats 1, 35195 Växjö, Sweden; (W.J.); (R.H.); (S.A.A.)
| | - Holger Militz
- Institute of Wood Biology and Wood Products, Georg-August University Göettingen, Büsgenweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany; (V.B.); (H.M.)
| | - Stergios Adamopoulos
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Vallvägen 9C, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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Kargioti E, Vouvoudi E, Nannou C, Bikiaris D, Lambropoulou D. Unraveling the origin of aged varnishes for the proper restoration of old paintings using spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Case Study of Anatomy, Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Sapwood and Heartwood of Random Tree Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco from South-Eastern Poland. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12070925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oriental arborvitae is not fully characterized in terms of its microscopic structure or physical or mechanical properties. Moreover, there is a lot of contradictory information in the literature about oriental arborvitae, especially in terms of microscopic structure. Therefore, the sapwood (S) and heartwood (H) of Platycladus orientalis (L.) Franco from Central Europe were subjected to examinations. The presence of helical thickenings was found in earlywood tracheids (E). Latewood tracheids (L) were characterized by a similar thickness of radial and tangential walls and a similar diameter in the tangential direction in the sapwood and heartwood zones. In the case of earlywood tracheids, such a similarity was found only in the thickness of the tangential walls. The volume swelling (VS) of sapwood and heartwood after reaching maximum moisture content (MMC) was 12.8% (±0.5%) and 11.2% (±0.5%), respectively. The average velocity of ultrasonic waves along the fibers (υ) for a frequency of 40 kHz was about 6% lower in the heartwood zone than in the sapwood zone. The dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOED) was about 8% lower in the heartwood zone than in the sapwood zone. These differences, both in the case of υ and MOED, were statistically significant. However, no statistically significant differences were found for the static bending strength (MOR, approx. 90 MPa), modulus of elasticity at static bending (MOE, approx. 4800 MPa), or compression strength parallel to the grain (CS, approx. 47 MPa) in relation to the wood zone (sapwood, heartwood).
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Lin CF, Karlsson O, Martinka J, Rantuch P, Garskaite E, Mantanis GI, Jones D, Sandberg D. Approaching Highly Leaching-Resistant Fire-Retardant Wood by In Situ Polymerization with Melamine Formaldehyde Resin. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12733-12745. [PMID: 34056425 PMCID: PMC8154219 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the work was to improve the leaching resistance of fire-retardant (FR) modified wood by the incorporation of a thermoset resin. Here, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood was impregnated with melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin and hydrophilic FRs guanyl-urea phosphate/boric acid by a vacuum-pressure treatment. Resistance to leaching of FR-modified wood was evaluated, after conducting an accelerated aging test according to European standard EN 84. Inductively coupled plasma analysis showed that the incorporation of MF resin significantly reduced the leachability of FRs. Scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry revealed that the mechanism of water resistance was by doping the FRs into MF resin microspheres. Fourier transform infrared spectra showed the chemical functionality changes of FR-modified wood such as the formation of methylene bridges by drying the modified wood specimens. An increase in the thermal stability of FR-modified wood was confirmed by thermal gravimetric analysis. Excellent fire performance of FR-modified wood after leaching was affirmed by the limiting oxygen index and cone calorimeter tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-feng Lin
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Olov Karlsson
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - Jozef Martinka
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak
University of Technology, Vazovova 5, SK-811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Rantuch
- Faculty
of Materials Science and Technology, Slovak
University of Technology, Vazovova 5, SK-811 07 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Edita Garskaite
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
| | - George I. Mantanis
- Lab
of Wood Science and Technology, University
of Thessaly, Griva 11, GR-43100 Karditsa, Greece
| | - Dennis Jones
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
- Department
of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood
Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences
Prague, Kamýcḱ
1176, Praha 6 - Suchdol CZ-16521, Czech Republic
| | - Dick Sandberg
- Wood
Science and Engineering, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Forskargatan 1, SE-931 77 Skellefteå, Sweden
- Department
of Wood Processing and Biomaterials, Faculty of Forestry and Wood
Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences
Prague, Kamýcḱ
1176, Praha 6 - Suchdol CZ-16521, Czech Republic
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Rudolph G, Al-Rudainy B, Thuvander J, Jönsson AS. Comprehensive Analysis of Foulants in an Ultrafiltration Membrane Used for the Treatment of Bleach Plant Effluent in a Sulfite Pulp Mill. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:201. [PMID: 33809290 PMCID: PMC7998859 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fouling is a major obstacle in the introduction of membrane processes in new applications in the pulping industry. Due to the complex nature of the feed solutions, complementary analysis methods are usually needed to identify the substances involved. Four different methods were used for the comprehensive analysis of a membrane removed from an ultrafiltration plant treating alkaline bleach plant effluent in a sulfite pulp mill to identify the substances causing fouling. Magnesium was detected both on the membrane surface and in the nonwoven membrane backing and a small amount of polysaccharides was detected after acid hydrolysis of the fouled membrane. This study provides information on foulants, which can be used to improve processing conditions and cleaning protocols and thus the membrane performance in pulp mill separation processes. It also provides an overview of the usefulness of various analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Rudolph
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (B.A.-R.); (A.-S.J.)
| | - Basel Al-Rudainy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (B.A.-R.); (A.-S.J.)
| | - Johan Thuvander
- Department of Food Technology, Engineering and Nutrition, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Ann-Sofi Jönsson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (B.A.-R.); (A.-S.J.)
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Binda G, Di Iorio A, Monticelli D. The what, how, why, and when of dendrochemistry: (paleo)environmental information from the chemical analysis of tree rings. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143672. [PMID: 33277003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The chemical analysis of tree rings has attracted the interest of researchers in the past five decades in view of the possibility of exploiting this biological indicator as a widely available, high-resolution environmental archive. Information regarding the surrounding environment can be derived either by directly measuring environmental variables (nutrient availability, presence of pollutants, etc.) or by exploiting proxies (e.g. paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental reconstructions). This review systematically covers the topic and provides a critical view on the reliability of dendrochemical information. First, we introduce the determinable chemical species, such as major elements, trace metals, isotopic ratios, and organic compounds, together with a brief description of their uptake mechanisms and functions in trees. Subsequently, we present the possibilities offered by analytical techniques in the field of tree ring analysis, focusing on direct methods and recent developments. The latter strongly improved the details of the accessible information, enabling the investigation of complex phenomena associated with plant life and encouraging the direct analysis of new analytes, particularly minor organic compounds. With regard to their applications, dendrochemical proxies have been used to trace several processes, such as environmental contamination, paleoclimate reconstruction, global environmental changes, tree physiology, extreme events, ecological trends, and dendroprovenance. Several case studies are discussed for each proposed application, with special emphasis on the reliability of tracing each process. Starting from the reviewed literature data, the second part of the paper is devoted to the critical assessment of the reliability of tree ring proxies. We provide an overview of the current knowledge, discuss the limitations of the inferences that may be drawn from the dendrochemical data, and provide recommendations for the best practices to be used for their validation. Finally, we present the future perspectives related to the advancements in analytical instrumentation and further extension of application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Binda
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio, 12, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Antonino Di Iorio
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Jean Henry Dunant, 3, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Damiano Monticelli
- Department of Science and High Technology, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, Via Valleggio, 12, 22100 Como, Italy.
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Leiva-Dueñas C, Martínez Cortizas A, Piñeiro-Juncal N, Díaz-Almela E, Garcia-Orellana J, Mateo MA. Long-term dynamics of production in western Mediterranean seagrass meadows: Trade-offs and legacies of past disturbances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142117. [PMID: 33254936 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that can form highly productive, and valuable underwater meadows, which are currently in regression. A reliable assessment of their status and future evolution requires studies encompassing long-term temporal scales. With the aim of understanding seagrass ecosystem dynamics over the last centuries and millennia, twelve sediment cores were studied from seagrass meadows located along the Andalusian coast and at the Cabrera Island (western Mediterranean). This study is pioneer in using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy as a tool to study environmental change in seagrass sediments. FTIR is a form of vibrational spectroscopy that provides information about the sediment chemical composition. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to summarise spatio-temporal data of the FTIR vibratory peaks in combination with climate and geochemical proxy data. Several PCA signals were identified: (1) one likely related to the relative changes of the main primary producers and the sedimentary environment (carbonate or siliciclastic sediments, with aromatic or aliphatic organic matter); (2) the marine community production (polysaccharides, total organic matter content and biogenic silica); and (3) the seagrass production (aromatics, carbohydrates, phenols, proteins and lipids). A decrease of seagrass production along the mainland coast was evident since AD ~1850, which may be due to combined negative impacts of seawater warming, local anthropogenic impacts, and extreme setting conditions. The legacy of these combined stressors might have influenced the current poor state of seagrass meadows in the Alboran Sea. Our results also revealed a significant long-term trade-off between the level of seagrass production and its temporal stability (calculated as the inverse of the coefficient of variation). This study provides a reliable baseline data, helping to assess the magnitude of seagrass regression and its drivers. This paleoecological information can help design more targeted management plans and identify meadows where local management could be more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Leiva-Dueñas
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Blanes, Spain.
| | - Antonio Martínez Cortizas
- EcoPast (GI-1553), Facultade de Bioloxia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Blanes, Spain
| | - Nerea Piñeiro-Juncal
- EcoPast (GI-1553), Facultade de Bioloxia, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Blanes, Spain
| | - Elena Díaz-Almela
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Blanes, Spain
| | - Jordi Garcia-Orellana
- Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Física, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Mateo
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Blanes, Spain; School of Natural Sciences, Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
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Abstract
Oak wood was highly appreciated and widely used for construction in past centuries. As population sizes expanded in some regions of Europe, local forests were depleted of high-quality timber. Therefore, regions of soaring economies were importing timber initially from the European market and eventually from other continents. Origin of archaeological or historical timber is usually identified by means of dendroprovenancing, i.e. statistical matching of tree-ring-width (TRW) series of timber of unknown origin with TRW reference datasets. However, this method has pitfalls and limitations and therefore alternative techniques are needed. Here, we used three different DNA analysis methods to investigate the potential of using ancient (a)DNA, extracted from oak timber derived from historical buildings and shipwrecks from a variety of countries. All the material had also been analysed dendrochronologically, so its dating and provenance is demonstrated. We included heartwood samples in this analysis, for which DNA extraction is especially challenging as it contains chemicals that inhibit DNA amplification. We succeeded in amplifying DNA for at least one marker from 56% of samples (including heartwood samples), yielding crucial information that allowed us to identify the potential source area of centuries old timber buildings in Latvia and Denmark and of 750-year-old shipwreck material from Germany. Our results prove the strong potential of DNA analyses for identifying timber origin to the regional scale, but by combining these with the dendrochronological results, we can control the exactitude of the aDNA approach and demonstrate a more nuanced examination of the timber sources for these historic structures.
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Oh Y, Park S, Jung D, Oh KK, Lee SH. Effect of hydrogen bond donor on the choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvent-mediated extraction of lignin from pine wood. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:187-197. [PMID: 32991892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, twenty-five kinds of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) containing acid, hydroxyl, amide, and binary hydrogen bond donors (HBDs) were prepared and successfully used to pretreat pine wood powder. As a result of the pretreatment, the glucan content in the pretreated biomass was increased, whereas the contents of hemicellulose and lignin were significantly decreased. The biomass pretreatment efficiency of the DESs had improved with increasing the polarity and hydrogen bond acidity (α) of the DESs. Among the studied DESs, ChCl:lactic acid:formic acid (1:1:1) with the highest α value was the most efficient DES in extracting lignin from biomass. The pretreated biomass also showed an enhanced enzymatic saccharification yield owing to the decreased particle size of the biomass and reduced content of hemicellulose and lignin. During the pretreatment process of biomass using DESs, the extracted lignin could be recovered successfully, with a yield of up to 60% and purity of over 90%. The molecular weight of the extracted lignin was much lower than that of the native cellulolytic enzyme lignin. The DES used for pretreatment process could be also successfully reused with high recovery yield of DES and high retention of delignification capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujin Oh
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Saerom Park
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Dahun Jung
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Keun Oh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Yongin 16890, Gyeonggi, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Biological Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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Devi J, Deb U, Barman S, Das S, Sundar Bhattacharya S, Fai Tsang Y, Lee JH, Kim KH. Appraisal of lignocellusoic biomass degrading potential of three earthworm species using vermireactor mediated with spent mushroom substrate: Compost quality, crystallinity, and microbial community structural analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:135215. [PMID: 31837844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a recalcitrant lignocellulosic waste. Recycling of SMS through composting has been reported; however, the process is lengthy due to its complex biochemical composition. Although vermitechnology is known for its high efficiency, it has rarely been applied to recycle SMS. In this study, the qualitative value of vermicomposted SMS mediated by three earthworm species (i.e., Eisenia fetida, Eudrilus eugeniae, and Perionyx excavatus) was evaluated on the basis of nutrient availability, microbial activity, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles, and seed germination assays. Degradation profiles of the lignocellulosic substrate in the vermireactors were assessed by monitoring the changes in crystallinity and distribution of functional groups using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. Total organic carbon decreased by 1.4-3.5 folds with approximately 2.1-2.4 folds increase in nitrogen and phosphorus availability in all vermibeds. Interestingly, pH declined in the Eisenia and Eudrilus systems but increased in the Perionyx-vermibeds. XRD-derived crystallinity index was reduced significantly by 1.37 folds in Perionyx-vermicompost with concurrent microbial enrichment. Further, profuse abundance of vital functional groups (CO, NH, and OH) was clearly observed in the vermicompost with Perionyx followed by that with Eisenia. Moreover, PLFA illustrated significant variations in fatty acid distributions and microbial communities of the three vermicomposting systems. The seed germination assay showed that the germination index and relative root-shoot vigor of Perionyx-vermicompost treated seeds were 1.05-1.30 times greater than those of Eisenia and Eudrilus vermicompost treated ones. The results suggest that SMS degradability was affected by the growth of a healthy microbial community through vermicomposting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinnashri Devi
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India
| | - Utsab Deb
- Defence Research Laboratory (DRDO), Tezpur, Assam, India
| | - Soma Barman
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India
| | - Subhasish Das
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India; Department of Environmental Science, Pachhunga University College, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796001, India
| | - Satya Sundar Bhattacharya
- Soil and Agro Bio-engineering Lab, Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India.
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Dept. of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Jin-Hong Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejon 34148, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, South Korea.
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Wu Y, Zhang N, Slater G, Waddington JM, de Lannoy CF. Hydrophobicity of peat soils: Characterization of organic compound changes associated with heat-induced water repellency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136444. [PMID: 31986381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Boreal peatlands provide critical global and regional ecosystem functions including climate regulation and nutrient and water retention. Wildfire represents the largest disturbance to these ecosystems. Peatland resilience depends greatly on the extent of post-fire peat soil hydrophobicity. Climate change is altering wildfire intensity and severity and consequently impacting post-fire peat soil chemistry and structure. However, research on fire-impacted peatlands has rarely considered the influence of peat soil chemistry and structure on peatland resilience. Here we characterized the geochemical and physical properties of natural peat soils under laboratory heating conditions. The general trend observed is that hydrophilic peat soils become hydrophobic under moderate heating and then become hydrophilic again after heating for longer, or at higher, temperatures. The loss of peat soil hydrophilicity initially occurs due to evaporative water loss (250 °C and 300 °C for <5 min). Gently but thoroughly dried peat soils (105 °C for 24 h) also show mass losses after heating, indicating the loss of organic compounds through thermal degradation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize the chemistry of unburned and 300 °C burned peat soils, and various fatty acids, polycyclic compounds, saccharides, aromatic acids, short-chain molecules, lignin and carbohydrates were identified. We determined that the heat-induced degradation of polycyclic compounds and aliphatic hydrocarbons, especially fatty acids, caused dried, hydrophobic peat soils to become hydrophilic after only 20 min of heating at 300 °C. Furthermore, peat soils became hydrophilic more quickly (20 min vs 6 h) with an increase in heat from 250 °C to 300 °C. Minimal structural changes occurred, as characterized by BET and SEM analyses, confirming that surface chemistry, in particular fatty acid content, rather than structure govern changes in peat soil hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Slater
- School of Geography & Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Söftje M, Acker S, Plarre R, Namyslo JC, Kaufmann DE. Novel nicotinoid structures for covalent modification of wood: an environmentally friendly way for its protection against insects. RSC Adv 2020; 10:15726-15733. [PMID: 35493663 PMCID: PMC9052505 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02071k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Timber is constantly exposed to environmental influences under outdoor conditions which limits its lifetime and usability. In order to counteract the damaging processes caused by insects, we have developed a novel and more environmentally friendly method to protect wood materials via covalent modification by organic insecticides. Starting with an important class of synthetic insecticides which are derived from the natural insecticide nicotine, various new carboxylic acid derivatives of imidacloprid were made accessible. These activated neonicotinoids were utilized for the chemical modification of wood hydroxy groups. In contrast to conventional wood preservation methods in which biocides are only physically bound to the surface for a limited time, the covalent fixation of the preservative guarantees a permanent effect against wood pests, demonstrated in standardized biological tests. Additionally, the environmental interaction caused by non-bound neonicotinoids is significantly reduced, since both, a smaller application rate is required and leaching of the active ingredient is prevented. By minimizing the pest infestation, the lifetime of the material increases while preserving the natural appearance of the material. A novel and eco-friendly procedure for durable wood protection applying covalently bound organic insecticides is presented. Biological tests confirmed the effectiveness of the method, which also reduces the environmental impact.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Söftje
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Sophie Acker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Rudy Plarre
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung
- 12205 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
| | - Dieter E. Kaufmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Clausthal University of Technology
- 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld
- Germany
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Piqueras S, Füchtner S, Rocha de Oliveira R, Gómez-Sánchez A, Jelavić S, Keplinger T, de Juan A, Thygesen LG. Understanding the Formation of Heartwood in Larch Using Synchrotron Infrared Imaging Combined With Multivariate Analysis and Atomic Force Microscope Infrared Spectroscopy. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1701. [PMID: 32117328 PMCID: PMC7008386 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Formation of extractive-rich heartwood is a process in live trees that make them and the wood obtained from them more resistant to fungal degradation. Despite the importance of this natural mechanism, little is known about the deposition pathways and cellular level distribution of extractives. Here we follow heartwood formation in Larix gmelinii var. Japonica by use of synchrotron infrared images analyzed by the unmixing method Multivariate Curve Resolution - Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS). A subset of the specimens was also analyzed using atomic force microscopy infrared spectroscopy. The main spectral changes observed in the transition zone when going from sapwood to heartwood was a decrease in the intensity of a peak at approximately 1660 cm-1 and an increase in a peak at approximately 1640 cm-1. There are several possible interpretations of this observation. One possibility that is supported by the MCR-ALS unmixing is that heartwood formation in larch is a type II or Juglans-type of heartwood formation, where phenolic precursors to extractives accumulate in the sapwood rays. They are then oxidized and/or condensed in the transition zone and spread to the neighboring cells in the heartwood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Piqueras
- Biomass Science and Technology Group, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Sara Piqueras,
| | - Sophie Füchtner
- Biomass Science and Technology Group, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Adrián Gómez-Sánchez
- Chemometrics Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stanislav Jelavić
- Nano-Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section for GeoGenetics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Keplinger
- Wood Material Science Group, Department of Construction, Environment and Geomatics, Institute for Building Materials (IfB), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- WoodTec Group, Cellulose & Wood Materials, EMPA, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anna de Juan
- Chemometrics Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
- Biomass Science and Technology Group, Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Traoré M, Kaal J, Martínez Cortizas A. FTIR and Py-GC-MS data of wood from various living oak species and Iberian shipwrecks. Data Brief 2018; 21:1861-1863. [PMID: 30519608 PMCID: PMC6260304 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data in this article are related to the chemical characterization of various oak wood samples. Data have been obtained by the application of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py–GC–MS) to living tree species and shipwreck wood fragments. Measurements were performed on individual rings in order to facilitate the understanding of the variability in wood chemical composition along the radial cores, i.e. the same kind of material traditionally used for dendrochronological analysis. The data in this article is labelled according to the anatomical sections of the wood (sapwood, transition wood and heartwood) where the samples were taken. The experimental background and the results can be found in the related research article, “Chemometric tools for identification of wood from different oak species and their potential for provenancing of Iberian shipwrecks (16th–18th centuries CE)” (Traoré et al., 2018).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Traoré
- Ciencia do Sistema Terra, Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
| | - Joeri Kaal
- Ciencia do Sistema Terra, Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain.,Instituto de Ciencias del Patrimonio (Incipit), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), s/n, A, Av. de Vigo, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez Cortizas
- Ciencia do Sistema Terra, Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur s/n, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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