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Sornchuer P, Saninjuk K, Amonyingcharoen S, Ruangtong J, Thongsepee N, Martviset P, Chantree P, Sangpairoj K. Whole Genome Sequencing Reveals Antimicrobial Resistance and Virulence Genes of Both Pathogenic and Non-Pathogenic B. cereus Group Isolates from Foodstuffs in Thailand. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:245. [PMID: 38534680 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13030245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are spore-forming Gram-positive bacilli that are commonly associated with diarrheal or emetic food poisoning. They are widespread in nature and frequently present in both raw and processed food products. Here, we genetically characterized 24 B. cereus group isolates from foodstuffs. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that most of the isolates were closely related to B. cereus sensu stricto (12 isolates), followed by B. pacificus (5 isolates), B. paranthracis (5 isolates), B. tropicus (1 isolate), and "B. bingmayongensis" (1 isolate). The most detected virulence genes were BAS_RS06430, followed by bacillibactin biosynthesis genes (dhbA, dhbB, dhbC, dhbE, and dhbF), genes encoding the three-component non-hemolytic enterotoxin (nheA, nheB, and nheC), a gene encoding an iron-regulated leucine-rich surface protein (ilsA), and a gene encoding a metalloprotease (inhA). Various biofilm-associated genes were found, with high prevalences of tasA and sipW genes (matrix protein-encoding genes); purA, purC, and purL genes (eDNA synthesis genes); lytR and ugd genes (matrix polysaccharide synthesis genes); and abrB, codY, nprR, plcR, sinR, and spo0A genes (biofilm transcription regulator genes). Genes related to fosfomycin and beta-lactam resistance were identified in most of the isolates. We therefore demonstrated that WGS analysis represents a useful tool for rapidly identifying and characterizing B. cereus group strains. Determining the genetic epidemiology, the presence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes, and the pathogenic potential of each strain is crucial for improving the risk assessment of foodborne B. cereus group strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phornphan Sornchuer
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | | | - Sumet Amonyingcharoen
- Medical Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Jittiporn Ruangtong
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nattaya Thongsepee
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pongsakorn Martviset
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Pathanin Chantree
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Kant Sangpairoj
- Department of Preclinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- Thammasat University Research Unit in Nutraceuticals and Food Safety, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
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Basiri N, Zarei M, Kargar M, Kafilzadeh F. Effect of plasma-activated water on the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and expression of the related genes. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 406:110419. [PMID: 37776833 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, microbial decontamination with plasma-activated water (PAW) has attracted a lot of research attention in the field of food industry. Despite several studies showing that PAW effectively inactivates planktonic bacteria, few studies have been conducted on biofilms. The present study was, therefore, designed to evaluate the effect of PAW on the biofilm formation characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis. Comparing the expression patterns of biofilm-related genes in PAW-treated and non-treated planktonic and biofilm cells provided insight into how PAW regulates this process. The results showed that a 30-minute exposure to PAW at room temperature significantly reduced S. enteritidis planktonic cells. This exposure resulted in a decreased expression of the genes involved in the early stages of biofilm formation (csgD, agfA, fimA, lpfE, and rpoS), and an increased expression of the csrA gene in S. enteritidis planktonic cells. These results indicated the inhibitory effect of PAW on the biofilm formation process in S. enteritidis. Results of the initial attachment assay confirmed these findings, where, after 6 h, the number of PAW-treated cells attached to the stainless steel surfaces were significantly lower than non-treated ones. Furthermore, biofilm development assay revealed that the number of PAW-treated biofilm cells were significantly lower than non-treated ones after 24 h incubation at 37 °C. These findings were confirmed by measurements of the major components of biofilm i.e., extracellular DNA (eDNA), protein and carbohydrate. The amount of these components in 24-hour biofilms produced by PAW-treated S. enteritidis cells was significantly lower than that of non-treated cells. PAW's treatment on preformed 24-hour biofilms for 30 min led to a decrease in the expression of genes involved in quorum sensing and cellulose synthesis (csgD, bapA, adrA, luxS and sdiA) and an increase in the expression of the csrA gene. This treatment also reduced the number and metabolic activity of biofilm cells compared to non-treated biofilm cells. In total, the present study demonstrated that PAW has an inhibitory effect on the process of biofilm formation in S. enteritidis and hence, the food industry should pay special attention to PAW as a promising treatment to eliminate bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Basiri
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Kargar
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | - Farshid Kafilzadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
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3
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Vittoria M, Saggese A, Di Gregorio Barletta G, Castaldi S, Isticato R, Baccigalupi L, Ricca E. Sporulation efficiency and spore quality in a human intestinal isolate of Bacillus cereus. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104030. [PMID: 36738815 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2023.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria classified as Bacillus cereus sensu stricto cause two different type of gastrointestinal diseases associated with food poisoning. Outbreaks of this opportunistic pathogen are generally due to the resistance of its spores to heat, pH and desiccation that makes hard their complete inactivation from food products. B. cereus is commonly isolated from a variety of environments, including intestinal samples of infected and healthy people. We report the genomic and physiological characterization of MV19, a human intestinal strain closely related (ANI value of 98.81%) to the reference strain B. cereus ATCC 14579. MV19 cells were able to grow in a range of temperatures between 20 and 44 °C. At the optimal temperature the sporulation process was rapidly induced and mature spores efficiently released, however these appeared structurally and morphologically defective. At the sub-optimal growth temperature of 25 °C sporulation was slow and less efficient but a high total number of fully functional spores was produced. These results indicate that the reduced rapidity and efficiency of sporulation at 25 °C are compensated by a high quality and quantity of released spores, suggesting the relevance of different performances at different growth conditions for the adaptation of this bacterium to diverse environmental niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vittoria
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Anella Saggese
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Loredana Baccigalupi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy
| | - Ezio Ricca
- Department of Biology, Federico II University of Naples, Italy.
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Zarei M, Paknejad M, Eskandari MH. Sublethal chlorine stress promotes the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis and expression of the related genes. Food Microbiol 2023; 112:104232. [PMID: 36906303 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine treatment is the most common disinfection method in food-related environments. In addition to being simple and inexpensive, this method is very effective if used properly. However, insufficient chlorine concentrations only cause a sublethal oxidative stress in the bacterial population and may alter the growth behavior of stressed cells. In the present study, the effect of sublethal chlorine stress on the biofilm formation characteristics of Salmonella Enteritidis was evaluated. Our results demonstrated that, sublethal chlorine stress (350 ppm total chlorine) activates the biofilm (csgD, agfA, adrA and bapA) and quorum-sensing (sdiA and luxS) related genes in planktonic cells of S. Enteritidis. The higher expression of these genes illustrated that the chlorine stress induced the initiation of the biofilm formation process in S. Enteritidis. Results of the initial attachment assay confirmed this finding. In addition, the number of chlorine-stressed biofilm cells was significantly higher than non-stressed biofilm cells after 48 h incubation at 37 °C. In S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 and S. Enteritidis KL19, the number of chlorine-stressed biofilm cells were 6.93 ± 0.48 and 7.49 ± 0.57 log CFU/cm2, while the number of non-stressed biofilm cells were 5.12 ± 0.39 and 5.63 ± 0.51 log CFU/cm2, respectively. These findings were confirmed by measurements of the major components of biofilm, i.e., eDNA, protein and carbohydrate. The amount of these components in 48-h biofilms was higher when the cells were initially subjected to sublethal chlorine stress. However, the up-regulation of the biofilm and quorum sensing genes was not observed in 48-h biofilm cells, indicating that the effect of chlorine stress had vanished in the subsequent generations of Salmonella. In total, these results revealed that sublethal chlorine concentrations can promote the biofilm-forming ability of S Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Paknejad
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hadi Eskandari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
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Silva LD, Aguiar MM, Paiva AD, Bernardes PC, Gedraite R, Naves EAA. Optimization of clean-in-place (CIP) procedure of pipelines contaminated with Bacillus cereus by applying pulsed flow. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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6
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Xu Y, Zhang H, Bin L, Li P, Fu F, Huang S, Tang B. Inductive effect of functional microbial consortia in promoting the rapid granulation of aerobic granular sludge in an internal circulation-membrane bioreactor. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Huang R, Pan H, Zheng X, Fan C, Si W, Bao D, Gao S, Tian J. Effect of Membrane Pore Size on Membrane Fouling of Corundum Ceramic Membrane in MBR. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4558. [PMID: 36901568 PMCID: PMC10001914 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ceramic membrane has emerged as a promising material to address the membrane fouling issue in membrane bioreactors (MBR). In order to optimize the structural property of ceramic membrane, four corundum ceramic membranes with the mean pore size of 0.50, 0.63, 0.80, and 1.02 μm were prepared, which were designated as C5, C7, C13, and C20, respectively. Long-term MBR experiments showed that the C7 membrane with medium pore size experienced the lowest trans-membrane pressure development rate. Both the decrease and increase of membrane pore size would lead to more severe membrane fouling in the MBR. It was also interesting that with the increase of membrane pore size, the relative proportion of cake layer resistance in total fouling resistance was gradually increased. The content of dissolved organic foulants (i.e., protein, polysaccharide and DOC) on the surface of C7 was quantified as the lowest among the different ceramic membranes. Microbial community analysis also revealed the C7 had a lower relative abundance of membrane fouling associated bacteria in its cake layer. The results clearly demonstrated that ceramic membrane fouling in MBR could be effectively alleviated through optimizing the membrane pore size, which was a key structural factor for preparation of ceramic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Guangdong GDH Water Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518021, China
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Hui Pan
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China
| | - Chao Fan
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Wenyan Si
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Dongguan Bao
- Shanghai Hanyuan Engineering & Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201400, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- Guangdong GDH Water Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518021, China
| | - Jiayu Tian
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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AlSalhi MS, Devanesan S, Rajasekar A, Kokilaramani S. Characterization of plants and seaweeds based corrosion inhibitors against microbially influenced corrosion in a cooling tower water environment. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Rath S, Palit K, Das S. Variable pH and subsequent change in pCO 2 modulates the biofilm formation, synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances, and survivability of a marine bacterium Bacillus stercoris GST-03. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114128. [PMID: 36007573 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm-forming bacteria adhere to the substrates and engage in the nutrient cycling process. However, environmental conditions may interrupt the biofilm formation ability, which ultimately may affect various biogeochemical cycles. The present study reports the effect of varying pH and subsequent change in pCO2 on the survivability, biofilm formation, and synthesis of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of a biofilm-forming marine bacterium Bacillus stercoris GST-03 isolated from the Bhitarkanika mangrove ecosystem, Odisha, India. Understanding the pH-dependent alteration in EPS constituents, and associated functional groups of a marine bacterium will provide better insight into the adaptability of the bacteria in future ocean acidification scenarios. The strain was found to tolerate and form biofilm up to pH 4, with the maximum biofilm formation at pH 6. EPS yield and the synthesis of the key components of the EPS, including carbohydrate, protein, and lipid, were found maximum at pH 6. Changes in biofilm formation patterns and various topological parameters at varying pH/pCO2 conditions were observed. A cellular chaining pattern was observed at pH 4, and maximum biofilm formation was obtained at pH 6 with biomass of 5.28582 ± 0.5372 μm3/μm2 and thickness of 9.982 ± 1.5288 μm. Structural characterization of EPS showed changes in various functional groups of constituent macromolecules with varying pH. The amorphous nature of the EPS and the changes in linkages and associated functional groups (-R2CHOR, -CH3, and -CH2) with pH variation was confirmed. EPS showed a two-step degradation with a maximum weight loss of 59.147% and thermal stability up to 480 °C at pH 6. The present work efficiently demonstrates the role of EPS in providing structural and functional stability to the biofilm in varying pH conditions. The findings will provide a better understanding of the adaptability of marine bacteria in the future effect of ocean acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonalin Rath
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Krishna Palit
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Surajit Das
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Ecology (LEnME), Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Huang Q, Liu H, Zhang J, Wang S, Liu F, Li C, Wang G. Production of extracellular amylase contributes to the colonization of Bacillus cereus 0-9 in wheat roots. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:205. [PMID: 35996113 PMCID: PMC9394064 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacteria usually secrete a variety of extracellular enzymes to degrade extracellular macromolecules to meet their nutritional needs and enhance their environmental adaptability. Bacillus cereus 0–9, a biocontrol bacterial strain isolated from wheat roots, has three genes annotated as encoding amylases in the genome, but their functions are unknown, and whether they are involved in the colonization process of the bacterium remains to be further studied. Methods Mutant gene strains and fluorescently tagged strains were constructed by homologous recombination, and amylase protein was expressed in the prokaryotic Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expression system. The iodine staining method was used to measure the activity of amylase proteins. We further observed the colonization abilities of the test strains in wheat roots through frozen section technology. Results The results showed that there were three amylase-encoding genes, amyC, amyP and amyS, in the B. cereus 0–9 genome. Among the three amylase encoding genes, only amyS produced extracellular amylase whose secretion was related to signal peptide at position 1–27. The AmyS protein encoded by the amyS gene is an α-amylase. The growth of Rhizoctonia cerealis was inhibited 84.7% by B. cereus 0–9, but the biocontrol ability of the ΔamyS strain decreased to 43.8% and that of ΔamyS/amyS was restored when the amyS gene was complemented. Furthermore, the biocontrol ability of the ΔamySec strain was decreased to 46.8%, almost the same as that of the ΔamyS mutant. Due to the deletion of the amyS gene, the colonization capacities of ΔamyS (RFP) and ΔamySec (RFP) in wheat roots decreased, while that of ΔamyS/amyS (RFP) was restored after the amyS gene was complemented, indicating that the amyS gene influences the colonization of B. cereus 0–9 in wheat roots. In addition, the colonization and biocontrol abilities of the mutant were restored after the addition of sugars, such as glucose and maltose. Conclusions B. cereus 0–9 encodes three genes annotated as amylases, amyC, amyP and amyS. Only the deletion of the amyS gene with a signal peptide did not produce extracellular amylase. The AmyS protein encoded by the amyS gene is an α-amylase. Our results indicated that the amyS gene is closely related to the colonization abilities of B. cereus 0–9 in wheat roots and the biocontrol abilities of B. cereus 0–9 to fight against R. cerealis. The extracellular amylase produced by B. cereus 0–9 can hydrolyze starch and use glucose, maltose and other nutrients to meet the needs of bacterial growth. Therefore, it is very possible that the secretion and hydrolytic activities of extracellular amylase can promote the colonization of B. cereus 0–9 in wheat roots and play important roles in the prevention and control of plant diseases. Our results contribute to exploring the mechanisms of microbial colonization in plant roots. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-022-02618-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiubin Huang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanmei Zhang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China.,Pharmaceutical College, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowei Wang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengying Liu
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China.,School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengdie Li
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Institute of Microbial Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China. .,School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, 475004, People's Republic of China.
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Zarei M, Bahrami S, Liljebjelke K. Biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cocultured with Acanthamoeba castellanii responds to nutrient availability. Int Microbiol 2022; 25:691-700. [PMID: 35676463 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-022-00252-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. and Salmonella share common habitats, and their interaction may influence the biofilm-forming ability of Salmonella. In this study, biofilm formation of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis cocultured with Acanthamoeba castellanii was examined in nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient media. Furthermore, transcript copy number of biofilm-related genes in the biofilm cells of S. Enteritidis in monoculture was compared to those in coculture with A. castellanii. Results demonstrated that the presence of A. castellanii in the culture media activates the genes involved in the biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis, regardless of the nutrient availability. However, biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis cocultured with A. castellanii was not consistent with the transcript copy number results. In nutrient-rich medium, the number of Salmonella biofilm cells and the contents of the three main components of the biofilms including eDNA, protein, and carbohydrates were higher in the presence of A. castellanii compared to monocultures. However, in nutrient-deficient medium, the number of biofilm cells, and the amount of biofilm components in coculture conditions were less than the monocultures. These results indicate that despite activation of relevant genes in both nutrient-rich and nutrient-deficient media, biofilm formation of S. Enteritidis cocultured with A. castellanii responds to nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Food Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Somayeh Bahrami
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Karen Liljebjelke
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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Lin Y, Xu X, Maróti G, Strube ML, Kovács ÁT. Adaptation and phenotypic diversification of Bacillus thuringiensis biofilm are accompanied by fuzzy spreader morphotypes. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2022; 8:27. [PMID: 35418164 PMCID: PMC9007996 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-022-00292-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus group (Bacillus cereus sensu lato) has a diverse ecology, including various species that produce biofilms on abiotic and biotic surfaces. While genetic and morphological diversification enables the adaptation of multicellular communities, this area remains largely unknown in the Bacillus cereus group. In this work, we dissected the experimental evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis 407 Cry- during continuous recolonization of plastic beads. We observed the evolution of a distinct colony morphotype that we named fuzzy spreader (FS) variant. Most multicellular traits of the FS variant displayed higher competitive ability versus the ancestral strain, suggesting an important role for diversification in the adaptation of B. thuringiensis to the biofilm lifestyle. Further genetic characterization of FS variant revealed the disruption of a guanylyltransferase gene by an insertion sequence (IS) element, which could be similarly observed in the genome of a natural isolate. The evolved FS and the deletion mutant in the guanylyltransferase gene (Bt407ΔrfbM) displayed similarly altered aggregation and hydrophobicity compared to the ancestor strain, suggesting that the adaptation process highly depends on the physical adhesive forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicen Lin
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Xinming Xu
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Center, ELKH, 6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mikael Lenz Strube
- Bacterial Ecophysiology and Biotechnology Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ákos T Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Lyngby, Denmark.
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Enhancing the formation of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) biofilm and nitrogen removal performance using two-units IFFAS process filled with surface-modified carriers. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2021.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile and Whole-Genome Analysis of a Strong Biofilm-Forming Bacillus Sp. B87 Strain Isolated from Food. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10020252. [PMID: 35208707 PMCID: PMC8876208 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the Bacillus cereus group are considered to be foodborne pathogens commonly associated with diarrheal and emetic gastrointestinal syndromes. Biofilm formation is a major virulence determinant of various pathogenic bacteria, including the B. cereus strains, since it can protect the bacteria against antimicrobial agents and the host immune response. Moreover, a biofilm allows the exchange of genetic material, such as antimicrobial resistance genes, among the different bacterial strains inside the matrix. The aim of the current study was to genotypically and phenotypically characterize Bacillus sp. B87, a strain that was isolated from food and which exhibited strong biofilm-forming capacity. Based on the analysis of the phylogenetic relationship, the isolate was phylogenetically mapped close to Bacillus pacificus. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the isolate was resistant to tetracycline and β-lactam antimicrobial agents, which corresponded with the genotypic characterization using the whole-genome analysis. The genome of Bacillus sp. B87 carried the three-component non-hemolytic enterotoxin (NHE), which is a type of enterotoxin that causes diarrheal symptoms. In addition, the genome also contained several genes that participate in biofilm formation, including the pelDEADAFG operon. These findings expand our understanding of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in Bacillus species based on the link between genotypic and phenotypic characterization.
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15
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Antimicrobial Bacillus: Metabolites and Their Mode of Action. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11010088. [PMID: 35052965 PMCID: PMC8772736 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The agricultural industry utilizes antibiotic growth promoters to promote livestock growth and health. However, the World Health Organization has raised concerns over the ongoing spread of antibiotic resistance transmission in the populace, leading to its subsequent ban in several countries, especially in the European Union. These restrictions have translated into an increase in pathogenic outbreaks in the agricultural industry, highlighting the need for an economically viable, non-toxic, and renewable alternative to antibiotics in livestock. Probiotics inhibit pathogen growth, promote a beneficial microbiota, regulate the immune response of its host, enhance feed conversion to nutrients, and form biofilms that block further infection. Commonly used lactic acid bacteria probiotics are vulnerable to the harsh conditions of the upper gastrointestinal system, leading to novel research using spore-forming bacteria from the genus Bacillus. However, the exact mechanisms behind Bacillus probiotics remain unexplored. This review tackles this issue, by reporting antimicrobial compounds produced from Bacillus strains, their proposed mechanisms of action, and any gaps in the mechanism studies of these compounds. Lastly, this paper explores omics approaches to clarify the mechanisms behind Bacillus probiotics.
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Bui-Xuan D, Tang DYY, Chew KW, Nguyen TDP, Le Ho H, Tran TNT, Nguyen-Sy T, Dinh THT, Nguyen PS, Dinh TMH, Nguyen TT, Show PL. Green biorefinery: Microalgae-bacteria microbiome on tolerance investigations in plants. J Biotechnol 2022; 343:120-127. [PMID: 34896159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Co-culture of microalgae and microorganisms, supported with the resulting synergistic effects, can be used for wastewater treatment, biomass production, agricultural applications and etc. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the role of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) in tolerance against the harsh environment of seafood wastewater, at which these microalgal-bacterial flocs were formed by microalgae cultivation. In this present study, B. subtilis isolated from the cultivation medium of Chlorella vulgaris and exposed to different salinity (0.1-4% w/v sodium chloride) and various pH range to determine the tolerant ability and biofilm formation. Interestingly, this bacteria strain that isolated from microalgae cultivation medium showed the intense viability in the salt concentration exceeding up to 4% (w/v) NaCl but demonstrated the decrease in cell division as environmental culture undergoing over pH 10. Cell viability was recorded higher than 71% and 92% for B. subtilis inoculum in media with salt concentration greater than 20 gL-1 and external pH 6.5-9, respectively. This showed that B. subtilis isolated from microalgal-bacteria cocultivation exhibited its tolerant ability to survive in the extremely harsh conditions and thus, mitigating the stresses due to salinity and pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Bui-Xuan
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Technology, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang St., Danang 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Doris Ying Ying Tang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Jalan Sunsuria, Bandar Sunsuria, 43900 Sepang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
| | - Thi Dong Phuong Nguyen
- The University of Danang, University of Technology and Education, 48 Cao Thang St., Danang 550 000, Viet Nam.
| | - Han Le Ho
- Biological Resource Center/Korean Collection for Type Cultures (KCTC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeonbuk 56212, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Ngoc Thu Tran
- The University of Danang, University of Technology and Education, 48 Cao Thang St., Danang 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Toan Nguyen-Sy
- The University of Danang, University of Technology and Education, 48 Cao Thang St., Danang 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Ha Thuong Dinh
- The University of Danang, University of Science and Education, 459 Ton Duc Thang St., Danang 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Phuc Son Nguyen
- The University of Danang, University of Technology and Education, 48 Cao Thang St., Danang 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Thi My Huong Dinh
- The University of Danang, University of Technology and Education, 48 Cao Thang St., Danang 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh Thuy Nguyen
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, 01 Yecxanh St, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Filgueira D, Bolaño C, Gouveia S, Moldes D. Enzymatic Functionalization of Wood as an Antifouling Strategy against the Marine Bacterium Cobetia marina. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3795. [PMID: 34771352 PMCID: PMC8587834 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protection of wood in marine environments is a major challenge due to the high sensitivity of wood to both water and marine microorganisms. Besides, the environmental regulations are pushing the industry to develop novel effective and environmentally friendly treatments to protect wood in marine environments. The present study focused on the development of a new green methodology based on the laccase-assisted grafting of lauryl gallate (LG) onto wood to improve its marine antifouling properties. Initially, the enzymatic treatment conditions (laccase dose, time of reaction, LG concentration) and the effect of the wood specie (beech, pine, and eucalyptus) were assessed by water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The surface properties of the enzymatically modified wood veneers were assessed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Antifouling properties of the functionalized wood veneers against marine bacterium Cobetia marina were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and protein measurements. XPS and FTIR analysis suggested the stable grafting of LG onto the surface of wood veneers after laccase-assisted treatment. WCA measurements showed that the hydrophobicity of the wood veneers significantly increased after the enzymatic treatment. Protein measurements and SEM pictures showed that enzymatically-hydrophobized wood veneers modified the pattern of bacterial attachment and remarkably reduced the bacterium colonization. Thus, the results observed in the present study confirmed the potential efficiency of laccase-assisted treatments to improve the marine antifouling properties of wood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Filgueira
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario as Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.F.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
- TECNALIA, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Area Anardi 5, 20730 Azpeitia, Spain
| | - Cristian Bolaño
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario as Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.F.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Susana Gouveia
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario as Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.F.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
| | - Diego Moldes
- CINTECX, Department of Chemical Engineering, Campus Universitario as Lagoas-Marcosende, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (D.F.); (C.B.); (S.G.)
- Research Group of Bioengineering and Sustainable Processes, Department of Chemical Engineering, Edificio Fundición, Lagoas Marcosende s/n, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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Lin Y, Alstrup M, Pang JKY, Maróti G, Er-Rafik M, Tourasse N, Økstad OA, Kovács ÁT. Adaptation of Bacillus thuringiensis to Plant Colonization Affects Differentiation and Toxicity. mSystems 2021; 6:e0086421. [PMID: 34636664 PMCID: PMC8510532 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00864-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus cereus group (Bacillus cereus sensu lato) has a diverse ecology, including various species that are vertebrate or invertebrate pathogens. Few isolates from the B. cereus group have however been demonstrated to benefit plant growth. Therefore, it is crucial to explore how bacterial development and pathogenesis evolve during plant colonization. Herein, we investigated Bacillus thuringiensis (Cry-) adaptation to the colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana roots and monitored changes in cellular differentiation in experimentally evolved isolates. Isolates from two populations displayed improved iterative ecesis on roots and increased virulence against insect larvae. Molecular dissection and recreation of a causative mutation revealed the importance of a nonsense mutation in the rho transcription terminator gene. Transcriptome analysis revealed how Rho impacts various B. thuringiensis genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and virulence. Our work suggests that evolved multicellular aggregates have a fitness advantage over single cells when colonizing plants, creating a trade-off between swimming and multicellularity in evolved lineages, in addition to unrelated alterations in pathogenicity. IMPORTANCE Biologicals-based plant protection relies on the use of safe microbial strains. During application of biologicals to the rhizosphere, microbes adapt to the niche, including genetic mutations shaping the physiology of the cells. Here, the experimental evolution of Bacillus thuringiensis lacking the insecticide crystal toxins was examined on the plant root to reveal how adaptation shapes the differentiation of this bacterium. Interestingly, evolution of certain lineages led to increased hemolysis and insect larva pathogenesis in B. thuringiensis driven by transcriptional rewiring. Further, our detailed study reveals how inactivation of the transcription termination protein Rho promotes aggregation on the plant root in addition to altered differentiation and pathogenesis in B. thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yicen Lin
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Monica Alstrup
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Janet Ka Yan Pang
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gergely Maróti
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mériem Er-Rafik
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Tourasse
- Université Bordeaux, CNRS, INSERM, ARNA, UMR 5320, U1212, Bordeaux, France
| | - Ole Andreas Økstad
- Centre for Integrative Microbial Evolution, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ákos T. Kovács
- Bacterial Interactions and Evolution Group, DTU Bioengineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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20
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Liu T, Tian R, Li Q, Wu N, Quan X. Strengthened attachment of anammox bacteria on iron-based modified carrier and its effects on anammox performance in integrated floating-film activated sludge (IFFAS) process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 787:147679. [PMID: 34000539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Moving-bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) or integrated floating-film activated sludge (IFFAS) process has been proved to be one of the ideal candidates for anammox application. However, the slow development of anammox bacteria (AnAOB) biofilm and unstable bioactivity always limit their wide application. This study developed a type of novel zero-valent iron (ZVI)-based modified carrier for strengthening AnAOB attachment and enhancing anammox performance. Surface properties analysis indicated the iron-based modified carrier revealed electropositive, less hydrophobic, and higher surface free energy compared with conventional high density polyethylene (HDPE) carrier. These surface parameters were positively correlated with total biomass attachment, anammox biofilm development, EPS secretion and heme-c production. IFFAS process filled with iron-based modified carriers could keep relatively stable and high anammox activity at different influent TN loadings (varied from 0.6 to 1.4 kg/(m3∙d)) and showed potential to keep and recover AnAOB bioactivity after six-months-freeze. Microbial analysis confirmed that anammox genus, Candidatus Kuenenia, had a significant niche preference on iron-based modified carrier than conventional HDPE carrier. As a result, the population of Candidatus Kuenenia in IFFAS process filled with modified carriers that contained 2 wt% or 3 wt% ZVI was 1.34 × 106-1.55 × 106 copies/ mg DNA, increased by 20.7-39.6% comparing with that in the control reactor (1.11 × 106 copies/ mg DNA). This study demonstrated AnAOB could be enriched and maintained in situ with high abundance and bioactivity on the iron-based modified carriers, which would be significant for anammox process wide application in full-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
| | - Ruiqi Tian
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xie Quan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (Ministry of Education), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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21
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Diallyl disulfide, the antibacterial component of garlic essential oil, inhibits the toxicity of Bacillus cereus ATCC 14579 at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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22
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Radinmanesh M, Ebadifard Azar F, aghaei Hashjin A, Najafi B, Majdzadeh R. A review of appropriate indicators for need-based financial resource allocation in health systems. BMC Health Serv Res 2021; 21:674. [PMID: 34243784 PMCID: PMC8268397 DOI: 10.1186/s12913-021-06522-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Optimal, need-based, and equitable allocation of financial resources is one of the most important concerns of health systems worldwide. Fulfilling this goal requires considering various criteria when allocating resources. The present study was conducted to identify the need indicators used to allocate health resources in different countries worldwide. METHODS A systematic review conducted on all published articles and reports on the need-based allocation of health financial resources in the English language from 1990 to 2020 in databases, including PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus as well as those in Persian language databases, including magiran, SID, and Google and Google scholar search engines. After performing different stages of screening, appropriate studies were identified and their information were extracted independently by two people, which were then controlled by a third person. The extracted data were finally analyzed by content analysis method using MAXQDA 10 software. RESULT This search yielded 823 studies, of which 29 were included for the final review. The findings indicated that many need-based resource allocation formulas attempt to deal with health care needs using some weighting methods for individuals. In this regard, the most commonly used indicators were found as follows: age, gender, socio-economic status or deprivation, ethnicity, standardized mortality ratio (SMR), the modified health indicators (disease consequences, self-assessed health, and disability), geographical area / place of residence (geographical) (rural versus urban), cross-boundary flows, cost of services, and donations. CONCLUSION The indicators used in allocating the health systems' financial resources in each country should be designed in order to be simple and transparent and in accordance with the moral norms of that society. Moreover, these should be a good representative of the health needs of people in different geographical areas of that country. In addition, their related data should be available to an acceptable extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Radinmanesh
- Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farbod Ebadifard Azar
- Department of Health Economics, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Asgar aghaei Hashjin
- Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Najafi
- Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Majdzadeh
- Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Community-based Participatory Research Center and School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Lim ES, Baek SY, Oh T, Koo M, Lee JY, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Strain variation in Bacillus cereus biofilms and their susceptibility to extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245708. [PMID: 34133441 PMCID: PMC8208538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and can form biofilms on food contact surfaces, which causes food hygiene problems. While it is necessary to understand strain-dependent variation to effectively control these biofilms, strain-to-strain variation in the structure of B. cereus biofilms is poorly understood. In this study, B. cereus strains from tatsoi (BC4, BC10, and BC72) and the ATCC 10987 reference strain were incubated at 30°C to form biofilms in the presence of the extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes DNase I, proteinase K, dispase II, cellulase, amyloglucosidase, and α-amylase to assess the susceptibility to these enzymes. The four strains exhibited four different patterns in terms of biofilm susceptibility to the enzymes as well as morphology of surface-attached biofilms or suspended cell aggregates. DNase I inhibited the biofilm formation of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 but not of strains BC10 and BC72. This result suggests that some strains may not have extracellular DNA, or their extracellular DNA may be protected in their biofilms. In addition, the strains exhibited different patterns of susceptibility to protein- and carbohydrate-degrading enzymes. While other strains were resistant, strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 were susceptible to cellulase, suggesting that cellulose or its similar polysaccharides may exist and play an essential role in their biofilm formation. Our compositional and imaging analyses of strains ATCC 10987 and BC4 suggested that the physicochemical properties of their biofilms are distinct, as calculated by the carbohydrate to protein ratio. Taken together, our study suggests that the extracellular matrix of B. cereus biofilms may be highly diverse and provides insight into the diverse mechanisms of biofilm formation among B. cereus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seob Lim
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Youb Baek
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Oh
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseon Koo
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Young Lee
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HJK); (JSK)
| | - Joo-Sung Kim
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Korea University of Science and Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Research Division of Strategic Food Technology, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (HJK); (JSK)
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Prevalence, toxigenic profiles, multidrug resistance, and biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus isolated from ready-to eat cooked rice in Penang, Malaysia. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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25
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Liu T, Xu J, Tian R, Quan X. Enhanced simultaneous nitrification and denitrification via adding N-acyl-homoserine lactones (AHLs) in integrated floating fixed-film activated sludge process. Biochem Eng J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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26
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Lee N, Kim MD, Lim MC. Autoinducer-2 Could Affect Biofilm Formation by Food-Derived Bacillus cereus. Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:66-73. [PMID: 33505094 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is a foodborne pathogen and cause a frequent problem due to the biofilms forming in equipment of food production plants. Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) involved in interspecies communication, plays a role in the biofilm formation of B. cereus. In this study, biofilm formation by thirty-nine B. cereus strains isolated from foods produced in Korea was determined. To investigate the effect of AI-2 on biofilm formation by B. cereus SBC27, which had the highest biofilm-forming ability, biofilm densities formed after addition of the AI-2 from Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were analysed. As a result, it was found that the quorum sensing molecule AI-2 could induce biofilm formation by B. cereus within 24 h, but it may also inhibit biofilm formation when more AI-2 is added after 24 h. Thus, these results improve our understanding of biofilm formation by food-derived B. cereus and provide clues that could help to reduce the impact of biofilms, the biggest problem in food processing environments, which has an impact on public health as well as the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nari Lee
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Myo-Deok Kim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Cheol Lim
- Research Group of Consumer Safety, Korea Food Research Institute, 245, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55365 Republic of Korea
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27
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Wang L, Zhang K, Zhang K, Zhang J, Fu J, Li J, Wang G, Qiu Z, Wang X, Li J. Antibacterial Activity of Cinnamomum camphora Essential Oil on Escherichia coli During Planktonic Growth and Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:561002. [PMID: 33304322 PMCID: PMC7693543 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.561002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are believed to be principal virulence factors for many localized chronic infectious diseases. Escherichia coli is one of the most common microbial pathogens and frequently causes biofilm-associated opportunistic infections, such as diarrhea, endometritis and mastitis. Cinnamomum camphora essential oil (CCEO) has shown potential in treating intractable chronic endometritis in dairy cows. There is little scientific evidence regarding the effect of CCEO on bacterial biofilms. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of CCEO on E. coli biofilm formation and how CCEO affects E. coli in suspension and in a biofilm. CCEO killed all clinical E. coli strains in either planktonic or biofilm state isolated from dairy cows with clinical endometritis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 90% of the organisms was 4.297 μL/mL, the minimum bactericidal concentration for 90% of the organisms was 6.378 μL/mL, the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration for 90% of the organisms was 6.850 μL/mL, and the minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) for 90% of the organisms was 8.467 μL/mL. The MBECs were generally two times higher than the MICs. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed that significant bacterial killing occurred during the first 1 h after exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of CCEO. In addition, CCEO exerted a significant inhibitory effect on E. coli biofilm formation, and bacterial killing occurred during the first 30 min of exposure to subinhibitory biofilm concentrations of CCEO. The biofilm yield of E. coli was significantly reduced after CCEO treatment, along with an increased dead/live microbial ratio in biofilms compared with that in the non-treated control, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images and confocal laser scanning microscopy images. These data revealed that CCEO efficiently kills E. coli during planktonic growth and biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhang
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingyan Zhang
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Fu
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jie Li
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guibo Wang
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengying Qiu
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxi Li
- Key Lab of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering and Technology Research Center of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Province, Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Jessberger N, Dietrich R, Granum PE, Märtlbauer E. The Bacillus cereus Food Infection as Multifactorial Process. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E701. [PMID: 33167492 PMCID: PMC7694497 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous soil bacterium Bacillus cereus presents major challenges to food safety. It is responsible for two types of food poisoning, the emetic form due to food intoxication and the diarrheal form emerging from food infections with enteropathogenic strains, also known as toxico-infections, which are the subject of this review. The diarrheal type of food poisoning emerges after production of enterotoxins by viable bacteria in the human intestine. Basically, the manifestation of the disease is, however, the result of a multifactorial process, including B. cereus prevalence and survival in different foods, survival of the stomach passage, spore germination, motility, adhesion, and finally enterotoxin production in the intestine. Moreover, all of these processes are influenced by the consumed foodstuffs as well as the intestinal microbiota which have, therefore, to be considered for a reliable prediction of the hazardous potential of contaminated foods. Current knowledge regarding these single aspects is summarized in this review aiming for risk-oriented diagnostics for enteropathogenic B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Jessberger
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Richard Dietrich
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
| | - Per Einar Granum
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003 NMBU, 1432 Ås, Norway;
| | - Erwin Märtlbauer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Schönleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany; (R.D.); (E.M.)
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29
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Zhang P, Ding XS, Zhao B, An Q, Guo JS. Acceleration of biofilm formation in start-up of sequencing batch biofilm reactor using carriers immobilized with Pseudomonas stutzeri strain XL-2. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 314:123736. [PMID: 32619807 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
P. stutzeri strain XL-2 initially immobilized on polypropylene carriers accelerated the biofilm formation in start-up of sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) (denoted R1). The biofilm formation in R1 was approximately completed in 36 days, which was shorter than that of 48 days in an identical SBBR (denoted R2) without strain XL-2. Meanwhile, R1 presented a rapid stabilization of NH4+-N and TN removal to 81.7% and 72.4% respectively. Surface plasmon resonance demonstrated that strain XL-2 enhanced the initial adhesion of carrier surface due to the production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which made it easier for other EPS-producing strains, such as Thauera and Flavobacterium, to adhere to the carriers. PICRUSt revealed that biofilm in R1 presented relatively higher activity of EPS biosynthesis enzymes (glycosyltransferase and asparagine synthase). Thus, high EPS content was obtained due to the application of carriers immobilized with strain XL-2 and finally promoted the biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Xue Song Ding
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China.
| | - Qiang An
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
| | - Jin Song Guo
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, PR China
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30
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Huang Y, Flint SH, Palmer JS. Bacillus cereus spores and toxins – The potential role of biofilms. Food Microbiol 2020; 90:103493. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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31
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(-)-Tetrahydroberberrubine∙acetate accelerates antioxidant potential and inhibits food associated Bacillus cereus in rice. Food Chem 2020; 339:127902. [PMID: 32920304 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A protoberberine alkaloid, (-)-tetrahydroberberrubine∙acetate (THBA) was assessed for its antioxidant potential and ability to inhibit the growth of a food hazard bacterium Bacillus cereus in vitro and in situ. THBA displayed significant and dose-dependent cellular antioxidant potential against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells and decreased the ROS levels as well as increased the expression levels of SOD1 and SOD2 enzymes. The inhibitory spectrum of THBA confirmed its mechanistic role in the disruption of the membrane integrity of B. cereus as evidenced by the results of time-inactivation, cell membrane integrity, NPN membrane uptake, membrane potential, and electron microscopy analyses. Moreover, THBA inhibited biofilm formation by B. cereus and disrupted pre-established biofilms on a glass surface. Furthermore, THBA was also able to inhibit B. cereus in raw rice with a significant amount of reduction in CFU counts, suggesting its potential role as a natural antioxidant and antimicrobial agent.
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32
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Fathima A, Manikandamathavan VM, Jonnalagadda RR, Unni Nair B. Chromium-catechin complex, synthesis and toxicity check using bacterial models. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04563. [PMID: 32793825 PMCID: PMC7415841 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromium-catechin complex was synthesized by reacting [Cr(H2O)6]2+ (hexa-aqua) with catechin as a ligand. Toxicity studies were carried out for the complex using bacterial models for safer application of this complex in the future as a drug. Chromium-catechin complex was characterized using ESI Mass spectrometry, electronic spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The complex was found mildly inhibitory towards B. subtilis with the mode of action being oxidative damage, targeting cell membrane. The complex was supportive towards E. coli, which was evident from the growth profile and inhibition studies. SEM analysis supported the results of membrane integrity studies, where the bacterial liposomes upon treatment with the complex revealed slight morphological changes in the case of B. subtilis, without any change in the case of E. coli. The toxicity studies on chromium-catechin complex using bacterial model saves time, as well as resources by providing quick and reliable results, which could ease up the work to be done in future with higher group of organisms like animal model. Therefore, in the future, this complex can be used as an antidiabetic drug after performing toxicity studies with animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafreen Fathima
- Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | | | - Raghava Rao Jonnalagadda
- Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - Balachandran Unni Nair
- Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) - Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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33
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Chen S, Dong B, Yang D, Li N, Dai X. Micron-sized silica particles in wastewater influenced the distribution of organic matters in sludge and their anaerobic degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122340. [PMID: 32213426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The influence of micron-sized silica particles on the distribution of organic matters in sludge and anaerobic degradation of macromolecular organic components (MOCs) in sludge was investigated. With the addition of micron-sized particles in the influent (VS/TS decreased gradually from 90.46 ± 0.21 % to 33.36 ± 0.17 %), the protein degradation percentage was significantly promoted while the polysaccharides degradation percentage was largely inhibited, resulting in the total MOCs degradation and methane production increasing firstly (with the promotion extent within 10 %) and then declining slightly, with the peak value at VS/TS of 56.03 ± 0.21 %. The shifted degradation percentage of protein and polysaccharides were caused by the significant changed distribution of organic matters in sludge. With the addition of micron-sized silica particles, the MW of EPS and secondary structure of protein in EPS changed little, which brought about little influence. While, the promoted extracellular protein content (so that the total protein content) and declined extracellular carbohydrates content (so that the total polysaccharides content), were found to be strongly correlated to the enhanced protein degradation and inhibited polysaccharides degradation. The results suggested that large amounts of grit in sludge might not be the main reason for lower degradability of sewage sludge in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Bin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Dianhai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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34
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Mielcarek A, Rodziewicz J, Janczukowicz W, Struk-Sokołowska J. The impact of biodegradable carbon sources on nutrients removal in post-denitrification biofilm reactors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137377. [PMID: 32143032 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater from households wastewater treatment plants (HWWTP) is discharged to the ground or to the surface waters. Special consideration should be given to the improvement of HWWTP effectiveness, particularly in relation to nutrients. The addition of biodegradable carbon sources to biofilm reactor, can enhance microbial activity but may also lead to filling clogging. The study aimed to compare 3 different organic substrates: acetic acid (commonly applied)and two untypical - citric acid and waste beer, under the same operational conditions in a post-denitrification biofilm reactor. The study investigated the impact of a type of organic substrate, low pH and time on: (1) biofilm growth, (2) the characteristics of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), (3) the kinetics of nutrients removal and (4) reactor clogging. Results were referred to (5) the effectiveness of nutrients removal. The study demonstrated that low pH assured the development of a thinbiofilm. Citric acid ensured the lowest biomass volume, being by 53% lower than in the reactor with acetic acid and by as much as 61% lower than in the reactor with waste beer. The soluble EPS fraction prevailed in the total EPS in all reactors. The content of the tightly bound EPS fraction ranged from 26.93% (citric acid) to 36.32% (waste beer). Investigations showed also a high ratio of exoproteins to polysaccharide in all fractions, which indicated a significant role of proteins in developing a highly-proliferating biofilm. The treated wastewater met requirements of Polish regulations concerning COD and nitrogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Mielcarek
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Joanna Rodziewicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Wojciech Janczukowicz
- University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Environment Engineering, Warszawska St. 117a, Olsztyn 10-719, Poland.
| | - Joanna Struk-Sokołowska
- Bialystok University of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering Technology, Wiejska St. 45E, Bialystok 15-351, Poland.
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35
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Lianou A, Nychas GJE, Koutsoumanis KP. Strain variability in biofilm formation: A food safety and quality perspective. Food Res Int 2020; 137:109424. [PMID: 33233106 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The inherent differences in microbial behavior among identically treated strains of the same microbial species, referred to as "strain variability", are regarded as an important source of variability in microbiological studies. Biofilms are defined as the structured multicellular communities with complex architecture that enable microorganisms to grow adhered to abiotic or living surfaces and constitute a fundamental aspect of microbial ecology. The research studies assessing the strain variability in biofilm formation are relatively few compared to the ones evaluating other aspects of microbial behavior such as virulence, growth and stress resistance. Among the available research data on intra-species variability in biofilm formation, compiled and discussed in the present review, most of them refer to foodborne pathogens as compared to spoilage microorganisms. Molecular and physiological aspects of biofilm formation potentially related to strain-specific responses, as well as information on the characterization and quantitative description of this type of biological variability are presented and discussed. Despite the considerable amount of available information on the strain variability in biofilm formation, there are certain data gaps and still-existing challenges that future research should cover and address. Current and future advances in systems biology and omics technologies are expected to aid significantly in the explanation of phenotypic strain variability, including biofilm formation variability, allowing for its integration in microbiological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lianou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - George-John E Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens 11855, Greece
| | - Konstantinos P Koutsoumanis
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.
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36
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Li W, Wang JJ, Qian H, Tan L, Zhang Z, Liu H, Pan Y, Zhao Y. Insights Into the Role of Extracellular DNA and Extracellular Proteins in Biofilm Formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:813. [PMID: 32508761 PMCID: PMC7248202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) construct the three-dimensional (3-D) structure of biofilms, but their respective roles are still not clear. Therefore, this study aimed to illuminate the role of key chemical components [extracellular DNA (eDNA), extracellular proteins, and carbohydrates] of EPS in biofilm formation of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The correlations between each key chemical component and biofilm formation were first determined, showing that the biofilm formation of V. parahaemolyticus was strongly positively correlated with both eDNA and protein content (P < 0.01), but not with carbohydrates. Subsequently, individual DNase I or protease K treatment markedly reduced the initial adhesion and structural stability of the formed biofilms by hydrolyzing the eDNA or extracellular proteins, but did not induce significant dispersion of mature biofilms. However, the combination of DNase I and protease K treatment induced the obvious dispersion of the mature biofilms through the concurrent destruction of eDNA and extracellular proteins. The analysis at a structural level showed that the collapse of biofilms was mainly attributed to the great damage of the loop configuration of eDNA and the secondary structure of proteins caused by the enzyme treatment. Therefore, this study provides a deep understanding of the role of key chemical components of EPS in biofilm development of V. parahaemolyticus, which may give a new strategy to develop environmentally friendly methods to eradicate the biofilms in food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Jing Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Qian
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Tan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaohuan Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiquan Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China.,Engineering Research Center of Food Thermal-Processing Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingjie Pan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquatic-Product Processing and Preservation, Shanghai, China
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37
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Yuan S, Meng F. Ecological insights into the underlying evolutionary patterns of biofilm formation from biological wastewater treatment systems: Red or Black Queen Hypothesis? Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:1270-1280. [PMID: 31994719 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interspecies interactions and phylogenetic distances were studied to reveal the underlying evolutionary adaptations of biofilms sourced from wastewater treatment processes. Based on 380 pairwise cocultures of 40 strains from two microbial aggregates (surface-attached and mobile aggregates [flocs]) at two substrate concentrations (LB broth and 0.1× LB broth), interspecies interactions were explored using biofilm classification schemes. There was a strong source-dependence of biofilm development formed by the monocultures, that is, a higher biofilm formation potential for strains from attached aggregates than for those from sludge flocs at both substrate concentrations. Interestingly, the results showed that total biofilm reduction was dominant in the dual-species biofilm sourced from flocs in both LB broth (67.37%) and 0.1× LB broth (64.21%), indicating high interspecific competition in mobile aggregates and the independence of substrate concentrations. However, biofilm reduction was higher (33.68%) than induction (19.37%) for the biofilms formed by surface-attached aggregates in LB broth, while the opposite trend was apparent in 0.1× LB broth, suggesting the occurrence of indeterministic processes for biofilm formation and important roles of substrate concentrations. In addition, the more closely related phylogenetic relationships of cocultures from mobile aggregates were consistent with higher competition compared with those from surface-attached aggregates. Overall, the underlying evolutionary patterns of biofilms formed from mobile aggregates consistently followed the essence of the "Red Queen Hypothesis," while biofilms developed from surface-attached aggregates were not deterministic. This study advanced our understanding of biofilm-related treatment processes using the principles of microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasha Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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38
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Salt Tolerance Mechanism and Species Identification of the Plant Rhizosphere Bacterium JYZ-SD2. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:388-395. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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39
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Raut MP, Couto N, Karunakaran E, Biggs CA, Wright PC. Deciphering the unique cellulose degradation mechanism of the ruminal bacterium Fibrobacter succinogenes S85. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16542. [PMID: 31719545 PMCID: PMC6851124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52675-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrobacter succinogenes S85, isolated from the rumen of herbivores, is capable of robust lignocellulose degradation. However, the mechanism by which it achieves this is not fully elucidated. In this study, we have undertaken the most comprehensive quantitative proteomic analysis, to date, of the changes in the cell envelope protein profile of F. succinogenes S85 in response to growth on cellulose. Our results indicate that the cell envelope proteome undergoes extensive rearrangements to accommodate the cellulolytic degradation machinery, as well as associated proteins involved in adhesion to cellulose and transport and metabolism of cellulolytic products. Molecular features of the lignocellulolytic enzymes suggest that the Type IX secretion system is involved in the translocation of these enzymes to the cell envelope. Finally, we demonstrate, for the first time, that cyclic-di-GMP may play a role in mediating catabolite repression, thereby facilitating the expression of proteins involved in the adhesion to lignocellulose and subsequent lignocellulose degradation and utilisation. Understanding the fundamental aspects of lignocellulose degradation in F. succinogenes will aid the development of advanced lignocellulosic biofuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra P Raut
- The ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Narciso Couto
- The ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.,Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Esther Karunakaran
- The ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Catherine A Biggs
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Phillip C Wright
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science, Agriculture & Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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40
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Role of extracellular polymeric substances in biofilm formation by Pseudomonas stutzeri strain XL-2. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:9169-9180. [PMID: 31673743 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10188-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas stutzeri strain XL-2 exhibited significant performance on biofilm formation. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted by strain XL-2 were characterized by colorimetry and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The biofilm growth showed a strong positive correlation (rP=0.96, P<0.01) to extracellular protein content, but no correlation to exopolysaccharide content. Hydrolyzing the biofilm with proteinase K caused a significant decrease in biofilm growth (t=3.7, P<0.05), whereas the changes in biofilm growth were not significant when the biofilm was hydrolyzed by α-amylase and β-amylase, implying that proteins rather than polysaccharides played the dominant role in biofilm formation. More specifically, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed that the extracellular proteins were tightly bound to the cells, resulting in the cells with EPS presenting more biofilm promotion protein secondary structures, such as three-turn helices, β-sheet, and α-helices, than cells without EPS. Both bio-assays and quantitative analysis demonstrated that strain XL-2 produced signal molecules of N-acylhomoserine lactones (AHLs) during biofilm formation process. The concentrations of C6-HLS and C6-oxo-HLS were both significantly positively correlated with protein contents (P<0.05). Dosing exogenous C6-HLS and C6-oxo-HLS also resulted in the increase in protein content. Therefore, it was speculated that C6-HLS and C6-oxo-HLS released by strain XL-2 could up-regulate the secretion of proteins in EPS, and thus promote the formation of biofilm.
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41
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Isolation and Molecular Identification of Bacterial Strains to Study Biofilm Formation and Heavy Metals Resistance in Saudi Arabia. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.13.1.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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42
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Inactivation kinetics of slightly acidic electrolyzed water combined with benzalkonium chloride and mild heat treatment on vegetative cells, spores, and biofilms of Bacillus cereus. Food Res Int 2019; 116:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of biofilm formation of emetic toxin producing Bacillus cereus strains. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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44
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Antibacterial and anti-adhesive efficiency of Pediococcus acidilactici against foodborne biofilm producer Bacillus cereus attached on different food processing surfaces. Food Sci Biotechnol 2018; 28:841-850. [PMID: 31093442 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-018-0518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the biofilm formation by Bacillus cereus on two novel surfaces namely: aluminum and cold steel in comparison study with stainless steel and polystyrene. Also, it aimed to study the inhibitory effect of a new strain Pediococcus acidilactici against biofilm formation by B. cereus grown on these surfaces. In this study, B. cereus M50 isolated from milky machine surface was selected as the highest biofilm producer. The number of M50 cells adhered to aluminum and stainless steel surfaces were more than that adhered to polystyrene and cold steel, respectively. The antimicrobial, anti-adhesive and SEM studies revealed that the P. acidilactici P12 culture and its cell free filtrate showed a significant potential inhibition of biofilm formation of M50 on all tested surfaces under different conditions. These results demonstrated that P. acidilactici strain are considered a new biotreatment for biofilm destruction of food borne pathogens, food biopreservation and food safety.
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45
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Kang J, Liu L, Wu X, Sun Y, Liu Z. Effect of thyme essential oil against Bacillus cereus planktonic growth and biofilm formation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:10209-10218. [PMID: 30288586 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9401-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of thyme essential oil (TEO) on the planktonic growth and biofilm formation of Bacillus cereus (B. cereus). GC-MS analysis of TEO allowed the detection of 13 compounds, and the major constituents were p-cymene (29.7%), thymol (23.73%), γ-terpinene (16.21%), and 1,8-cineole (9.74%). TEO exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value against planktonic B. cereus of 0.25 mg/mL. The potent effect of TEO to inhibit the growth of planktonic B. cereus was due to cell membrane damage, as evidenced by reduced cell viability, protein changes, decreased intracellular ATP concentration, increased extracellular ATP concentration and cell membrane depolarization, and cellular morphological changes. In addition, TEO exerted a significant inhibitory effect on B. cereus biofilm formation, as confirmed by environmental scanning electron microscopic images. These findings suggested that TEO has the potential to be developed as a natural food additive to control foodborne contamination associated with B. cereus and its biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamu Kang
- College of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Liu Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuyang Sun
- College of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zifei Liu
- College of Food Engineering and Nutrition Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, Shaanxi, China
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46
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Fluorescein Diacetate Hydrolysis Using the Whole Biofilm as a Sensitive Tool to Evaluate the Physiological State of Immobilized Bacterial Cells. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8100434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the increasing interest and the use of immobilized biocatalysts in bioremediation studies, there is a need for the development of an assay for quick and reliable measurements of their overall enzymatic activity. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis is a widely used assay for measuring total enzymatic activity (TEA) in various environmental samples or in monoculture researches. However, standard FDA assays for TEA measurements in immobilized samples include performing an assay on cells detached from the carrier. This causes an error, because it is not possible to release all cells from the carrier without affecting their metabolic activity. In this study, we developed and optimized a procedure for TEA quantification in the whole biofilm formed on the carrier without disturbing it. The optimized method involves pre-incubation of immobilized carrier in phosphate buffer (pH 7.6) on the orbital shaker for 15 min, slow injection of FDA directly into the middle of the immobilized carrier, and incubation on the orbital shaker (130 rpm, 30 °C) for 1 h. Biofilm dry mass was obtained by comparing the dried weight of the immobilized carrier with that of the unimmobilized carrier. The improved protocol provides a simple, quick, and more reliable quantification of TEA during the development of immobilized biocatalysts compared to the original method.
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47
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Jun JY, Jung MJ, Jeong IH, Yamazaki K, Kawai Y, Kim BM. Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae against Dental Plaque Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E301. [PMID: 30150576 PMCID: PMC6165115 DOI: 10.3390/md16090301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental plaque biofilms cause various dental diseases; therefore, inhibiting the growths of the dental plaque bacteria which produce biofilms can be a strategy for preventing dental disease. Certain sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae exert antimicrobial activities against human bacterial pathogens in addition to their physiological benefits. On the basis of these observations, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of sulfated polysaccharides from different marine algae were evaluated against dental plaque bacteria. Among the sulfated polysaccharides, a fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus showed notable antimicrobial activities against the selected dental plaque bacteria, including some foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were of 125 to 1000 µg mL-1. Regarding the antibiofilm activity, the fucoidan at the concentrations of above 250 µg mL-1 completely suppressed the biofilm formations and planktonic cell growths of Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus. However, no eliminative effect on the completed biofilm was observed. The fucoidan consisted of almost fucose base polysaccharide containing approximately 14.0% sulfate content. The average molecular weight of the fucoidan was changed by heat treatment (121 °C for 15 min) and it affected the antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Young Jun
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gangneung 25440, Korea.
| | - Min-Jeong Jung
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gangneung 25440, Korea.
| | - In-Hak Jeong
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, Korea.
| | - Koji Yamazaki
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Yuji Kawai
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hakodate 041-8611, Japan.
| | - Byoung-Mok Kim
- Division of Strategic Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Gangneung 25440, Korea.
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48
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Ren LY, Hong ZN, Qian W, Li JY, Xu RK. Adsorption mechanism of extracellular polymeric substances from two bacteria on Ultisol and Alfisol. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:39-49. [PMID: 29471126 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to identify the capacity and mechanism of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) adsorption on soil colloids of Alfisol and Ultisol at different pH and ionic strengths. Two kinds of EPS were extracted from Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens by centrifugation, and their adsorption on Ultisol and Alfisol was investigated using a batch adsorption experiment and attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). The average diameter of EPS from B. subtilis and P. fluorescens was 1825 and 1288 nm, respectively, and both the EPS were negatively charged. The zeta potentials of the two EPS became more negative with increasing solution pH from 3 to 8 and less negative with increasing ionic strength from 0 to 80 mM. The maximum adsorption capacity of EPS-C and EPS-N on Alfisol was higher than that on Ultisol, whereas the maximum adsorption capacity of EPS-P on Alfisol was lower than that on Ultisol. The adsorption of EPS-C, EPS-N, and EPS-P of both the EPS on Ultisol and Alfisol decreased with increasing solution pH from 3 to 8. Adsorption of EPS-C, EPS-N, and EPS-P of both the EPS on Alfisol significantly increased with increasing ionic strength from 0 to 10 mM, whereas it remained constant, slightly increased, or reduced, when the ionic strength was increased from 10 to 80 mM. The adsorption of EPS-C, EPS-N, and EPS-P on Ultisol slightly increased with increasing ionic strength from 0 to 80 mM. Saturation coverage determined by ATR-FTIR showed that adsorption of whole EPS on Ultisol was higher than that on Alfisol at pH 6 after 60 min. Thus, electrostatic force between EPS and soil colloids played an important role in EPS adsorption. Besides, proteins and phosphate groups in EPS also contributed to EPS adsorption on soil colloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ying Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Resources and Environment, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Zhi-Neng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wei Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jiu-Yu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ren-Kou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Okshevsky M, Louw MG, Lamela EO, Nilsson M, Tolker‐Nielsen T, Meyer RL. A transposon mutant library of Bacillus cereus ATCC 10987 reveals novel genes required for biofilm formation and implicates motility as an important factor for pellicle-biofilm formation. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00552. [PMID: 29164822 PMCID: PMC5911993 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus cereus is one of the most common opportunistic pathogens causing foodborne illness, as well as a common source of contamination in the dairy industry. B. cereus can form robust biofilms on food processing surfaces, resulting in food contamination due to shedding of cells and spores. Despite the medical and industrial relevance of this species, the genetic basis of biofilm formation in B. cereus is not well studied. In order to identify genes required for biofilm formation in this bacterium, we created a library of 5000 + transposon mutants of the biofilm-forming strain B. cereusATCC 10987, using an unbiased mariner transposon approach. The mutant library was screened for the ability to form a pellicle biofilm at the air-media interface, as well as a submerged biofilm at the solid-media interface. A total of 91 genes were identified as essential for biofilm formation. These genes encode functions such as chemotaxis, amino acid metabolism and cellular repair mechanisms, and include numerous genes not previously known to be required for biofilm formation. Although the majority of disrupted genes are not directly responsible for motility, further investigations revealed that the vast majority of the biofilm-deficient mutants were also motility impaired. This observation implicates motility as a pivotal factor in the formation of a biofilm by B. cereus. These results expand our knowledge of the fundamental molecular mechanisms of biofilm formation by B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Okshevsky
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience CenterAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
| | | | | | - Martin Nilsson
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Tim Tolker‐Nielsen
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Rikke Louise Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience CenterAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
- Department of BioscienceAarhus UniversityAarhusDenmark
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50
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Fathima A, Rao JR. Is Cr(III) toxic to bacteria: toxicity studies using Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli as model organism. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:453-462. [PMID: 29189889 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1444-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work is to detect the mode of damage caused by Cr(III), one of the widely used industrial pollutant on Bacillus subtilis-industrial strain 168 and Escherichia coli MTCC 40. Bioassays are very sensitive, precise, economical and rapid for detecting early stages of pollution. The detrimental effect of trivalent chromium becomes clear from the growth profile and growth inhibition studies. Mode of action of damage by trivalent chromium in bacterial model was found to be oxidative, as chromium is one of the redox active metals. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulted in membrane damage which in turn had a detrimental effect on the membrane proteins as well as the DNA. The structural changes in the SEM and AFM images clearly reveals the damage caused by Cr(III) to the test bacterial models. Trivalent chromium causes greater DNA, protein and membrane damage in case of E. coli than B. subtilis. Membrane damage caused by ROS becomes evident from the production of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) as the mechanism of killing followed by DNA damage and the production of elevated levels of stress proteins known as extracellular cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafreen Fathima
- Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India
| | - Jonnalagadda Raghava Rao
- Chemical Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), Adyar, Chennai, 600 020, India.
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