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Makris N, Rushmore R, Yeterian E. A proposed structural connectivity matrices approach for the superior fronto-occipital fascicle in the Harvard-Oxford Atlas comparative framework following the Pandya comparative extrapolation principle. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:2172-2184. [PMID: 38010231 PMCID: PMC11019921 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A key set of connections necessary for the most complex brain functions are the long association cortico-cortical fiber tracts. These pathways have been described by the Dejerines and others using post mortem histological or brain dissection techniques. Given methodological limitations, these fiber connections have not been delineated completely in humans. Although the stem portions of fiber tracts have been identified in humans, their precise origins and terminations remain to be determined. By contrast, the origins and terminations as well as the stems of long cortico-cortical association fiber pathways in monkeys have been detailed in the macaque monkey brain using experimental tract tracing methods. Deepak Pandya made major contributions to the delineation of fiber tracts in the monkey brain. In the early 1990s, he compared his observations in monkeys with the original descriptions in humans by the Dejerines. With the advent of diffusion-weighted imaging, Dr. Pandya extended this line of investigation to the human brain with Dr. Nikos Makris. In this translational analysis of long association cortico-cortical fiber tracts, they applied a principle of extrapolation from monkey to human. In the present study, we addressed the reasoning and the complex methodology in translating brain structural connectivity from monkey to human in one cortico-cortical fiber tract, namely the superior fronto-occipital fascicle, which was delineated in both species by Dr. Pandya and colleagues. Furthermore, we represented this information in the form of connectional matrices in the context of the HOA2.0-ComPaRe framework, a homological monkey-to-human translational system used in neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Makris
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Rushmore
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward Yeterian
- Center for Morphometric Analysis, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychology, Colby College, Waterville, ME, USA
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2
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Karadachka K, Assem M, Mitchell DJ, Duncan J, Medendorp WP, Mars RB. Structural connectivity of the multiple demand network in humans and comparison to the macaque brain. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:10959-10971. [PMID: 37798142 PMCID: PMC10646692 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluid intelligence encompasses a wide range of abilities such as working memory, problem-solving, and relational reasoning. In the human brain, these abilities are associated with the Multiple Demand Network, traditionally thought to involve combined activity of specific regions predominantly in the prefrontal and parietal cortices. However, the structural basis of the interactions between areas in the Multiple Demand Network, as well as their evolutionary basis among primates, remains largely unexplored. Here, we exploit diffusion MRI to elucidate the major white matter pathways connecting areas of the human core and extended Multiple Demand Network. We then investigate whether similar pathways can be identified in the putative homologous areas of the Multiple Demand Network in the macaque monkey. Finally, we contrast human and monkey networks using a recently proposed approach to compare different species' brains within a common organizational space. Our results indicate that the core Multiple Demand Network relies mostly on dorsal longitudinal connections and, although present in the macaque, these connections are more pronounced in the human brain. The extended Multiple Demand Network relies on distinct pathways and communicates with the core Multiple Demand Network through connections that also appear enhanced in the human compared with the macaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Karadachka
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Moataz Assem
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel J Mitchell
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 7EF, United Kingdom
| | - W Pieter Medendorp
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Faculty of Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom
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3
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Dunbar RIM, Shultz S. Four errors and a fallacy: pitfalls for the unwary in comparative brain analyses. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1278-1309. [PMID: 37001905 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analyses are the backbone of evolutionary analysis. However, their record in producing a consensus has not always been good. This is especially true of attempts to understand the factors responsible for the evolution of large brains, which have been embroiled in an increasingly polarised debate over the past three decades. We argue that most of these disputes arise from a number of conceptual errors and associated logical fallacies that are the result of a failure to adopt a biological systems-based approach to hypothesis-testing. We identify four principal classes of error: a failure to heed Tinbergen's Four Questions when testing biological hypotheses, misapplying Dobzhansky's Dictum when testing hypotheses of evolutionary adaptation, poorly chosen behavioural proxies for underlying hypotheses, and the use of inappropriate statistical methods. In the interests of progress, we urge a more careful and considered approach to comparative analyses, and the adoption of a broader, rather than a narrower, taxonomic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Anna Watts Building, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Susanne Shultz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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4
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Shekari E, Nozari N. A narrative review of the anatomy and function of the white matter tracts in language production and comprehension. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1139292. [PMID: 37051488 PMCID: PMC10083342 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1139292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Much is known about the role of cortical areas in language processing. The shift towards network approaches in recent years has highlighted the importance of uncovering the role of white matter in connecting these areas. However, despite a large body of research, many of these tracts’ functions are not well-understood. We present a comprehensive review of the empirical evidence on the role of eight major tracts that are hypothesized to be involved in language processing (inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, extreme capsule, middle longitudinal fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, arcuate fasciculus, and frontal aslant tract). For each tract, we hypothesize its role based on the function of the cortical regions it connects. We then evaluate these hypotheses with data from three sources: studies in neurotypical individuals, neuropsychological data, and intraoperative stimulation studies. Finally, we summarize the conclusions supported by the data and highlight the areas needing further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Shekari
- Department of Neuroscience, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazbanou Nozari
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition (CNBC), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Nazbanou Nozari
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5
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Janssen N, Kessels RPC, Mars RB, Llera A, Beckmann CF, Roelofs A. Dissociating the functional roles of arcuate fasciculus subtracts in speech production. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:2539-2547. [PMID: 35709759 PMCID: PMC10016035 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent tractography and microdissection studies have shown that the left arcuate fasciculus (AF)-a fiber tract thought to be crucial for speech production-consists of a minimum of 2 subtracts directly connecting the temporal and frontal cortex. These subtracts link the posterior superior temporal gyrus (STG) and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) to the inferior frontal gyrus. Although they have been hypothesized to mediate different functions in speech production, direct evidence for this hypothesis is lacking. To functionally segregate the 2 AF segments, we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging with diffusion-weighted imaging and probabilistic tractography using 2 prototypical speech production tasks, namely spoken pseudoword repetition (tapping sublexical phonological mapping) and verb generation (tapping lexical-semantic mapping). We observed that the repetition of spoken pseudowords is mediated by the subtract of STG, while generating an appropriate verb to a spoken noun is mediated by the subtract of MTG. Our findings provide strong evidence for a functional dissociation between the AF subtracts, namely a sublexical phonological mapping by the STG subtract and a lexical-semantic mapping by the MTG subtract. Our results contribute to the unraveling of a century-old controversy concerning the functional role in speech production of a major fiber tract involved in language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Janssen
- Corresponding author: Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Thomas van Aquinostraat 3, 6525 GD, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Roy P C Kessels
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Centre of Excellence for Korsakoff and Alcohol-Related Cognitive Disorders, D'n Herk 90, 5803 DN, Venray, the Netherlands
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DU, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Llera
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Postbus 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Postbus 9101, Nijmegen, 6500 HB, the Netherlands
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DU, United Kingdom
| | - Ardi Roelofs
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognition, Radboud University, PO Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Neubauer A, Menegaux A, Wendt J, Li HB, Schmitz-Koep B, Ruzok T, Thalhammer M, Schinz D, Bartmann P, Wolke D, Priller J, Zimmer C, Rueckert D, Hedderich DM, Sorg C. Aberrant claustrum structure in preterm-born neonates: an MRI study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103286. [PMID: 36516730 PMCID: PMC9755238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human claustrum is a gray matter structure in the white matter between insula and striatum. Previous analysis found altered claustrum microstructure in very preterm-born adults associated with lower cognitive performance. As the claustrum development is related to hypoxia-ischemia sensitive transient cell populations being at-risk in premature birth, we hypothesized that claustrum structure is already altered in preterm-born neonates. We studied anatomical and diffusion-weighted MRIs of 83 preterm- and 83 term-born neonates at term-equivalent age. Additionally, claustrum development was analyzed both in a spectrum of 377 term-born neonates and longitudinally in 53 preterm-born subjects. Data was provided by the developing Human Connectome Project. Claustrum development showed increasing volume, increasing fractional anisotropy (FA), and decreasing mean diffusivity (MD) around term both across term- and preterm-born neonates. Relative to term-born ones, preterm-born neonates had (i) increased absolute and relative claustrum volumes, both indicating increased cellular and/or extracellular matter and being in contrast to other subcortical gray matter regions of decreased volumes such as thalamus; (ii) lower claustrum FA and higher claustrum MD, pointing at increased extracellular matrix and impaired axonal integrity; and (iii) aberrant covariance between claustrum FA and MD, respectively, and that of distributed gray matter regions, hinting at relatively altered claustrum microstructure. Results together demonstrate specifically aberrant claustrum structure in preterm-born neonates, suggesting altered claustrum development in prematurity, potentially relevant for later cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Neubauer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Aurore Menegaux
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jil Wendt
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Hongwei Bran Li
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benita Schmitz-Koep
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruzok
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa Thalhammer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - David Schinz
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartmann
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, Berlin, Germany; University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Dennis M Hedderich
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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7
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Bzdok D, Dunbar RIM. Social isolation and the brain in the pandemic era. Nat Hum Behav 2022; 6:1333-1343. [PMID: 36258130 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01453-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Intense sociality has been a catalyst for human culture and civilization, and our social relationships at a personal level play a pivotal role in our health and well-being. These relationships are, however, sensitive to the time we invest in them. To understand how and why this should be, we first outline the evolutionary background in primate sociality from which our human social world has emerged. We then review defining features of that human sociality, putting forward a framework within which one can understand the consequences of mass social isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic, including mental health deterioration, stress, sleep disturbance and substance misuse. We outline recent research on the neural basis of prolonged social isolation, highlighting especially higher-order neural circuits such as the default mode network. Our survey of studies covers the negative effects of prolonged social deprivation and the multifaceted drivers of day-to-day pandemic experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Bzdok
- The Neuro-Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI), McConnell Brain-Imaging Centre (BIC), Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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Shultz S, Dunbar RIM. Socioecological complexity in primate groups and its cognitive correlates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210296. [PMID: 35934968 PMCID: PMC9358314 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterizing non-human primate social complexity and its cognitive bases has proved challenging. Using principal component analyses, we show that primate social, ecological and reproductive behaviours condense into two components: socioecological complexity (including most social and ecological variables) and reproductive cooperation (comprising mainly a suite of behaviours associated with pairbonded monogamy). We contextualize these results using a meta-analysis of 44 published analyses of primate brain evolution. These studies yield two main consistent results: cognition, sociality and cooperative behaviours are associated with absolute brain volume, neocortex size and neocortex ratio, whereas diet composition and life history are consistently associated with relative brain size. We use a path analysis to evaluate the causal relationships among these variables, demonstrating that social group size is predicted by the neocortex, whereas ecological traits are predicted by the volume of brain structures other than the neocortex. That a range of social and technical behaviours covary, and are correlated with social group size and brain size, suggests that primate cognition has evolved along a continuum resulting in an increasingly flexible, domain-general capacity to solve a range of socioecological challenges culminating in a capacity for, and reliance on, innovation and social information use in the great apes and humans. This article is part of the theme issue 'Cognition, communication and social bonds in primates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Shultz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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9
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Tang-Wright K, Smith JET, Bridge H, Miller KL, Dyrby TB, Ahmed B, Reislev NL, Sallet J, Parker AJ, Krug K. Intra-Areal Visual Topography in Primate Brains Mapped with Probabilistic Tractography of Diffusion-Weighted Imaging. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:2555-2574. [PMID: 34730185 PMCID: PMC9201591 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Noninvasive diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) can be used to map the neural connectivity between distinct areas in the intact brain, but the standard resolution achieved fundamentally limits the sensitivity of such maps. We investigated the sensitivity and specificity of high-resolution postmortem dMRI and probabilistic tractography in rhesus macaque brains to produce retinotopic maps of the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and extrastriate cortical visual area V5/MT based on their topographic connections with the previously established functional retinotopic map of primary visual cortex (V1). We also replicated the differential connectivity of magnocellular and parvocellular LGN compartments with V1 across visual field positions. Predicted topographic maps based on dMRI data largely matched the established retinotopy of both LGN and V5/MT. Furthermore, tractography based on in vivo dMRI data from the same macaque brains acquired at standard field strength (3T) yielded comparable topographic maps in many cases. We conclude that tractography based on dMRI is sensitive enough to reveal the intrinsic organization of ordered connections between topographically organized neural structures and their resultant functional organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tang-Wright
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - J E T Smith
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - H Bridge
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - K L Miller
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - T B Dyrby
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - B Ahmed
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - N L Reislev
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Amager & Hvidovre, 2650 Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - J Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
- Université Lyon 1, INSERM, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500 Bron, France
| | - A J Parker
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - K Krug
- Department of Physiology Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, 39118 Magdeburg, Germany
- Centre for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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10
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Bullock DN, Hayday EA, Grier MD, Tang W, Pestilli F, Heilbronner SR. A taxonomy of the brain's white matter: twenty-one major tracts for the 21st century. Cereb Cortex 2022; 32:4524-4548. [PMID: 35169827 PMCID: PMC9574243 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional and computational properties of brain areas are determined, in large part, by their connectivity profiles. Advances in neuroimaging and network neuroscience allow us to characterize the human brain noninvasively, but a comprehensive understanding of the human brain demands an account of the anatomy of brain connections. Long-range anatomical connections are instantiated by white matter, which itself is organized into tracts. These tracts are often disrupted by central nervous system disorders, and they can be targeted by neuromodulatory interventions, such as deep brain stimulation. Here, we characterized the connections, morphology, traversal, and functions of the major white matter tracts in the brain. There are major discrepancies across different accounts of white matter tract anatomy, hindering our attempts to accurately map the connectivity of the human brain. However, we are often able to clarify the source(s) of these discrepancies through careful consideration of both histological tract-tracing and diffusion-weighted tractography studies. In combination, the advantages and disadvantages of each method permit novel insights into brain connectivity. Ultimately, our synthesis provides an essential reference for neuroscientists and clinicians interested in brain connectivity and anatomy, allowing for the study of the association of white matter's properties with behavior, development, and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Bullock
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Elena A Hayday
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Mark D Grier
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Sarah R Heilbronner
- Address correspondence to Sarah R. Heilbronner, Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, 2-164 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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11
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Iwasaki SI, Yoshimura K, Asami T, Erdoğan S. Comparative morphology and physiology of the vocal production apparatus and the brain in the extant primates. Ann Anat 2022; 240:151887. [PMID: 35032565 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Objective data mainly from the comparative anatomy of various organs related to human speech and language is considered to unearth clues about the mechanisms behind language development. The two organs of the larynx and hyoid bone are considered to have evolved towards suitable positions and forms in preparation for the occurrence of the large repertoire of vocalization necessary for human speech. However, some researchers have asserted that there is no significant difference of these organs between humans and non-human primates. Speech production is dependent on the voluntary control of the respiratory, laryngeal, and vocal tract musculature. Such control is fully present in humans but only partially so in non-human primates, which appear to be able to voluntarily control only supralaryngeal articulators. Both humans and non-human primates have direct cortical innervation of motor neurons controlling the supralaryngeal vocal tract but only human appear to have direct cortical innervation of motor neurons controlling the larynx. In this review, we investigate the comparative morphology and function of the wide range of components involved in vocal production, including the larynx, the hyoid bone, the tongue, and the vocal brain. We would like to emphasize the importance of the tongue in the primary development of human speech and language. It is now time to reconsider the possibility of the tongue playing a definitive role in the emergence of human speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Ichi Iwasaki
- Faculty of Health Science, Gunma PAZ University, Takasaki, Japan; The Nippon Dental University, Tokyo and Niigata, Japan
| | - Ken Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asami
- Faculty of Rehabilitation, Gunma Paz University, Takasaki, Japan
| | - Serkan Erdoğan
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
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12
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Felix C, Folloni D, Chen H, Sallet J, Jerusalem A. White matter tract transcranial ultrasound stimulation, a computational study. Comput Biol Med 2022; 140:105094. [PMID: 34920363 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Low-intensity transcranial ultrasound stimulation (TUS) is poised to become one of the most promising treatments for neurological disorders. However, while recent animal model experiments have successfully quantified the alterations of the functional activity coupling between a sonicated target cortical region and other cortical regions of interest (ROIs), the varying degree of alteration between these different connections remains unexplained. We hypothesise here that the incidental sonication of the tracts leaving the target region towards the different ROIs could participate in explaining these differences. To this end, we propose a tissue level phenomenological numerical model of the coupling between the ultrasound waves and the white matter electrical activity. The model is then used to reproduce in silico the sonication of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of a macaque monkey and measure the neuromodulation power within the white matter tracts leaving the ACC for five cortical ROIs. The results show that the more induced power a white matter tract proximal to the ACC and connected to a secondary ROI receives, the more altered the connectivity fingerprint of the ACC to this region will be after sonication. These results point towards the need to isolate the sonication to the cortical region and minimise the spillage on the neighbouring tracts when aiming at modulating the target region without losing the functional connectivity with other ROIs. Those results further emphasise the potential role of the white matter in TUS and the need to account for white matter topology when designing TUS protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara Felix
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Davide Folloni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Currently: Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Haoyu Chen
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Currently: Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute, Université Lyon 1, Bron, France
| | - Antoine Jerusalem
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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13
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Catani M. The connectional anatomy of the temporal lobe. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 187:3-16. [PMID: 35964979 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-823493-8.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The idea of a temporal lobe separated from the rest of the hemisphere by reason of its unique structural and functional properties is a clinically useful artifact. While the temporal lobe can be safely defined as the portion of the cerebrum lodged in the middle cranial fossa, the pattern of its connections is a more revealing description of its functional subdivisions and specific contribution to higher cognitive functions. This chapter provides an historical overview of the anatomy of the temporal lobe and an updated framework of temporal lobe connections based on tractography studies of human and nonhuman primates and patients with brain disorders. Compared to monkeys, the human temporal lobe shows a relatively increased connectivity with perisylvian frontal and parietal regions and a set of unique intrinsic connections, which may have supported the evolution of working memory, semantic representation, and language in our species. Conversely, the decreased volume of the anterior (limbic) interhemispheric temporal connections in humans is related to a reduced reliance on olfaction and a partial transference of functions from the anterior commissure to the posterior corpus callosum. Overall the novel data from tractography suggest a revision of current dual stream models for visual and auditory processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Catani
- Natbrainlab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom; Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, United Kingdom.
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14
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Abstract
What are mental images needed for? A variety of everyday situations calls for us to plan ahead; one of the clever ways our mind prepares and strategizes our next move is through mental simulation. A powerful tool in running these simulations is visual mental imagery, which can be conceived as a way to activate and maintain an internal representation of the to-be-imagined object, giving rise to predictions. Therefore, under normal conditions imagination is primarily an endogenous process, and only more rarely can mental images be activated exogenously, for example, by means of intracerebral stimulation. A large debate is still ongoing regarding the neural substrates supporting mental imagery, with the neuropsychological and neuroimaging literature agreeing in some cases, but not others. This chapter reviews the neuroscientific literature on mental imagery, and attempts to reappraise the neuropsychological and neuroimaging evidence by drawing a model of mental imagery informed by both structural and functional brain data. Overall, the role of regions in the ventral temporal cortex, especially of the left hemisphere, stands out unequivocally as a key substrate in mental imagery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Spagna
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York City, NY, United States.
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15
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Maffei C, Lee C, Planich M, Ramprasad M, Ravi N, Trainor D, Urban Z, Kim M, Jones RJ, Henin A, Hofmann SG, Pizzagalli DA, Auerbach RP, Gabrieli JDE, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Greve DN, Haber SN, Yendiki A. Using diffusion MRI data acquired with ultra-high gradient strength to improve tractography in routine-quality data. Neuroimage 2021; 245:118706. [PMID: 34780916 PMCID: PMC8835483 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of scanners with ultra-high gradient strength, spearheaded by the Human Connectome Project, has led to dramatic improvements in the spatial, angular, and diffusion resolution that is feasible for in vivo diffusion MRI acquisitions. The improved quality of the data can be exploited to achieve higher accuracy in the inference of both microstructural and macrostructural anatomy. However, such high-quality data can only be acquired on a handful of Connectom MRI scanners worldwide, while remaining prohibitive in clinical settings because of the constraints imposed by hardware and scanning time. In this study, we first update the classical protocols for tractography-based, manual annotation of major white-matter pathways, to adapt them to the much greater volume and variability of the streamlines that can be produced from today’s state-of-the-art diffusion MRI data. We then use these protocols to annotate 42 major pathways manually in data from a Connectom scanner. Finally, we show that, when we use these manually annotated pathways as training data for global probabilistic tractography with anatomical neighborhood priors, we can perform highly accurate, automated reconstruction of the same pathways in much lower-quality, more widely available diffusion MRI data. The outcomes of this work include both a new, comprehensive atlas of WM pathways from Connectom data, and an updated version of our tractography toolbox, TRActs Constrained by UnderLying Anatomy (TRACULA), which is trained on data from this atlas. Both the atlas and TRACULA are distributed publicly as part of FreeSurfer. We present the first comprehensive comparison of TRACULA to the more conventional, multi-region-of-interest approach to automated tractography, and the first demonstration of training TRACULA on high-quality, Connectom data to benefit studies that use more modest acquisition protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Maffei
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
| | - C Lee
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Planich
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Ramprasad
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - N Ravi
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - D Trainor
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Z Urban
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - M Kim
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - R J Jones
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - A Henin
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S G Hofmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Philipps University Marburg, Germany; Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - D A Pizzagalli
- McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | | | - J D E Gabrieli
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - D N Greve
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - S N Haber
- McLean Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - A Yendiki
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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16
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White matter variability, cognition, and disorders: a systematic review. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:529-544. [PMID: 34731328 PMCID: PMC8844174 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02382-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Inter-individual differences can inform treatment procedures and—if accounted for—have the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes. However, when studying brain anatomy, these inter-individual variations are commonly unaccounted for, despite reports of differences in gross anatomical features, cross-sectional, and connectional anatomy. Brain connections are essential to facilitate functional organization and, when severed, cause impairments or complete loss of function. Hence, the study of cerebral white matter may be an ideal compromise to capture inter-individual variability in structure and function. We reviewed the wealth of studies that associate cognitive functions and clinical symptoms with individual tracts using diffusion tractography. Our systematic review indicates that tractography has proven to be a sensitive method in neurology, psychiatry, and healthy populations to identify variability and its functional correlates. However, the literature may be biased, as the most commonly studied tracts are not necessarily those with the highest sensitivity to cognitive functions and pathologies. Additionally, the hemisphere of the studied tract is often unreported, thus neglecting functional laterality and asymmetries. Finally, we demonstrate that tracts, as we define them, are not correlated with one, but multiple cognitive domains or pathologies. While our systematic review identified some methodological caveats, it also suggests that tract–function correlations might still be a promising tool in identifying biomarkers for precision medicine. They can characterize variations in brain anatomy, differences in functional organization, and predicts resilience and recovery in patients.
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Bryant KL, Ardesch DJ, Roumazeilles L, Scholtens LH, Khrapitchev AA, Tendler BC, Wu W, Miller KL, Sallet J, van den Heuvel MP, Mars RB. Diffusion MRI data, sulcal anatomy, and tractography for eight species from the Primate Brain Bank. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:2497-2509. [PMID: 34264391 PMCID: PMC8608778 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02268-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale comparative neuroscience requires data from many species and, ideally, at multiple levels of description. Here, we contribute to this endeavor by presenting diffusion and structural MRI data from eight primate species that have not or rarely been described in the literature. The selected samples from the Primate Brain Bank cover a prosimian, New and Old World monkeys, and a great ape. We present preliminary labelling of the cortical sulci and tractography of the optic radiation, dorsal part of the cingulum bundle, and dorsal parietal-frontal and ventral temporal-frontal longitudinal white matter tracts. Both dorsal and ventral association fiber systems could be observed in all samples, with the dorsal tracts occupying much less relative volume in the prosimian than in other species. We discuss the results in the context of known primate specializations and present hypotheses for further research. All data and results presented here are available online as a resource for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Bryant
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX9 3DU, UK
| | - Dirk Jan Ardesch
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lea Roumazeilles
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lianne H Scholtens
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, UK
| | - Benjamin C Tendler
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX9 3DU, UK
| | - Wenchuan Wu
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX9 3DU, UK
| | - Karla L Miller
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX9 3DU, UK
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, 69500, Bron, France
| | - Martijn P van den Heuvel
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, OX9 3DU, UK.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Dunbar RIM, Shultz S. The Infertility Trap: The Fertility Costs of Group-Living in Mammalian Social Evolution. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.634664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammal social groups vary considerably in size from single individuals to very large herds. In some taxa, these groups are extremely stable, with at least some individuals being members of the same group throughout their lives; in other taxa, groups are unstable, with membership changing by the day. We argue that this variability in grouping patterns reflects a tradeoff between group size as a solution to environmental demands and the costs created by stress-induced infertility (creating an infertility trap). These costs are so steep that, all else equal, they will limit group size in mammals to ∼15 individuals. A species will only be able to live in larger groups if it evolves strategies that mitigate these costs. We suggest that mammals have opted for one of two solutions. One option (fission-fusion herding) is low cost but high risk; the other (bonded social groups) is risk-averse, but costly in terms of cognitive requirements.
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19
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Roumazeilles L, Lange FJ, Benn RA, Andersson JLR, Bertelsen MF, Manger PR, Flach E, Khrapitchev AA, Bryant KL, Sallet J, Mars RB. Cortical Morphology and White Matter Tractography of Three Phylogenetically Distant Primates: Evidence for a Simian Elaboration. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:1608-1624. [PMID: 34518890 PMCID: PMC9016287 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative neuroimaging has been used to identify changes in white matter architecture across primate species phylogenetically close to humans, but few have compared the phylogenetically distant species. Here, we acquired postmortem diffusion imaging data from ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta), black-capped squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis), and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). We were able to establish templates and surfaces allowing us to investigate sulcal, cortical, and white matter anatomy. The results demonstrate an expansion of the frontal projections of the superior longitudinal fasciculus complex in squirrel monkeys and rhesus macaques compared to ring-tailed lemurs, which correlates with sulcal anatomy and the lemur’s smaller prefrontal granular cortex. The connectivity of the ventral pathway in the parietal region is also comparatively reduced in ring-tailed lemurs, with the posterior projections of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus not extending toward parietal cortical areas as in the other species. In the squirrel monkeys we note a very specific occipito-parietal anatomy that is apparent in their surface anatomy and the expansion of the posterior projections of the optical radiation. Our study supports the hypothesis that the connectivity of the prefrontal-parietal regions became relatively elaborated in the simian lineage after divergence from the prosimian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Roumazeilles
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13TA, UK
| | - Frederik J Lange
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - R Austin Benn
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Jesper L R Andersson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Mads F Bertelsen
- Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg 2000, Denmark
| | - Paul R Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Edmund Flach
- Wildlife Health Services, Zoological Society of London, London NW14RY, UK (now retired)
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Katherine L Bryant
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DU, UK
| | - Jérôme Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX13TA, UK.,Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron 69500, France
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX39DU, UK.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen 6525 HR, The Netherlands
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20
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Braunsdorf M, Blazquez Freches G, Roumazeilles L, Eichert N, Schurz M, Uithol S, Bryant KL, Mars RB. Does the temporal cortex make us human? A review of structural and functional diversity of the primate temporal lobe. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:400-410. [PMID: 34480913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Temporal cortex is a primate specialization that shows considerable variation in size, morphology, and connectivity across species. Human temporal cortex is involved in many behaviors that are considered especially well developed in humans, including semantic processing, language, and theory of mind. Here, we ask whether the involvement of temporal cortex in these behaviors can be explained in the context of the 'general' primate organization of the temporal lobe or whether the human temporal lobe contains unique specializations indicative of a 'step change' in the lineage leading to modern humans. We propose that many human behaviors can be explained as elaborations of temporal cortex functions observed in other primates. However, changes in temporal lobe white matter suggest increased integration of information within temporal cortex and between posterior temporal cortex and other association areas, which likely enable behaviors not possible in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius Braunsdorf
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Guilherme Blazquez Freches
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lea Roumazeilles
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Eichert
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Schurz
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebo Uithol
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Katherine L Bryant
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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21
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22
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Dunbar RIM, Shultz S. Social complexity and the fractal structure of group size in primate social evolution. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1889-1906. [PMID: 33945202 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Compared to most other mammals and birds, anthropoid primates have unusually complex societies characterised by bonded social groups. Among primates, this effect is encapsulated in the social brain hypothesis: the robust correlation between various indices of social complexity (social group size, grooming clique size, tactical behaviour, coalition formation) and brain size. Hitherto, this has always been interpreted as a simple, unitary relationship. Using data for five different indices of brain volume from four independent brain databases, we show that the distribution of group size plotted against brain size is best described as a set of four distinct, very narrowly defined grades which are unrelated to phylogeny. The allocation of genera to these grades is highly consistent across the different data sets and brain indices. We show that these grades correspond to the progressive evolution of bonded social groups. In addition, we show, for those species that live in multilevel social systems, that the typical sizes of the different grouping levels in each case coincide with different grades. This suggests that the grades correspond to demographic attractors that are especially stable. Using five different cognitive indices, we show that the grades correlate with increasing social cognitive skills, suggesting that the cognitive demands of managing group cohesion increase progressively across grades. We argue that the grades themselves represent glass ceilings on animals' capacity to maintain social and spatial coherence during foraging and that, in order to evolve more highly bonded groups, species have to be able to invest in costly forms of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin I M Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX2 1GG, UK
| | - Susanne Shultz
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Michael Smith Building, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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23
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DE Benedictis A, Marras CE, Petit L, Sarubbo S. The inferior fronto-occipital fascicle: a century of controversies from anatomy theaters to operative neurosurgery. J Neurosurg Sci 2021; 65:605-615. [PMID: 33940782 DOI: 10.23736/s0390-5616.21.05360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Since its first description in the early 19th century, the inferior frontooccipital fascicle (IFOF) and its anatomo-functional features were neglected in the neuroscientific literature for the last century. In the last decade, the rapid development of in vivo imaging for the reconstruction of white matter (WM) connectivity (i.e., tractography) and the consequent interest in more traditional ex vivo methods (postmortem dissection) have allowed a renewed debate about course, termination territories, anatomical relationships, and functional roles of this fascicle. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We reviewed the main current knowledge concerning the structural and functional anatomy of the IFOF and possible implications in neurosurgical practice. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS The IFOF connects the occipital cortex, the temporo-basal areas, the superior parietal lobule, and the pre-cuneus to the frontal lobe, passing through the ventral third of subinsular WM of the external capsule. This wide distribution of cortical terminations provides multimodal integration between several functional networks, including language, non-verbal semantic processing, object identification, visuo-spatial processing and planning, reading, facial expression recognition, memory and conceptualization, emotional and neuropsychological behavior. This anatomo-functional organization has important implication also in neurosurgical practice, especially when approaching the frontal, insular, temporo-parieto-occipital regions and the ventricular system. CONCLUSIONS The IFOF is the most extensive associative bundle of the human connectome. Its multi-layer organization reflects important implications in many aspects of brain functional processing. Accurate awareness of IFOF functional anatomy and integration between multimodal datasets coming from different sources has crucial implications for both neuroscientific knowledge and quality of neurosurgical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro DE Benedictis
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy -
| | - Carlo E Marras
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Laurent Petit
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut Des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Silvio Sarubbo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Structural and Functional Connectivity Lab, S. Chiara Hospital, Trento, Italy
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24
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Sani I, Stemmann H, Caron B, Bullock D, Stemmler T, Fahle M, Pestilli F, Freiwald WA. The human endogenous attentional control network includes a ventro-temporal cortical node. Nat Commun 2021; 12:360. [PMID: 33452252 PMCID: PMC7810878 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous attention is the cognitive function that selects the relevant pieces of sensory information to achieve goals and it is known to be controlled by dorsal fronto-parietal brain areas. Here we expand this notion by identifying a control attention area located in the temporal lobe. By combining a demanding behavioral paradigm with functional neuroimaging and diffusion tractography, we show that like fronto-parietal attentional areas, the human posterior inferotemporal cortex exhibits significant attentional modulatory activity. This area is functionally distinct from surrounding cortical areas, and is directly connected to parietal and frontal attentional regions. These results show that attentional control spans three cortical lobes and overarches large distances through fiber pathways that run orthogonally to the dominant anterior-posterior axes of sensory processing, thus suggesting a different organizing principle for cognitive control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Sani
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA ,grid.8591.50000 0001 2322 4988Laboratory of Neurology & Imaging of Cognition, University of Geneva, Chemin de mines 9, 1202 Geneva, CH Switzerland
| | - Heiko Stemmann
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Institute for Brain Research and Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Bradley Caron
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Daniel Bullock
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Torsten Stemmler
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Institute for Brain Research and Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Manfred Fahle
- grid.7704.40000 0001 2297 4381Institute for Brain Research and Center for Advanced Imaging, University of Bremen, 28334 Bremen, Germany
| | - Franco Pestilli
- grid.411377.70000 0001 0790 959XDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN USA ,grid.89336.370000 0004 1936 9924Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712 USA
| | - Winrich A. Freiwald
- grid.134907.80000 0001 2166 1519Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA ,Center for Brains, Minds & Machines, Cambridge, MA USA
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25
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Meguerditchian A, Marie D, Margiotoudi K, Roth M, Nazarian B, Anton JL, Claidière N. Baboons (Papio anubis) living in larger social groups have bigger brains. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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26
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Bryant KL, Li L, Eichert N, Mars RB. A comprehensive atlas of white matter tracts in the chimpanzee. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000971. [PMID: 33383575 PMCID: PMC7806129 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) are, along with bonobos, humans’ closest living relatives. The advent of diffusion MRI tractography in recent years has allowed a resurgence of comparative neuroanatomical studies in humans and other primate species. Here we offer, in comparative perspective, the first chimpanzee white matter atlas, constructed from in vivo chimpanzee diffusion-weighted scans. Comparative white matter atlases provide a useful tool for identifying neuroanatomical differences and similarities between humans and other primate species. Until now, comprehensive fascicular atlases have been created for humans (Homo sapiens), rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), and several other nonhuman primate species, but never in a nonhuman ape. Information on chimpanzee neuroanatomy is essential for understanding the anatomical specializations of white matter organization that are unique to the human lineage. Diffusion MRI tractography reveals the first complete atlas of white matter of the chimpanzee, with the potential to help understand differences between the organization of human and chimpanzee brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L. Bryant
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Longchuan Li
- Marcus Autism Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Nicole Eichert
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier B. Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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27
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Xu T, Nenning KH, Schwartz E, Hong SJ, Vogelstein JT, Goulas A, Fair DA, Schroeder CE, Margulies DS, Smallwood J, Milham MP, Langs G. Cross-species functional alignment reveals evolutionary hierarchy within the connectome. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117346. [PMID: 32916286 PMCID: PMC7871099 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution provides an important window into how cortical organization shapes function and vice versa. The complex mosaic of changes in brain morphology and functional organization that have shaped the mammalian cortex during evolution, complicates attempts to chart cortical differences across species. It limits our ability to fully appreciate how evolution has shaped our brain, especially in systems associated with unique human cognitive capabilities that lack anatomical homologues in other species. Here, we develop a function-based method for cross-species alignment that enables the quantification of homologous regions between humans and rhesus macaques, even when their location is decoupled from anatomical landmarks. Critically, we find cross-species similarity in functional organization reflects a gradient of evolutionary change that decreases from unimodal systems and culminates with the most pronounced changes in posterior regions of the default mode network (angular gyrus, posterior cingulate and middle temporal cortices). Our findings suggest that the establishment of the default mode network, as the apex of a cognitive hierarchy, has changed in a complex manner during human evolution - even within subnetworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xu
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Karl-Heinz Nenning
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Schwartz
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Seok-Jun Hong
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua T Vogelstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Computational Medicine, Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA
| | - Alexandros Goulas
- Institute of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg University, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Damien A Fair
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Charles E Schroeder
- Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Departments of neurosurgery and Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel S Margulies
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France
| | - Jonny Smallwood
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; Psychology Department, University of York, York, UK
| | - Michael P Milham
- Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA; Center for Biomedical Imaging and Neuromodulation, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Georg Langs
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria; Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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28
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Anurova I, Carlson S, Rauschecker JP. Overlapping Anatomical Networks Convey Cross-Modal Suppression in the Sighted and Coactivation of "Visual" and Auditory Cortex in the Blind. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:4863-4876. [PMID: 30843062 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present combined DTI/fMRI study we investigated adaptive plasticity of neural networks involved in controlling spatial and nonspatial auditory working memory in the early blind (EB). In both EB and sighted controls (SC), fractional anisotropy (FA) within the right inferior longitudinal fasciculus correlated positively with accuracy in a one-back sound localization but not sound identification task. The neural tracts passing through the cluster of significant correlation connected auditory and "visual" areas in the right hemisphere. Activity in these areas during both sound localization and identification correlated with FA within the anterior corpus callosum, anterior thalamic radiation, and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. In EB, FA in these structures correlated positively with activity in both auditory and "visual" areas, whereas FA in SC correlated positively with activity in auditory and negatively with activity in visual areas. The results indicate that frontal white matter conveys cross-modal suppression of occipital areas in SC, while it mediates coactivation of auditory and reorganized "visual" cortex in EB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Anurova
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Synnöve Carlson
- Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, Espoo 02150, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Josef P Rauschecker
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich 85748, Germany
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29
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Brain connections derived from diffusion MRI tractography can be highly anatomically accurate-if we know where white matter pathways start, where they end, and where they do not go. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:2387-2402. [PMID: 32816112 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02129-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MR Tractography, which is based on MRI measures of water diffusivity, is currently the only method available for noninvasive reconstruction of fiber pathways in the brain. However, it has several fundamental limitations that call into question its accuracy in many applications. Therefore, there has been intense interest in defining and mitigating the intrinsic limitations of the method. Recent studies have reported that tractography is inherently limited in its ability to accurately reconstruct the connections of the brain, when based on voxel-averaged estimates of local fiber orientation alone. Several validation studies have confirmed that tractography techniques are plagued by both false-positive and false-negative connections. However, these validation studies which quantify sensitivity and specificity, particularly in animal models, have not utilized prior anatomical knowledge, as is done in the human literature, for virtual dissection of white matter pathways, instead assessing tractography implemented in a relatively unconstrained manner. Thus, they represent a worse-case scenario for bundle-segmentation techniques and may not be indicative of the anatomical accuracy in the process of bundle segmentation, where streamline filtering using inclusion and exclusion regions-of-interest is common. With this in mind, the aim of the current study is to investigate and quantify the upper bounds of accuracy using current tractography methods. Making use of the same dataset utilized in two seminal validation papers, we show that prior anatomical knowledge in the form of manually placed or template-driven constraints can significantly improve the anatomical accuracy of estimated brain connections. Thus, we show that it is possible to achieve a high sensitivity and high specificity simultaneously, and conclude that current tractography algorithms, in combination with anatomically driven constraints, can result in reconstructions which very accurately reflect the ground truth white matter connections.
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30
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Dunbar RIM. Structure and function in human and primate social networks: implications for diffusion, network stability and health. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 476:20200446. [PMID: 32922160 PMCID: PMC7482201 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2020.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human social world is orders of magnitude smaller than our highly urbanized world might lead us to suppose. In addition, human social networks have a very distinct fractal structure similar to that observed in other primates. In part, this reflects a cognitive constraint, and in part a time constraint, on the capacity for interaction. Structured networks of this kind have a significant effect on the rates of transmission of both disease and information. Because the cognitive mechanism underpinning network structure is based on trust, internal and external threats that undermine trust or constrain interaction inevitably result in the fragmentation and restructuring of networks. In contexts where network sizes are smaller, this is likely to have significant impacts on psychological and physical health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. I. M. Dunbar
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, New Radcliffe Building, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford OX1 6GG, UK
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31
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Roumazeilles L, Eichert N, Bryant KL, Folloni D, Sallet J, Vijayakumar S, Foxley S, Tendler BC, Jbabdi S, Reveley C, Verhagen L, Dershowitz LB, Guthrie M, Flach E, Miller KL, Mars RB. Longitudinal connections and the organization of the temporal cortex in macaques, great apes, and humans. PLoS Biol 2020; 18:e3000810. [PMID: 32735557 PMCID: PMC7423156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The temporal association cortex is considered a primate specialization and is involved in complex behaviors, with some, such as language, particularly characteristic of humans. The emergence of these behaviors has been linked to major differences in temporal lobe white matter in humans compared with monkeys. It is unknown, however, how the organization of the temporal lobe differs across several anthropoid primates. Therefore, we systematically compared the organization of the major temporal lobe white matter tracts in the human, gorilla, and chimpanzee great apes and in the macaque monkey. We show that humans and great apes, in particular the chimpanzee, exhibit an expanded and more complex occipital-temporal white matter system; additionally, in humans, the invasion of dorsal tracts into the temporal lobe provides a further specialization. We demonstrate the reorganization of different tracts along the primate evolutionary tree, including distinctive connectivity of human temporal gray matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea Roumazeilles
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Eichert
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L. Bryant
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Davide Folloni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Suhas Vijayakumar
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sean Foxley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin C. Tendler
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Reveley
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lennart Verhagen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lori B. Dershowitz
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Guthrie
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Edmund Flach
- Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karla L. Miller
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier B. Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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32
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Warrington S, Bryant KL, Khrapitchev AA, Sallet J, Charquero-Ballester M, Douaud G, Jbabdi S, Mars RB, Sotiropoulos SN. XTRACT - Standardised protocols for automated tractography in the human and macaque brain. Neuroimage 2020; 217:116923. [PMID: 32407993 PMCID: PMC7260058 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a new software package with a library of standardised tractography protocols devised for the robust automated extraction of white matter tracts both in the human and the macaque brain. Using in vivo data from the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and the UK Biobank and ex vivo data for the macaque brain datasets, we obtain white matter atlases, as well as atlases for tract endpoints on the white-grey matter boundary, for both species. We illustrate that our protocols are robust against data quality, generalisable across two species and reflect the known anatomy. We further demonstrate that they capture inter-subject variability by preserving tract lateralisation in humans and tract similarities stemming from twinship in the HCP cohort. Our results demonstrate that the presented toolbox will be useful for generating imaging-derived features in large cohorts, and in facilitating comparative neuroanatomy studies. The software, tractography protocols, and atlases are publicly released through FSL, allowing users to define their own tractography protocols in a standardised manner, further contributing to open science. A new software package for standardised and automated cross-species tractography. Homologous white matter bundles in the human and macaque brain. Human white matter tract atlases generated from large datasets (1000 subjects). Tractography protocols are standardised, but preserve individual variability. Generalisability across datasets shown using the HCP and the UK Biobank data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun Warrington
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK.
| | - Katherine L Bryant
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, & Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alexandr A Khrapitchev
- CRUK and MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging - Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK; Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Inserm, Stem Cell and Brain Research Institute U1208, Bron, France
| | - Marina Charquero-Ballester
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gwenaëlle Douaud
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, & Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stamatios N Sotiropoulos
- Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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33
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Kaneko T, Takemura H, Pestilli F, Silva AC, Ye FQ, Leopold DA. Spatial organization of occipital white matter tracts in the common marmoset. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1313-1326. [PMID: 32253509 PMCID: PMC7577349 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The primate brain contains a large number of interconnected visual areas, whose spatial organization and intracortical projections show a high level of conservation across species. One fiber pathway of recent interest is the vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF), which is thought to support communication between dorsal and ventral visual areas in the occipital lobe. A recent comparative diffusion MRI (dMRI) study reported that the VOF in the macaque brain bears a similar topology to that of the human, running superficial and roughly perpendicular to the optic radiation. The present study reports a comparative investigation of the VOF in the common marmoset, a small New World monkey whose lissencephalic brain is approximately tenfold smaller than the macaque and 150-fold smaller than the human. High-resolution ex vivo dMRI of two marmoset brains revealed an occipital white matter structure that closely resembles that of the larger primate species, with one notable difference. Namely, unlike in the macaque and the human, the VOF in the marmoset is spatially fused with other, more anterior vertical tracts, extending anteriorly between the parietal and temporal cortices. We compare several aspects of this continuous structure, which we term the VOF complex (VOF +), and neighboring fasciculi to those of macaques and humans. We hypothesize that the essential topology of the VOF+ is a conserved feature of the posterior cortex in anthropoid primates, with a clearer fragmentation into multiple named fasciculi in larger, more gyrified brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Kaneko
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- Systems Neuroscience Section, Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, 41 Kanrin, Inuyamas-shi, Aichi, 484-8506, Japan.
| | - Hiromasa Takemura
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita-shi, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Franco Pestilli
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E 10th Street, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Afonso C Silva
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Frank Q Ye
- Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Leopold
- Neurophysiology Imaging Facility, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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34
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Webber E, Dunbar R. The fractal structure of communities of practice: Implications for business organization. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232204. [PMID: 32348329 PMCID: PMC7190158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Communities of practice (COP) are informal (sometimes formal) groupings of professionals with shared interests that form to facilitate the exchange of expertise and shared learning or to function as professional support networks. We analyse a dataset on the size of COPs and show that their distribution has a fractal structure similar to that found in huntergatherer social organisation and the structure of human personal social networks. Small communities up to about 40 in size can be managed democratically, but all larger communities require a leadership team structure. We show that frequency of interaction declines as size increases, as is the case in personal social networks. This suggests that professional work-oriented organisations may be subject to the same kinds of constraint imposed on human social organisation by the social brain. We discuss the implications for business management structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Webber
- Tacit London Ltd, Loughton, England, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Dunbar
- Magdalen College, Oxford, England, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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35
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Eichert N, Robinson EC, Bryant KL, Jbabdi S, Jenkinson M, Li L, Krug K, Watkins KE, Mars RB. Cross-species cortical alignment identifies different types of anatomical reorganization in the primate temporal lobe. eLife 2020; 9:e53232. [PMID: 32202497 PMCID: PMC7180052 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary adaptations of temporo-parietal cortex are considered to be a critical specialization of the human brain. Cortical adaptations, however, can affect different aspects of brain architecture, including local expansion of the cortical sheet or changes in connectivity between cortical areas. We distinguish different types of changes in brain architecture using a computational neuroanatomy approach. We investigate the extent to which between-species alignment, based on cortical myelin, can predict changes in connectivity patterns across macaque, chimpanzee, and human. We show that expansion and relocation of brain areas can predict terminations of several white matter tracts in temporo-parietal cortex, including the middle and superior longitudinal fasciculus, but not the arcuate fasciculus. This demonstrates that the arcuate fasciculus underwent additional evolutionary modifications affecting the temporal lobe connectivity pattern. This approach can flexibly be extended to include other features of cortical organization and other species, allowing direct tests of comparative hypotheses of brain organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Eichert
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Emma C Robinson
- Biomedical Engineering Department, King’s College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Katherine L Bryant
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Mark Jenkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Longchuan Li
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Kristine Krug
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Institute of Biology, Otto-von-Guericke-Universität MagdeburgMagdeburgGermany
- Leibniz-Insitute for NeurobiologyMagdeburgGermany
| | - Kate E Watkins
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University NijmegenNijmegenNetherlands
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Principles of temporal association cortex organisation as revealed by connectivity gradients. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1245-1260. [PMID: 32157450 PMCID: PMC7270054 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02047-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To establish the link between structure and function of any large area of the neocortex, it is helpful to identify its principles of organisation. One way to establish such principles is to investigate how differences in whole-brain connectivity are structured across the area. Here, we use Laplacian eigenmaps on diffusion MRI tractography data to investigate the organisational principles of the human temporal association cortex. We identify three overlapping gradients of connectivity that are, for the most part, consistent across hemispheres. The first gradient reveals an inferior–superior organisation of predominantly longitudinal tracts and separates visual and auditory unimodal and multimodal cortices. The second gradient radiates outward from the posterior middle temporal cortex with the arcuate fascicle as a distinguishing feature; the third gradient is concentrated in the anterior temporal lobe and emanates towards its posterior end. We describe the functional relevance of each of these gradients through the meta-analysis of data from the neuroimaging literature. Together, these results unravel the overlapping dimensions of structural organization of the human temporal cortex and provide a framework underlying its functional multiplicity.
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Differences in Frontal Network Anatomy Across Primate Species. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2094-2107. [PMID: 31949106 PMCID: PMC7055147 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1650-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The frontal lobe is central to distinctive aspects of human cognition and behavior. Some comparative studies link this to a larger frontal cortex and even larger frontal white matter in humans compared with other primates, yet others dispute these findings. The discrepancies between studies could be explained by limitations of the methods used to quantify volume differences across species, especially when applied to white matter connections. In this study, we used a novel tractography approach to demonstrate that frontal lobe networks, extending within and beyond the frontal lobes, occupy 66% of total brain white matter in humans and 48% in three monkey species: vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops), rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis), all male. The simian-human differences in proportional frontal tract volume were significant for projection, commissural, and both intralobar and interlobar association tracts. Among the long association tracts, the greatest difference was found for tracts involved in motor planning, auditory memory, top-down control of sensory information, and visuospatial attention, with no significant differences in frontal limbic tracts important for emotional processing and social behaviour. In addition, we found that a nonfrontal tract, the anterior commissure, had a smaller volume fraction in humans, suggesting that the disproportionally large volume of human frontal lobe connections is accompanied by a reduction in the proportion of some nonfrontal connections. These findings support a hypothesis of an overall rearrangement of brain connections during human evolution.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Tractography is a unique tool to map white matter connections in the brains of different species, including humans. This study shows that humans have a greater proportion of frontal lobe connections compared with monkeys, when normalized by total brain white matter volume. In particular, tracts associated with language and higher cognitive functions are disproportionally larger in humans compared with monkeys, whereas other tracts associated with emotional processing are either the same or disproportionally smaller. This supports the hypothesis that the emergence of higher cognitive functions in humans is associated with increased extended frontal connectivity, allowing human brains more efficient cross talk between frontal and other high-order associative areas of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
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Folloni D, Sallet J, Khrapitchev AA, Sibson N, Verhagen L, Mars RB. Dichotomous organization of amygdala/temporal-prefrontal bundles in both humans and monkeys. eLife 2019; 8:e47175. [PMID: 31689177 PMCID: PMC6831033 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The interactions of anterior temporal structures, and especially the amygdala, with the prefrontal cortex are pivotal to learning, decision-making, and socio-emotional regulation. A clear anatomical description of the organization and dissociation of fiber bundles linking anterior temporal cortex/amygdala and prefrontal cortex in humans is still lacking. Using diffusion imaging techniques, we reconstructed fiber bundles between these anatomical regions in human and macaque brains. First, by studying macaques, we assessed which aspects of connectivity known from tracer studies could be identified with diffusion imaging. Second, by comparing diffusion imaging results in humans and macaques, we estimated the patterns of fibers coursing between human amygdala and prefrontal cortex and compared them with those in the monkey. In posterior prefrontal cortex, we observed a prominent and well-preserved bifurcation of bundles into primarily two fiber systems-an amygdalofugal path and an uncinate path-in both species. This dissociation fades away in more rostral prefrontal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Folloni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN),Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB),Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN),Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB),Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Nicola Sibson
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation OncologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lennart Verhagen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN),Department of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB),Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging (WIN), Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB),Nuffield Department of Clinical NeurosciencesJohn Radcliffe Hospital, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and BehaviourRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenNetherlands
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39
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The comparative anatomy of frontal eye fields in primates. Cortex 2019; 118:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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40
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Eichert N, Verhagen L, Folloni D, Jbabdi S, Khrapitchev AA, Sibson NR, Mantini D, Sallet J, Mars RB. What is special about the human arcuate fasciculus? Lateralization, projections, and expansion. Cortex 2019; 118:107-115. [PMID: 29937266 PMCID: PMC6699597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary adaptations of the human brain are the basis for our unique abilities such as language. An expansion of the arcuate fasciculus (AF), the dorsal language tract, in the human lineage involving left lateralization is considered canonical, but this hypothesis has not been tested in relation to other architectural adaptations in the human brain. Using diffusion-weighted MRI, we examined AF in the human and macaque and quantified species differences in white matter architecture and surface representations. To compare surface results in the two species, we transformed macaque representations to human space using a landmark-based monkey-to-human cortical expansion model. We found that the human dorsal AF, but not the ventral inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFO), is left-lateralized. In the monkey AF is not lateralized. Moreover, compared to the macaque, human AF is relatively increased with respect to IFO. A comparison of human and transformed macaque surface representations suggests that cortical expansion alone cannot account for the species differences in the surface representation of AF. Our results show that the human AF has undergone critical anatomical modifications in comparison with the macaque AF. More generally, this work demonstrates that studies on the human brain specializations underlying the language connectome can benefit from current methodological advances in comparative neuroanatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Eichert
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Lennart Verhagen
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Folloni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandre A Khrapitchev
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola R Sibson
- Cancer Research UK and Medical Research Council Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dante Mantini
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Research Centre for Motor Control and Neuroplasticity, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jerome Sallet
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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41
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Takemura H, Pestilli F, Weiner KS. Comparative neuroanatomy: Integrating classic and modern methods to understand association fibers connecting dorsal and ventral visual cortex. Neurosci Res 2019; 146:1-12. [PMID: 30389574 PMCID: PMC6491271 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Comparative neuroanatomy studies improve understanding of brain structure and function and provide insight regarding brain development, evolution, and also what features of the brain are uniquely human. With modern methods such as diffusion MRI (dMRI) and quantitative MRI (qMRI), we are able to measure structural features of the brain with the same methods across human and non-human primates. In this review article, we discuss how recent dMRI measurements of vertical occipital connections in humans and macaques can be compared with previous findings from invasive anatomical studies that examined connectivity, including relatively forgotten classic strychnine neuronography studies. We then review recent progress in understanding the neuroanatomy of vertical connections within the occipitotemporal cortex by combining modern quantitative MRI and classical histological measurements in human and macaque. Finally, we a) discuss current limitations of dMRI and tractography and b) consider potential paths for future investigations using dMRI and tractography for comparative neuroanatomical studies of white matter tracts between species. While we focus on vertical association connections in visual cortex in the present paper, this same approach can be applied to other white matter tracts. Similar efforts are likely to continue to advance our understanding of the neuroanatomical features of the brain that are shared across species, as well as to distinguish the features that are uniquely human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Takemura
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, and Osaka University, Suita, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.
| | - Franco Pestilli
- Departments of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Computer Science and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Programs in Neuroscience and Cognitive Science, School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kevin S Weiner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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42
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Thiebaut de Schotten M, Croxson PL, Mars RB. Large-scale comparative neuroimaging: Where are we and what do we need? Cortex 2019; 118:188-202. [PMID: 30661736 PMCID: PMC6699599 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Neuroimaging has a lot to offer comparative neuroscience. Although invasive "gold standard" techniques have a better spatial resolution, neuroimaging allows fast, whole-brain, repeatable, and multi-modal measurements of structure and function in living animals and post-mortem tissue. In the past years, comparative neuroimaging has increased in popularity. However, we argue that its most significant potential lies in its ability to collect large-scale datasets of many species to investigate principles of variability in brain organisation across whole orders of species-an ambition that is presently unfulfilled but achievable. We briefly review the current state of the field and explore what the current obstacles to such an approach are. We propose some calls to action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Group, Sorbonne Universities, Paris France; Frontlab, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), UPMC UMRS 1127, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR, Paris, France; Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives-UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Paula L Croxson
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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43
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Howell BR, Ahn M, Shi Y, Godfrey JR, Hu X, Zhu H, Styner M, Sanchez MM. Disentangling the effects of early caregiving experience and heritable factors on brain white matter development in rhesus monkeys. Neuroimage 2019; 197:625-642. [PMID: 30978495 PMCID: PMC7179761 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Early social experiences, particularly maternal care, shape behavioral and physiological development in primates. Thus, it is not surprising that adverse caregiving, such as child maltreatment leads to a vast array of poor developmental outcomes, including increased risk for psychopathology across the lifespan. Studies of the underlying neurobiology of this risk have identified structural and functional alterations in cortico-limbic brain circuits that seem particularly sensitive to these early adverse experiences and are associated with anxiety and affective disorders. However, it is not understood how these neurobiological alterations unfold during development as it is very difficult to study these early phases in humans, where the effects of maltreatment experience cannot be disentangled from heritable traits. The current study examined the specific effects of experience ("nurture") versus heritable factors ("nature") on the development of brain white matter (WM) tracts with putative roles in socioemotional behavior in primates from birth through the juvenile period. For this we used a randomized crossfostering experimental design in a naturalistic rhesus monkey model of infant maltreatment, where infant monkeys were randomly assigned at birth to either a mother with a history of maltreating her infants, or a competent mother. Using a longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) atlas-based tract-profile approach we identified widespread, but also specific, maturational changes on major brain tracts, as well as alterations in a measure of WM integrity (fractional anisotropy, FA) in the middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) and the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), of maltreated animals, suggesting decreased structural integrity in these tracts due to early adverse experience. Exploratory voxelwise analyses confirmed the tract-based approach, finding additional effects of early adversity, biological mother, social dominance rank, and sex in other WM tracts. These results suggest tract-specific effects of postnatal maternal care experience versus heritable or biological factors on primate WM microstructural development. Further studies are needed to determine the specific behavioral outcomes and biological mechanisms associated with these alterations in WM integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany R Howell
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Mihye Ahn
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA; Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yundi Shi
- Department. of Psychiatry and Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jodi R Godfrey
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Biomedical Imaging Technology Center, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hongtu Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics and Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Martin Styner
- Department. of Psychiatry and Computer Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mar M Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
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44
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Xia X, Fan L, Cheng C, Yao R, Deng H, Zhao D, Li H, Jiang T. Interspecies Differences in the Connectivity of Ventral Striatal Components Between Humans and Macaques. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:623. [PMID: 31258468 PMCID: PMC6587664 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the evolutionarily conserved functions of the ventral striatal components have been used as a priori knowledge for further study, whether these functions are conserved between species remains unclear. In particular, whether macroscopic connectivity supports this given the disproportionate volumetric differences between species in the brain regions that project to the ventral striatum, including the prefrontal and limbic areas, has not been established In this study, the human and macaque striatum was first tractographically parcellated to define the ventral striatum and its two subregions, the nucleus accumbens (Acb)-like and the neurochemically unique domains of the Acb and putamen (NUDAPs)-like divisions. Our results revealed a similar topographical distribution of the connectivity-based ventral striatal components in the two primate brains. Successively, a set of targets was extracted to construct a connectivity fingerprint to characterize these parcellation results, enabling cross-species comparisons. Our results indicated that the connectivity fingerprints of the ventral striatum-like divisions were dissimilar in the two species. We localized this difference to specific targets to analyze possible interspecies functional modifications. Our results also revealed interspecies-convergent connectivity ratio fingerprints of the target group to these two ventral striatum-like subregions. This convergence may suggest synchronous connectional changes of these ventral striatal components during primate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoluan Xia
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Cheng
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Yao
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - HongXia Deng
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Dongqin Zhao
- Experimental Teaching Center, Shanxi University of Finance and Economics, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haifang Li
- College of Information and Computer, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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45
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Smith AT, Beer AL, Furlan M, Mars RB. Connectivity of the Cingulate Sulcus Visual Area (CSv) in the Human Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:713-725. [PMID: 28108496 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv) responds selectively to visual and vestibular cues to self-motion. Although it is more selective for visual self-motion cues than any other brain region studied, it is not known whether CSv mediates perception of self-motion. An alternative hypothesis, based on its location, is that it provides sensory information to the motor system for use in guiding locomotion. To evaluate this hypothesis we studied the connectivity pattern of CSv, which is completely unknown, with a combination of diffusion MRI and resting-state functional MRI. Converging results from the 2 approaches suggest that visual drive is provided primarily by areas hV6, pVIP (putative intraparietal cortex) and PIC (posterior insular cortex). A strong connection with the medial portion of the somatosensory cortex, which represents the legs and feet, suggests that CSv may receive locomotion-relevant proprioceptive information as well as visual and vestibular signals. However, the dominant connections of CSv are with specific components of the motor system, in particular the cingulate motor areas and the supplementary motor area. We propose that CSv may provide a previously unknown link between perception and action that serves the online control of locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Smith
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Anton L Beer
- Institut für Psychologie, Universität Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michele Furlan
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Department of Experimental Psychology and Centre for Functional fMRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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46
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Mars RB, O'Muircheartaigh J, Folloni D, Li L, Glasser MF, Jbabdi S, Bryant KL. Concurrent analysis of white matter bundles and grey matter networks in the chimpanzee. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1021-1033. [PMID: 30569281 PMCID: PMC6499872 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1817-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the phylogeny of the human brain requires an appreciation of brain organization of our closest animal relatives. Neuroimaging tools such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allow us to study whole-brain organization in species which can otherwise not be studied. Here, we used diffusion MRI to reconstruct the connections of the cortical hemispheres of the chimpanzee. This allowed us to perform an exploratory analysis of the grey matter structures of the chimpanzee cerebral cortex and their underlying white matter connectivity profiles. We identified a number of networks that strongly resemble those found in other primates, including the corticospinal system, limbic connections through the cingulum bundle and fornix, and occipital-temporal and temporal-frontal systems. Notably, chimpanzee temporal cortex showed a strong resemblance to that of the human brain, providing some insight into the specialization of the two species' shared lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogier B Mars
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jonathan O'Muircheartaigh
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, UK
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, London, UK
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, St Thomas' Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Davide Folloni
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Longchuan Li
- Marcus Autism Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Matthew F Glasser
- Departments of Radiology and Neuroscience, Washington University Medical School, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Saad Jbabdi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Katherine L Bryant
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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47
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Assaf Y, Johansen-Berg H, Thiebaut de Schotten M. The role of diffusion MRI in neuroscience. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e3762. [PMID: 28696013 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted imaging has pushed the boundaries of neuroscience by allowing us to examine the white matter microstructure of the living human brain. By doing so, it has provided answers to fundamental neuroscientific questions, launching a new field of research that had been largely inaccessible. We briefly summarize key questions that have historically been raised in neuroscience concerning the brain's white matter. We then expand on the benefits of diffusion-weighted imaging and its contribution to the fields of brain anatomy, functional models and plasticity. In doing so, this review highlights the invaluable contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging in neuroscience, presents its limitations and proposes new challenges for future generations who may wish to exploit this powerful technology to gain novel insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Assaf
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- FMRIB Centre, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Brain Connectivity and Behaviour Group, Frontlab, Brain and Spine Institute, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du cerveau et la moelle (ICM) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'hôpital, Paris, France
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche CENIR, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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48
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Sarubbo S, Petit L, De Benedictis A, Chioffi F, Ptito M, Dyrby TB. Uncovering the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle and its topological organization in non-human primates: the missing connection for language evolution. Brain Struct Funct 2019; 224:1553-1567. [PMID: 30847641 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-019-01856-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Whether brain networks underlying the multimodal processing of language in humans are present in non-human primates is an unresolved question in primate evolution. Conceptual awareness in humans, which is the backbone of verbal and non-verbal semantic elaboration, involves intracerebral connectivity via the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle (IFOF). While non-human primates can communicate through visual information channels, there has been no formal demonstration that they possess a functional homologue of the human IFOF. Therefore, we undertook a post-mortem diffusion MRI tractography study in conjunction with Klingler micro-dissection to search for IFOF fiber tracts in brain of Old-World (vervet) monkeys. We found clear and concordant evidence from both techniques for the existence of bilateral fiber tracts connecting the frontal and occipital lobes. These tracts closely resembled the human IFOF with respect to trajectory, topological organization, and cortical terminal fields. Moreover, these fibers are clearly distinct from other bundles previously described in this region of monkey brain, i.e., the inferior longitudinal and uncinate fascicles, and the external and extreme capsules. This demonstration of an IFOF in brain of a species that diverged from the human lineage some 22 millions years ago enhances our comprehension about the evolution of language and social behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Sarubbo
- Division of Neurosurgery, Structural and Functional Connectivity Lab Project, "S. Chiara" Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), 38122, Trento, Italy.
| | - Laurent Petit
- Groupe d'Imagerie Neurofonctionnelle, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alessandro De Benedictis
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Chioffi
- Division of Neurosurgery, Structural and Functional Connectivity Lab Project, "S. Chiara" Hospital, Azienda Provinciale per i Servizi Sanitari (APSS), 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Maurice Ptito
- École d'optométrie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Tim B Dyrby
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Center for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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49
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Patel GH, Sestieri C, Corbetta M. The evolution of the temporoparietal junction and posterior superior temporal sulcus. Cortex 2019; 118:38-50. [PMID: 30808550 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The scale at which humans can handle complex social situations is massively increased compared to other animals. However, the neural substrates of this scaling remain poorly understood. In this review, we discuss how the expansion and rearrangement of the temporoparietal junction and posterior superior temporal sulcus (TPJ-pSTS) may have played a key role in the growth of human social abilities. Comparing the function and anatomy of the TPJ-pSTS in humans and macaques, which are thought to be separated by 25 million years of evolution, we find that the expansion of this region in humans has shifted the architecture of the dorsal and ventral processing streams. The TPJ-pSTS contains areas related to face-emotion processing, attention, theory of mind operations, and memory; its expansion has allowed for the elaboration and rearrangement of the cortical areas contained within, and potentially the introduction of new cortical areas. Based on the arrangement and the function of these areas in the human, we propose that the TPJ-pSTS is the basis of a third frontoparietal processing stream that underlies the increased social abilities in humans. We then describe a model of how the TPJ-pSTS areas interact as a hub that coordinates the activities of multiple brain networks in the exploration of the complex dynamic social scenes typical of the human social experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav H Patel
- Columbia University, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, USA.
| | | | - Maurizio Corbetta
- University of Padova, Italy; Washington University School of Medicine, USA
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50
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Sani I, McPherson BC, Stemmann H, Pestilli F, Freiwald WA. Functionally defined white matter of the macaque monkey brain reveals a dorso-ventral attention network. eLife 2019; 8:e40520. [PMID: 30601116 PMCID: PMC6345568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical studies of attention have identified areas of parietal and frontal cortex as sources of attentional control. Recently, a ventral region in the macaque temporal cortex, the posterior infero-temporal dorsal area PITd, has been suggested as a third attentional control area. This raises the question of whether and how spatially distant areas coordinate a joint focus of attention. Here we tested the hypothesis that parieto-frontal attention areas and PITd are directly interconnected. By combining functional MRI with ex-vivo high-resolution diffusion MRI, we found that PITd and dorsal attention areas are all directly connected through three specific fascicles. These results ascribe a new function, the communication of attention signals, to two known fiber-bundles, highlight the importance of vertical interactions across the two visual streams, and imply that the control of endogenous attention, hitherto thought to reside in macaque dorsal cortical areas, is exerted by a dorso-ventral network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Sani
- Laboratory of Neural SystemsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Brent C McPherson
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonUnited States
| | - Heiko Stemmann
- Institute for Brain Research and Center for Advanced ImagingUniversity of BremenBremenGermany
| | - Franco Pestilli
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomingtonUnited States
| | - Winrich A Freiwald
- Laboratory of Neural SystemsThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkUnited States
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