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Pursell T, Reers A, Mikelov A, Kotagiri P, Ellison JA, Hutson CL, Boyd SD, Frank HK. Genetically and Functionally Distinct Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus Duplication in Bats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.09.606892. [PMID: 39211187 PMCID: PMC11360916 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.09.606892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The genetic locus encoding immunoglobulin heavy chains (IgH) is critical for vertebrate humoral immune responses and diverse antibody repertoires. Immunoglobulin and T cell receptor loci of most bat species have not been annotated, despite the recurrent role of bats as viral reservoirs and sources of zoonotic pathogens. We investigated the genetic structure and function of IgH loci across the largest bat family, Vespertilionidae, focusing on big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus ). We discovered that E. fuscus and ten other species within Vespertilionidae have two complete, functional, and distinct immunoglobulin heavy chain loci on separate chromosomes. This locus organization is previously unknown in mammals, but is reminiscent of more limited duplicated loci in teleost fish. Single cell transcriptomic data validate functional rearrangement and expression of immunoglobulin heavy chains of both loci in the expressed repertoire of Eptesicus fuscus , with maintenance of allelic exclusion, bias of usage toward the smaller and more compact IgH locus, and evidence of differential selection of antigen-experienced B cells and plasma cells varying by IgH locus use. This represents a unique mechanism for mammalian humoral immunity and may contribute to bat resistance to viral pathogenesis.
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Roffler AA, Maurer DP, Lunn TJ, Sironen T, Forbes KM, Schmidt AG. Bat humoral immunity and its role in viral pathogenesis, transmission, and zoonosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1269760. [PMID: 39156901 PMCID: PMC11329927 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1269760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Bats harbor viruses that can cause severe disease and death in humans including filoviruses (e.g., Ebola virus), henipaviruses (e.g., Hendra virus), and coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV). Bats often tolerate these viruses without noticeable adverse immunological effects or succumbing to disease. Previous studies have largely focused on the role of the bat's innate immune response to control viral pathogenesis, but little is known about bat adaptive immunity. A key component of adaptive immunity is the humoral response, comprised of antibodies that can specifically recognize viral antigens with high affinity. The antibody genes within the 1,400 known bat species are highly diverse, and these genetic differences help shape fundamental aspects of the antibody repertoire, including starting diversity and viral antigen recognition. Whether antibodies in bats protect, mediate viral clearance, and prevent transmission within bat populations is poorly defined. Furthermore, it is unclear how neutralizing activity and Fc-mediated effector functions contribute to bat immunity. Although bats have canonical Fc genes (e.g., mu, gamma, alpha, and epsilon), the copy number and sequences of their Fc genes differ from those of humans and mice. The function of bat antibodies targeting viral antigens has been speculated based on sequencing data and polyclonal sera, but functional and biochemical data of monoclonal antibodies are lacking. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of bat humoral immunity, including variation between species, their potential protective role(s) against viral transmission and replication, and address how these antibodies may contribute to population dynamics within bats communities. A deeper understanding of bat adaptive immunity will provide insight into immune control of transmission and replication for emerging viruses with the potential for zoonotic spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A. Roffler
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daniel P. Maurer
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Tamika J. Lunn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristian M. Forbes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Burke BE, Rocha SM, Campbell C, Creissen E, Tjalkens RB, Ma W, Henao-Tamayo M, Schountz T. Discrimination of Jamaican fruit bat lymphocytes by flow cytometry. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.18.604131. [PMID: 39071331 PMCID: PMC11275888 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.18.604131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoir hosts of many important zoonotic viruses but because there are few immunological reagents and breeding colonies available for infectious disease research, little is known about their immune responses to infection. We established a breeding colony Jamaican fruit bats ( Artibeus jamaicensis ) to study bat virology and immunology. The species is used as a natural reservoir model for H18N11 influenza A virus, and as a surrogate model for SARS-CoV-2, MERS-CoV and Tacaribe virus. As part of our ongoing efforts to develop this model organism, we sought to identify commercially available monoclonal antibodies (mAb) for profiling Jamaican fruit bat lymphocytes. We identified several cross-reactive mAb that can be used to identify T and B cells; however, we were unable to identify mAb for three informative T cell markers, CD3γ, CD4 and CD8α. We targeted these markers for the generation of hybridomas, and identified several clones to each that can be used with flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Specificity of the monoclonal antibodies was validated by sorting lymphocytes, followed by PCR identification of confirmatory transcripts. Spleens of Jamaican fruit bats possess about half the number of T cells than do human or mouse spleens, and we identified an unusual population of cells that expressed the B cell marker CD19 and the T cell marker CD3. The availability of these monoclonal antibodies will permit a more thorough examination of adaptive immune responses in Jamaican fruit bats that should help clarify how the bats control viral infections and without disease. Importance Bats naturally host a number of viruses without disease, but which can cause significant disease in humans. Virtually nothing is known about adaptive immune responses in bats because of a lack of immunological tools to examine such responses. We have begun to address this deficiency by identifying several commercially available monoclonal antibodies to human and mouse antigens that are cross-reactive to Jamaican fruit bat lymphocyte orthologs. We also generated monoclonal antibodies to Jamaican fruit bat CD3γ, CD4 and CD8α that are suitable for identifying T cell subsets by flow cytometry and immunofluorescent staining of fixed tissues. Together, these reagents will allow a more detailed examination of lymphocyte populations in Jamaican fruit bats.
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Toshkova N, Zhelyzkova V, Reyes-Ruiz A, Haerens E, de Castro Deus M, Lacombe RV, Lecerf M, Gonzalez G, Jouvenet N, Planchais C, Dimitrov JD. Temperature sensitivity of bat antibodies links metabolic state of bats with antigen-recognition diversity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5878. [PMID: 38997292 PMCID: PMC11245544 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The bat immune system features multiple unique properties such as dampened inflammatory responses and increased tissue protection, explaining their long lifespan and tolerance to viral infections. Here, we demonstrated that body temperature fluctuations corresponding to different physiological states in bats exert a large impact on their antibody repertoires. At elevated temperatures typical for flight, IgG from the bat species Myotis myotis and Nyctalus noctula show elevated antigen binding strength and diversity, recognizing both pathogen-derived antigens and autoantigens. The opposite is observed at temperatures reflecting inactive physiological states. IgG antibodies of human and other mammals, or antibodies of birds do not appear to behave in a similar way. Importantly, diversification of bat antibody specificities results in preferential recognition of damaged endothelial and epithelial cells, indicating an anti-inflammatory function. The temperature-sensitivity of bat antibodies is mediated by the variable regions of immunoglobulin molecules. Additionally, we uncover specific molecular features of bat IgG, such as low thermodynamic stability and implication of hydrophobic interactions in antigen binding as well as high prevalence of polyreactivity. Overall, our results extend the understanding of bat tolerance to disease and inflammation and highlight the link between metabolism and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Toshkova
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Violeta Zhelyzkova
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alejandra Reyes-Ruiz
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Eline Haerens
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marina de Castro Deus
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Robin V Lacombe
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maxime Lecerf
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gaelle Gonzalez
- ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR Virologie, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3569, Virus Sensing and Signaling Unit, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Planchais
- Humoral Immunology Unit, Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1222, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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5
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Liu Q, Liu Z, Wang H, Yao X. Different species of Chiroptera: Immune cells and molecules. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29772. [PMID: 38949201 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
The distinct composition and immune response characteristics of bats' innate and adaptive immune systems, which enable them to serve as host of numerous serious zoonotic viruses without falling ill, differ substantially from those of other mammals, it have garnered significant attention. In this article, we offer a systematic review of the names, attributes, and functions of innate and adaptive immune cells & molecules across different bat species. This includes descriptions of the differences shown by research between 71 bat species in 10 families, as well as comparisons between bats and other mammals. Studies of the immune cells & molecules of different bat species are necessary to understand the unique antiviral immunity of bats. By providing comprehensive information on these unique immune responses, it is hoped that new insights will be provided for the study of co-evolutionary dynamics between viruses and the bat immune system, as well as human antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinlu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Zegang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immuno-molecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
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Apoorva, Singh SK. A tale of endurance: bats, viruses and immune dynamics. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:841-856. [PMID: 38648093 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2023-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of highly zoonotic viral infections has propelled bat research forward. The viral outbreaks including Hendra virus, Nipah virus, Marburg virus, Ebola virus, Rabies virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV and the latest SARS-CoV-2 have been epidemiologically linked to various bat species. Bats possess unique immunological characteristics that allow them to serve as a potential viral reservoir. Bats are also known to protect themselves against viruses and maintain their immunity. Therefore, there is a need for in-depth understanding into bat-virus biology to unravel the major factors contributing to the coexistence and spread of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Sunit Kumar Singh
- Molecular Biology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
- Dr. B R Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, 110007, India
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7
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Ma L, Liu L, Li J, Zhou H, Xiao J, Ma Q, Yao X. Landscape of IGH germline genes of Chiroptera and the pattern of Rhinolophus affinis bat IGH CDR3 repertoire. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0376223. [PMID: 38465979 PMCID: PMC10986613 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03762-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence and re-emergence of abundant viruses from bats that impact human and animal health have resulted in a resurgence of interest in bat immunology. Characterizing the immune receptor repertoire is critical to understanding how bats coexist with viruses in the absence of disease and developing new therapeutics to target viruses in humans and susceptible livestock. In this study, IGH germline genes of Chiroptera including Rhinolophus ferrumequinum, Phyllostomus discolor, and Pipistrellus pipistrellus were annotated, and we profiled the characteristics of Rhinolophus affinis (RA) IGH CDR3 repertoire. The germline genes of Chiroptera are quite different from those of human, mouse, cow, and dog in evolution, but the three bat species have high homology. The CDR3 repertoire of RA is unique in many aspects including CDR3 subclass, V/J genes access and pairing, CDR3 clones, and somatic high-frequency mutation compared with that of human and mouse, which is an important point in understanding the asymptomatic nature of viral infection in bats. This study unveiled a detailed map of bat IGH germline genes on chromosome level and provided the first immune receptor repertoire of bat, which will stimulate new avenues of research that are directly relevant to human health and disease.IMPORTANCEThe intricate relationship between bats and viruses has been a subject of study since the mid-20th century, with more than 100 viruses identified, including those affecting humans. While preliminary investigations have outlined the innate immune responses of bats, the role of adaptive immunity remains unclear. This study presents a pioneering contribution to bat immunology by unveiling, for the first time, a detailed map of bat IGH germline genes at the chromosome level. This breakthrough not only provides a foundation for B cell receptor research in bats but also contributes to primer design and sequencing of the CDR3 repertoire. Additionally, we offer the first comprehensive immune receptor repertoire of bats, serving as a crucial library for future comparative analyses. In summary, this research significantly advances the understanding of bats' immune responses, providing essential resources for further investigations into viral tolerance and potential zoonotic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ma
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Longyu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaping Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Qingqing Ma
- Central Laboratory, Guizhou Aerospace Hospital, Zunyi, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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8
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Demian WL, Cormier O, Mossman K. Immunological features of bats: resistance and tolerance to emerging viruses. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:198-210. [PMID: 38453576 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Bats are among the most diverse mammalian species, representing over 20% of mammalian diversity. The past two decades have witnessed a disproportionate spillover of viruses from bats to humans compared with other mammalian hosts, attributed to the viral richness within bats, their phylogenetic likeness to humans, and increased human contact with wildlife. Unique evolutionary adaptations in bat genomes, particularly in antiviral protection and immune tolerance genes, enable bats to serve as reservoirs for pandemic-inducing viruses. Here, we discuss current limitations and advances made in understanding the role of bats as drivers of pandemic zoonoses. We also discuss novel technologies that have revealed spatial, dynamic, and physiological factors driving virus and host coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael L Demian
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga Cormier
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Toshkova N, Zhelyazkova V, Justesen S, Dimitrov JD. Conservative pattern of interaction of bat and human IgG antibodies with FcRn. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 139:104579. [PMID: 36272453 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, numerous studies report bats as reservoirs of emerging pathogens with little to no signs of infections. This is thought to be connected to the unique immune system of bats, which remains poorly characterized. Despite the physiological importance of the Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) in the homeostasis of IgG antibodies, it is unclear how its functional activity is evolutionary conservative among mammals, and so is the case for bats. Using surface plasmon resonance-based technology, we tested the interactions of IgG antibodies isolated from three bat species with recombinant human and mouse FcRn. Our data show that IgG from the studied bat species binds to both human and mouse FcRn, albeit with distinct affinities. Importantly, the binding pattern of bat IgG is similar to human IgG. This confirms the conservative nature of IgG-FcRn interaction and highlights the importance of FcRn IgG salvaging system in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nia Toshkova
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria; Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Violeta Zhelyazkova
- National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Tsar Osvoboditel Blvd., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sune Justesen
- Immunitrack Aps, Lersoe Park Alle 42, 2100, Copenhagen East, Denmark
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
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10
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Abstract
Bats perform important ecological roles in our ecosystem. However, recent studies have demonstrated that bats are reservoirs of emerging viruses that have spilled over into humans and agricultural animals to cause severe diseases. These viruses include Hendra and Nipah paramyxoviruses, Ebola and Marburg filoviruses, and coronaviruses that are closely related to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the recently emerged SARS-CoV-2. Intriguingly, bats that are naturally or experimentally infected with these viruses do not show clinical signs of disease. Here we have reviewed ecological, behavioral, and molecular factors that may influence the ability of bats to harbor viruses. We have summarized known zoonotic potential of bat-borne viruses and stress on the need for further studies to better understand the evolutionary relationship between bats and their viruses, along with discovering the intrinsic and external factors that facilitate the successful spillover of viruses from bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gonzalez
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - Arinjay Banerjee
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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11
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Weinberg M, Yovel Y. Revising the paradigm: Are bats really pathogen reservoirs or do they possess an efficient immune system? iScience 2022; 25:104782. [PMID: 35982789 PMCID: PMC9379578 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While bats are often referred to as reservoirs of viral pathogens, a meta-analysis of the literature reveals many cases in which there is not enough evidence to claim so. In many cases, bats are able to confront viruses, recover, and remain immune by developing a potent titer of antibodies, often without becoming a reservoir. In other cases, bats might have carried an ancestral virus that at some time point might have mutated into a human pathogen. Moreover, bats exhibit a balanced immune response against viruses that have evolved over millions of years. Using genomic tools, it is now possible to obtain a deeper understanding of that unique immune system and its variability across the order Chiroptera. We conclude, that with the exception of a few viruses, bats pose little zoonotic danger to humans and that they operate a highly efficient anti-inflammatory response that we should strive to understand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Weinberg
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Corresponding author
| | - Yossi Yovel
- School of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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12
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Lawrence P, Escudero-Pérez B. Henipavirus Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis Mechanisms: Lessons Learnt from Natural Infection and Animal Models. Viruses 2022; 14:v14050936. [PMID: 35632678 PMCID: PMC9146692 DOI: 10.3390/v14050936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nipah henipavirus (NiV) and Hendra henipavirus (HeV) are zoonotic emerging paramyxoviruses causing severe disease outbreaks in humans and livestock, mostly in Australia, India, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Both are bat-borne viruses and in humans, their mortality rates can reach 60% in the case of HeV and 92% for NiV, thus being two of the deadliest viruses known for humans. Several factors, including a large cellular tropism and a wide zoonotic potential, con-tribute to their high pathogenicity. This review provides an overview of HeV and NiV pathogenicity mechanisms and provides a summary of their interactions with the immune systems of their different host species, including their natural hosts bats, spillover-hosts pigs, horses, and humans, as well as in experimental animal models. A better understanding of the interactions between henipaviruses and their hosts could facilitate the development of new therapeutic strategies and vaccine measures against these re-emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Science and Humanities Confluence Research Centre (EA 1598), Catholic University of Lyon (UCLy), 69002 Lyon, France
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
| | - Beatriz Escudero-Pérez
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Arbovirus and Haemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.L.); (B.E.-P.)
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13
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Haley PJ. From bats to pangolins: new insights into species differences in the structure and function of the immune system. Innate Immun 2022; 28:107-121. [PMID: 35506564 PMCID: PMC9136466 DOI: 10.1177/17534259221093120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Species differences in the structure and function of the immune system of laboratory animals are known to exist and have been reviewed extensively. However, the number and diversity of wild and exotic species, along with their associated viruses, that come into contact with humans has increased worldwide sometimes with lethal consequences. Far less is known about the immunobiology of these exotic and wild species. Data suggest that species differences of the mechanisms of inflammation, innate immunity and adaptive immunity are all involved in the establishment and maintenance of viral infections across reservoir hosts. The current review attempts to collect relevant data concerning the basics of innate and adaptive immune functions of exotic and wild species followed by identification of those differences that may play a role in the maintenance of viral infections in reservoir hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J. Haley
- Haley Tox/Path Consulting LLC, 104 Cypress Springs Way, 78633, Georgetown Texas, United States
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14
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Different but Not Unique: Deciphering the Immunity of the Jamaican Fruit Bat by Studying Its Viriome. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020238. [PMID: 35215832 PMCID: PMC8879847 DOI: 10.3390/v14020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A specialized and fine-tuned immune response of bats upon infection with viruses is believed to provide the basis for a “friendly” coexistence with these pathogens, which are often lethal for humans and other mammals. First insights into the immunity of bats suggest that bats have evolved to possess their own strategies to cope with viral infections. Yet, the molecular details for this innocuous coexistence remain poorly described and bat infection models are the key to unveiling these secrets. In Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis), a New World bat species, infection experiments with its (putative) natural viral pathogens Tacaribe virus (TCRV), rabies virus (RABV), and the bat influenza A virus (IAV) H18N11, have contributed to an accurate, though still incomplete, representation of the bat-imposed immunity. Surprisingly, though many aspects of their innate and adaptive immune responses differ from that of the human immune response, such as a contraction of the IFN locus and reduction in the number of immunoglobulin subclasses, variations could also be observed between Jamaican fruit bats and other bat species.
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15
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Zhou H, Ma L, Liu L, Yao X. TR Locus Annotation and Characteristics of Rhinolophus ferrumequinum. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741408. [PMID: 34659234 PMCID: PMC8514952 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell antigen receptors (TRs) in vertebrates can be divided into αβ or γδ, encoded by TRA/D, TRG, or TRB loci. TRs play a central role in mammal cellular immunity, which occurs by rearrangement of V, D, J, and C genes in the loci. The bat is the only mammal with flying ability and is considered the main host of zoonotic viruses, an important public health concern. However, at present, little is known about the composition of bat TR genes. Based on the whole genome sequence of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) and referring to the TR/IG annotation rules formulated by the international ImMunoGeneTics information system (IMGT), we present a complete annotation of TRA/D, TRG, and TRB loci of R. ferrumequinum. A total of 128 V segments, three D segments, 85 J segments, and 6 C segments were annotated and compared with other known mammalian data. The characteristics of the TR locus and germline genes of R. ferrumequinum are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Longyu Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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16
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Chazal N. Coronavirus, the King Who Wanted More Than a Crown: From Common to the Highly Pathogenic SARS-CoV-2, Is the Key in the Accessory Genes? Front Microbiol 2021; 12:682603. [PMID: 34335504 PMCID: PMC8317507 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.682603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that emerged in late 2019, is the etiologic agent of the current "coronavirus disease 2019" (COVID-19) pandemic, which has serious health implications and a significant global economic impact. Of the seven human coronaviruses, all of which have a zoonotic origin, the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, is the third emerging coronavirus, in the 21st century, highly pathogenic to the human population. Previous human coronavirus outbreaks (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV) have already provided several valuable information on some of the common molecular and cellular mechanisms of coronavirus infections as well as their origin. However, to meet the new challenge caused by the SARS-CoV-2, a detailed understanding of the biological specificities, as well as knowledge of the origin are crucial to provide information on viral pathogenicity, transmission and epidemiology, and to enable strategies for therapeutic interventions and drug discovery. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the current advances in SARS-CoV-2 knowledges, in light of pre-existing information of other recently emerging coronaviruses. We depict the specificity of the immune response of wild bats and discuss current knowledge of the genetic diversity of bat-hosted coronaviruses that promotes viral genome expansion (accessory gene acquisition). In addition, we describe the basic virology of coronaviruses with a special focus SARS-CoV-2. Finally, we highlight, in detail, the current knowledge of genes and accessory proteins which we postulate to be the major keys to promote virus adaptation to specific hosts (bat and human), to contribute to the suppression of immune responses, as well as to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chazal
- Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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17
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Larson PA, Bartlett ML, Garcia K, Chitty J, Balkema-Buschmann A, Towner J, Kugelman J, Palacios G, Sanchez-Lockhart M. Genomic features of humoral immunity support tolerance model in Egyptian rousette bats. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109140. [PMID: 34010652 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats asymptomatically harbor many viruses that can cause severe human diseases. The Egyptian rousette bat (ERB) is the only known reservoir for Marburgviruses and Sosuga virus, making it an exceptional animal model to study antiviral mechanisms in an asymptomatic host. With this goal in mind, we constructed and annotated the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, finding an expansion on immunoglobulin variable genes associated with protective human antibodies to different viruses. We also annotated two functional and distinct immunoglobulin epsilon genes and four distinctive functional immunoglobulin gamma genes. We described the Fc receptor repertoire in ERBs, including features that may affect activation potential, and discovered the lack of evolutionary conserved short pentraxins. These findings reinforce the hypothesis that a differential threshold of regulation and/or absence of key immune mediators may promote tolerance and decrease inflammation in ERBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Larson
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Maggie L Bartlett
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Karla Garcia
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Joseph Chitty
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kugelman
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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18
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Wacharapluesadee S, Tan CW, Maneeorn P, Duengkae P, Zhu F, Joyjinda Y, Kaewpom T, Chia WN, Ampoot W, Lim BL, Worachotsueptrakun K, Chen VCW, Sirichan N, Ruchisrisarod C, Rodpan A, Noradechanon K, Phaichana T, Jantarat N, Thongnumchaima B, Tu C, Crameri G, Stokes MM, Hemachudha T, Wang LF. Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses circulating in bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:972. [PMID: 33563978 PMCID: PMC7873279 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the many questions unanswered for the COVID-19 pandemic are the origin of SARS-CoV-2 and the potential role of intermediate animal host(s) in the early animal-to-human transmission. The discovery of RaTG13 bat coronavirus in China suggested a high probability of a bat origin. Here we report molecular and serological evidence of SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses (SC2r-CoVs) actively circulating in bats in Southeast Asia. Whole genome sequences were obtained from five independent bats (Rhinolophus acuminatus) in a Thai cave yielding a single isolate (named RacCS203) which is most related to the RmYN02 isolate found in Rhinolophus malayanus in Yunnan, China. SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies were also detected in bats of the same colony and in a pangolin at a wildlife checkpoint in Southern Thailand. Antisera raised against the receptor binding domain (RBD) of RmYN02 was able to cross-neutralize SARS-CoV-2 despite the fact that the RBD of RacCS203 or RmYN02 failed to bind ACE2. Although the origin of the virus remains unresolved, our study extended the geographic distribution of genetically diverse SC2r-CoVs from Japan and China to Thailand over a 4800-km range. Cross-border surveillance is urgently needed to find the immediate progenitor virus of SARS-CoV-2. A bat origin for SARS-CoV-2 has been proposed. Here, by sampling wild Rhinolophus acuminatus bats from Thailand, the authors identified a SARS-CoV-2-related coronavirus (SC2r-CoV), designated as RacCS203, with 91.5% genome similarity to SARS-CoV-2, and show that sera obtained from bats and Malayan pangolin neutralize SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaporn Wacharapluesadee
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Patarapol Maneeorn
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Prateep Duengkae
- Forest Biology Department, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Feng Zhu
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yutthana Joyjinda
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thongchai Kaewpom
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wan Ni Chia
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weenassarin Ampoot
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Beng Lee Lim
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kanthita Worachotsueptrakun
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vivian Chih-Wei Chen
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nutthinee Sirichan
- Forest Biology Department, Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanida Ruchisrisarod
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apaporn Rodpan
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kirana Noradechanon
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanawadee Phaichana
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Niran Jantarat
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonchu Thongnumchaima
- Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Changchun Tu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Martha M Stokes
- Biological Threat Reduction Program, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Virginia, USA
| | - Thiravat Hemachudha
- Thai Red Cross Emerging Infectious Diseases Health Science Centre, WHO Collaborating Centre for Research and Training on Viral Zoonoses, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. .,SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Singapore, Singapore.
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19
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Nabi G, Wang Y, Lü L, Jiang C, Ahmad S, Wu Y, Li D. Bats and birds as viral reservoirs: A physiological and ecological perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142372. [PMID: 33254850 PMCID: PMC7505891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The birds (class Aves) and bats (order Chiroptera, class Mammalia) are well known natural reservoirs of a diverse range of viruses, including some zoonoses. The only extant volant vertebrates, bats and birds have undergone dramatic adaptive radiations that have allowed them to occupy diverse ecological niches and colonize most of the planet. However, few studies have compared the physiology and ecology of these ecologically, and medically, important taxa. Here, we review convergent traits in the physiology, immunology, flight-related ecology of birds and bats that might enable these taxa to act as viral reservoirs and asymptomatic carriers. Many species of birds and bats are well adapted to urban environments and may host more zoonotic pathogens than species that do not colonize anthropogenic habitats. These convergent traits in birds and bats and their ecological interactions with domestic animals and humans increase the potential risk of viral spillover transmission and facilitate the emergence of novel viruses that most likely sources of zoonoses with the potential to cause global pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Nabi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Liang Lü
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Chuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shahid Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yuefeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China.
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20
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da Silva PG, Mesquita JR, de São José Nascimento M, Ferreira VAM. Viral, host and environmental factors that favor anthropozoonotic spillover of coronaviruses: An opinionated review, focusing on SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141483. [PMID: 32829257 PMCID: PMC7405882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors play a key role in the zoonotic transmission of emerging pathogenic viruses as mankind is constantly disturbing wildlife's ecosystems usually by cutting down forests to build human settlements or by catching wild animals for food, which deprives the viruses of their natural hosts and gives them opportunity to infect humans. In December 2019, a new coronavirus emerged from bats and was named SARS-CoV-2 by the International Committee for Taxonomy of Viruses, and the disease it causes named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization. Disease outbreaks such as SARS in 2002-2003, MERS in 2012 and the current COVID-19 pandemic are the result of higher mutation rates of coronaviruses and their unique capacity for genetic recombination, resulting in adaptations that make them more suitable to cross the species barriers and infect other species. This ability for host switching and interspecies infection is often attributed to the great diversity of these viruses, which is a result of viral and host factors such as the low fidelity of their RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, the high frequency of their homologous RNA recombination, and the adaptation of the S protein to bind host receptors like the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the case of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DDP4) in MERS-CoV. This review presents an overview of the zoonotic transmission of SARS, MERS and COVID-19, focusing on the viral, host and environmental factors that favor the spillover of these viruses into humans, as well as the biological and ecological factors that make bats the perfect animal reservoir of infection for these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Rodrigo Mesquita
- Abel Salazar Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de São José Nascimento
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIUnit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto (FFUP), Porto, Portugal
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21
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Carsetti R, Zaffina S, Piano Mortari E, Terreri S, Corrente F, Capponi C, Palomba P, Mirabella M, Cascioli S, Palange P, Cuccaro I, Milito C, Zumla A, Maeurer M, Camisa V, Vinci MR, Santoro A, Cimini E, Marchioni L, Nicastri E, Palmieri F, Agrati C, Ippolito G, Porzio O, Concato C, Onetti Muda A, Raponi M, Quintarelli C, Quinti I, Locatelli F. Different Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Asymptomatic, Mild, and Severe Cases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610300. [PMID: 33391280 PMCID: PMC7772470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus, not encountered before by humans. The wide spectrum of clinical expression of SARS-CoV-2 illness suggests that individual immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 play a crucial role in determining the clinical course after first infection. Immunological studies have focused on patients with moderate to severe disease, demonstrating excessive inflammation in tissues and organ damage. In order to understand the basis of the protective immune response in COVID-19, we performed a longitudinal follow-up, flow-cytometric and serological analysis of innate and adaptive immunity in 64 adults with a spectrum of clinical presentations: 28 healthy SARS-CoV-2-negative contacts of COVID-19 cases; 20 asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2-infected cases; eight patients with Mild COVID-19 disease and eight cases of Severe COVID-19 disease. Our data show that high frequency of NK cells and early and transient increase of specific IgA, IgM and, to a lower extent, IgG are associated with asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. By contrast, monocyte expansion and high and persistent levels of IgA and IgG, produced relatively late in the course of the infection, characterize severe disease. Modest increase of monocytes and different kinetics of antibodies are detected in mild COVID-19. The importance of innate NK cells and the short-lived antibody response of asymptomatic individuals and patients with mild disease suggest that only severe COVID-19 may result in protective memory established by the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS), Rome, Italy
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Zaffina
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS), Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Terreri
- B Cell Pathophysiology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCSS), Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Corrente
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Capponi
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Palomba
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Mattia Mirabella
- Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Palange
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Pulmonary Division, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cuccaro
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases Pulmonary Division, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Milito
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Center for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Immunotherapy Programme, Champalimaud Foundation, Lisbon, Portugal
- Med Clinic, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Camisa
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Vinci
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Annapaola Santoro
- Occupational Medicine/Health Technology Assessment and Safety Research Unit, Clinical-Technological Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCSS, Rome, Italy
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eleonora Cimini
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Chiara Agrati
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ottavia Porzio
- Medical Laboratory Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Concato
- Virology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Onetti Muda
- Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Raponi
- Health Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Isabella Quinti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza, University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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22
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Banerjee A, Baker ML, Kulcsar K, Misra V, Plowright R, Mossman K. Novel Insights Into Immune Systems of Bats. Front Immunol 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 32117225 PMCID: PMC7025585 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, viruses similar to those that cause serious disease in humans and other mammals have been detected in apparently healthy bats. These include filoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses that cause severe diseases such as Ebola virus disease, Marburg haemorrhagic fever and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans. The evolution of flight in bats seem to have selected for a unique set of antiviral immune responses that control virus propagation, while limiting self-damaging inflammatory responses. Here, we summarize our current understanding of antiviral immune responses in bats and discuss their ability to co-exist with emerging viruses that cause serious disease in other mammals. We highlight how this knowledge may help us to predict viral spillovers into new hosts and discuss future directions for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinjay Banerjee
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle L Baker
- Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirsten Kulcsar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vikram Misra
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Raina Plowright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, United States
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Periasamy P, Hutchinson PE, Chen J, Bonne I, Shahul Hameed SS, Selvam P, Hey YY, Fink K, Irving AT, Dutertre CA, Baker M, Crameri G, Wang LF, Alonso S. Studies on B Cells in the Fruit-Eating Black Flying Fox ( Pteropus alecto). Front Immunol 2019; 10:489. [PMID: 30930908 PMCID: PMC6428034 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of bats to act as reservoir for viruses that are highly pathogenic to humans suggests unique properties and functional characteristics of their immune system. However, the lack of bat specific reagents, in particular antibodies, has limited our knowledge of bat's immunity. Here, we report a panel of cross-reactive antibodies against MHC-II, NK1.1, CD3, CD21, CD27, and immunoglobulin (Ig), that allows flow cytometry analysis of B, T and NK cell populations in two different fruit-eating bat species namely, Pteropus alecto and E. spelaea. Results confirmed predominance of T cells in the spleen and blood of bats, as previously reported by us. However, the percentages of B cells in bone marrow and NK cells in spleen varied greatly between wild caught P. alecto bats and E. spelaea colony bats, which may reflect inherent differences of their immune system or different immune status. Other features of bat B cells were investigated. A significant increase in sIg+ B cell population was observed in the spleen and blood from LPS-injected bats but not from poly I:C-injected bats, supporting T-independent polyclonal B cell activation by LPS. Furthermore, using an in vitro calcium release assay, P. alecto B cells exhibited significant calcium release upon cross-linking of their B cell receptor. Together, this work contributes to improve our knowledge of bat adaptive immunity in particular B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Periasamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Paul E. Hutchinson
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jinmiao Chen
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Bonne
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shahana Shereene Shahul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pavithra Selvam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ying Ying Hey
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katja Fink
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Aaron T. Irving
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Charles-Antoine Dutertre
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Baker
- CSIRO, Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- Crameri Research Consulting, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Disease, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sylvie Alonso
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Flies AS, Woods GM. Editorial: Wild Immunology-The Answers Are Out There. Front Immunol 2019; 10:126. [PMID: 30761154 PMCID: PMC6364755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S Flies
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Gregory M Woods
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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25
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Kessler MK, Becker DJ, Peel AJ, Justice NV, Lunn T, Crowley DE, Jones DN, Eby P, Sánchez CA, Plowright RK. Changing resource landscapes and spillover of henipaviruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1429:78-99. [PMID: 30138535 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Old World fruit bats (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae) provide critical pollination and seed dispersal services to forest ecosystems across Africa, Asia, and Australia. In each of these regions, pteropodids have been identified as natural reservoir hosts for henipaviruses. The genus Henipavirus includes Hendra virus and Nipah virus, which regularly spill over from bats to domestic animals and humans in Australia and Asia, and a suite of largely uncharacterized African henipaviruses. Rapid change in fruit bat habitat and associated shifts in their ecology and behavior are well documented, with evidence suggesting that altered diet, roosting habitat, and movement behaviors are increasing spillover risk of bat-borne viruses. We review the ways that changing resource landscapes affect the processes that culminate in cross-species transmission of henipaviruses, from reservoir host density and distribution to within-host immunity and recipient host exposure. We evaluate existing evidence and highlight gaps in knowledge that are limiting our understanding of the ecological drivers of henipavirus spillover. When considering spillover in the context of land-use change, we emphasize that it is especially important to disentangle the effects of habitat loss and resource provisioning on these processes, and to jointly consider changes in resource abundance, quality, and composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.,The Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Alison J Peel
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nathan V Justice
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Tamika Lunn
- The Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - Daniel E Crowley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Devin N Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Peggy Eby
- The School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecilia A Sánchez
- The Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.,The Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Raina K Plowright
- Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
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Abstract
Bats are a large and diverse group comprising approximately 20% of all living mammalian species. They are the only mammals capable of powered flight and have many unique characteristics, including long lifespans, echolocation, and hibernation, and play key roles in insect control, pollination, and seed dispersal. The role of bats as natural reservoirs of a variety of high-profile viruses that are highly pathogenic in other susceptible species yet cause no clinical disease in bats has led to a resurgence of interest in their immune systems. Equally compelling is the urgency to understand the immune mechanisms responsible for the susceptibility of bats to the fungus responsible for white syndrome, which threatens to wipe out a number of species of North American bats. In this chapter we review the current knowledge in the field of bat immunology, focusing on recent highlights and the need for further investigations in this area.
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Transcriptomic Signatures of Tacaribe Virus-Infected Jamaican Fruit Bats. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00245-17. [PMID: 28959737 PMCID: PMC5615131 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00245-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As reservoir hosts of viruses associated with human disease, little is known about the interactions between bats and viruses. Using Jamaican fruit bats infected with Tacaribe virus (TCRV) as a model, we characterized the gene expression responses to infection in different tissues and identified pathways involved with the response to infection. This report is the most detailed gene discovery work in the species to date and the first to describe immune gene expression responses in bats during a pathogenic viral infection. Tacaribe virus (TCRV) is a mammalian arenavirus that was first isolated from artibeus bats in the 1950s. Subsequent experimental infection of Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis) caused a disease similar to that of naturally infected bats. Although substantial attention has focused on bats as reservoir hosts of viruses that cause human disease, little is known about the interactions between bats and their pathogens. We performed a transcriptome-wide study to illuminate the response of Jamaican fruit bats experimentally infected with TCRV. Differential gene expression analysis of multiple tissues revealed global and organ-specific responses associated with innate antiviral responses, including interferon alpha/beta and Toll-like receptor signaling, activation of complement cascades, and cytokine signaling, among others. Genes encoding proteins involved in adaptive immune responses, such as gamma interferon signaling and costimulation of T cells by the CD28 family, were also altered in response to TCRV infection. Immunoglobulin gene expression was also elevated in the spleens of infected bats, including IgG, IgA, and IgE isotypes. These results indicate an active innate and adaptive immune response to TCRV infection occurred but did not prevent fatal disease. This de novo assembly provides a high-throughput data set of the Jamaican fruit bat and its host response to TCRV infection, which remains a valuable tool to understand the molecular signatures involved in antiviral responses in bats. IMPORTANCE As reservoir hosts of viruses associated with human disease, little is known about the interactions between bats and viruses. Using Jamaican fruit bats infected with Tacaribe virus (TCRV) as a model, we characterized the gene expression responses to infection in different tissues and identified pathways involved with the response to infection. This report is the most detailed gene discovery work in the species to date and the first to describe immune gene expression responses in bats during a pathogenic viral infection.
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Schountz T, Baker ML, Butler J, Munster V. Immunological Control of Viral Infections in Bats and the Emergence of Viruses Highly Pathogenic to Humans. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1098. [PMID: 28959255 PMCID: PMC5604070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoir hosts of many important viruses that cause substantial disease in humans, including coronaviruses, filoviruses, lyssaviruses, and henipaviruses. Other than the lyssaviruses, they do not appear to cause disease in the reservoir bats, thus an explanation for the dichotomous outcomes of infections of humans and bat reservoirs remains to be determined. Bats appear to have a few unusual features that may account for these differences, including evidence of constitutive interferon (IFN) activation and greater combinatorial diversity in immunoglobulin genes that do not undergo substantial affinity maturation. We propose these features may, in part, account for why bats can host these viruses without disease and how they may contribute to the highly pathogenic nature of bat-borne viruses after spillover into humans. Because of the constitutive IFN activity, bat-borne viruses may be shed at low levels from bat cells. With large naive antibody repertoires, bats may control the limited virus replication without the need for rapid affinity maturation, and this may explain why bats typically have low antibody titers to viruses. However, because bat viruses have evolved in high IFN environments, they have enhanced countermeasures against the IFN response. Thus, upon infection of human cells, where the IFN response is not constitutive, the viruses overwhelm the IFN response, leading to abundant virus replication and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony Schountz
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Michelle L Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Health and Biosecurity Business Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - John Butler
- Department of Microbiology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vincent Munster
- Virus Ecology Unit, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States
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29
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Lack of inflammatory gene expression in bats: a unique role for a transcription repressor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2232. [PMID: 28533548 PMCID: PMC5440382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01513-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years viruses similar to those that appear to cause no overt disease in bats have spilled-over to humans and other species causing serious disease. Since pathology in such diseases is often attributed to an over-active inflammatory response, we tested the hypothesis that bat cells respond to stimulation of their receptors for viral ligands with a strong antiviral response, but unlike in human cells, the inflammatory response is not overtly activated. We compared the response of human and bat cells to poly(I:C), a viral double-stranded RNA surrogate. We measured transcripts for several inflammatory, interferon and interferon stimulated genes using quantitative real-time PCR and observed that human and bat cells both, when stimulated with poly(I:C), contained higher levels of transcripts for interferon beta than unstimulated cells. In contrast, only human cells expressed robust amount of RNA for TNFα, a cell signaling protein involved in systemic inflammation. We examined the bat TNFα promoter and found a potential repressor (c-Rel) binding motif. We demonstrated that c-Rel binds to the putative c-Rel motif in the promoter and knocking down c-Rel transcripts significantly increased basal levels of TNFα transcripts. Our results suggest bats may have a unique mechanism to suppress inflammatory pathology.
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30
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Enchéry F, Horvat B. Understanding the interaction between henipaviruses and their natural host, fruit bats: Paving the way toward control of highly lethal infection in humans. Int Rev Immunol 2017; 36:108-121. [PMID: 28060559 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2016.1255883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hendra virus and Nipah virus (NiV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxoviruses, from henipavirus genus, that have emerged in late 1990s in Australia and South-East Asia, respectively. Since their initial identification, numerous outbreaks have been reported, affecting both domestic animals and humans, and multiple rounds of person-to-person NiV transmission were observed. Widely distributed fruit bats from Pteropodidae family were found to be henipavirus natural reservoir. Numerous studies have reported henipavirus seropositivity in pteropid bats, including bats in Africa, thus expanding notably the geographic distribution of these viruses. Interestingly, henipavirus infection in bats seems to be asymptomatic, in contrast to severe disease induced in numerous other mammals. Unique among the mammals by their ability to fly, these intriguing animals are natural reservoir for many other emerging and remerging viruses highly pathogenic for humans. This feature, combined with absence of clinical symptoms, has attracted the interest of scientific community to virus-bat interactions. Therefore, several bat genomes were sequenced and particularities of the bat immune system have been intensively analyzed during the last decade to understand their coexistence with viruses in the absence of disease. The peculiarities in inflammasome activation, a constitutive expression of interferon alpha, and some differences in adaptive immunity have been recently reported in fruit bats. Studies on virus-bat interactions have thus emerged as an exciting novel area of research that should shed new light on the mechanisms that regulate viral infection and may allow development of novel therapeutic approaches to control this highly lethal emerging infectious disease in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Enchéry
- a CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research (Immunobiology of Viral Infections Team), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France, Laboratoire d'Excellence ECOFECT , Lyon , France
| | - Branka Horvat
- a CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research (Immunobiology of Viral Infections Team), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France, Laboratoire d'Excellence ECOFECT , Lyon , France
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31
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Lee WT, Jones DD, Yates JL, Winslow GM, Davis AD, Rudd RJ, Barron CT, Cowan C. Identification of secreted and membrane-bound bat immunoglobulin using a Microchiropteran-specific mouse monoclonal antibody. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:114-123. [PMID: 27377583 PMCID: PMC7172696 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bat immunity has received increasing attention because some bat species are being decimated by the fungal disease, White Nose Syndrome, while other species are potential reservoirs of zoonotic viruses. Identifying specific immune processes requires new specific tools and reagents. In this study, we describe a new mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) reactive with Eptesicus fuscus immunoglobulins. The epitope recognized by mAb BT1-4F10 was localized to immunoglobulin light (lambda) chains; hence, the mAb recognized serum immunoglobulins and B lymphocytes. The BT1-4F10 epitope appeared to be restricted to Microchiropteran immunoglobulins and absent from Megachiropteran immunoglobulins. Analyses of sera and other E. fuscus fluids showed that most, if not all, secreted immunoglobulins utilized lambda light chains. Finally, mAb BT1-4F10 permitted the identification of B cell follicles in splenic white pulp. This Microchiropteran-specific mAb has potential utility in seroassays; hence, this reagent may have both basic and practical applications for studying immune process.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Lee
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA.
| | - Derek D Jones
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Jennifer L Yates
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
| | - Gary M Winslow
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA; The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - April D Davis
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Robert J Rudd
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Christopher T Barron
- The Laboratory of Immunology, The Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, 12201-2002, USA
| | - Cailyn Cowan
- The Department of Biomedical Sciences, The School of Public Health, The University at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, USA
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32
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Liang YZ, Wu LJ, Zhang Q, Zhou P, Wang MN, Yang XL, Ge XY, Wang LF, Shi ZL. Cloning, expression, and antiviral activity of interferon β from the Chinese microbat, Myotis davidii. Virol Sin 2015; 30:425-32. [PMID: 26645237 PMCID: PMC7091266 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoir hosts for many viruses that produce no clinical symptoms in bats. Therefore, bats may have evolved effective mechanisms to control viral replication. However, little information is available on bat immune responses to viral infection. Type I interferon (IFN) plays a key role in controlling viral infections. In this study, we report the cloning, expression, and biological activity of interferon β (IFNβ) from the Chinese microbat species, Myotis davidii. We demonstrated the upregulation of IFNB and IFN-stimulated genes in a kidney cell line derived from M. davidii after treatment with polyI:C or infection with Sendai virus. Furthermore, the recombinant IFNβ inhibited vesicular stomatitis virus and bat adenovirus replication in cell lines from two bat species, M. davidii and Rhinolophus sinicus. We provide the first in vitro evidence of IFNβ antiviral activity in microbats, which has important implications for virus interactions with these hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zi Liang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Li-Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Mei-Niang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xing-Lou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xing-Yi Ge
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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33
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Mok L, Wynne JW, Ford K, Shiell B, Bacic A, Michalski WP. Proteomic analysis of Pteropus alecto kidney cells in response to the viral mimic, Poly I:C. Proteome Sci 2015; 13:25. [PMID: 26535029 PMCID: PMC4630911 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-015-0081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are recognised as an important reservoir for a number of highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses. While many of these viruses cause severe and often fatal disease in humans, bats are able to coexist with these viruses without clinical signs of disease. The mechanism conferring this antiviral response is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the differential protein expression of immortalised Pteropus alecto kidney cells (PaKiT03) following transfection with the viral mimic, Poly I:C. Two complementary proteomic approaches, difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) and isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) were used to quantify changes in protein expression following Poly I:C stimulation at 4, 8 and 20 hr post treatment (hpt). Results The expression of ISG54 gene, a known responder to virus infection and Poly I:C treatment, was significantly induced in transfected cells compared with mock-transfected cells. Through iTRAQ analysis we show that Poly I:C up-regulates key glycolytic enzymes at 4 hpt within PaKiT03 cells. In contrast, at 20 hpt PaKiT03 cells down-regulated ribosomal subunit proteins. The analysis with DIGE of Poly I:C transfected PaKiT03 cells showed over 215 individual spots differentially regulated, however only 25 spots could be unambiguously identified by LC-MS/MS. Immunoblotting confirmed the up-regulation of Eno1 and Tpi1 in PaKiT03 cells following Poly I:C transfection. A comparison with human cells (HEK293T and HeLa) and one additional bat cell line (PaLuT02), demonstrated that glycolytic pathways are also induced in these cell types, but at different intensities. Conclusion The two techniques, DIGE and iTRAQ identified largely overlapping sets of differentially expressed proteins, however DIGE unambiguously identified significantly less proteins than iTRAQ. Poly I:C induced a rapid metabolic shift towards glycolysis within the PaKiT03 cells at 4 hpt, presumably as a consequence of increased energy requirements. On the other hand ribosomal subunit proteins were seen as down-regulated by iTRAQ, these proteins may be the limiting factors in the translational machinery available for virus replication. This study provides new insight into the antiviral response of bat cells, highlighting the importance of energy metabolism. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-015-0081-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Mok
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia ; ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - James W Wynne
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
| | - Kris Ford
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Brian Shiell
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
| | - Antony Bacic
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia ; Bio21 Institute for Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - Wojtek P Michalski
- CSIRO, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, East Geelong, 3219 VIC Australia
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34
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Characterization of antibody V segment diversity in the Tasmanian devil (Sarcophilus harrisii). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 167:156-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Immunology of bats and their viruses: challenges and opportunities. Viruses 2015; 6:4880-901. [PMID: 25494448 PMCID: PMC4276934 DOI: 10.3390/v6124880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are reservoir hosts of several high-impact viruses that cause significant human diseases, including Nipah virus, Marburg virus and rabies virus. They also harbor many other viruses that are thought to have caused disease in humans after spillover into intermediate hosts, including SARS and MERS coronaviruses. As is usual with reservoir hosts, these viruses apparently cause little or no pathology in bats. Despite the importance of bats as reservoir hosts of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic agents, virtually nothing is known about the host/virus relationships; principally because few colonies of bats are available for experimental infections, a lack of reagents, methods and expertise for studying bat antiviral responses and immunology, and the difficulty of conducting meaningful field work. These challenges can be addressed, in part, with new technologies that are species-independent that can provide insight into the interactions of bats and viruses, which should clarify how the viruses persist in nature, and what risk factors might facilitate transmission to humans and livestock.
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36
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Qin T, Zhao H, Zhu H, Wang D, Du W, Hao H. Immunoglobulin genomics in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Immunol Lett 2015; 166:79-86. [PMID: 26073565 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In science, the prairie voles are ideal models for studying the regulatory mechanisms of social behavior in humans. The utility of the prairie vole as a biology model can be further enhanced by characterization of the genes encoding components of the immune system. Here, we report the genomic organization of the prairie vole immunoglobulin heavy and light chain genes. The prairie vole IgH locus on chromosome 1 spans over 1600kb, and consists of at least 79 VH segments (28 potentially functional genes, 2 ORFs and 49 pseudogenes), 7 DH segments, 4 JH segments, four constant region genes (μ, γ, ɛ, and α), and two transmembrane regions of δ gene. The Igκ locus, found on three scaffolds (JH996430, JH996605 and JH996566), contains a totle of 124 Vκ segments (47 potentially functional genes, 1 ORF and 76 pseudogenes), 5 Jκ segments and a single Cκ gene. Two different transcriptional orientations were determined for these Vκ gene segments. In contrast, the Igλ locus on scaffold JH996473 and JH996489 includes 21 Vλ gene segments (14 potentially functional genes, 1 ORF and 6 pseudogenes), all with the same transcriptional polarity as the downstream Jλ-Cλ cluster. Phylogenetic analysis and sequence alignments suggested the prairie vole's large germline VH, Vκ and Vλ gene segments appear to form limited gene families. Therefore, this species may generate antibody diversity via a gene conversion-like mechanism associated with its pseudogene reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Qin
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China.
| | - Huijing Zhao
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Huabin Zhu
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dong Wang
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Weihua Du
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Haisheng Hao
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Transcriptome Profiling of the Virus-Induced Innate Immune Response in Pteropus vampyrus and Its Attenuation by Nipah Virus Interferon Antagonist Functions. J Virol 2015; 89:7550-66. [PMID: 25972557 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00302-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Bats are important reservoirs for several viruses, many of which cause lethal infections in humans but have reduced pathogenicity in bats. As the innate immune response is critical for controlling viruses, the nature of this response in bats and how it may differ from that in other mammals are of great interest. Using next-generation transcriptome sequencing (mRNA-seq), we profiled the transcriptional response of Pteropus vampyrus bat kidney (PVK) cells to Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus known to elicit a strong innate immune response in mammalian cells. The Pteropus genus is a known reservoir of Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV). Analysis of the 200 to 300 regulated genes showed that genes for interferon (IFN) and antiviral pathways are highly upregulated in NDV-infected PVK cells, including genes for beta IFN, RIG-I, MDA5, ISG15, and IRF1. NDV-infected cells also upregulated several genes not previously characterized to be antiviral, such as RND1, SERTAD1, CHAC1, and MORC3. In fact, we show that MORC3 is induced by both IFN and NDV infection in PVK cells but is not induced by either stimulus in human A549 cells. In contrast to NDV infection, HeV and NiV infection of PVK cells failed to induce these innate immune response genes. Likewise, an attenuated response was observed in PVK cells infected with recombinant NDVs expressing the NiV IFN antagonist proteins V and W. This study provides the first global profile of a robust virus-induced innate immune response in bats and indicates that henipavirus IFN antagonist mechanisms are likely active in bat cells. IMPORTANCE Bats are the reservoir host for many highly pathogenic human viruses, including henipaviruses, lyssaviruses, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and filoviruses, and many other viruses have also been isolated from bats. Viral infections are reportedly asymptomatic or heavily attenuated in bat populations. Despite their ecological importance to viral maintenance, research into their immune system and mechanisms for viral control has only recently begun. Nipah virus and Hendra virus are two paramyxoviruses associated with high mortality rates in humans and whose reservoir is the Pteropus genus of bats. Greater knowledge of the innate immune response of P. vampyrus bats to viral infection may elucidate how bats serve as a reservoir for so many viruses.
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Epstein JH, Baker ML, Zambrana-Torrelio C, Middleton D, Barr JA, DuBovi E, Boyd V, Pope B, Todd S, Crameri G, Walsh A, Pelican K, Fielder MD, Davies AJ, Wang LF, Daszak P. Duration of Maternal Antibodies against Canine Distemper Virus and Hendra Virus in Pteropid Bats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67584. [PMID: 23826322 PMCID: PMC3695084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Old World frugivorous bats have been identified as natural hosts for emerging zoonotic viruses of significant public health concern, including henipaviruses (Nipah and Hendra virus), Ebola virus, and Marburg virus. Epidemiological studies of these viruses in bats often utilize serology to describe viral dynamics, with particular attention paid to juveniles, whose birth increases the overall susceptibility of the population to a viral outbreak once maternal immunity wanes. However, little is understood about bat immunology, including the duration of maternal antibodies in neonates. Understanding duration of maternally derived immunity is critical for characterizing viral dynamics in bat populations, which may help assess the risk of spillover to humans. We conducted two separate studies of pregnant Pteropus bat species and their offspring to measure the half-life and duration of antibodies to 1) canine distemper virus antigen in vaccinated captive Pteropus hypomelanus; and 2) Hendra virus in wild-caught, naturally infected Pteropus alecto. Both of these pteropid bat species are known reservoirs for henipaviruses. We found that in both species, antibodies were transferred from dam to pup. In P. hypomelanus pups, titers against CDV waned over a mean period of 228.6 days (95% CI: 185.4-271.8) and had a mean terminal phase half-life of 96.0 days (CI 95%: 30.7-299.7). In P. alecto pups, antibodies waned over 255.13 days (95% CI: 221.0-289.3) and had a mean terminal phase half-life of 52.24 days (CI 95%: 33.76-80.83). Each species showed a duration of transferred maternal immunity of between 7.5 and 8.5 months, which was longer than has been previously estimated. These data will allow for more accurate interpretation of age-related Henipavirus serological data collected from wild pteropid bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan H. Epstein
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Deborah Middleton
- Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer A. Barr
- Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward DuBovi
- Animal Health Diagnostic Center at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Victoria Boyd
- Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian Pope
- Lubee Bat Conservancy, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Shawn Todd
- Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allyson Walsh
- San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, Escondido, California, United States of America
| | - Katey Pelican
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mark D. Fielder
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Angela J. Davies
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University, Kingston-Upon-Thames, United Kingdom
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organization Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Peter Daszak
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, New York, United States of America
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Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds. Trends Microbiol 2013; 21:544-55. [PMID: 23770275 PMCID: PMC7126491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2013.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
As exemplified by coronaviruses and influenza viruses, bats and birds are natural reservoirs for providing viral genes during evolution of new virus species and viruses for interspecies transmission. These warm-blooded vertebrates display high species biodiversity, roosting and migratory behavior, and a unique adaptive immune system, which are favorable characteristics for asymptomatic shedding, dissemination, and mixing of different viruses for the generation of novel mutant, recombinant, or reassortant RNA viruses. The increased intrusion of humans into wildlife habitats and overcrowding of different wildlife species in wet markets and farms have also facilitated the interspecies transmission between different animal species.
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Abstract
Despite being the second most species-rich and abundant group of mammals, bats are also among the least studied, with a particular paucity of information in the area of bat immunology. Although bats have a long history of association with rabies, the emergence and re-emergence of a number of viruses from bats that impact human and animal health has resulted in a resurgence of interest in bat immunology. Understanding how bats coexist with viruses in the absence of disease is essential if we are to begin to develop therapeutics to target viruses in humans and susceptible livestock and companion animals. Here, we review the current status of knowledge in the field of bat antiviral immunology including both adaptive and innate mechanisms of immune defence and highlight the need for further investigations in this area. Because data in this field are so limited, our discussion is based on both scientific discoveries and theoretical predictions. It is hoped that by provoking original, speculative or even controversial ideas or theories, this review may stimulate further research in this important field. Efforts to understand the immune systems of bats have been greatly facilitated in recent years by the availability of partial genome sequences from two species of bats, a megabat, Pteropus vampyrus, and a microbat, Myotis lucifugus, allowing the rapid identification of immune genes. Although bats appear to share most features of the immune system with other mammals, several studies have reported qualitative and quantitative differences in the immune responses of bats. These observations warrant further investigation to determine whether such differences are associated with the asymptomatic nature of viral infections in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Vic., Australia.
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Wynne JW, Di Rubbo A, Shiell BJ, Beddome G, Cowled C, Peck GR, Huang J, Grimley SL, Baker ML, Michalski WP. Purification and characterisation of immunoglobulins from the Australian black flying fox (Pteropus alecto) using anti-fab affinity chromatography reveals the low abundance of IgA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e52930. [PMID: 23308125 PMCID: PMC3538733 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is now an overwhelming body of evidence that implicates bats in the dissemination of a long list of emerging and re-emerging viral agents, often causing illnesses or death in both animals and humans. Despite this, there is a paucity of information regarding the immunological mechanisms by which bats coexist with highly pathogenic viruses. Immunoglobulins are major components of the adaptive immune system. Early studies found bats may have quantitatively lower antibody responses to model antigens compared to conventional laboratory animals. To further understand the antibody response of bats, the present study purified and characterised the major immunoglobulin classes from healthy black flying foxes, Pteropus alecto. We employed a novel strategy, where IgG was initially purified and used to generate anti-Fab specific antibodies. Immobilised anti-Fab specific antibodies were then used to capture other immunoglobulins from IgG depleted serum. While high quantities of IgM were successfully isolated from serum, IgA was not. Only trace quantities of IgA were detected in the serum by mass spectrometry. Immobilised ligands specific to IgA (Jacalin, Peptide M and staphylococcal superantigen-like protein) also failed to capture P. alecto IgA from serum. IgM was the second most abundant serum antibody after IgG. A survey of mucosal secretions found IgG was the dominant antibody class rather than IgA. Our study demonstrates healthy P. alecto bats have markedly less serum IgA than expected. Higher quantities of IgG in mucosal secretions may be compensation for this low abundance or lack of IgA. Knowledge and reagents developed within this study can be used in the future to examine class-specific antibody response within this important viral host.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Wynne
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antonio Di Rubbo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian J. Shiell
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gary Beddome
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Cowled
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Grantley R. Peck
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jing Huang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Samantha L. Grimley
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wojtek P. Michalski
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Animal, Food and Health Sciences, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Bats are the second most species rich and abundant group of mammals and display an array of unique characteristics but are also among the most poorly studied mammals. They fill an important ecological niche and have diversified into a wide range of habitats. In recent years, bats have been implicated as reservoirs for some of the most highly pathogenic emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases reported to date, including SARS-like coronavirus, Ebola, Hendra and Nipah viruses. The ability of bats to harbour these viruses in the absence of clinical signs of disease has resulted in a resurgence of interest in bat biology and virus–host interactions. Interest in bats, in Australia in particular, has intensified following the identification of several novel bat-borne viruses from flying-foxes, including Hendra virus, which is capable of spillover from bats to horses and subsequently to humans with potentially fatal consequences. As we continue to encroach on the natural habitats of bats, a better understanding of bat biology, ecology and virus–host interactions has never before been so critical. In this review, we focus on the biology of Australian pteropid bats and the pathogens they harbour, summarising current knowledge of bat-borne diseases, bat ecology, ethology and immunology.
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Yuan J, Zhang Y, Li J, Zhang Y, Wang LF, Shi Z. Serological evidence of ebolavirus infection in bats, China. Virol J 2012; 9:236. [PMID: 23062147 PMCID: PMC3492202 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genus Ebolavirus of the family Filoviridae currently consists of five species. All species, with the exception of Reston ebolavirus, have been found in Africa and caused severe human diseases. Bats have been implicated as reservoirs for ebolavirus. Reston ebolavirus, discovered in the Philippines, is the only ebolavirus species identified in Asia to date. Whether this virus is prevalent in China is unknown. Findings In this study, we developed an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for ebolavirus using the recombinant nucleocapsid protein and performed sero-surveillance for the virus among Chinese bat populations. Our results revealed the presence of antibodies to ebolavirus in 32 of 843 bat sera samples and 10 of 16 were further confirmed by western blot analysis. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is the first report of any filovirus infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfa Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P R China
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Larsen PA, Smith TPL. Application of circular consensus sequencing and network analysis to characterize the bovine IgG repertoire. BMC Immunol 2012; 13:52. [PMID: 22978666 PMCID: PMC3500647 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-13-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vertebrate immune systems generate diverse repertoires of antibodies capable of mediating response to a variety of antigens. Next generation sequencing methods provide unique approaches to a number of immuno-based research areas including antibody discovery and engineering, disease surveillance, and host immune response to vaccines. In particular, single-molecule circular consensus sequencing permits the sequencing of antibody repertoires at previously unattainable depths of coverage and accuracy. We approached the bovine immunoglobulin G (IgG) repertoire with the objective of characterizing diversity of expressed IgG transcripts. Here we present single-molecule real-time sequencing data of expressed IgG heavy-chain repertoires of four individual cattle. We describe the diversity observed within antigen binding regions and visualize this diversity using a network-based approach. RESULTS We generated 49,945 high quality cDNA sequences, each spanning the entire IgG variable region from four Bos taurus calves. From these sequences we identified 49,521 antigen binding regions using the automated Paratome web server. Approximately 9% of all unique complementarity determining 2 (CDR2) sequences were of variable lengths. A bimodal distribution of unique CDR3 sequence lengths was observed, with common lengths of 5-6 and 21-25 amino acids. The average number of cysteine residues in CDR3s increased with CDR3 length and we observed that cysteine residues were centrally located in CDR3s. We identified 19 extremely long CDR3 sequences (up to 62 amino acids in length) within IgG transcripts. Network analyses revealed distinct patterns among the expressed IgG antigen binding repertoires of the examined individuals. CONCLUSIONS We utilized circular consensus sequencing technology to provide baseline data of the expressed bovine IgG repertoire that can be used for future studies important to livestock research. Somatic mutation resulting in base insertions and deletions in CDR2 further diversifies the bovine antibody repertoire. In contrast to previous studies, our data indicate that unusually long CDR3 sequences are not unique to IgM antibodies in cattle. Centrally located cysteine residues in bovine CDR3s provide further evidence that disulfide bond formation is likely of structural importance. We hypothesize that network or cluster-based analyses of expressed antibody repertoires from controlled challenge experiments will help identify novel natural antigen binding solutions to specific pathogens of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Larsen
- Genetics and Breeding Unit, United States Meat Animal Research Center, ARS, USDA, Clay Center, NE, USA
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Guo Y, Bao Y, Meng Q, Hu X, Meng Q, Ren L, Li N, Zhao Y. Immunoglobulin genomics in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus). PLoS One 2012; 7:e39298. [PMID: 22761756 PMCID: PMC3382241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In science, the guinea pig is known as one of the gold standards for modeling human disease. It is especially important as a molecular and cellular biology model for studying the human immune system, as its immunological genes are more similar to human genes than are those of mice. The utility of the guinea pig as a model organism can be further enhanced by further characterization of the genes encoding components of the immune system. Here, we report the genomic organization of the guinea pig immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy and light chain genes. The guinea pig IgH locus is located in genomic scaffolds 54 and 75, and spans approximately 6,480 kb. 507 V(H) segments (94 potentially functional genes and 413 pseudogenes), 41 D(H) segments, six J(H) segments, four constant region genes (μ, γ, ε, and α), and one reverse δ remnant fragment were identified within the two scaffolds. Many V(H) pseudogenes were found within the guinea pig, and likely constituted a potential donor pool for gene conversion during evolution. The Igκ locus mapped to a 4,029 kb region of scaffold 37 and 24 is composed of 349 V(κ) (111 potentially functional genes and 238 pseudogenes), three J(κ) and one C(κ) genes. The Igλ locus spans 1,642 kb in scaffold 4 and consists of 142 V(λ) (58 potentially functional genes and 84 pseudogenes) and 11 J(λ) -C(λ) clusters. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the guinea pig's large germline V(H) gene segments appear to form limited gene families. Therefore, this species may generate antibody diversity via a gene conversion-like mechanism associated with its pseudogene reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghua Bao
- Department of Basic Immunology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwen Meng
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyong Meng
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Papenfuss AT, Baker ML, Feng ZP, Tachedjian M, Crameri G, Cowled C, Ng J, Janardhana V, Field HE, Wang LF. The immune gene repertoire of an important viral reservoir, the Australian black flying fox. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:261. [PMID: 22716473 PMCID: PMC3436859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bats are the natural reservoir host for a range of emerging and re-emerging viruses, including SARS-like coronaviruses, Ebola viruses, henipaviruses and Rabies viruses. However, the mechanisms responsible for the control of viral replication in bats are not understood and there is little information available on any aspect of antiviral immunity in bats. Massively parallel sequencing of the bat transcriptome provides the opportunity for rapid gene discovery. Although the genomes of one megabat and one microbat have now been sequenced to low coverage, no transcriptomic datasets have been reported from any bat species. In this study, we describe the immune transcriptome of the Australian flying fox, Pteropus alecto, providing an important resource for identification of genes involved in a range of activities including antiviral immunity. Results Towards understanding the adaptations that have allowed bats to coexist with viruses, we have de novo assembled transcriptome sequence from immune tissues and stimulated cells from P. alecto. We identified about 18,600 genes involved in a broad range of activities with the most highly expressed genes involved in cell growth and maintenance, enzyme activity, cellular components and metabolism and energy pathways. 3.5% of the bat transcribed genes corresponded to immune genes and a total of about 500 immune genes were identified, providing an overview of both innate and adaptive immunity. A small proportion of transcripts found no match with annotated sequences in any of the public databases and may represent bat-specific transcripts. Conclusions This study represents the first reported bat transcriptome dataset and provides a survey of expressed bat genes that complement existing bat genomic data. In addition, these data provide insight into genes relevant to the antiviral responses of bats, and form a basis for examining the roles of these molecules in immune response to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony T Papenfuss
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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Cowled C, Baker ML, Zhou P, Tachedjian M, Wang LF. Molecular characterisation of RIG-I-like helicases in the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:657-64. [PMID: 22166340 PMCID: PMC7103216 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The RIG-I like helicases, RIG-I, mda5 and LGP2 are an evolutionarily conserved family of cytosolic pattern recognition receptors important in the recognition of viral RNA, and responsible for the innate induction of interferons and proinflammatory cytokines upon viral infection. Bats are natural reservoir hosts to a variety of RNA viruses that cause significant morbidity and mortality in other species; however the mechanisms responsible for the control of viral replication in bats are not understood. This report describes the molecular cloning and expression analysis of RIG-I, mda5 and LGP2 genes in the fruit bat Pteropus alecto, and is the first description of RIG-I like helicases from any species of bat. Our results demonstrate that P. alecto RIG-I, mda5 and LGP2 have similar primary structures and tissue expression patterns to their counterparts in humans and other mammals. Stimulation of bat kidney cells with synthetic dsRNA (poly I:C) induced high levels of interferon β and rapid upregulation of all three helicases. These findings reveal that the cytoplasmic virus sensing machinery is present and intact in P. alecto. This study provides the foundation for further investigations into the interactions between bat RIG-I-like helicases and viruses to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the asymptomatic nature of viral infections in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Corresponding authors at: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. Tel.: +613 52275052; fax: +613 52275555 (M.L. Baker), tel.: +613 52275026; fax: +613 52275555 (C. Cowled).
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
- Corresponding authors at: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia. Tel.: +613 52275052; fax: +613 52275555 (M.L. Baker), tel.: +613 52275026; fax: +613 52275555 (C. Cowled).
| | - Peng Zhou
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, 5 Portarlington Rd, East Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
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48
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Independent evolution of functional MHC class II DRB genes in New World bat species. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:535-47. [PMID: 22426641 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a pivotal role in the vertebrate immune system and are attractive markers for functional, fitness-related, genetic variation. Although bats (Chiroptera) represent the second largest mammalian order and are prone to various emerging infectious diseases, little is known about MHC evolution in bats. In the present study, we examined expressed MHC class II DRB sequences (exons 1 to 4) of New World bat species, Saccopteryx bilineata, Carollia perspicillata, Noctilio albiventris and Noctilio leporinus (only exon 2). We found a wide range of copy number variation of DRB loci with one locus detected in the genus Noctilio and up to ten functional loci observed in S. bilineata. Sequence variation between alleles of the same taxa was high with evidence for positive selection. We found statistical support for recombination or gene conversion events among sequences within the same but not between bat species. Phylogenetic relationships among DRB alleles provided strong evidence for independent evolution of the functional MHC class II DRB genes in the three investigated species, either by recent gene duplication, or homogenization of duplicated loci by frequent gene conversion events. Phylogenetic analysis of all available chiropteran DRB exon 2 sequences confirmed their monophyletic origin within families, but revealed a possible trans-species mode of evolution pattern in congeneric bat species, e.g. within the genera Noctilio and Myotis. This is the first study investigating phylogenetic relationships of MHC genes within bats and therefore contributes to a better understanding of MHC evolution in one of the most dominant mammalian order.
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Janardhana V, Tachedjian M, Crameri G, Cowled C, Wang LF, Baker ML. Cloning, expression and antiviral activity of IFNγ from the Australian fruit bat, Pteropus alecto. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:610-8. [PMID: 22093696 PMCID: PMC7103211 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bats are natural reservoir hosts to a variety of viruses, many of which cause morbidity and mortality in other mammals. Currently there is a paucity of information regarding the nature of the immune response to viral infections in bats, partly due to a lack of appropriate bat specific reagents. IFNγ plays a key role in controlling viral replication and coordinating a response for long term control of viral infection. Here we describe the cloning and expression of IFNγ from the Australian flying fox, Pteropus alecto and the generation of mouse monoclonal and chicken egg yolk antibodies specific to bat IFNγ. Our results demonstrate that P. alecto IFNγ is conserved with IFNγ from other species and is induced in bat splenocytes following stimulation with T cell mitogens. P. alecto IFNγ has antiviral activity on Semliki forest virus in cell lines from P. alecto and the microbat, Tadarida brasiliensis. Additionally recombinant bat IFNγ was able to mitigate Hendra virus infection in P. alecto cells. These results provide the first evidence for an antiviral role for bat IFNγin vitro in addition to the application of important immunological reagents for further studies of bat antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Janardhana
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Gary Crameri
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Chris Cowled
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
- Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, Department of Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Corresponding author at: CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, P.O. Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia. Tel.: +61 3 5227 5052; fax: +61 3 5227 5555.
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Zhou P, Cowled C, Marsh GA, Shi Z, Wang LF, Baker ML. Type III IFN receptor expression and functional characterisation in the pteropid bat, Pteropus alecto. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25385. [PMID: 21980438 PMCID: PMC3181264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are rich reservoir hosts for a variety of viruses, many of which are capable of spillover to other susceptible mammals with lethal consequences. The ability of bats to remain asymptomatic to viral infection may be due to the rapid control of viral replication very early in the immune response through innate antiviral mechanisms. Type I and III interferons (IFNs) represent the first line of defence against viral infection in mammals, with both families of IFNs present in pteropid bats. To obtain further insight into the type III IFN system in bats, we describe the characterization of the type III IFN receptor (IFNλR) in the black flying fox, P. alecto with the characterization of IFNλR1 and IL10R2 genes that make up the type III IFN receptor complex. The bat IFNλR complex has a wide tissue distribution and at the cellular level, both epithelial and immune cells are responsive to IFN-λ treatment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the bat IFNλR1 chain acts as a functional receptor. To our knowledge, this report represents the first description of an IFN receptor in any species of bat. The responsiveness of bat cells to IFN-λ support a role for the type III IFN system by epithelial and immune cells in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Chris Cowled
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Glenn A. Marsh
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zhengli Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle L. Baker
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biology, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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