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Zbesko JC, Stokes J, Becktel DA, Doyle KP. Targeting foam cell formation to improve recovery from ischemic stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106130. [PMID: 37068641 PMCID: PMC10993857 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a crucial part of the healing process after an ischemic stroke and is required to restore tissue homeostasis. However, the inflammatory response to stroke also worsens neurodegeneration and creates a tissue environment that is unfavorable to regeneration for several months, thereby postponing recovery. In animal models, inflammation can also contribute to the development of delayed cognitive deficits. Myeloid cells that take on a foamy appearance are one of the most prominent immune cell types within chronic stroke infarcts. Emerging evidence indicates that they form as a result of mechanisms of myelin lipid clearance becoming overwhelmed, and that they are a key driver of the chronic inflammatory response to stroke. Therefore, targeting lipid accumulation in foam cells may be a promising strategy for improving recovery. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of current knowledge regarding inflammation and foam cell formation in the brain in the weeks and months following ischemic stroke and identify targets that may be amenable to therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Zbesko
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States
| | - Jessica Stokes
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arizona, United States
| | | | - Kristian P Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona, United States; Departments of Neurology, Neurosurgery, Psychology, Arizona Center on Aging, and the BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, United States.
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2
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Mashiko S, Shihab RR, See SB, Schahadat LGZ, Aguiar TFM, Roy P, Porcheray F, Zorn E. Broad responses to chemical adducts shape the natural antibody repertoire in early infancy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eade8872. [PMID: 37172087 PMCID: PMC10181178 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural antibodies are an integral part of innate humoral immunity yet their development and polyreactive nature are still enigmatic. Here, we show that characteristic monoclonal natural antibodies recognize common chemical moieties or adducts, supporting the view that polyreactive antibodies may often correspond to anti-adduct antibodies. We next examined the development of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG to 81 ubiquitous adducts from birth to old age. Newborn IgM only reacted to a limited number of consensus determinants. This highly restricted neonatal repertoire abruptly diversified around 6 months of age through the development of antibodies to environmental antigens and age-driven epigenetic modifications. In contrast, the IgG repertoire was diverse across the entire life span. Our studies reveal an unrecognized component of humoral immunity directed to common adducts. These findings set the ground for further investigations into the role of anti-adduct B cell responses in homeostatic functions and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Mashiko
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronzon R Shihab
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah B See
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca G Z Schahadat
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Talita F M Aguiar
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Poulomi Roy
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fabrice Porcheray
- Transplant Center, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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3
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Luo L, Duan C, Shen J, Wang Z. Application of germline antibody features to vaccine development, antibody discovery, antibody optimization and disease diagnosis. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108143. [PMID: 37023966 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the efficacy and commercial success of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies have been tremendous, designing and discovering new drug candidates remains a labor-, time- and cost-intensive endeavor with high risks. The main challenges of vaccine development are inducing a strong immune response in broad populations and providing effective prevention against a group of highly variable pathogens. Meanwhile, antibody discovery faces several great obstacles, especially the blindness in antibody screening and the unpredictability of the developability and druggability of antibody drugs. These challenges are largely due to poorly understanding of germline antibodies and the antibody responses to pathogen invasions. Thanks to the recent developments in high-throughput sequencing and structural biology, we have gained insight into the germline immunoglobulin (Ig) genes and germline antibodies and then the germline antibody features associated with antigens and disease manifestation. In this review, we firstly outline the broad associations between germline antibodies and antigens. Moreover, we comprehensively review the recent applications of antigen-specific germline antibody features, physicochemical properties-associated germline antibody features, and disease manifestation-associated germline antibody features on vaccine development, antibody discovery, antibody optimization, and disease diagnosis. Lastly, we discuss the bottlenecks and perspectives of current and potential applications of germline antibody features in the biotechnology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changfei Duan
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Webster SE, Tsuji NL, Clemente MJ, Holodick NE. Age-related changes in antigen-specific natural antibodies are influenced by sex. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1047297. [PMID: 36713434 PMCID: PMC9878317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1047297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Natural antibody (NAb) derived from CD5+ B-1 cells maintains tissue homeostasis, controls inflammation, aids in establishing long-term protective responses against pathogens, and provides immediate protection from infection. CD5+ B-1 cell NAbs recognize evolutionarily fixed epitopes, such as phosphatidylcholine (PtC), found on bacteria and senescent red blood cells. Anti-PtC antibodies are essential in protection against bacterial sepsis. CD5+ B-1 cell-derived NAbs have a unique germline-like structure that lacks N-additions, a feature critical for providing protection against infection. Previously, we demonstrated the repertoire and germline status of PtC+CD5+ B-1 cell IgM obtained from male mice changes with age depending on the anatomical location of the B-1 cells. More recently, we demonstrated serum antibody from aged female mice maintains protection against pneumococcal infection, whereas serum antibody from male mice does not provide protection. Results Here, we show that aged female mice have significantly more splenic PtC+CD5+ B-1 cells and more PtC specific serum IgM than aged male mice. Furthermore, we find both age and biological sex related repertoire differences when comparing B cell receptor (BCR) sequencing results of PtC+CD5+ B-1 cells. While BCR germline status of PtC+CD5+ B-1 cells from aged male and female mice is similar in the peritoneal cavity, it differs significantly in the spleen, where aged females retain germline configuration and aged males do not. Nucleic acid sensing toll-like receptors are critical in the maintenance of PtC+ B-1 cells; therefore, to begin to understand the mechanism of differences observed between the male and female PtC+CD5+ B-1 cell repertoire, we analyzed levels of cell-free nucleic acids and found increases in aged females. Conclusion Our results suggest the antigenic milieu differs between aged males and females, leading to differential selection of antigen-specific B-1 cells over time. Further elucidation of how biological sex differences influence the maintenance of B-1 cells within the aging environment will be essential to understand sex and age-related disparities in the susceptibility to bacterial infection and will aid in the development of more effective vaccination and/or therapeutic strategies specific for males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Webster
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Naomi L. Tsuji
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Michael J. Clemente
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core, Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nichol E. Holodick
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
- Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core, Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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5
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Webster SE, Vos D, Rothstein TL, Holodick NE. Modulation of microbiome diversity and cytokine expression is influenced in a sex-dependent manner during aging. FRONTIERS IN MICROBIOMES 2022; 1:994464. [PMID: 37426084 PMCID: PMC10328149 DOI: 10.3389/frmbi.2022.994464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome and immune system have a unique interplay, which influences homeostasis within the organism. Both the microbiome and immune system play important roles in health and diseases of the aged including development of cancer, autoimmune disorders, and susceptibility to infection. Various groups have demonstrated divergent changes in the gut microbiota during aging, yet the compounding factor of biological sex within the context of aging remains incompletely understood, and little is known about the effect of housing location in the composition of gut microbiota in the context of both sex and age. To better understand the roles of sex, aging, and location in influencing the gut microbiome, we obtained normal healthy BALB/cByJ mice from a single source and aged male and female mice in two different geographical locations. The 16S rRNA was analyzed from fecal samples of these mice and cytokine levels were measured from serum.16S rRNA microbiome analysis indicated that both age and sex play a role in microbiome composition, whereas location plays a lesser role in the diversity present. Interestingly, microbiome changes occurred with alterations in serum expression of several different cytokines including IL-10 and IL-6, which were also both differentially regulated in context to sex and aging. We found both IL-10 and IL-6 play a role in the constitutive expression of pSTAT-3 in CD5+ B-1 cells, which are known to regulate the microbiome. Additionally, significant correlations were found between cytokine expression and significantly abundant microbes. Based on these results, we conclude aging mice undergo sex-associated alterations in the gut microbiome and have a distinct cytokine profile. Further, there is significant interplay between B-1 cells and the microbiome which is influenced by aging in a sex-dependent manner. Together, these results illustrate the complex interrelationship among sex, aging, immunity, housing location, and the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Webster
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Duncan Vos
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatics, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Thomas L. Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Nichol E. Holodick
- Center for Immunobiology, Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
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6
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Plantone D, Pardini M, Locci S, Nobili F, De Stefano N. B Lymphocytes in Alzheimer's Disease-A Comprehensive Review. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 88:1241-1262. [PMID: 35754274 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents the most common type of neurodegenerative dementia and is characterized by extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, pathologic intracellular tau protein tangles, and neuronal loss. Increasing evidence has been accumulating over the past years, supporting a pivotal role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of AD. Microglia, monocytes, astrocytes, and neurons have been shown to play a major role in AD-associated inflammation. However recent studies showed that the role of both T and B lymphocytes may be important. In particular, B lymphocytes are the cornerstone of humoral immunity, they constitute a heterogenous population of immune cells, being their mature subsets significantly impacted by the inflammatory milieu. The role of B lymphocytes on AD pathogenesis is gaining interest for several reasons. Indeed, the majority of elderly people develop the process of "inflammaging", which is characterized by increased blood levels of proinflammatory molecules associated with an elevated susceptibility to chronic diseases. Epitope-specific alteration pattern of naturally occurring antibodies targeting the amino-terminus and the mid-domain of Aβ in both plasma and cerebrospinal fluid has been described in AD patients. Moreover, a possible therapeutic role of B lymphocytes depletion was recently demonstrated in murine AD models. Interestingly, active immunization against Aβ and tau, one of the main therapeutic strategies under investigation, depend on B lymphocytes. Finally. several molecules being tested in AD clinical trials can modify the homeostasis of B cells. This review summarizes the evidence supporting the role of B lymphocytes in AD from the pathogenesis to the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Plantone
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Matteo Pardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Locci
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Flavio Nobili
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genova, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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7
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Webster SE, Ryali B, Clemente MJ, Tsuji NL, Holodick NE. Sex Influences Age-Related Changes in Natural Antibodies and CD5 + B-1 Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1755-1771. [PMID: 35256511 PMCID: PMC8976758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Natural Abs are primarily produced by B-1 cells and are essential for protection against Streptococcus pneumoniae The incidence and mortality rate for pneumococcal infection increases dramatically after age 65, disproportionately affecting males in both human and murine systems. To date, there is a significant gap in our understanding of the relationship among sex, aging, natural IgM efficacy, and the natural IgM repertoire. Our investigation demonstrates that the protective capacity of serum IgM against pneumococcal infection is maintained in IgM obtained from aged female mice but absent in IgM from aged male mice. To understand this difference in protective capacity, we examined serum Ig, discovering that the protective change was not associated with shifts in levels of phosphorylcholine (PC)- or pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide serotype 3-specific IgM. Interestingly, we observed that aged females have an increase in the total number of CD5+ B-1 cells, higher serum IL-5 levels, and a larger percentage of aged female CD5+ B-1 cells that express CD86 as compared with aged males. Furthermore, single-cell IgM repertoire analysis from peritoneal PC+, splenic PC+, and bone marrow CD5+ B-1 cell subsets demonstrated greater diversity with age and a higher level of germline status in female mice than previously observed in studies of aged male mice. Aged female CD5+ B-1 cells also expressed higher levels of transcripts associated with cell activity and self-renewal, such as Nanog and Hmga2 Taken together, these data indicate that females maintain a more diverse and active CD5+ B-1 cell pool and natural IgM repertoire, which has implications for sex-related susceptibility to infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Webster
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI.,Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Brinda Ryali
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI.,Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI.,Department of Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL; and
| | - Michael J Clemente
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI.,Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI.,Flow Cytometry and Imaging Core, Western Michigan Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Naomi L Tsuji
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI.,Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
| | - Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI; .,Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI
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8
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Lorey MB, Öörni K, Kovanen PT. Modified Lipoproteins Induce Arterial Wall Inflammation During Atherogenesis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:841545. [PMID: 35310965 PMCID: PMC8927694 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.841545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins, notably the low-density lipoproteins, enter the inner layer of the arterial wall, the intima, where a fraction of them is retained and modified by proteases, lipases, and oxidizing agents and enzymes. The modified lipoproteins and various modification products, such as fatty acids, ceramides, lysophospholipids, and oxidized lipids induce inflammatory reactions in the macrophages and the covering endothelial cells, initiating an increased leukocyte diapedesis. Lipolysis of the lipoproteins also induces the formation of cholesterol crystals with strong proinflammatory properties. Modified and aggregated lipoproteins, cholesterol crystals, and lipoproteins isolated from human atherosclerotic lesions, all can activate macrophages and thereby induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and enzymes. The extent of lipoprotein retention, modification, and aggregation have been shown to depend largely on differences in the composition of the circulating lipoprotein particles. These properties can be modified by pharmacological means, and thereby provide opportunities for clinical interventions regarding the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina B. Lorey
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katariina Öörni
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- *Correspondence: Katariina Öörni
| | - Petri T. Kovanen
- Atherosclerosis Research Laboratory, Wihuri Research Institute, Helsinki, Finland
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9
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Siddiqui SM, Bowman KA, Zhu AL, Fischinger S, Beger S, Maron JS, Bartsch YC, Atyeo C, Gorman MJ, Yanis A, Hultquist JF, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Ozer EA, Simons LM, Talj R, Rankin DA, Chapman L, Meade K, Steinhart J, Mullane S, Siebert S, Streeck H, Sabeti P, Halasa N, Musk ER, Barouch DH, Menon AS, Nilles EJ, Lauffenburger DA, Alter G. Serological Markers of SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection. mBio 2022; 13:e0214121. [PMID: 35073738 PMCID: PMC8787477 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02141-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As public health guidelines throughout the world have relaxed in response to vaccination campaigns against SARS-CoV-2, it is likely that SARS-CoV-2 will remain endemic, fueled by the rise of more infectious SARS-CoV-2 variants. Moreover, in the setting of waning natural and vaccine immunity, reinfections have emerged across the globe, even among previously infected and vaccinated individuals. As such, the ability to detect reexposure to and reinfection by SARS-CoV-2 is a key component for global protection against this virus and, more importantly, against the potential emergence of vaccine escape mutations. Accordingly, there is a strong and continued need for the development and deployment of simple methods to detect emerging hot spots of reinfection to inform targeted pandemic response and containment, including targeted and specific deployment of vaccine booster campaigns. In this study, we identify simple, rapid immune biomarkers of reinfection in rhesus macaques, including IgG3 antibody levels against nucleocapsid and FcγR2A receptor binding activity of anti-RBD antibodies, that are recapitulated in human reinfection cases. As such, this cross-species analysis underscores the potential utility of simple antibody titers and function as price-effective and scalable markers of reinfection to provide increased resolution and resilience against new outbreaks. IMPORTANCE As public health and social distancing guidelines loosen in the setting of waning global natural and vaccine immunity, a deeper understanding of the immunological response to reexposure and reinfection to this highly contagious pathogen is necessary to maintain public health. Viral sequencing analysis provides a robust but unrealistic means to monitor reinfection globally. The identification of scalable pathogen-specific biomarkers of reexposure and reinfection, however, could significantly accelerate our capacity to monitor the spread of the virus through naive and experienced hosts, providing key insights into mechanisms of disease attenuation. Using a nonhuman primate model of controlled SARS-CoV-2 reexposure, we deeply probed the humoral immune response following rechallenge with various doses of viral inocula. We identified virus-specific humoral biomarkers of reinfection, with significant increases in antibody titer and function upon rechallenge across a range of humoral features, including IgG1 to the receptor binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 (RBD), IgG3 to the nucleocapsid protein (N), and FcγR2A receptor binding to anti-RBD antibodies. These features not only differentiated primary infection from reexposure and reinfection in monkeys but also were recapitulated in a sequencing-confirmed reinfection patient and in a cohort of putatively reinfected humans that evolved a PCR-positive test in spite of preexisting seropositivity. As such, this cross-species analysis using a controlled primate model and human cohorts reveals increases in antibody titers as promising cross-validated serological markers of reinfection and reexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameed M. Siddiqui
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathryn A. Bowman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alex L. Zhu
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- PhD Program in Immunology and Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Samuel Beger
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, USA
| | - Jenny S. Maron
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yannic C. Bartsch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- PhD Program in Virology, Division of Medical Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Matthew J. Gorman
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ahmad Yanis
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Egon A. Ozer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Lacy M. Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rana Talj
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Danielle A. Rankin
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology PhD Program, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lindsay Chapman
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, USA
| | - Kyle Meade
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, USA
| | - Jordan Steinhart
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, USA
| | - Sean Mullane
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, USA
| | - Suzanne Siebert
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, USA
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Pardis Sabeti
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Natasha Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elon R. Musk
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anil S. Menon
- Space Exploration Technologies Corp., Hawthorne, California, USA
| | - Eric J. Nilles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Douglas A. Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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10
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Yang Y, Li X, Ma Z, Wang C, Yang Q, Byrne-Steele M, Hong R, Min Q, Zhou G, Cheng Y, Qin G, Youngyunpipatkul JV, Wing JB, Sakaguchi S, Toonstra C, Wang LX, Vilches-Moure JG, Wang D, Snyder MP, Wang JY, Han J, Herzenberg LA. CTLA-4 expression by B-1a B cells is essential for immune tolerance. Nat Commun 2021; 12:525. [PMID: 33483505 PMCID: PMC7822855 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20874-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CTLA-4 is an important regulator of T-cell function. Here, we report that expression of this immune-regulator in mouse B-1a cells has a critical function in maintaining self-tolerance by regulating these early-developing B cells that express a repertoire enriched for auto-reactivity. Selective deletion of CTLA-4 from B cells results in mice that spontaneously develop autoantibodies, T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and germinal centers (GCs) in the spleen, and autoimmune pathology later in life. This impaired immune homeostasis results from B-1a cell dysfunction upon loss of CTLA-4. Therefore, CTLA-4-deficient B-1a cells up-regulate epigenetic and transcriptional activation programs and show increased self-replenishment. These activated cells further internalize surface IgM, differentiate into antigen-presenting cells and, when reconstituted in normal IgH-allotype congenic recipient mice, induce GCs and Tfh cells expressing a highly selected repertoire. These findings show that CTLA-4 regulation of B-1a cells is a crucial immune-regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Xiao Li
- The Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhihai Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Rongjian Hong
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gao Zhou
- The Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yong Cheng
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Guang Qin
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - James B Wing
- Laboratory of Human Immunology (Single Cell Immunology), World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shimon Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, World Premier International Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Christian Toonstra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jose G Vilches-Moure
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Denong Wang
- Tumor Glycomics Laboratory, SRI International Biosciences Division, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Michael P Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Jian Han
- iRepertoire Inc, Huntsville, AL, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
| | - Leonore A Herzenberg
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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11
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Endo R, Uchiyama K, Lim SY, Itakura M, Adachi T, Uchida K. Recognition of acrolein-specific epitopes by B cell receptors triggers an innate immune response. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100648. [PMID: 33839149 PMCID: PMC8121969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural antibodies, predominantly immunoglobulin M (IgM), play an important role in the defense against pathogens and in maintaining homeostasis against oxidized molecules known as oxidation-specific epitopes, such as those contained in oxidized low-density lipoproteins. However, owing to the complexity of the oxidized products, very few individual epitopes have been characterized in detail. In the present study, to identify endogenous sources of oxidation-specific epitopes, we stimulated mouse spleen and peritoneal cavity (PerC) cells in vitro with bovine serum albumin modified with a variety of lipid peroxidation-related carbonyl compounds and identified the acrolein-modified bovine serum albumin as the most efficient trigger studied for the production of IgM in PerC cells. The acrolein-specific epitopes accelerated the differentiation of B-1a cells, a fetal-derived B cell lineage, to plasma cells. In addition, acrolein-modified bovine serum albumin was specifically bound to B-1a cells, suggesting the presence of an acrolein-specific IgM-B cell receptor (BCR). A hybridoma, RE-G25, producing an acrolein-specific IgM, was established from the PerC cells and was indeed identified as a population of B cells expressing a specific IgM-BCR. In addition, we analyzed the BCR repertoire of acrolein-specific B cells and identified the most frequent IgM heavy chain gene segments of the B cells. These data established the presence of innate B cells expressing the acrolein-specific BCR and suggested that in addition to our understanding of acrolein as a toxic aldehyde, it may play a role as a trigger of the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryunosuke Endo
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Uchiyama
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sei-Young Lim
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masanori Itakura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Adachi
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, CREST, Tokyo, Japan.
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12
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Simeonova D, Stoyanov D, Leunis JC, Murdjeva M, Maes M. Construction of a nitro-oxidative stress-driven, mechanistic model of mood disorders: A nomothetic network approach. Nitric Oxide 2020; 106:45-54. [PMID: 33186727 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is accompanied by increased IgM-mediated autoimmune responses to oxidative specific epitopes (OSEs) and nitric oxide (NO)-adducts. These responses were not examined in bipolar disorder type 1 (BP1) and BP2. IgM responses to malondialdehyde (MDA), phosphatidinylinositol, oleic acid, azelaic acid, and NO-adducts were determined in 35 healthy controls, and 47 major depressed (MDD), 29 BP1, and 25 BP2 patients. We also measured serum peroxides, IgG to oxidized LDL (oxLDL), and IgM/IgA directed to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IgM responses to OSEs and NO-adducts (OSENO) were significantly higher in MDD and BP1 as compared with controls, and IgM to OSEs higher in MDD than in BP2. Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis showed that 57.7% of the variance in the clinical phenome of mood disorders was explained by number of episodes, a latent vector extracted from IgM to OSENO, IgG to oxLDL, and peroxides. There were significant specific indirect effects of IgA/IgM to LPS on the clinical phenome, which were mediated by peroxides, IgM OSENO, and IgG oxLDL. Using PLS we have constructed a data-driven nomothetic network which ensembled causome (increased plasma LPS load), adverse outcome pathways (namely neuro-affective toxicity), and clinical phenome features of mood disorders in a data-driven model. Based on those feature sets, cluster analysis discovered a new diagnostic class characterized by increased plasma LPS load, peroxides, autoimmune responses to OSENO, and increased phenome scores. Using the new nomothetic network approach, we constructed a mechanistically transdiagnostic diagnostic class indicating neuro-affective toxicity in 74.3% of the mood disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denitsa Simeonova
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Drozdstoy Stoyanov
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Marianna Murdjeva
- Research Institute, Medical University, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Section of Immunological Assessment of Chronic Stress, Technological Center of Emergency Medicine, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Impact Research Center, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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13
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Tsuji N, Rothstein TL, Holodick NE. Antigen Receptor Specificity and Cell Location Influence the Diversification and Selection of the B-1a Cell Pool with Age. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:741-759. [PMID: 32561570 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1901302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
B-1a cells provide immediate and essential protection from infection through production of natural Ig, which is germline-like due to minimal insertion of N region additions. We have previously demonstrated peritoneal B-1a cell-derived phosphorylcholine-specific and total IgM moves away from germline (as evidenced by an increase in N-additions) with age as a result of selection. In young mice, anti-phosphatidylcholine Abs, like anti-phosphorylcholine Abs, contain few N-additions, and have been shown to be essential in protection from bacterial sepsis. In this study, we demonstrate the germline-like status of phosphatidylcholine (PtC)-specific (PtC+) peritoneal B-1a cell IgM does not change with age. In direct contrast, the splenic PtC+ B-1a cell population does not preserve its IgM germline status in the aged mice. Furthermore, splenic PtC+ B-1a cells displayed more diverse variable gene segments of the H chain (VH) use in both the young and aged mice as compared with peritoneal PtC+ B-1a cells. Whereas the peritoneal PtC+ population increased VH12 use with age, we observed differential use of VH11, VH12, and VH2 between the peritoneal and splenic PtC+ populations with age. These results suggest disparate selection pressures occur with age upon B-1a cells expressing different specificities in distinct locations. Overall, these results illuminate the need to further elucidate how B-1a cells are influenced over time in terms of production and selection, both of which contribute to the actual and available natural IgM repertoire with increasing age. Such studies would aid in the development of more effective vaccination and therapeutic strategies in the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tsuji
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007; and Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007; and Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
| | - Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007; and Department of Investigative Medicine, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI 49007
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The long-term effect of immune tolerance has not been explored so far in atherosclerosis. In the present study, we assessed the effect of mucosal tolerance to a multi antigenic construct expressing three peptides from ApoB, HSP60, and outer membrane protein from Chlamydia pneumonia (AHC) for 30 weeks at every 6-week interval to understand the kinetics of immune modulation in disease progression. The safety profile of the molecule was also evaluated in mice. METHODS Apobtm2SgyLdlrtm1Her/J mice (5-6 weeks) were orally dosed with multi antigenic construct (AHC) molecule on alternate days, followed by high-fat diet feeding to initiate atherosclerosis. RESULTS Treated animals showed an efficient reduction in plaque growth and lipid accumulation at 6 weeks (49%, p < 0.01) and 12 weeks (42.3%, p < 0.01) which decreased to 29% (p = 0.0001) at 18 weeks and at later time points. Macrophage accumulation was significantly lower at all time points (53% at 12 weeks to 27% at 30 weeks). Regulatory T cells increased in the spleen following treatment until 12 weeks (week 0 (2.57 ± 0.18 vs. 6.36 ± 0.03, p = 0.02), week 6 (4.52 ± 0.2 vs. 8.87 ± 0.32, p = 0.02), and week 12 (8.74 ± 0.37 vs. 15.4 ± 0.27, p = 0.02)) but showed a decline later. A similar trend was observed with tolerogenic dendritic cells. We observed an increase in antibody levels to low-density lipoprotein and oxidized LDL at later stages. AHC molecule was found to be safe in acute and repeated dose toxicity studies. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that immune tolerance to AHC protein by oral administration is able to provide efficient atheroprotection up to 18 weeks and moderately at later stages. Apart from immune regulatory cells, protective antibodies may also have a role in controlling atherosclerosis.
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15
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Amirfakhryan H. Vaccination against atherosclerosis: An overview. Hellenic J Cardiol 2020; 61:78-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hjc.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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16
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Wang Y, Liu J, Burrows PD, Wang JY. B Cell Development and Maturation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1254:1-22. [PMID: 32323265 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3532-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since the identification of B cells in 1965 (Cooper et al. 1965), three has been tremendous progress in our understanding of B cell development, maturation and function. A number of B cell subpopulations, including B-1, B-2 and regulatory B cells, have been identified. B-1 cells mainly originate from the fetal liver and contain B-1a and B-1b subsets. B-2 cells are derived from the bone marrow (BM) and can be further classified into follicular B (FOB) and marginal zone B (MZB) cells. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) function to suppress immune responses, primarily by production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. B cell tolerance is established at several checkpoints, during B cell development in the BM (central tolerance) as well as during B cell maturation and activation in the periphery (peripheral tolerance). This chapter will focus on the regulation of important processes during the development and maturation of B-1 and B-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peter D Burrows
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Cherepanova OA, Srikakulapu P, Greene ES, Chaklader M, Haskins RM, McCanna ME, Bandyopadhyay S, Ban B, Leitinger N, McNamara CA, Owens GK. Novel Autoimmune IgM Antibody Attenuates Atherosclerosis in IgM Deficient Low-Fat Diet-Fed, but Not Western Diet-Fed Apoe-/- Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:206-219. [PMID: 31645128 PMCID: PMC7006879 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidized phospholipids (OxPL), such as the oxidized derivatives of 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, and 1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, have been shown to be the principal biologically active components of minimally oxidized LDL (low-density lipoprotein). The role of OxPL in cardiovascular diseases is well recognized, including activation of inflammation within vascular cells. Atherosclerotic Apoe-/- mice fed a high-fat diet develop antibodies to OxPL, and hybridoma B-cell lines producing natural anti-OxPL autoantibodies have been successfully generated and characterized. However, as yet, no studies have been reported demonstrating that treatment with OxPL neutralizing antibodies can be used to prevent or reverse advanced atherosclerosis. Approach and Results: Here, using a screening against 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine/1-palmitoyl-2-glutaroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, we generated a novel IgM autoantibody, 10C12, from the spleens of Apoe-/- mice fed a long-term Western diet, that demonstrated potent OxPL neutralizing activity in vitro and the ability to inhibit macrophage accumulation within arteries of Apoe-/- mice fed a Western diet for 4 weeks. Of interest, 10C12 failed to inhibit atherosclerosis progression in Apoe-/- mice treated between 18 and 26 weeks of Western diet feeding likely due at least in part to high levels of endogenous anti-OxPL antibodies. However, 10C12 treatment caused a 40% decrease in lipid accumulation within aortas of secreted IgM deficient, sIgM-/-Apoe-/-, mice fed a low-fat diet, when the antibody was administrated between 32-40 weeks of age. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results provide direct evidence showing that treatment with a single autoimmune anti-OxPL IgM antibody during advanced disease stages can have an atheroprotective outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga A. Cherepanova
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth S. Greene
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Malay Chaklader
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA
| | - Ryan M. Haskins
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mary E. McCanna
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Smarajit Bandyopadhyay
- Molecular Biotechnology Core, Research Core Services, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, USA
| | - Bhupal Ban
- Antibody Engineering and Technology Core, University of Virginia, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, USA
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, USA
| | - Norbert Leitinger
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Gary K. Owens
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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18
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Aghebati T, Arabsalmani M, Mohammadpour AH, Afshar M, Jaafari MR, Abnous K, Nazemi S, Badiee A. Development of an effective liposomal cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) vaccine for protecting against atherosclerosis in rabbit model. Pharm Dev Technol 2019; 25:432-439. [PMID: 31852350 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2019.1706181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Clinical trials of cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) peptide vaccine were stopped after disappointing results in humans due to the inadequacy of adjuvant aluminum hydroxide in stimulating the immune response against the self-antigen of CETP. To increase the efficacy of the CETP vaccine, we developed a novel liposomal form of tetanus toxoid-CETP (TT-CETP) peptide (Lip CETP) with well-characterized properties and high encapsulation efficiency. The vaccine efficacy against atherosclerosis was evaluated in rabbits challenged with a high cholesterol diet. Rabbits were immunized with Lip-CETP or liposome containing CETP with CpG ODN (Lip CETP/CpG). Control groups received empty liposomes or buffer. Anti-TT-CETP specific antibodies in serum were determined and gene expression of cytokine IFN-γ and IL-4 were measured in blood peripheral mononuclear cells. Therapeutic response was evaluated by titration of plasma lipoproteins during the study and pathologic analysis of aorta atherosclerotic lesions at the end. Lip-CETP/CpG elicited strong anti-TT-CETP antibodies and a higher IFN-γ level than the buffer. IL-4 was lower than the buffer in all vaccinated groups. Plasma lipoproteins showed no significant difference in the studied groups. Atherosclerosis thickness grade of the aorta was lower than the buffer group (p < 0.001) in rabbits vaccinated with Lip-CETP but not with Lip-CETP/CpG. In conclusion, Lip-CETP showed a strong atheroprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Aghebati
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Arabsalmani
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Department of Pharmacodynamy and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Afshar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.,Medical Toxicology Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeed Nazemi
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Razavi Hospital, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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19
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The Role of Immune Regulatory Cells in Nontraumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Retrospective Clinical Study. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:1302015. [PMID: 31828086 PMCID: PMC6886356 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1302015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The immunologic factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis. We aimed to investigate the potential role of immune regulatory cells in the development of osteonecrosis of femoral head (ONFH). Sixty-seven patients diagnosed with ONFH and fifty-eight age-, height-, and weight-matched healthy subjects were included in this retrospective study between September 2015 and September 2018. The flow cytometry was used to test the count, percentage, and ratio of T and B lymphocyte subsets in peripheral blood. The T and B lymphocyte levels were compared among different ARCO stages, CJFH types, and etiology groups. The total lymphocyte count, CD3+T cells, Ts cells (CD3+CD8+), B-1 cell count, and B-1 cells (CD5+CD19+) were significantly higher in the patients with ONFH than those in the control subjects. The percentage of T lymphocytes in the patients with ARCO IV stage was significantly smaller than that in the ONFH patients with ARCO II and III stages. The percentage of inhibitory T lymphocytes in patients with CJFH type L3 was significantly smaller than that in the patients with types L1 and L2. In terms of the different ONFH etiologies, the total lymphocyte count and Ts cells (CD3+CD8+) were significantly lower in the ONFH patients induced by excessive alcohol intake than those in the idiopathic ONFH patients. Our results seem to indicate that immune regulatory cells, such as T and B lymphocytes, play an important role in the pathogenesis of ONFH. The development and progression of ONFH may be associated with immune system imbalance.
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20
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Blandino R, Baumgarth N. Secreted IgM: New tricks for an old molecule. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 106:1021-1034. [PMID: 31302940 PMCID: PMC6803036 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3ri0519-161r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted IgM (sIgM) is a multifunctional evolutionary conserved antibody that is critical for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis as well as the development of fully protective humoral responses to pathogens. Constitutive secretion of self- and polyreactive natural IgM, produced mainly by B-1 cells, provides a circulating antibody that engages with autoantigens as well as invading pathogens, removing apoptotic and other cell debris and initiating strong immune responses. Pathogen-induced IgM production by B-1 and conventional B-2 cells strengthens this early, passive layer of IgM-mediated immune defense and regulates subsequent IgG production. The varied effects of secreted IgM on immune homeostasis and immune defense are facilitated through its binding to numerous different cell types via different receptors. Recent studies identified a novel function for pentameric IgM, namely as a transporter for the effector protein ″apoptosis-inhibitor of macrophages″ (AIM/CD5L). This review aims to provide a summary of the known functions and effects of sIgM on immune homeostasis and immune defense, and its interaction with its various receptors, and to highlight the many critical immune regulatory functions of this ancient and fascinating immunoglobulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Blandino
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
- Center for Comparative Medicine and University of California, Davis
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis
- Center for Comparative Medicine and University of California, Davis
- Dept. Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, Davis
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21
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Emerging role of innate B1 cells in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and neuroimmune diseases: Association with inflammation, oxidative and nitrosative stress and autoimmune responses. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104408. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Li S, Liu J, Min Q, Ikawa T, Yasuda S, Yang Y, Wang YQ, Tsubata T, Zhao Y, Wang JY. Kelch-like protein 14 promotes B-1a but suppresses B-1b cell development. Int Immunol 2019; 30:311-318. [PMID: 29939266 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxy033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 cells are innate-like B-cell population and produce natural antibodies that contribute to the first line of host defense. There are two subsets of B-1 cells: B-1a and B-1b. B-1a cells are the main producer of poly-reactive and autoreactive natural IgM antibodies, whereas B-1b cells can respond specifically to T-cell-independent antigens. Despite the functional significance of B-1a and B-1b cells, little information is available about what regulates the development of these two subsets. We found that Kelch-like protein 14 (KLHL14) was expressed at high levels in B cells but only at low levels in a few non-lymphoid tissues. Although mice lacking KLHL14 died right after birth, the heterozygotes developed normally with no gross abnormalities by appearance. B-cell development in the bone marrow and maturation and activation in the spleen were not affected in the heterozygous mice. However, the number of peritoneal B-1a cells was significantly reduced while B-1b cells were increased in Klhl14 heterozygous mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Consistently, Rag1-/- mice reconstituted with Klhl14-/- fetal liver cells had a more severe reduction of B-1a and an increase of B-1b cells in the peritoneal cavity. KLHL14 did not affect the turnover or apoptosis of B-1a and B-1b cells in vivo. Moreover, Klhl14-/- fetal liver contained a similar proportion and absolute numbers of the B-1 progenitor cells as did WT fetal liver. These results suggest that KLHL14 promotes B-1a development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyin Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Min
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tomokatsu Ikawa
- Laboratory for Immune Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Shoya Yasuda
- Department of Computational Intelligence and Systems Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yan-Qing Wang
- Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Takeshi Tsubata
- Department of Immunology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of AgroBiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yang Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Integrative Medicine and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Fudan Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Zorn E. New insights on innate B-cell immunity in transplantation. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12417. [PMID: 29913034 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Innate B cells and natural antibodies (Nabs) have been extensively studied in normal physiological conditions as well as in several diseases. However, their significance in the context of ABO-compatible solid organ transplantation is only emerging. This review summarizes recent studies exploring these often neglected innate immune elements in situations related to sensitization and clinical graft rejection. A focus is placed on class-switched IgG Nabs that develop amidst inflammation, rather than IgM Nabs abundant at the steady state, as new evidence point to their implication in serum reactivity to HLA and kidney graft failure. The involvement of innate B cells in the pathophysiology of CAV is also presented. Lastly, we discuss key questions that need answering to understand whether and how innate B-cell immunity contributes to the outcome of solid organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Zorn
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Ordoñez C, Savage HP, Tarajia M, Rivera R, Weeks‐Galindo C, Sambrano D, Riley L, Fernandez PL, Baumgarth N, Goodridge A. Both B-1a and B-1b cells exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipids differentiate into IgM antibody-secreting cells. Immunology 2018; 154:613-623. [PMID: 29455451 PMCID: PMC6050208 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The cellular immune response to mycobacteria has been characterized extensively, but the antibody response remains underexplored. The present study aimed to examine whether host or bacterial phospholipids induce secretion of IgM, and specifically anti-phospholipid IgM, antibodies by B cells and to identify the responsible B-cell subset. Here we show that peritoneal B cells responded to lipid antigens by secreting IgM antibodies. Specifically, stimulation with M. tuberculosis H37Rv total lipids resulted in significant induction of total and anti-phosphatidylcholine IgM. Similarly, IgM antibody production increased significantly with stimulation by whole Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin. The B-1 subset was the dominant source of IgM antibodies after exposure to cardiolipin. Both CD5+ B-1a and CD5- B-1b cell subsets secreted total IgM antibodies after exposure to M. tuberculosis H37Rv total lipids in vitro. Overall, our results suggest that the poly-reactive B-1 cell repertoire contributes to non-specific anti-phospholipid IgM antibody secretion in response to M. tuberculosis lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Ordoñez
- Tuberculosis Biomarker Research UnitCentro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades‐Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)CIUDAD DEL SABERClaytonPanama
- Department of BiotechnologyAcharya Nargajuna UniversityGunturIndia
| | - Hannah P. Savage
- Graduate Group in ImmunologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Musharaf Tarajia
- Tuberculosis Biomarker Research UnitCentro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades‐Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)CIUDAD DEL SABERClaytonPanama
- Department of BiotechnologyAcharya Nargajuna UniversityGunturIndia
| | - René Rivera
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades‐Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)CIUDAD DEL SABERClaytonPanama
| | - Cheyenne Weeks‐Galindo
- Tuberculosis Biomarker Research UnitCentro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades‐Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)CIUDAD DEL SABERClaytonPanama
- Sentara RMH Medical CenterHarrisonburgVAUSA
| | - Dilcia Sambrano
- Tuberculosis Biomarker Research UnitCentro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades‐Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)CIUDAD DEL SABERClaytonPanama
| | - Lee Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and VaccinologySchool of Public HealthUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyCAUSA
| | - Patricia L. Fernandez
- Centro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades‐Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)CIUDAD DEL SABERClaytonPanama
| | - Nicole Baumgarth
- Graduate Group in ImmunologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
- Center for Comparative MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and ImmunologyUniversity of CaliforniaDavisCAUSA
| | - Amador Goodridge
- Tuberculosis Biomarker Research UnitCentro de Biología Molecular y Celular de Enfermedades‐Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT‐AIP)CIUDAD DEL SABERClaytonPanama
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25
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Hernandez AM, Holodick NE. Editorial: Natural Antibodies in Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1795. [PMID: 29326696 PMCID: PMC5733483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Hernandez
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
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26
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Azzam KM, Madenspacher JH, Cain DW, Lai L, Gowdy KM, Rai P, Janardhan K, Clayton N, Cunningham W, Jensen H, Patel PS, Kearney JF, Taylor GA, Fessler MB. Irgm1 coordinately regulates autoimmunity and host defense at select mucosal surfaces. JCI Insight 2017; 2:91914. [PMID: 28814662 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.91914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of primary Sjogren's syndrome (SS), an autoimmune disease that targets the mucosa of exocrine tissues, is poorly understood. Although several mouse models have been developed that display features of SS, most of these are within the larger context of a lupus-like presentation. Immunity-related GTPase family M protein 1 (Irgm1) is an interferon-inducible cytoplasmic GTPase that is reported to regulate autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis. Here, we report that naive Irgm1-/- mice display lymphocytic infiltration of multiple mucosal tissues including the lung in a manner reminiscent of SS, together with IgA class-predominant autoantibodies including anti-Ro and anti-La. This phenotype persists in the germ-free state, but is abolished by deletion of Irgm3. Irgm1-/- mice have increased local production in the lung of TECP15-idiotype IgA, a natural antibody with dual reactivity against host and pneumococcal phosphorylcholine. Associated with this, Irgm1-/- mice display enhanced opsonization and clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the lung and increased survival from pneumococcal pneumonia. Taken together, our results identify Irgm1 as a master regulator of mucosal immunity that dually modulates evolutionarily conserved self- and other-directed immune responses at the interface of host with environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Derek W Cain
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lihua Lai
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory and
| | - Kymberly M Gowdy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Prashant Rai
- Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Laboratory and
| | - Kyathanahalli Janardhan
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.,Integrated Laboratory Systems, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Natasha Clayton
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Willie Cunningham
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heather Jensen
- Cellular & Molecular Pathology Branch, National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Preeyam S Patel
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John F Kearney
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory A Taylor
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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27
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McKay JT, Haro MA, Daly CA, Yammani RD, Pang B, Swords WE, Haas KM. PD-L2 Regulates B-1 Cell Antibody Production against Phosphorylcholine through an IL-5-Dependent Mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2020-2029. [PMID: 28768724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B-1 cells produce natural Abs which provide an integral first line of defense against pathogens while also performing important homeostatic housekeeping functions. In this study, we demonstrate that programmed cell death 1 ligand 2 (PD-L2) regulates the production of natural Abs against phosphorylcholine (PC). Naive PD-L2-deficient (PD-L2-/-) mice produced significantly more PC-reactive IgM and IgA. This afforded PD-L2-/- mice with selectively enhanced protection against PC-expressing nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, but not PC-negative nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae, relative to wild-type mice. PD-L2-/- mice had significantly increased PC-specific CD138+ splenic plasmablasts bearing a B-1a phenotype, and produced PC-reactive Abs largely of the T15 Id. Importantly, PC-reactive B-1 cells expressed PD-L2 and irradiated chimeras demonstrated that B cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression regulated PC-specific Ab production. In addition to increased PC-specific IgM, naive PD-L2-/- mice and irradiated chimeras reconstituted with PD-L2-/- B cells had significantly higher levels of IL-5, a potent stimulator of B-1 cell Ab production. PD-L2 mAb blockade of wild-type B-1 cells in culture significantly increased CD138 and Blimp1 expression and PC-specific IgM, but did not affect proliferation. PD-L2 mAb blockade significantly increased IL-5+ T cells in culture. Both IL-5 neutralization and STAT5 inhibition blunted the effects of PD-L2 mAb blockade on B-1 cells. Thus, B-1 cell-intrinsic PD-L2 expression inhibits IL-5 production by T cells and thereby limits natural Ab production by B-1 cells. These findings have broad implications for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at altering natural Ab levels critical for protection against infectious disease, autoimmunity, allergy, cancer, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome T McKay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Marcela A Haro
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Christina A Daly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rama D Yammani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Bing Pang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - W Edward Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
| | - Karen M Haas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157
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28
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Holodick NE, Rodríguez-Zhurbenko N, Hernández AM. Defining Natural Antibodies. Front Immunol 2017; 8:872. [PMID: 28798747 PMCID: PMC5526850 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional definition of natural antibodies (NAbs) states that these antibodies are present prior to the body encountering cognate antigen, providing a first line of defense against infection thereby, allowing time for a specific antibody response to be mounted. The literature has a seemingly common definition of NAbs; however, as our knowledge of antibodies and B cells is refined, re-evaluation of the common definition of Nabs may be required. Defining Nabs becomes important as the function of NAb production is used to define B cell subsets (1) and as these important molecules are shown to play numerous roles in the immune system (Figure 1). Herein, we aim to briefly summarize our current knowledge of NAbs in the context of initiating a discussion within the field of how such an important and multifaceted group of molecules should be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Nely Rodríguez-Zhurbenko
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
| | - Ana María Hernández
- Natural Antibodies Group, Tumor Immunology Division, Center of Molecular Immunology, Havana, Cuba
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29
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El Bannoudi H, Anquetil C, Braunstein MJ, Pond SLK, Silverman GJ. Unbiased RACE-Based Massive Parallel Surveys of Human IgA Antibody Repertoires. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1643:45-73. [PMID: 28667529 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7180-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
For investigations of human B-cell receptor (BCR) repertoires, we have developed a protocol for large-scale surveys of human antibody heavy chain (VH) rearrangements. Here we study IgA repertoires, as more IgA antibodies are synthesized in the human body on a daily level than all other isotypes combined. In fact, IgA is secreted at all mucosal surfaces, and it is also secreted in the perspiration that coats our cutaneous surfaces. In these studies we can characterize the IgA clonal diversity of B-cell populations obtained from any donor. To recover representative repertoire libraries, we make our libraries from antibody gene transcript templates (i.e., cDNA), as these are closer reflections of the immune repertoire expressed at the antibody protein level. To avoid biases potentially introduced by upstream oligonucleotide primers that hybridize to variable region framework regions, our approach also uses rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) of antibody transcripts. For exploration of human IgA responses, we have designed a duplexing antisense constant region primer that efficiently amplifies, side-by-side, heavy chain transcripts of both the IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses. By these methods we have begun to define the molecular differences in the IgA1 and IgA2 responses occurring simultaneously in different donors. These methods will be used to investigate the effects of microbial virulence factors on host defenses, during autoimmune responses, and in B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanane El Bannoudi
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 450 E. 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Céline Anquetil
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 450 E. 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Marc J Braunstein
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, 450 E. 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Gregg J Silverman
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, 8th Floor, Rm 804, 450 E. 29th Street, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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30
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Khodabandehlou K, Masehi-Lano JJ, Poon C, Wang J, Chung EJ. Targeting cell adhesion molecules with nanoparticles using in vivo and flow-based in vitro models of atherosclerosis. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2017; 242:799-812. [PMID: 28195515 DOI: 10.1177/1535370217693116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide; in addition to lipid dysfunction, chronic arterial wall inflammation is a key component of atherosclerosis. Techniques that target cell adhesion molecules, which are overexpressed during inflammation, are effective methods to detect and treat atherosclerosis. Specifically, research groups have identified vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule, and selectins (E-selectin and P-selectin) as correlated to atherogenesis. In this review, we discuss recent strategies both in vivo and in vitro that target cell adhesion molecules. First, we discuss peptide-based and antibody (Ab)-based nanoparticles utilized in vivo for diagnostic, therapeutic, and theranostic applications. Second, we discuss flow-based in vitro models that serve to reduce the traditional disadvantages of in vivo studies such as variability, time to develop the disease, and ethical burden, but preserve physiological relevance. The knowledge gained from these targeting studies can be translated into clinical solutions for improved detection, prevention, and treatment of atherosclerosis. Impact statement As atherosclerosis remains the leading cause of death, there is an urgent need to develop better tools for treatment of the disease. The ability to improve current treatments relies on enhancing the accuracy of in vitro and in vivo atherosclerotic models. While in vivo models provide all the relevant testing parameters, variability between animals and among models used is a barrier to reproducible results and comparability of NP efficacy. In vitro cultures isolate cells into microenvironments that fail to take into account flow separation and shear stress, which are characteristics of atherosclerotic lesions. Flow-based in vitro models provide more physiologically relevant platforms, bridging the gap between in vivo and 2D in vitro models. This is the first review that presents recent advances regarding endothelial cell-targeting using adhesion molecules in light of in vivo and flow-based in vitro models, providing insights for future development of optimal strategies against atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Khodabandehlou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jacqueline J Masehi-Lano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Christopher Poon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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31
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Morris G, Berk M, Klein H, Walder K, Galecki P, Maes M. Nitrosative Stress, Hypernitrosylation, and Autoimmune Responses to Nitrosylated Proteins: New Pathways in Neuroprogressive Disorders Including Depression and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4271-4291. [PMID: 27339878 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide plays an indispensable role in modulating cellular signaling and redox pathways. This role is mainly effected by the readily reversible nitrosylation of selective protein cysteine thiols. The reversibility and sophistication of this signaling system is enabled and regulated by a number of enzymes which form part of the thioredoxin, glutathione, and pyridoxine antioxidant systems. Increases in nitric oxide levels initially lead to a defensive increase in the number of nitrosylated proteins in an effort to preserve their function. However, in an environment of chronic oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), nitrosylation of crucial cysteine groups within key enzymes of the thioredoxin, glutathione, and pyridoxine systems leads to their inactivation thereby disabling denitrosylation and transnitrosylation and subsequently a state described as "hypernitrosylation." This state leads to the development of pathology in multiple domains such as the inhibition of enzymes of the electron transport chain, decreased mitochondrial function, and altered conformation of proteins and amino acids leading to loss of immune tolerance and development of autoimmunity. Hypernitrosylation also leads to altered function or inactivation of proteins involved in the regulation of apoptosis, autophagy, proteomic degradation, transcription factor activity, immune-inflammatory pathways, energy production, and neural function and survival. Hypernitrosylation, as a consequence of chronically elevated O&NS and activated immune-inflammatory pathways, can explain many characteristic abnormalities observed in neuroprogressive disease including major depression and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. In those disorders, increased bacterial translocation may drive hypernitrosylation and autoimmune responses against nitrosylated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Tir Na Nog, Bryn Road seaside 87, Llanelli, SA152LW, Wales, UK
| | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, P.O. Box 291, Geelong, 3220, Australia
- Orygen Youth Health Research Centre and the Centre of Youth Mental Health, Poplar Road 35, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- The Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Kenneth Myer Building, Royal Parade 30, Parkville, 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Level 1 North, Main Block, Parkville, 3052, Australia
| | - Hans Klein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, UMCG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ken Walder
- Metabolic Research Unit, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, Australia
| | - Piotr Galecki
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- Revitalis, Waalre, The Netherlands.
- IMPACT Strategic Research Center, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
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32
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Holodick NE, Vizconde T, Hopkins TJ, Rothstein TL. Age-Related Decline in Natural IgM Function: Diversification and Selection of the B-1a Cell Pool with Age. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4348-57. [PMID: 27183643 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of pneumonia, which claims the lives of people over the age of 65 y seven times more frequently than those aged 5-49 y. B-1a cells provide immediate and essential protection from S. pneumoniae through production of natural Ig, which has minimal insertion of N-region additions added by the enzyme TdT. In experiments with SCID mice infected with S. pneumoniae, we found passive transfer of IgG-depleted serum from aged (18-24 mo old) mice had no effect whereas IgG-depleted serum from young (3 mo old) mice was protective. This suggests protective natural IgM changes with age. Using single cell PCR we found N-region addition, which is initially low in fetal-derived B-1a cell IgM developing in the absence of TdT, increased in 7- to 24-mo-old mice as compared with 3-mo-old mice. To determine the mechanism responsible for the age related change in B-1a cell IgM, we established a mixed chimera system in which mice were reconstituted with allotype-marked mature peritoneal B-1a cells and adult bone marrow cells. We demonstrated even in the presence of mature peritoneal B-1a cells, adult bone marrow contributed to the mature B-1a cell pool. More importantly, using this system we found over a 10-mo-period peritoneal B-1a cell IgM changed, showing the number of cells lacking N-region additions at both junctions fell from 49 to 29% of sequences. These results strongly suggest selection-induced skewing alters B-1a cell-derived natural Ab, which may in turn be responsible for the loss of natural IgM-mediated protection against pneumococcal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030;
| | - Teresa Vizconde
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Thomas J Hopkins
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030; Department of Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030; and Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Manhasset, NY 11030
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Yang Y, Wang C, Yang Q, Kantor AB, Chu H, Ghosn EE, Qin G, Mazmanian SK, Han J, Herzenberg LA. Distinct mechanisms define murine B cell lineage immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) repertoires. eLife 2015; 4:e09083. [PMID: 26422511 PMCID: PMC4714975 DOI: 10.7554/elife.09083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes that define immunoglobulin repertoires are commonly presumed to be the same for all murine B cells. However, studies here that couple high-dimensional FACS sorting with large-scale quantitative IgH deep-sequencing demonstrate that B-1a IgH repertoire differs dramatically from the follicular and marginal zone B cells repertoires and is defined by distinct mechanisms. We track B-1a cells from their early appearance in neonatal spleen to their long-term residence in adult peritoneum and spleen. We show that de novo B-1a IgH rearrangement mainly occurs during the first few weeks of life, after which their repertoire continues to evolve profoundly, including convergent selection of certain V(D)J rearrangements encoding specific CDR3 peptides in all adults and progressive introduction of hypermutation and class-switching as animals age. This V(D)J selection and AID-mediated diversification operate comparably in germ-free and conventional mice, indicating these unique B-1a repertoire-defining mechanisms are driven by antigens that are not derived from microbiota. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09083.001 Our immune system protects us by recognizing and destroying invading viruses, bacteria and other microbes. B cells are immune cells that produce protective proteins called antibodies to stop infections. These cells are activated by ‘antigens’, which are fragments of molecules from the microbes or from our own cells. When an antigen binds to a B cell, the cell matures, multiplies and produces proteins called antibodies. These antibodies can bind to the antigen, which marks the microbe for attack and removal by other cells in the immune system. Each antibody consists of two ‘heavy chain’ and two ‘light chain’ proteins. B cells are able to produce a large variety of different antibodies due to the rearrangement of the gene segments that encode the heavy and light chains. In mice, there are two kinds of B cells – known as B-1a and B-2 cells – that play different roles in immune responses. B-1a cells have long been known to produce the ‘natural’ antibodies that are present in the blood prior to an infection. On the other hand, B-2 cells produce antibodies that are specifically stimulated by an infection and are better adapted to fighting it. Previous studies have shown that both types of antibodies are required to allow animals to successfully fight the flu virus. Here, Yang, Wang et al. used a technique called fluorescence-activated cell sorting (or FACS) and carried out extensive genomic sequencing to study how the B-1a and B-2 populations rearrange their genes to produce heavy chains. This approach made it possible to separate the different types of B cells and then sequence the gene for the heavy chain within the individual cells. The experiments show that the “repertoire” of heavy chains in the antibodies of the B-1a cells is much less random and more repetitive than that of B-2 populations. Furthermore, Yang, Wang et al. show that B-1a cells produce and maintain their repertoire of heavy chains in a different way to other B-2 populations. B-1a cells develop earlier and the major genetic rearrangements in the gene that encodes the heavy chain occur within the first few weeks of life. Although the gene rearrangements have mostly stopped by adulthood, the B-1a antibody repertoire continues to evolve profoundly as the B-1a cells divide over the life of the animal. On the other hand, the gene rearrangements that make the heavy chains in the B-2 cells continue throughout the life of the animal to produce the wider repertoire of antibodies found in these cells. In addition, the processes that continue to change the antibody reperotire in the B-1a cells during adulthood do not occur in the B-2 populations. Importantly, the these reperotire-changing processes in B-1a cells also occur in mice that have been raised in germ-free conditions, which demonstrates that – unlike other B cells – the repertoire of heavy chains in B-1a cells is not influenced by antigens from microbes. Instead, it is mainly driven by antigens that are expressed by normal cells in the body. These findings open the way to future work aimed at understanding how B-1a cells help to protect us against infection, and their role in autoimmune diseases, where immune cells attack the body’s own healthy cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.09083.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Genetics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Chunlin Wang
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Qunying Yang
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
| | - Aaron B Kantor
- Genetics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Hiutung Chu
- Biology and Biological Engineering Department, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Eliver Eb Ghosn
- Genetics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Guang Qin
- Genetics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Sarkis K Mazmanian
- Biology and Biological Engineering Department, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Jian Han
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, United States
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Gray M, Gray D. Regulatory B cells mediate tolerance to apoptotic self in health: implications for disease. Int Immunol 2015; 27:505-11. [PMID: 26306497 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxv045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
B cells are able to regulate immune responses through the secretion of IL-10 and other inhibitory cytokines, though no transcription factor that can define 'regulatory B cells' as a separate lineage has yet been found. Instead it is likely that this function arises as a result of the immune context in which B cells find themselves and the stimuli they perceive. However, some B cells found within the B1a and the marginal zone subsets have a greater propensity to produce IL-10 than others. What are the natural stimuli for these cells to induce immune regulation? We discuss the role that the recognition of autoantigens exposed by apoptotic cells plays in stimulating IL-10 production in mouse and human studies. This mechanism involves the recognition and uptake of self-antigens by autoreactive BCRs, for delivery to endocytic compartments, where apoptosis-derived DNA binds to TLR9, driving IL-10 production. These 'natural' regulatory B cells represent a way of maintaining tolerance to self. We discuss how this may operate in inflammatory lesions where there is an excess of apoptotic leukocytes and how this impacts on our understanding of autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohini Gray
- Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - David Gray
- Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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Holodick NE, Rothstein TL. B cells in the aging immune system: time to consider B-1 cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:176-87. [PMID: 26194480 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The investigation of immune senescence has uncovered many changes in B cell development, maintenance, and function with increasing age. However, most of these studies have focused on conventional B cell subsets in the spleen. The B-1 cell subset is an essential arm of the innate immune system, which in general has been understudied in terms of immune senescence. Here, we review what is currently known about B cells during aging and go on to describe why B-1 cell biology is an important component of the aging immune system in the context of diseases that most affect the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichol E Holodick
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York.,Departments of Medicine and Molecular Medicine, The Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Manhasset, New York
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Vale AM, Nobrega A, Schroeder HW. The role of evolutionarily conserved germ-line DH sequence in B-1 cell development and natural antibody production. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:48-56. [PMID: 26104486 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because of N addition and variation in the site of VDJ joining, the third complementarity-determining region of the heavy chain (CDR-H3) is the most diverse component of the initial immunoglobulin antigen-binding site repertoire. A large component of the peritoneal cavity B-1 cell component is the product of fetal and perinatal B cell production. The CDR-H3 repertoire is thus depleted of N addition, which increases dependency on germ-line sequence. Cross-species comparisons have shown that DH gene sequence demonstrates conservation of amino acid preferences by reading frame. Preference for reading frame 1, which is enriched for tyrosine and glycine, is created both by rearrangement patterns and by pre-BCR and BCR selection. In previous studies, we have assessed the role of conserved DH sequence by examining peritoneal cavity B-1 cell numbers and antibody production in BALB/c mice with altered DH loci. Here, we review our finding that changes in the constraints normally imposed by germ-line-encoded amino acids within the CDR-H3 repertoire profoundly affect B-1 cell development, especially B-1a cells, and thus natural antibody immunity. Our studies suggest that both natural and somatic selection operate to create a restricted B-1 cell CDR-H3 repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Vale
- Program in Immunobiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics
| | - Alberto Nobrega
- Department of Immunology, Paulo de Goes Institute of Microbiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Harry W Schroeder
- Department of Medicine.,Department of Microbiology.,Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Silverman GJ. Protective natural autoantibodies to apoptotic cells: evidence of convergent selection of recurrent innate-like clones. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:164-75. [PMID: 25990717 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
During murine immune development, recurrent B cell clones arise in a predictable fashion. Among these B cells, an archetypical clonotypic set that recognizes phosphorylcholine (PC) antigens and produces anti-PC IgM, first implicated for roles in microbial protection, was later found to become expanded in hyperlipidemic mice and in response to an increased in vivo burden of apoptotic cells. These IgM natural antibodies can enhance clearance of damaged cells and induce intracellular blockade of inflammatory signaling cascades. In clinical populations, raised levels of anti-PC IgM correlate with protection from atherosclerosis and may also downmodulate the severity of autoimmune disease. Human anti-PC-producing clones without hypermutation have been isolated that can similarly discriminate apoptotic from healthy cells. An independent report on unrelated adults has described anti-PC-producing B cells with IgM genes that have conserved CDR3 motifs, similar to stereotypic clonal sets of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Taken together, emerging evidence suggests that, despite the capacity to form an effectively limitless range of Ig receptors, the human immune system may often recurrently generate lymphocytes expressing structurally convergent B cell receptors with protective and homeostatic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregg J Silverman
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology, NYU School of Medicine, Alexandria Center for Life Science, New York, New York
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Sterile inflammation in the spleen during atherosclerosis provides oxidation-specific epitopes that induce a protective B-cell response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2030-8. [PMID: 25848033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1421227112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The B-cell response in atherosclerosis is directed toward oxidation-specific epitopes such as phosphorylcholine (PC) that arise during disease-driven oxidation of self-antigens. PC-bearing antigens have been used to induce atheroprotective antibodies against modified low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL), leading to plaque reduction. Previous studies have found that B-cell transfer from aged atherosclerotic mice confers protection to young mice, but the mechanism is unknown. Here, we dissected the atheroprotective response in the spleen and found an ongoing germinal center reaction, accumulation of antibody-forming cells, and inflammasome activation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice (Apoe(-/-)). Specific B-cell clone expansion involved the heavy chain variable region (Vh) 5 and Vh7 B-cell receptor families that harbor anti-PC reactivity. oxLDL also accumulated in the spleen. To investigate whether protection could be induced by self-antigens alone, we injected apoptotic cells that carry the same oxidation-specific epitopes as oxLDL. This treatment reduced serum cholesterol and inhibited the development of atherosclerosis in a B-cell-dependent manner. Thus, we conclude that the spleen harbors a protective B-cell response that is initiated in atherosclerosis through sterile inflammation. These data highlight the importance of the spleen in atherosclerosis-associated immunity.
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Gjurich BN, Taghavie-Moghadam PL, Ley K, Galkina EV. L-selectin deficiency decreases aortic B1a and Breg subsets and promotes atherosclerosis. Thromb Haemost 2014; 112:803-11. [PMID: 24989887 DOI: 10.1160/th13-10-0865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is a significant recruitment of leucocytes into aortas during atherogenesis. L-selectin regulates leucocyte migration into secondary lymphoid and peripheral tissues and was proposed to play a role in leucocyte homing into aortas. Here, we determine the role of L-selectin in atherosclerosis. L-selectin-deficient Apoe-/- (Sell-/-Apoe-/-) mice had a 74% increase in plaque burden compared to Apoe-/- mice fed a chow diet for 50 weeks. Elevated atherosclerosis was accompanied by increased aortic leucocyte content, but a 50% reduction in aortic B cells despite elevated B cell counts in the blood. Follicular B cells represented 65%, whereas B1a and regulatory B cells (Breg) comprised 5% of aortic B cells. B1a and Breg cell subsets were reduced in Sell-/-Apoe-/- aortas with accompanied two-fold decrease in aortic T15 antibody and 1.2-fold decrease of interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels. L-selectin was required for B1 cell homing to the atherosclerotic aorta, as demonstrated by a 1.5-fold decrease in the migration of Sell-/-Apoe-/- vs Apoe-/- cells. Notably, we found a 1.6-fold increase in CD68hi macrophages in Sell-/-Apoe-/- compared to Apoe-/- aortas, despite comparable blood monocyte numbers and L-selectin-dependent aortic homing. L-selectin had no effect on neutrophil migration into aorta, but led to elevated blood neutrophil numbers, suggesting a potential involvement of neutrophils in atherogenesis of Sell-/-Apoe-/- mice. Thus, L-selectin deficiency increases peripheral blood neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers, decreases aortic B1a and Breg populations, T15 antibody and IL-10 levels, and increases aortic macrophage content of Sell-/-Apoe-/- mice. Altogether, these data provide evidence for an overall atheroprotective role of L-selectin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Elena V Galkina
- Elena V. Galkina, PhD, Associate Professor, Dept. Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, 700 West Olney Road, Norfolk, VA 23507-1696, USA, Tel.: +1 757 446 5019, Fax: +1 757 624 2255, E-mail:
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Miyashita H, Chikazawa M, Otaki N, Hioki Y, Shimozu Y, Nakashima F, Shibata T, Hagihara Y, Maruyama S, Matsumi N, Uchida K. Lysine pyrrolation is a naturally-occurring covalent modification involved in the production of DNA mimic proteins. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5343. [PMID: 24938734 PMCID: PMC4061549 DOI: 10.1038/srep05343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent modification of proteins exerts significant effects on their chemical properties and has important functional and regulatory consequences. We now report the identification and verification of an electrically-active form of modified proteins recognized by a group of small molecules commonly used to interact with DNA. This previously unreported property of proteins was initially discovered when the γ-ketoaldehydes were identified as a source of the proteins stained by the DNA intercalators. Using 1,4-butanedial, the simplest γ-ketoaldehyde, we characterized the structural and chemical criteria governing the recognition of the modified proteins by the DNA intercalators and identified Nε-pyrrolelysine as a key adduct. Unexpectedly, the pyrrolation conferred an electronegativity and electronic properties on the proteins that potentially constitute an electrical mimic to the DNA. In addition, we found that the pyrrolated proteins indeed triggered an autoimmune response and that the production of specific antibodies against the pyrrolated proteins was accelerated in human systemic lupus erythematosus. These findings and the apparent high abundance of Nε-pyrrolelysine in vivo suggest that protein pyrrolation could be an endogenous source of DNA mimic proteins, providing a possible link connecting protein turnover and immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Miyashita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Miho Chikazawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Natsuki Otaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hioki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yuki Shimozu
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Fumie Nakashima
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Shibata
- 1] Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan [2] PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Hagihara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ikeda, Osaka 563-8577, Japan
| | - Shoichi Maruyama
- Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Matsumi
- School of Materials Science, Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Koji Uchida
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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Xiao Y, Yu S, Zhu B, Bedoret D, Bu X, Francisco LM, Hua P, Duke-Cohan JS, Umetsu DT, Sharpe AH, DeKruyff RH, Freeman GJ. RGMb is a novel binding partner for PD-L2 and its engagement with PD-L2 promotes respiratory tolerance. Mol Immunol 2014; 48:1292-300. [PMID: 24752301 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We report that programmed death ligand 2 (PD-L2), a known ligand of PD-1, also binds to repulsive guidance molecule b (RGMb), which was originally identified in the nervous system as a co-receptor for bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). PD-L2 and BMP-2/4 bind to distinct sites on RGMb. Normal resting lung interstitial macrophages and alveolar epithelial cells express high levels of RGMb mRNA, whereas lung dendritic cells express PD-L2. Blockade of the RGMb-PD-L2 interaction markedly impaired the development of respiratory tolerance by interfering with the initial T cell expansion required for respiratory tolerance. Experiments with PD-L2-deficient mice showed that PD-L2 expression on non-T cells was critical for respiratory tolerance, but expression on T cells was not required. Because PD-L2 binds to both PD-1, which inhibits antitumor immunity, and to RGMb, which regulates respiratory immunity, targeting the PD-L2 pathway has therapeutic potential for asthma, cancer, and other immune-mediated disorders. Understanding this pathway may provide insights into how to optimally modulate the PD-1 pathway in cancer immunotherapy while minimizing adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Xiao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; 2 Division of Immunology and Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital; 3 Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology and 4 Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Ota K, Dambaeva S, Lee J, Gilman-Sachs A, Beaman K, Kwak-Kim J. Persistent High Levels of IgM Antiphospholipid Antibodies in a Patient with Recurrent Pregnancy Losses and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:286-92. [DOI: 10.1111/aji.12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kuniaki Ota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; Vernon Hills IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; North Chicago IL USA
| | - Svetlana Dambaeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; North Chicago IL USA
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; North Chicago IL USA
| | - Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; North Chicago IL USA
| | - Kenneth Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; North Chicago IL USA
| | - Joanne Kwak-Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; Vernon Hills IL USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Chicago Medical School at Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science; North Chicago IL USA
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Winer DA, Winer S, Chng MHY, Shen L, Engleman EG. B Lymphocytes in obesity-related adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1033-43. [PMID: 24127133 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1486-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related insulin resistance is a chronic inflammatory condition that often gives rise to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Much evidence supports a role for pro-inflammatory T cells and macrophages in promoting local inflammation in tissues such as visceral adipose tissue (VAT) leading to insulin resistance. More recently, B cells have emerged as an additional critical player in orchestrating these processes. B cells infiltrate VAT and display functional and phenotypic changes in response to diet-induced obesity. B cells contribute to insulin resistance by presenting antigens to T cells, secreting inflammatory cytokines, and producing pathogenic antibodies. B cell manipulation represents a novel approach to the treatment of obesity-related insulin resistance and potentially to the prevention of T2D. This review summarizes the roles of B cells in governing VAT inflammation and the mechanisms by which these cells contribute to altered glucose homeostasis in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Winer
- Department of Pathology, Toronto General Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Eaton Wing, 11E - 424A, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 2C4, Canada
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Vale AM, Kapoor P, Skibinski GA, Elgavish A, Mahmoud TI, Zemlin C, Zemlin M, Burrows PD, Nobrega A, Kearney JF, Briles DE, Schroeder HW. The link between antibodies to OxLDL and natural protection against pneumococci depends on D(H) gene conservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:875-90. [PMID: 23589567 PMCID: PMC3646500 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Germline DH sequences are required for the generation of natural antibodies reactive to bacterial phosphorylcholine but not for those reactive to self-antigen. Selection and physiological production of protective natural antibodies (NAbs) have been associated with exposure to endogenous antigens. The extent to which this association depends on germline NAb sequence is uncertain. Here we show that alterations in germline DH sequence can sever the association between the production of self-reactive NAbs and NAbs that afford protection against a pathogen. In unmanipulated hosts, the availability of the evolutionarily conserved DFL16.1 gene segment sequence profoundly affected the serum levels of NAbs against bacterial phosphorylcholine but not oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Mice with partially altered DFL16.1 sequence could use N nucleotides to recreate the amino acid sequence associated with the classical protective T15 idiotype–positive NAbs, whereas those without DFL16.1 could not. DFL16.1 gene–deficient mice proved more susceptible to challenge with live Streptococcus pneumoniae. Our findings indicate that although production of self-reactive NAbs can be independent of germline DH sequence, their capacity to provide protection against pathogens cannot. The potential relevance of these findings for the rational design of vaccines is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre M Vale
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Abstract
The adaptive immune system augments host defenses against diverse infectious threats, yet also carries intertwined risks for the development of autoimmune disease. The immune system incorporates homeostatic pathways for essential housekeeping functions that involve recognition of oxidation-modified endogenous molecules. Now, the properties of a physiological class of natural autoantibodies, which seem to modulate the severity or even prevent the onset of autoimmune disease, are beginning to be defined. Whereas disease-associated IgG autoantibodies to nuclear antigens and citrulline-modified self-proteins have been shown to activate innate pattern recognition receptors leading to increased cell death and tissue injury, a class of IgM autoantibodies to oxidation-associated neo-antigens can oppose these pathogenic effects. These naturally arising regulatory IgM autoantibodies enhance the capacity for the phagocytic clearance of host cells affected by programmed death pathways. These antibodies can also suppress key signalling pathways in the innate immune system involved in the control and resolution of inflammatory responses to Toll-like receptor agonists and disease-associated IgG autoantibodies.
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46
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Silverman GJ. Regulatory natural autoantibodies to apoptotic cells: pallbearers and protectors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:597-602. [PMID: 21360488 DOI: 10.1002/art.30140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg J Silverman
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.
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47
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Sun Y, Peng I, Senger K, Hamidzadeh K, Reichelt M, Baca M, Yeh R, Lorenzo MN, Sebrell A, Dela Cruz C, Tam L, Corpuz R, Wu J, Sai T, Roose-Girma M, Warming S, Balazs M, Gonzalez LC, Caplazi P, Martin F, Devoss J, Zarrin AA. Critical role of activation induced cytidine deaminase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2013; 46:157-67. [PMID: 23167594 PMCID: PMC3581050 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2012.750301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative autoimmune disorder caused by chronic inflammation and demyelination within the central nervous system (CNS). Clinical studies in MS patients have demonstrated efficacy with B cell targeted therapies such as anti-CD20. However, the exact role that B cells play in the disease process is unclear. Activation Induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an essential enzyme for the processes of antibody affinity maturation and isotype switching. To evaluate the impact of affinity maturation and isotype switching, we have interrogated the effect of AID-deficiency in an animal model of MS. Here, we show that the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by the extracellular domain of human myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG1-125) is significantly reduced in Aicda deficient mice, which, unlike wild-type mice, lack serum IgG to myelin associated antigens. MOG specific T cell responses are comparable between wild-type and Aicda knockout mice suggesting an active role for antigen experienced B cells. Thus affinity maturation and/or class switching are critical processes in the pathogenesis of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglian Sun
- Department of Immunology, Genentech Inc., San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Baumgarth N. Innate-Like B Cells and Their Rules of Engagement. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 785:57-66. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6217-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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MAPK phosphatase-1 is required for regulatory natural autoantibody-mediated inhibition of TLR responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:19745-50. [PMID: 23139409 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1211868109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally arising IgM antibodies, which recognize neo-determinants on apoptotic cell (AC) membranes, are present from birth and can be further induced by AC challenge. Such naturally arising IgM antibodies can suppress proinflammatory responses to purified agonists for Toll-like receptors (TLRs), as well as block the induction of IgG immune complex-induced in vitro and in vivo pathogenic responses. To investigate the responsible mechanisms, we studied the regulatory effects of IgM anti-AC antibody on responses in bone marrow-derived dendritic cells mediated by a range of different TLRs and found that addition of IgM anti-AC inhibited the activation of the primary MAPKs: ERK1/2, JNK, and particularly p38. This was dependent on the recruitment of either C1q or mannose-binding lectin, which are both early complement factors that tag ACs for innate immune recognition. Strikingly, MAPK inhibition of responses to TLR agonists, and to lupus IgG autoantibody-chromatin immune complexes, was found to correlate with, and had an absolute requirement for, the induction and nuclear localization of MAPK phosphatase-1, a factor known to mediate glucocorticoid suppression of immune responses. Further experiments showed that natural IgM antibodies in serum exhibited the same inhibitory properties. These studies elucidate a novel homeostatic pathway by which natural antibodies, which are products of the adaptive immune system, can directly blunt inflammatory responses by recruitment and coordination of a primitive regulatory pathway of the innate immune system.
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Chang SH, Johns M, Boyle JJ, McConnell E, Kirkham PA, Bicknell C, Zahoor-ul-Hassan Dogar M, Edwards RJ, Gale-Grant O, Khamis R, Ramkhelawon KVV, Haskard DO. Model IgG monoclonal autoantibody-anti-idiotype pair for dissecting the humoral immune response to oxidized low density lipoprotein. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 31:87-98. [PMID: 22509912 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates IgG autoantibodies against oxidized forms of low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic arterial disease. However, insufficient knowledge of their structure and function is a key gap. Using an elderly LDL receptor-deficient atherosclerotic mouse, we isolated a novel IgG3k against oxLDL (designated MAb LO1). LO1 reacts with copper-oxidized LDL, but minimally with native LDL. Further analysis showed that MAb LO1 also reacts in vitro with malondialdehyde-conjugated LDL (MDA-LDL), a known key epitope in copper-oxidized LDL preparations. By screening a phage library expressing single chain variable region antibodies (scFv), we selected an anti-idiotype scFv (designated H3) that neutralizes MAb LO1 binding to MDA-LDL. Amino acid substitutions between H3 and an irrelevant control scFv C12 showed that residues in the H3 CDRH2, CDRH3, and CDRL2 are all critical for MAb LO1 binding, consistent with a conformational epitope on H3 involving both heavy and light chains. Comparison of amino acids in H3 CDRH2 and CDRL2 with apoB, the major LDL protein, showed homologous sequences, suggesting H3 has structural similarities to the MAb LO1 binding site on MDA-LDL. Immunocytochemical staining showed that MAb LO1 binds epitopes in mouse and human atherosclerotic lesions. The MAb LO1-H3 combination therefore provides a very promising model for analyzing the structure and function of an individual IgG autoantibody in relation to atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Hung Chang
- Vascular Sciences Section, Department of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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