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Wang K, Xue Y, Liu Y, Su X, Wei L, Lv C, Zhang X, Zhang L, Jia L, Zheng S, Ma Y, Yan H, Jiang G, Song H, Wang F, Lin Q, Hou Y. The detoxification ability of sex-role reversed seahorses determines the sexual dimorphism in immune responses to benzo[a]pyrene exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 933:173088. [PMID: 38735333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in immune responses is an essential factor in environmental adaptation. However, the mechanisms involved remain obscure owing to the scarcity of data from sex-role-reversed species in stressed conditions. Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is one of the most pervasive and carcinogenic organic pollutants in coastal environments. In this study, we evaluated the potential effects on renal immunotoxicity of the sex-role-reversed lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) toward environmental concentrations BaP exposure. Our results discovered the presence of different energy-immunity trade-off strategies adopted by female and male seahorses during BaP exposure. BaP induced more severe renal damage in female seahorses in a concentration-dependent manner. BaP biotransformation and detoxification in seahorses resemble those in mammals. Benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-dihydrodiol-9,10-oxide (BPDE) and 9-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene (9-OH-BaP) formed DNA adducts and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis may together attribute the renal immunotoxicity. Sexual dimorphisms in detoxification of both BPDE and 9-OH-BaP, and in regulation of Ca2+, autophagy and inflammation, mainly determined the extent of renal damage. Moreover, the mechanism of sex hormones regulated sexual dimorphism in immune responses needs to be further elucidated. Collectively, these findings contribute to the understanding of sexual dimorphism in the immunotoxicity induced by BaP exposure in seahorses, which may attribute to the dramatic decline in the biodiversity of the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Xue
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yali Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China.
| | - Xiaolei Su
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Chunhui Lv
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Lele Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Longwu Jia
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Shiyi Zheng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Yicong Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hansheng Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China; Research and Development Center of Science, Technology and Industrialization of Seahorses, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Guangjun Jiang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Hongce Song
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pathology, the Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai 264025, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
| | - Yuping Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Ludong University, Yantai 264025, China
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Ying C, Hua Z, Ma F, Yang Y, Wang Y, Liu K, Yin G. Hepatic immune response of Coilia nasus infected with Anisakidae during ovarian development. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101261. [PMID: 38897035 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Anisakidae parasitism is a prevalent disease in wild populations of Coilia nasus, and can result in a significant loss of germplasm resources. To elucidate the immune response mechanism of C. nasus livers to Anisakidae infection, we collected and analysed 18 parasitic and 18 non-parasitic livers at gonadal developmental stages II, III, and V using histopathology, molecular biology and transcriptome methods. The hepatic portal area of the parasitic group exhibited an increase in the fibrous stroma and thickened hepatic arteries with positive Ly-6G staining, indicating inflammation and immune responses in the liver. Hepatocyte cytokine levels and the expression of liver function-related genes indicated that fish livers responded similarly to Anisakidae parasitism across different gonadal developmental stages. Oxidative stress indices showed more intense changes in stage II samples, whereas gene expression levels of Nrf2 and C3 were significantly increased in parasitised livers during stage III and V. Liver transcriptome sequencing identified 2575 differentially expressed genes between the parasitic and non-parasitic groups at the three gonadal developmental stages. KEGG pathway analysis showed that natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, the NOD-like receptor signaling pathway, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and other immune pathways were significantly enriched. Expression patterns varied across developmental stages, suggesting that innate immunity was primarily responsible for the liver immune response to Anisakidae infection during C. nasus migration, possibly related to water temperature changes or shifts in the gonadal developmental stage. In summary, this study investigated the immune response of C. nasus to Anisakidae parasitism under natural conditions, focusing on reproductive aspects and environmental changes, thereby establishing a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the immune response of Anisakidae in C. nasus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congping Ying
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Zhong Hua
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Fengjiao Ma
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yanping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
| | - Guojun Yin
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China.
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3
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Valcarce DG, Sellés-Egea A, Riesco MF, De Garnica MG, Martínez-Fernández B, Herráez MP, Robles V. Early stress exposure on zebrafish development: effects on survival, malformations and molecular alterations. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024:10.1007/s10695-024-01355-0. [PMID: 38743196 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01355-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The effects of stress during early vertebrate development can be especially harmful. Avoiding stressors in fish larvae is essential to ensure the health of adult fish and their reproductive performance and overall production. We examined the consequences of direct exposure to successive acute stressors during early development, including their effects on miR-29a and its targets, survival, hatching and malformation rates, larval behaviour and cartilage and eye development. Our aim was to shed light on the pleiotropic effects of early-induced stress in this vertebrate model species. Our results showed that direct exposure to successive acute stressors during early development significantly upregulated miR-29a and downregulated essential collagen transcripts col2a1a, col6a2 and col11a1a, decreased survival and increased malformation rates (swim bladder, otoliths, cardiac oedema and ocular malformations), promoting higher rates of immobility in larvae. Our results revealed that stress in early stages can induce different eye tissular architecture and cranioencephalic cartilage development alterations. Our research contributes to the understanding of the impact of stressful conditions during the early stages of zebrafish development, serving as a valuable model for vertebrate research. This holds paramount significance in the fields of developmental biology and aquaculture and also highlights miR-29a as a potential molecular marker for assessing novel larval rearing programmes in teleost species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Valcarce
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Alba Sellés-Egea
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Marta F Riesco
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | | | | | - María Paz Herráez
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Vanesa Robles
- Cell Biology Area, Molecular Biology Department, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana S/N, 24071, León, Spain.
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Pappert FA, Dubin A, Torres GG, Roth O. Navigating sex and sex roles: deciphering sex-biased gene expression in a species with sex-role reversal ( Syngnathus typhle). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:rsos.231620. [PMID: 38577217 PMCID: PMC10987989 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism, the divergence in morphological traits between males and females of the same species, is often accompanied by sex-biased gene expression. However, the majority of research has focused on species with conventional sex roles, where females have the highest energy burden with both egg production and parental care, neglecting the diversity of reproductive roles found in nature. We investigated sex-biased gene expression in Syngnathus typhle, a sex-role reversed species with male pregnancy, allowing us to separate two female traits: egg production and parental care. Using RNA sequencing, we examined gene expression across organs (brain, head kidney and gonads) at various life stages, encompassing differences in age, sex and reproductive status. While some gene groups were more strongly associated with sex roles, such as stress resistance and immune defence, others were driven by biological sex, such as energy and lipid storage regulation in an organ- and age-specific manner. By investigating how genes regulate and are regulated by changing reproductive roles and resource allocation in a model system with an unconventional life-history strategy, we aim to better understand the importance of sex and sex role in regulating gene expression patterns, broadening the scope of this discussion to encompass a wide range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freya A. Pappert
- Marine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel24118, Germany
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Kiel24105, Germany
| | - Arseny Dubin
- Marine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel24118, Germany
| | - Guillermo G. Torres
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology (IKMB), University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel24105, Germany
| | - Olivia Roth
- Marine Evolutionary Biology, Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Kiel24118, Germany
- Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Fishes, Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR), Kiel24105, Germany
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5
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Ojelade O, Storm Z, Fu C, Cortese D, Munson A, Boulamail S, Pineda M, Kochhann D, Killen S. Capture and discard practises associated with an ornamental fishery affect the metabolic rate and aerobic capacity of three-striped dwarf cichlids Apistogramma trifasciata. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 12:coad105. [PMID: 38293637 PMCID: PMC10823353 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coad105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Fishing causes direct removal of individuals from wild populations but can also cause a physiological disturbance in fish that are released or discarded after capture. While sublethal physiological effects of fish capture have been well studied in commercial and recreational fisheries, this issue has been overlooked for the ornamental fish trade, where it is common to capture fish from the wild and discard non-target species. We examined metabolic responses to capture and discard procedures in the three-striped dwarf cichlid Apistogramma trifasciata, a popular Amazonian aquarium species that nonetheless may be discarded when not a target species. Individuals (n = 34) were tagged and exposed to each of four treatments designed to simulate procedures during the capture and discard process: 1) a non-handling control; 2) netting; 3) netting +30 seconds of air exposure; and 4) netting +60 seconds of air exposure. Metabolic rates were estimated using intermittent-flow respirometry, immediately following each treatment then throughout recovery overnight. Increasing amounts of netting and air exposure caused an acute increase in oxygen uptake and decrease in available aerobic scope. In general, recovery occurred quickly, with rapid decreases in oxygen uptake within the first 30 minutes post-handling. Notably, however, male fish exposed to netting +60 seconds of air exposure showed a delayed response whereby available aerobic scope was constrained <75% of maximum until ~4-6 hours post-stress. Larger fish showed a greater initial increase in oxygen uptake post-stress and slower rates of recovery. The results suggest that in the period following discard, this species may experience a reduced aerobic capacity for additional behavioural/physiological responses including feeding, territory defence and predator avoidance. These results are among the first to examine impacts of discard practises in the ornamental fishery and suggest ecophysiological research can provide valuable insight towards increasing sustainable practises in this global trade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwaseun Ojelade
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun, Nigeria
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Zoe Storm
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Cheng Fu
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 400047, China
| | - Daphne Cortese
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Amelia Munson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Sarah Boulamail
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
- Laboratory of Ecology, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of the Salento, S.P. Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Mar Pineda
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
| | - Daiani Kochhann
- Laboratory of Behavioural Ecophysiology, Center of Agrarian and Biological Sciences, Acaraú Valley State University, 850 Avenue da Universidade, Sobral, Ceará, Brazil, 62040370
| | - Shaun Killen
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK, G12 8QQ
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Dawe RE, Bragg LM, Dhiyebi HA, Servos MR, Craig PM. Investigating wastewater treatment plant effluent and pharmaceutical exposure on innate cytokine expression of darters (Etheostoma spp.) in the Grand River watershed. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 269:110875. [PMID: 37315837 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2023.110875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fish live in continuous contact with various stressors and antigenic material present within their environments. The impact of stressors associated with wastewater-exposed environments on fish has become of particular interest in toxicology studies. The objectives of this study were to examine potential effects of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent-associated stressors on innate cytokine expression within the gills of darter species (Etheostoma spp.), using both field and laboratory approaches. Male and female darters (rainbow, greenside, fantail, and johnny darters) were collected upstream and downstream of the Waterloo WWTP in the Grand River, Ontario. Gill samples were collected from fish in the field and from a second subset of fish brought back to the laboratory. Laboratory fish were acutely exposed (96-h) to an environmentally relevant concentration of venlafaxine (1.0 μg/L), a commonly prescribed antidepressant. To assess the impacts of these stressors on the innate immunity of darters, the expression of key innate cytokines was examined. Minor significant effects on innate cytokine expression were observed between upstream and downstream fish. Moderate effects on cytokine expression were observed in venlafaxine-exposed fish compared to their control counterparts however, changes were not indicative of a biologically significant immune response occurring due to the exposure. Although the results of this study did not display extensive impacts of effluent and pharmaceutical exposure on innate cytokine expression within the gills, they provide a novel avenue of study, illustrating the importance of examining potential impacts that effluent-associated stressors can have on fundamental immune responses of native fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Dawe
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Leslie M Bragg
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hadi A Dhiyebi
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Paul M Craig
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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Sueiro MC, Awruch CA, Somoza GM, Svagelj WS, Palacios MG. Links between reproduction and immunity in two sympatric wild marine fishes. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2024; 287:111538. [PMID: 37871889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.111538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
According to life-history theory, limited resources can result in trade-offs between costly physiological functions. Particularly, it can be expected that individuals present lower immune function, or an alternative immunological strategy, during their reproductive compared to their non-reproductive season. Here we investigate the link between reproduction and immunity in two sympatric marine fish species, the rockfish Sebastes oculatus and the sandperch Pinguipes brasilianus. The results showed lower values of total white blood cells and spleen index, but higher levels of natural antibodies (only in females) in reproductive rockfish compared to non-reproductive ones. On the other hand, reproductively active sandperch showed lower levels of natural antibodies and a higher neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and spleen index (only in males), compared to non-reproductive ones. Also, negative correlations between reproductive and immune parameters were observed in female rockfish at the individual level, but not in sandperch. Our results are consistent with the presence of different immunological strategies in reproductive and non-reproductive periods, with patterns that appear to be species-specific. This specificity suggests that various aspects of immunity might respond differentially to resource limitation, which could be associated with the disparate life-history strategies of the studied species. Alternatively, though not exclusively, the observed patterns could be driven by abiotic factors that characterize the reproductive season of each species (i.e., winter for rockfish, summer for sandperch). Our study contributes to ecoimmunological knowledge on free-living fish and highlights that detection of trade-offs can depend on the combination of study species, season, sex, and specific immune components measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cruz Sueiro
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), Centro Nacional Patagónico - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CENPAT - CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina.
| | - Cynthia A Awruch
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), Centro Nacional Patagónico - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CENPAT - CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina; School of Natural Sciences and Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. https://twitter.com/ca_awruch
| | - Gustavo M Somoza
- Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Escuela de Bio y Nanotecnologías (UNSAM). Argentina
| | - Walter S Svagelj
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (UNMdP-CONICET), Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María G Palacios
- Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR), Centro Nacional Patagónico - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CENPAT - CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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8
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Chuphal B, Sathoria P, Rai U, Roy B. Exploring the effect of dihydrotestosterone on nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptor expression in spotted snakehead Channa punctata (Bloch 1793). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2023; 103:1476-1487. [PMID: 37641389 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Sex steroids are known to modulate immune responses and as a result many of the immune parameters in seasonally breeding organisms show reproductive-phase dependent variation. Androgens, the male sex steroids, are largely reported to be immunosuppressive. Together with other pattern recognition receptors, the nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) serve as intracellular sentinels and are essential to defense mechanisms. Interestingly, to date the transcriptional modulation of NLRs by androgens has not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the reproductive-phase dependent expression of NLRs in the male spotted snakehead Channa punctata. Furthermore, the effect of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on NLR expression was studied. The expression of NLRs was observed to be most pronounced during the spawning phase of the fish, which is marked by the highest testosterone level. In vivo as well as in vitro studies showed the diverse effect of DHT on NLR expression depending on the duration and mode of treatment, as well as the immune tissue studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Chuphal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priyanka Sathoria
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | - Brototi Roy
- Department of Zoology, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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9
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Kochneva A, Efremov D, Murzina SA. Proteins journey-from marine to freshwater ecosystem: blood plasma proteomic profiles of pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha Walbaum, 1792 during spawning migration. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1216119. [PMID: 37383149 PMCID: PMC10293649 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1216119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) is a commercial anadromous fish species of the family Salmonidae. This species has a 2-year life cycle that distinguishes it from other salmonids. It includes the spawning migration from marine to freshwater environments, accompanied by significant physiological and biochemical adaptive changes in the body. This study reveals and describes variability in the blood plasma proteomes of female and male pink salmon collected from three biotopes-marine, estuarine and riverine-that the fish pass through in spawning migration. Identification and comparative analysis of blood plasma protein profiles were performed using proteomics and bioinformatic approaches. The blood proteomes of female and male spawners collected from different biotopes were qualitatively and quantitatively distinguished. Females differed primarily in proteins associated with reproductive system development (certain vitellogenin and choriogenin), lipid transport (fatty acid binding protein) and energy production (fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase), and males in proteins involved in blood coagulation (fibrinogen), immune response (lectins) and reproductive processes (vitellogenin). Differentially expressed sex-specific proteins were implicated in proteolysis (aminopeptidases), platelet activation (β- and γ-chain fibrinogen), cell growth and differentiation (a protein containing the TGF_BETA_2 domain) and lipid transport processes (vitellogenin and apolipoprotein). The results are of both fundamental and practical importance, adding to existing knowledge of the biochemical adaptations to spawning of pink salmon, a representative of economically important migratory fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albina Kochneva
- Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Denis Efremov
- Ecology of Fishes and Water Invertebrates Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Svetlana A. Murzina
- Environmental Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Biology of the Karelian Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
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Lu X, Han YC, Shepherd BS, Xiang Y, Deng DF, Vinyard BT. Molecular Analysis and Sex-specific Response of the Hepcidin Gene in Yellow Perch (Perca Flavescens) Following Lipopolysaccharide Challenge. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:215-225. [PMID: 36562953 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-10024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide (hamp) is active in teleosts against invading pathogens and plays important roles in the stress and immune responses of finfish. The response of hamp gene was studied in yellow perch (yp) (Perca flavescens) challenged with lipopolysaccharides to understand if this immunity response is sex-specifically different. The cloned hamp gene consists of an open-reading frame of 273 bp and encodes a deduced protein of 90 amino acids (a.a.), which includes a signal peptide of 24 a.a., a pro-domain of 40 a.a. and a mature peptide of 26 a.a. Yp hamp involves 8 cysteine residues with 4 disulfide bonds, and a protein with an internal alpha helix flanked with C- and N-terminal random coils was modeling predicted. RT-qPCR was used to analyze the relative abundances (RAs) of hamp mRNA in the livers of juvenile female and male yellow perch challenged with lipopolysaccharide. The expression levels of hamp were significantly elevated by 3 h (RA = 7.3) and then peaked by 6 h (RA = 29.4) post-treatment in females but the peak was delayed to 12 h (RA = 65.4) post-treatment in males. The peak mRNA level of challenged males was shown 7.6-fold higher than females. The post-treatment responses in both genders decreased to their lowest levels by 24 h and 48 h. Overall, female perch had an earlier but less-sensitive response to the lipopolysaccharide challenge than male.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Lu
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation and Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 430223, Hubei, China
| | - Yueh-Chiang Han
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education-Oak Ridge Associated Universities-US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA.
| | - Brian S Shepherd
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Ying Xiang
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, Hubei, China
| | - Dong-Fang Deng
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Bryan T Vinyard
- US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service/Northeast Area Statistics Group, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Petitjean Q, Laffaille P, Perrault A, Cousseau M, Jean S, Jacquin L. Adaptive plastic responses to metal contamination in a multistress context: a field experiment in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:55678-55698. [PMID: 36894734 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26189-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wild populations often differ in their tolerance to environmental stressors, but intraspecific variability is rarely taken into account in ecotoxicology. In addition, plastic responses to multiple stressors have rarely been investigated in realistic field conditions. In this study, we compared the responses to metal contamination of gudgeon populations (Gobio occitaniae) differing in their past chronic exposure to metal contamination, using a reciprocal transplant experiment and an immune challenge mimicking a parasite attack to test for potential effects of multiple stressors across biological levels. We measured fish survival and traits involved in metal bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, immunity, cell apoptosis, and energy management to decipher underpinning physiological mechanisms across biological levels (i.e., gene expression, cell, organism). Fish from the two replicate High Contamination sites had higher survival when transferred into contaminated sites, suggesting a local adaptation to the contaminated site, possibly explained by higher levels of detoxification and antioxidant capacity but with potential higher apoptosis costs compared to their naïve counterparts. We found no evidence of co- or maladaptation to the immune stressor, suggesting no specific costs to face pathogens. In the emerging field of evolutionary ecotoxicology, this study underlines the need to consider intraspecific variability to better understand the effects of pollution in heterogeneous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Petitjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 LEFE, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INP-ENSAT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France.
- Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research Platform LTSER France, Zone Atelier PYGAR « Pyrénées-Garonne », Auzeville-Tolosane, France.
- Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, UMR1355 INRAE, UMR7254 CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sophia-Antipolis, France.
| | - Pascal Laffaille
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 LEFE, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INP-ENSAT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Annie Perrault
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 LEFE, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INP-ENSAT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Myriam Cousseau
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 LEFE, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INP-ENSAT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Séverine Jean
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement, UMR5245 LEFE, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, INP-ENSAT, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research Platform LTSER France, Zone Atelier PYGAR « Pyrénées-Garonne », Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | - Lisa Jacquin
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, Université de Toulouse, UPS, CNRS, IRD, Toulouse, France
- Long-Term Socio-Ecological Research Platform LTSER France, Zone Atelier PYGAR « Pyrénées-Garonne », Auzeville-Tolosane, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
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12
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Roosta Z, Falahatkar B, Sajjadi M, Paknejad H, Akbarzadeh A, Kestemont P. Sex and reproductive development impact skin mucosal epithelium immunity, antimicrobial capacity, and up-regulation of immune-related gene of goldfish (Carassius auratus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:104494. [PMID: 35940383 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the epidermis mucosal capacity of goldfish (Carassius auratus) during different stages of reproductive development in both females and males. In this regard, the activity of mucolytic immune enzymes, i.e., lysozyme, complement and peroxidase, as well as the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. There were five stages for females i.e., immature (f1), cortical alveoli (f2), early and late-vitellogenesis (vtg) (f3 and f4) and ripe (f5); as well as two stages for males spermatogenesis (m1) and spermiation (m2). Some stages were also examined for the mucosal antimicrobial activity against specific pathogens. The results showed that the mucosal lysozyme activity increased significantly during vitellogenesis (P < 0.05), but no lysozyme activity was detected in plasma. On the contrary, the complement activity was only observed in female plasma, and it was significantly higher at f3 compared to the other developmental stages. Both the plasma and mucosal ALP and peroxidase activities showed a significant increase by female reproductive development with the highest amounts at f4. Contrary to the female, no significant changes were observed in plasma and mucosal immune agents and biochemistry of the male. The f5-staged goldfish showed the highest antimicrobial activities against Gram-positive bacteria, i.e., Streptococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus (P < 0.05). Our results also represented the up-regulation of lysozyme (c-lys) gene expression by effects of female maturational development in ovary, liver and skin, while male goldfish showed no significant changes in c-lys expression. Moreover, there were positive correlations between c-lys expression, mucosal lysozyme activity and calcium levels in females (P < 0.01). Overall, our findings revealed that vtg process improves mucosal innate immunity that leads to activate antimicrobial components at spawning season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Roosta
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Bahram Falahatkar
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran; Department of Marine Sciences, The Caspian Sea Basin Research Center, University of Guilan, Rasht, Guilan, Iran.
| | - Mirmasoud Sajjadi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Arash Akbarzadeh
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran; Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, 3190 Hammond Bay Road, Nanaimo, British Columbia, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
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First Isolation of a Herpesvirus (Family Alloherpesviridae) from Great Lakes Lake Sturgeon ( Acipenser fulvescens). Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233230. [PMID: 36496751 PMCID: PMC9740441 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens; LST) is the only native sturgeon species in the Great Lakes (GL), but due to multiple factors, their current populations are estimated to be <1% of historical abundances. Little is known about infectious diseases affecting GL-LST in hatchery and wild settings. Therefore, a two-year disease surveillance study was undertaken, resulting in the detection and first in vitro isolation of a herpesvirus from grossly apparent cutaneous lesions in wild adult LST inhabiting two GL watersheds (Erie and Huron). Histological and ultrastructural examination of lesions revealed proliferative epidermitis associated with herpesvirus-like virions. A virus with identical ultrastructural characteristics was recovered from cells inoculated with lesion tissues. Partial DNA polymerase gene sequencing placed the virus within the Family Alloherpesviridae, with high similarity to a lake sturgeon herpesvirus (LSHV) from Wisconsin, USA. Genomic comparisons revealed ~84% Average Nucleotide Identity between the two isolates, leading to the proposed classification of LSHV-1 (Wisconsin) and LSHV-2 (Michigan) for the two viruses. When naïve juvenile LST were immersion-exposed to LSHV-2, severe disease and ~33% mortality occurred, with virus re-isolated from representative skin lesions, fulfilling Rivers’ postulates. Results collectively show LSHV-2 is associated with epithelial changes in wild adult LST, disease and mortality in juvenile LST, and is a potential threat to GL-LST conservation.
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Melo RM, Cruz CK, Weber AA, Luz RK, Bazzoli N, Rizzo E. Effects of temperature manipulation on gamete development and reproductive activity in the farmed catfish Lophiosilurus alexandri. Anim Reprod Sci 2022; 247:107100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2022.107100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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15
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Function of Foxl2 and Dmrt1 proteins during gonadal differentiation in the olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 215:141-154. [PMID: 35716793 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Study on fish sex differentiation is important both from academic and practical aspects. Foxl2 and Dmrt1 are important transcription factors that should be involved in fish gonadal differentiation, but there is still no direct evidence to clarify their protein functions. Olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, an important mariculture fish in China, Japan, and Korea, shows sex-dimorphic growth. In this study, the Foxl2 and Dmrt1 proteins were detected in granulosa cells of the ovary and Sertoli cells of the testis, respectively, showing significant sex-dimorphic expression patterns. Then, bioactive high-purity Foxl2 and Dmrt1 recombinant proteins were obtained in vitro. Furthermore, effects of the recombinant Foxl2 and Dmrt1 during gonadal differentiation period were evaluated by intraperitoneal injection in juvenile fish. Compared with the control group, the male rate in the Dmrt1 group increased from 0 % to 82 %, showing for the first time in fish that the recombinant Dmrt1 could alter the sex phenotype. In addition, transcription levels of cyp19a and its transcription factors also changed after the recombinant Foxl2 and Dmrt1 injection. These findings reveal that Foxl2 and Dmrt1 are vital regulators for fish gonadal differentiation by regulating cyp19a expression, and also provide a new approach for sex control in fish aquaculture.
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16
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Non-invasive sampling of water-borne hormones demonstrates individual consistency of the cortisol response to stress in laboratory zebrafish (Danio rerio). Sci Rep 2022; 12:6278. [PMID: 35428763 PMCID: PMC9012867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid (GC) stress hormones are well-known for their impact on phenotypic traits ranging from immune function to behaviour and cognition. For that reason, consistent aspects of an individual’s physiological stress response (i.e. GC responsiveness) can predict major elements of life-history trajectory. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) emerge as a promising model to study such consistent trait correlations, including the development of individual stress coping styles, i.e. consistent associations between physiological and behavioral traits. However, consistency in GC responsiveness of this popular animal model remains to be confirmed. Such a study has so far been hampered by the small-bodied nature and insufficient blood volume of this species to provide repeated measurements of circulating GCs. Here, we adopted a technique that allows for repeated, non-invasive sampling of individual zebrafish by quantifying GCs from holding water. Our findings indicate consistency of the magnitude of post-stress GC production over several consecutive stress events in zebrafish. Moreover, water-borne GCs reflect individual variation in GC responsiveness with the strongest consistency seen in males.
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Zhou T, Sha H, Chen M, Chen G, Zou G, Liang H. MicroRNAs May Play an Important Role in Sexual Reversal Process of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111696. [PMID: 34828302 PMCID: PMC8620467 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese soft-shelled (Pelodiscus sinensis) turtle exhibits obvious sex dimorphism, which leads to the higher economic and nutritional value of male individuals. Exogenous hormones can cause the transformation from male to female phenotype during gonadal differentiation. However, the molecular mechanism related to the sexual reversal process is unclear. In this study, we compared the difference between the small RNAs of male, female, and pseudo-female turtles by small RNA-seq to understand the sexual reversal process of Chinese soft-shelled turtles. A certain dose of estrogen can cause the transformation of Chinese soft-shelled turtles from male to female, which are called pseudo-female individuals. The result of small RNA-seq has revealed that the characteristics of pseudo-females are very similar to females, but are strikingly different from males. The number of the microRNAs (miRNAs) of male individuals was significantly less than the number of female individuals or pseudo-female individuals, while the expression level of miRNAs of male individuals were significantly higher than the other two types. Furthermore, we found 533 differentially expressed miRNAs, including 173 up-regulated miRNAs and 360 down-regulated miRNAs, in the process of transformation from male to female phenotype. Cluster analysis of the total 602 differential miRNAs among females, males, and pseudo-females showed that miRNAs played a crucial role during the sexual differentiation. Among these differential miRNAs, we found 12 miRNAs related to gonadal development and verified their expression by qPCR. The TR-qPCR results confirmed the differential expression of 6 of the 12 miRNAs: miR-26a-5p, miR-212-5p, miR-202-5p, miR-301a, miR-181b-3p and miR-96-5p were involved in sexual reversal process, which was consistent with the results of omics. Using these six miRNAs and some of their target genes, we constructed a network diagram related to gonadal development. We suggest that these miRNAs may play an important role in the process of effective sex reversal, which would contribute to the breeding of all male strains of Chinese soft-shelled turtles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan 430223, China; (T.Z.); (H.S.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hang Sha
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan 430223, China; (T.Z.); (H.S.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Meng Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan 430223, China; (T.Z.); (H.S.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guobin Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan 430223, China; (T.Z.); (H.S.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (G.Z.)
- College of Fisheries and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guiwei Zou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan 430223, China; (T.Z.); (H.S.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (G.Z.)
| | - Hongwei Liang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fisheries Science, Wuhan 430223, China; (T.Z.); (H.S.); (M.C.); (G.C.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-81780097
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Dijkstra JM, Dixon B. Immunogenetics special issue 2021: Fish Immunology. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:1-3. [PMID: 33394056 PMCID: PMC7780219 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-020-01198-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Dengaku-gakubo 1-98 Toyoake-shi, Aichi-ken, 470-1192, Japan.
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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