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Khating S, Jadhav N, Vijay M, Sharma AK, Srivastava A, Jadhao S, Kumar S, Kalwaghe S, Siddiqui MFMF, Narawade M, Dhabale A, Chigure G. Current profile of phenotypic pyrethroid resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) populations sampled from Marathwada region of Maharashtra state, India. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:282. [PMID: 39037590 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the pattern of resistance to widely applied synthetic pyrethroids, i.e., cypermethrin and deltamethrin, against larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks sampled from Marathwada region in Maharashtra, India. The study also examined the role of α- and β-esterases and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in resistance development. All eight R. microplus isolates tested were resistant to deltamethrin (RL IV), having RR50 values from 6.88 to 131.26. LPT analysis exhibited the resistance level II deltamethrin resistance in Beed and Hingoli, III in Dharashiv, and IV in Sambhajinagar, Parbhani, Latur, Jalna, and Nanded isolates. The LIT analysis showed that Dharashiv field isolates had the lowest LC50 value of 229.09 ppm against cypermethrin, while Sambhajinagar field isolates had the highest at 489.78 ppm. The RR50 ranged from 1145.45 to 2448.9. Seven isolates were level I resistant to cypermethrin while the Jalna isolate was level II resistant. In larvae treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin, the activity of α- and β-esterase enzymes increased significantly compared to control groups. The enzyme ratios in treated larvae ranged from 0.7533 to 1.7023 for α-esterase and 0.7434 to 3.2054 for β-esterase. The Hingoli isolate treated with cypermethrin exhibited the highest α-esterase activity (903.261), whereas Sambhajinagar isolate had the highest GST enzyme ratio (2.8224) after deltamethrin exposure. When exposed to cypermethrin, the Hingoli isolate showed the highest GST enzyme ratio, 2.0832. The present study provides the current resistance status in tick populations from Marathwada region indicating deltamethrin and cypermethrin to be ineffective for tick control. The results also suggest that SP compounds should be regulated in this region and alternative control strategies should be introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Khating
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nitin Jadhav
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
| | - M Vijay
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- School of Agriculture, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Anand Srivastava
- DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, 500032, Telangana, India
| | - Suresh Jadhao
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Nagpur Veterinary College, MAFSU, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Department of Zoology, Constituent Government College (MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly), Meerapur Bangar, Bijnor, 246723, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikant Kalwaghe
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
| | - M F M F Siddiqui
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahima Narawade
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ankush Dhabale
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gajanan Chigure
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, MAFSU, Parbhani, Maharashtra, India.
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Klafke GM, Golo PS, Monteiro CMO, Costa-Júnior LM, Reck J. Brazil's battle against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus ticks: current strategies and future directions. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e001423. [PMID: 38922203 PMCID: PMC11253825 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Ticks are parasitic arthropods that cause significant economic losses to livestock production worldwide. Although Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, the cattle tick, occurs throughout the Brazilian territory, there is no official program to control this tick, which is the vector of tick fever pathogens. We address the situation of R. (B.) microplus resistance to synthetic acaricides in Brazil, including cattle tick management; the status of tick resistance per Brazilian state; the history of resistance occurrence of different acaricides; multiple resistance occurrence; and the main strategies for integrated tick management. Tick control in Brazil is characterized by management errors. Local laboratories affiliated with federal and state research institutions and universities employ the Adult Immersion Test as a primary diagnostic method to assess acaricide resistance to topically applied drugs. Only three states (Acre, Amapá, and Amazonas) have no reports on resistant populations. Misinformation on tick control strategies, misuse of available products for tick control, no adoption of Integrated Parasite Management (IPM) practices, low technical support to producers, and the high-speed emergence of acaricide-resistant tick populations are the main problems. We also propose a list of needs and priorities for cattle tick control regarding communication, research, and policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia Silva Golo
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro – UFRRJ, Seropédica, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor – IPVDF, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brasil
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Dzemo WD, Thekisoe O, Vudriko P. Risk factors contributing to tick-acaricide control failure in communal areas of the Oliver Tambo district eastern cape province, South Africa. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 93:17-33. [PMID: 38656471 PMCID: PMC11182810 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00910-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Application of chemical acaricides in the control of ticks has led to the problem of tick-acaricide control failure. To obtain an understanding of the possible risk factors involved in this tick-acaricide control failure, this study investigated tick control practices on communal farms in the north-eastern part of the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa. A semi-structured questionnaire designed to document specific farm attributes and acaricide usage practices was administered at 94 communal farms from the Oliver Tambo District municipality of the ECP. Data collected indicated that the main acaricide chemicals used at plunge dips of inland and coastal areas were synthetic pyrethroid formulations. Most (75%) farmers claimed not to have noticed a significant reduction in numbers of actively feeding and growing ticks on cattle after several acaricide treatments. Based on the farmers' perceptions, leading factors that could have led to tick-acaricide control failure included: weak strength of the dip solution (76%); poor structural state of dip tanks (42%); and irregular tick control (21%). The rearing of crossbreeds of local and exotic cattle breeds, perceived weak strength of the dip solution and high frequency of acaricide treatment, were statistically associated with proportions of farms reporting tick-acaricide control failure. Furthermore, approximately 50% of farms reported at least four tick control malpractices, which could have resulted in the emergence and spread of tick-acaricide control failure. Other sub-optimal tick control practices encountered included incorrect acaricide rotation, and failure to treat all cattle in a herd. This data will inform and guide the development of management strategies for tick-acaricide control failure and resistance in communal farming areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Diymba Dzemo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, NMD Private Bag X1, 5117, Mthatha, South Africa.
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa.
| | - Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Patrick Vudriko
- Research Center for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control, Department of Veterinary Pharmacy, Clinics and Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Chaisri W, Aneknan T, Khonkarn R, Tiwananthagorn S, Suriyasathaporn W, Pangprasit N, Saipinta D, Saengsitthisak B, Pikulkaew S. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) containing Cymbopogon citratus essential oil: Enhancing the stability and acaricide efficacy against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110171. [PMID: 38552269 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to develop a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) to enhance the stability and efficacy of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil or lemongrass oil (LEO) against cattle tick larvae and engorged females. The system with the highest oil loading in SEDDS was composed of LEO (23.33%w/w), Tween 80: SGKH 4000 in a 2:1 ratio as surfactant (66.67%w/w), and propylene glycol as co-surfactant (10%w/w). The selected SEDDS-LEO has a particle size of 18.78 nm with a narrow size distribution (polydispersity index of 0.27). Notably, the stability of SEDDS was superior to that of the original oil, both during long-term storage and under accelerated conditions. SEDDS-LEO at oil concentrations ranging from 1.458% to 5.833% w/v showed a significantly higher percentage of egg-laying reduction against adult ticks compared with the original oil at the same concentrations (p < 0.05). Furthermore, SEDDS-LEO demonstrated greater larvicidal efficacy than the original oil, with lower LC50 and LC90 values of 0.91 mg/mL and 1.20 mg/mL, respectively, whereas the original oil's LC50 and LC90 values were 1.17 mg/mL and 1.74 mg/mL, respectively. Our findings indicate that SEDDS-LEO is a promising candidate for use as an acaricide in the control of tick populations in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasana Chaisri
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai Univesity, Chiang Mai 50100Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Tanat Aneknan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Ruttiros Khonkarn
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai Univesity, Chiang Mai 50100Thailand; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | | | - Witaya Suriyasathaporn
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai Univesity, Chiang Mai 50100Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; Cambodia Campus, Asian Satellite Campuses Institute, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Noppason Pangprasit
- Department of Livestock Clinics, Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thamarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Duanghathai Saipinta
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | | | - Surachai Pikulkaew
- Research Center of Producing and Development of Products and Innovations for Animal Health, Chiang Mai Univesity, Chiang Mai 50100Thailand; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand.
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Zapata CA, Morea EGO, Mora-Motta DA, Ojeda DMM, Quiceno-Mayo EJ, Toro DA, Ortiz-Morea FA. Characterization and Seasonal Dynamics of Tick Populations in Dairy Cattle Production Systems of Northwestern Colombian Amazon. Vet Sci 2024; 11:244. [PMID: 38921991 PMCID: PMC11209389 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cattle ticks are a significant health concern in tropical livestock production due to their hematophagous behavior and potential as vectors for human and animal pathogens. In this study, we investigated the tick population present in dairy cattle production, calves, and grazing areas of livestock systems in the northwestern Colombian Amazon. Identification was based on taxonomic keys and molecular markers. Phylogenetic relationships were established using mitochondrial COX1 and 16S genes. Population structure analysis was performed considering age, racial type (B. indicus vs. B. taurus), and the influence of environmental factors and the geomorphological landscape on tick population dynamics. Our findings revealed the presence of a single tick species, with a unique haplotype identified for each mitochondrial gene assessed. Phylogenetic analysis classified the found species within Clade A of the Rhipicephalus microplus complex. Ticks were more prevalent during periods of low rainfall and high temperature, and B. taurus cows exhibited the highest tick abundance. Thus, these results provide insights into the population characteristics and distribution of the tick species present in dairy cattle production systems in the northwestern part of the Colombian Amazon. This information is fundamental for developing targeted strategies based on seasonal variation and host characteristics to mitigate tick infestation severity in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A. Zapata
- Centro de Investigaciones Macagual CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia; (C.A.Z.); (E.G.O.M.); (D.A.M.-M.); (D.M.M.O.); (E.J.Q.-M.); (D.A.T.)
- Ciencias Naturales y Desarrollo Sustentable, Facultad Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180001, Colombia
| | - Edna G. O. Morea
- Centro de Investigaciones Macagual CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia; (C.A.Z.); (E.G.O.M.); (D.A.M.-M.); (D.M.M.O.); (E.J.Q.-M.); (D.A.T.)
- El Centro de Investigaciones e Innovación Uninavarra, Fundación Universitaria Navarra UNINAVARRA, Facultad de Salud, Neiva 410010, Colombia
| | - Dúber A. Mora-Motta
- Centro de Investigaciones Macagual CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia; (C.A.Z.); (E.G.O.M.); (D.A.M.-M.); (D.M.M.O.); (E.J.Q.-M.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Diana M. M. Ojeda
- Centro de Investigaciones Macagual CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia; (C.A.Z.); (E.G.O.M.); (D.A.M.-M.); (D.M.M.O.); (E.J.Q.-M.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Esther J. Quiceno-Mayo
- Centro de Investigaciones Macagual CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia; (C.A.Z.); (E.G.O.M.); (D.A.M.-M.); (D.M.M.O.); (E.J.Q.-M.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Diego A. Toro
- Centro de Investigaciones Macagual CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia; (C.A.Z.); (E.G.O.M.); (D.A.M.-M.); (D.M.M.O.); (E.J.Q.-M.); (D.A.T.)
| | - Fausto A. Ortiz-Morea
- Centro de Investigaciones Macagual CIMAZ-MACAGUAL, Universidad de la Amazonia, Florencia 180002, Colombia; (C.A.Z.); (E.G.O.M.); (D.A.M.-M.); (D.M.M.O.); (E.J.Q.-M.); (D.A.T.)
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Abduch NG, Reolon HG, Ligori VA, Silva RMDO, Veríssimo CJ, Paz CCP, Stafuzza NB. Resistance to natural tick infestation varies with age and coat and hair traits in a tropically adapted beef cattle breed. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 50:101017. [PMID: 38644040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus causes considerable livestock production losses. Knowledge of the traits that influence tick resistance contributes to the development of breeding strategies designed to improve herd productivity. Within this context, this study evaluated the resistance of Caracu, a tropically adapted cattle breed, to R. microplus. Tick count, hair length, coat thickness, and coat color were evaluated in 202 naturally tick-infested females (cows and heifers) over a period of 18 months. Blood samples were collected from all animals during the winter season for hematological analysis. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations, generalized linear models, and principal component analysis. Correlation coefficients of tick count with coat color, coat thickness, and hair length were estimated within each season. Hematological parameters were only included in the winter season analysis and were analyzed by the restricted maximum likelihood method using log-transformed data. No differences in blood parameters were observed between animals with and without ticks. However, tick count was negatively correlated with erythrocytes (-0.29) and hematocrit (-0.24) and positively correlated with mean corpuscular hemoglobin (0.21) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (0.25). These findings suggest that higher tick counts lead to a decrease in erythrocytes but also to an increase in the amount of hemoglobin per erythrocyte, which could reduce the damage caused by low erythrocyte levels due to tick hematophagy, delaying or preventing anemia. Although tick infestation on pasture was demonstrated by the infestation of all staff members during herd management, none of the animals exhibited high tick counts, providing evidence of resistance of Caracu animals to R. microplus. Tick infestation was influenced by age class (cows > heifers), season (spring and summer > fall and winter), coat thickness (>1.5 mm > <1.5 mm), and hair length (>6 mm > <6 mm). Three components were extracted by principal component analysis, which accounted for 69.46% of data variance. The findings of this study will contribute to the development of efficient strategies aimed at reducing economic losses due to tick infestation and could be applied in animal breeding to select for tick resistance traits, reducing chemical control strategies and consequently improving sustainable livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya Gardezani Abduch
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School (FMRP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 140349-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Viviane Andrade Ligori
- Beef Cattle Research Center, Animal Science Institute (IZ), Sertaozinho, SP 14160-900, Brazil.
| | | | - Cecília José Veríssimo
- Sao Paulo Agency of Agribusiness and Technology, Animal Science Institute (IZ), Nova Odessa, SP 13380-011, Brazil.
| | - Claudia Cristina Paro Paz
- Department of Genetics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School (FMRP), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Ribeirao Preto, SP 140349-900, Brazil; Sustainable Livestock Research Center, Animal Science Institute, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP 15130-000, Brazil
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7
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Bustos-Baena AS, Bravo-Ramos JL, Romero-Salas D, Sánchez-Montes S, Ortiz-Carbajal LA, Sánchez-Otero MG. In vitro and in silico studies of the acaricidal and anticholinesterase activities of Randia aculeata seeds against the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e001524. [PMID: 38695451 PMCID: PMC11065400 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a leading cause of significant economic losses in the livestock industry, and tick populations have developed multiple forms of resistance to acaricides; therefore, the potential of novel natural bioactive compounds that are effective for targeting ticks must be addressed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acaricidal and anticholinesterase activities of R. aculeata seeds and to identify naturally occurring compounds that potentially inhibit anticholinesterase through in silico docking. The acaricidal activity of the extract of R. aculeata seeds against larval and adult R. microplus ticks was assessed through immersion tests. Inhibition of anticholinesterase activity was measured spectrophotometrically. Extracts of R. aculeata seeds showed activity against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus, and a reduction in the reproductive index were also observed. Rutin, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, and epicatechin exhibited noteworthy interactions with the active site residues of RmAChE. These findings could significantly contribute to the exploration of novel natural products that can potentially inhibit RmAChE and could be used in the development of new acaricides for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarón Salvador Bustos-Baena
- Unidad de Investigación y Desarrollo en Alimentos, Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Veracruz, Veracruz, México
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - José Luis Bravo-Ramos
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Centro de Medicina Tropical, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Tuxpan, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
| | - Luis Arturo Ortiz-Carbajal
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz, México
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8
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Anjos OO, Gomes MN, Tavares CP, Sousa DM, Mendonça CJS, Reck J, Maciel AP, Costa-Junior LM. Polymeric films of corn starch enhance the lethal effects of thymol and carvacrol terpenes upon Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110149. [PMID: 38412588 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The tick Rhipicephalus microplus is a parasite of great importance in cattle breeding. It is responsible for huge economic losses. The application of synthetic acaricides is used as a form of control. However, resistant strains have been selected over the years, making it necessary to search for new alternative formulations. The present study aimed to formulate biodegradable films impregnated with the terpenes carvacrol and thymol and evaluate their efficacy on larvae and adults of R. microplus through in vitro tests. The following formulations were prepared: Film 1 (starch based); Film 2 (based on starch and glycerol); Film 1 + Carvarcol or Thymol; Film 2 + Carvarcol or Thymol. Terpenes had a final concentration of 5.0 mg/mL. To evaluate the formulations on larvae, the immersion test was performed by dividing into six groups according to the concentration of terpenes: 5.0, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.313, 0.156 mg/mL and the control groups: 1% ethanol solution; 10% ethanol solution; Film 1; and Film 2. For the evaluations on adult ticks, ten experimental groups (n = 10) were used: 1) Carvacrol; 2) Film 1 + Carvacrol; 3) Film 2 + Carvacrol; 4) Thymol; 5) Film 1 + Thymol; 6) Film 2 + Thymol; 7) Distilled water; 8) 10% ethanol solution; 9) Film 1; and 10) Film 2. In experimental groups 1-6, carvacrol and thymol (free or incorporated in two different biodegradable film formulations) were evaluated at the same concentration (5.0 mg/mL). Each group of ticks was immersed in their respective solutions for five minutes. The results of the tests on larvae showed that the Film 1 + thymol and Film 2 + carvacrol formulations had the lowest lethal concentrations (0.076 and 0.255 mg/mL, respectively), values up to 9.0-fold lower than the monoterpenes tested outside the formulation. Carvacrol and thymol at the concentrations tested were effective in controlling engorged females with a percentage of 32.2% and 63.8%, respectively. When incorporated into biodegradable film formulations, these monoterpenes showed much greater efficacy. Film 1 + carvacrol and Film 2 + carvacrol with control percentages of 71.6% and 97.2%, respectively, while the formulations Film 1 + thymol and Film 2 + thymol showed values of 96.9% and 100.0%. The tick control activity of the biopolymer formulations with thymol and carvacrol was demonstrated through the high mortality rates of larvae and engorged females of the tick R. microplus. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that these formulations have great potential for tick control mainly because of the percentage of control up to 100% in engorged females in in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga O Anjos
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Fuel, Catalysis and Environmental Center, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Matheus N Gomes
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Caio P Tavares
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Dauana M Sousa
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | | | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Adeilton P Maciel
- Fuel, Catalysis and Environmental Center, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil
| | - Livio M Costa-Junior
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, MA, Brazil.
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Anholeto LA, Brancaglion GA, Santos DMD, Kapritchkoff RTI, Castro KNDC, Canuto KM, Rodrigues RAF, Correa DS, Chagas ACDS, Pastre JC. Acaricidal activity of synthetic spilanthol derivative against ticks of medical and veterinary importance. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110137. [PMID: 38278036 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The ANESPSAT, a synthetic spilanthol derivative, and its nanoformulation were evaluated against Rhipicephalus microplus and Amblyomma sculptum ticks. ANESPSAT activity was compared with spilanthol and derivatives (ANESPE and others). The compound was synthesized in a gram-scale by a 2-step process, comprising a direct ester amidation and a Horner-Wadsworth- Emmons reaction. The nanoemulsions were produced by coarse homogenization followed by high-energy ultrasonication, in which hydrodynamic diameter, polydispersity index, and zeta potential remained stable. The spilanthol-eugenol hybrid derivatives did not show significant acaricidal activity. ANESPE killed 83% of the R. microplus larvae at 30 mg.mL-1, while ANESPSAT killed 97% at 0.5 mg.mL-1, showing to be the most active compound. Spilanthol and ANESPSAT had similar high mortality rates for tick larvae, with LC50 values of 0.10 and 0.14 mg.mL-1 for R. microplus larvae, and 0.04 and 0.48 mg.mL-1 for A. sculptum larvae, respectively. The efficacy of spilanthol was lower against R. microplus engorged females when compared with ANESPSAT, which was highly effective (>98%) against R. microplus engorged females. The nanoemulsion with ANESPSAT was effective against tick females, preventing egg laying and achieving 100% efficacy at 2.5 mg.mL-1. Spilanthol had only 59% efficacy at 10 mg.mL-1. The results suggest that ANESPSAT, a natural product derivative, could be used in novel formulations for tick management that might be safer and environmentally friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Julio Cezar Pastre
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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10
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Heylen DJA, Labuschagne M, Meiring C, van der Mescht L, Klafke G, Costa Junior LM, Strydom T, Wentzel J, Shacklock C, Halos L, Maree F, Fourie J, Madder M, Evans A. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of acaricide resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus field isolates from South Africa and Brazil. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2024; 24:100519. [PMID: 38168594 PMCID: PMC10797136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2023.100519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is one of the most successful ticks infesting cattle around the world. This highly-invasive species transmits cattle parasites that cause cattle fever leading to a high socio-economic burden. Tick eradication programs have often failed, due to the development of acaricide resistance. Here we characterize acaricide resistance in a large number of tick isolates from regions in South Africa (KwaZulu Natal, Mpumalanga, Western & Eastern Cape provinces) and two Brazilian regions. By means of Larval Packet Tests (LPT's) acaricide resistance was evaluated against five commonly used acaricides (chlorfenvinphos, fipronil, deltamethrin, amitraz, and ivermectin). Furthermore, the coding region containing the knock down resistance (kdr) mutation, known to result in pyrethroid resistance, was sequenced. Resistance to at least one acaricide class was reported in each of the five regions, and a high proportion of tick isolates exhibited multi-resistance to at least two acaricide classes (range: 22.2-80.0%). Furthermore, resistance ratios (RR) showed high spatial variation (intercontinental, as well as regional) but low regional spatial autocorrelation. Previous and current acaricide use correlated with current RR, and several combinations of acaricide RR were positively correlated. Moreover, fipronil resistance tended to be higher in farms with more intense acaricide use. The kdr-mutations provided the ticks a fitness advantage under the selection pressure of synthetic pyrethroids based on population (kdr-allele frequency) and individual level data (genotypes). The data show the threat of acaricide (multi-)resistance is high in Brazil and South Africa, but acaricide specific levels need to be assessed locally. For this purpose, gathering complementary molecular information on mutations that underlie resistance can reduce costs and expedite necessary actions. In an era of human-caused habitat alterations, implementing molecular data-driven programs becomes essential in overcoming tick-induced socio-economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter J A Heylen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium; Interuniversity Institute for Biostatistics and statistical Bioinformatics, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Michel Labuschagne
- Clinomics, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa; Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| | - Christina Meiring
- Clinomics, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa; Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| | - Luther van der Mescht
- Clinvet International Pty (Ltd), Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa; Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
| | - Guilherme Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor, Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Estrada do Conde 6000, Eldorado do Sul, RS, 92990-000, Brazil.
| | | | - Tom Strydom
- MSD ANIMAL HEALTH, Private Bag X2026, Isando, 1600, South Africa.
| | - Jeanette Wentzel
- Hans Hoheisen Wildlife Research Station, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | | | - Lénaig Halos
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Francois Maree
- Clinomics, P.O. Box 11186, Universitas, Bloemfontein, 9321, Uitzich Road, Bainsvlei, Bloemfontein, 9338, South Africa.
| | - Josephus Fourie
- Clinvet International Pty (Ltd), 1479 Talmadge Hill South, Waverly, NY, 14892, USA.
| | - Maxime Madder
- Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
| | - Alec Evans
- Clinglobal, B03/04, The Tamarin Commercial Hub, Jacaranda Avenue, Tamarin, 90903, Mauritius.
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11
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Dedavid E Silva LA, Parizi LF, Molossi FA, Driemeier D, da Silva Vaz Junior I. Rhipicephalus microplus thyropin-like protein: Structural and immunologic analyzes. Vet Parasitol 2024; 327:110136. [PMID: 38290194 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Tick saliva has a pivotal function in parasitism. It has pharmacological and immunomodulatory properties, with several proteins reported in its composition. Thyroglobulin type-1 domain protease inhibitor (thyropin)-like proteins are found in tick saliva, but their function, properties and structures are poorly characterized. It has been reported that thyropins are capable of inhibiting cysteine peptidases present in antigen-presenting cells. To elucidate the role of thyropin-like proteins in ticks, we conducted in silico analysis and cloned an open reading frame from a thyropin-like protein found in Rhipicephalus microplus. The recombinant protein was successfully expressed, followed by immunological characterization and a vaccine trial against Rhipicephalus sanguineus in rabbits. Several differences are observed between thyropin-like proteins from hard and soft ticks, especially the number of thyroglobulin domains and predicted glycosylation pattern. Thyropin-like proteins also differ between postriata and metastriata ticks, the latter having a coil-domain at the C-terminal region and high number of predicted glycosylation sites. Overall, the data suggested divergence in thyropin-like proteins functions among ticks. The recombinant thyropin-like protein is immunogenic and the antibodies against it are able to recognize the native protein in tick saliva and tissues. While the recombinant protein does not elicit a protective response against R. sanguineus infestation, its characterization paves the way for further investigations aimed at determining the precise function of this protein in tick physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Andre Dedavid E Silva
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Parizi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciéli Adriane Molossi
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil
| | - David Driemeier
- Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz Junior
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Prédio 43421, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil.
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12
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Deng YP, Li R, Zhang XL, Yi XL, Liu GH. The complete mitochondrial genome of cattle tick clade C reveals the genetic relationship within Rhipicephalus microplus complex. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:168. [PMID: 38517567 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Cattle ticks (Rhipicephalus microplus) are important economic ectoparasites causing direct and indirect damage to cattle and leading to severe economic losses in cattle husbandry. It is common knowledge that R. microplus is a species complex including five clades; however, the relationships within the R. microplus complex remain unresolved. In the present study, we assembled the complete mitochondrial genome of clade C by next-generation sequencing and proved its correctness based on long PCR amplification. It was 15,004 bp in length and consisted of 13 protein genes, 22 transfer genes, and two ribosomal genes located in the two strains. There were two copies of the repeat region (pseudo-nad1 and tRNA-Glu). Data revealed that cox1, cox2, and cox3 genes were conserved within R. microplus with small genetic differences. Ka/Ks ratios suggested that 12 protein genes (excluding nad6) may be neutral selection. The genetic and phylogenetic analyses indicated that clade C was greatly close to clade B. Findings in the current study provided more data for the identification and differentiation of the R. microplus complex and made up for the lack of information about R. microplus clade C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Deng
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Rong Li
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xue-Ling Zhang
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xi-Long Yi
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan Province, China.
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13
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Zapa DMB, de Aquino LM, Couto LFM, Heller LM, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Trindade ASN, de Freitas Paula WV, de Lima NJ, Ferreira LL, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Soares VE, de Oliveira Monteiro CM, da Silva Krawczak F, Lopes WDZ. Enzootic stability of tick fever in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region, subjected to strategic cattle tick control with fluralaner. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:120. [PMID: 38461304 PMCID: PMC10924980 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06212-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2022, fluralaner was launched on the market for use in the control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus after showing 100% efficacy in registration trials against the causative agents of cattle tick fever (TFAs). The aim of the present study was to determine whether a strategic control regimen against R. microplus using fluralaner (FLU) in Holstein calves grazing in a tropical region would alter the enzootic stability status of cattle tick fever, triggering outbreaks in these animals up to 22 months age. METHODS In this study, a group of calves treated with FLU was compared with a control group treated with the regimen currently being used on the farm, which consisted of the fipronil + fluazuron formulation (FIFLUA). In the first experiment, the efficacy of the FIFLUA pour-on formulation was evaluated in a field study. In the second experiment, which lasted 550 days, two experimental groups (n = 30/group) of Holstein calves naturally infested with R. microplus were analyzed. Calves aged 4 to 10 months received either a specific treatment regimen with FLU (experimental group) or FIFLUA (control group). During this period, tick counts, animal weight measurement, feces collection (to determine eggs and oocysts per gram of feces), tick fever monitoring, blood smears (to ascertain enzootic stability of the herd), PCR testing for TFAs and serology (indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [iELISA]) were performed. All calves were evaluated for signs of tick fever between ages 11 and 22 months. RESULTS FIFLUA showed an acaricidal efficacy of > 90% from post-treatment days 14 to 35. Regarding treatments against the TFAs, the average number of treatments was similar between groups, but animals treated with FLU had a smaller reduction in packed cell volume on some of the evaluation dates of the second and third treatment against TFAs. In calves aged 10 months in the FLU group, B. bovis was not detected by PCR (0/15 samples), 40% of the samples had antibody titers and 33% (10/30) of the samples had positive blood smears. Regarding B. bigemina, > 86% of the samples in both groups tested positive for B. bigemina DNA and antibodies; there was no difference in the antibody titers between the groups. There were no clinical cases of cattle tick fever in calves aged 11 to 22 months. CONCLUSIONS In comparison with the control treatment, the strategic control regimen against R. microplus with FLU that was implemented in the present study did not negatively affect the enzootic stability status of A. marginale and B. bigemina in the herd up to 22 months of age. The enzootic stability status of B. bovis was not reached by either group. These results likely represent a characteristic of the local tick population, so further studies should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Maria Beltran Zapa
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lidia Mendes de Aquino
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Monteiro Couto
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Artur Siqueira Nunes Trindade
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Warley Vieira de Freitas Paula
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Nicolas Jalowitzki de Lima
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- MSD Animal Health, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa
| | | | | | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Felipe da Silva Krawczak
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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14
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Gallina T, Dos Santos Lagranha C, Bilo G, Malavolta C, Ferreira LL, de Almeida Borges F, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Arnhold E, Lopes WDZ. Control of Rhipicephalus microplus on taurine cattle with fluralaner in a subtropical region. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:101. [PMID: 38429835 PMCID: PMC10908041 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06200-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, a region with a subtropical climate, Rhipicephalus microplus is present in taurine cattle raised for beef and milk. In addition, ticks resistant to multiple acaricides are present in this region. Recently, fluralaner (isoxazoline) was launched on the market. Thus, there is a need to evaluate the effects of fluralaner for the control of R. microplus on taurine cattle. In addition, occurrence of myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae after tick parasitism and weight gain of cattle during the experimental period were evaluated. METHODS Thirty naturally infested cattle were divided into two experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on; T02, control. T01 received fluralaner on Days 0 (early summer in January), 42 and 84 (early autumn), whereas T02, a control group, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of R. microplus females and calculation of the efficacy of fluralaner were performed on Days 3, 7, 14, 28, 35, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, 112 and 126. The occurrence of myiasis was assessed throughout the study period. In addition, the weight, weight gain and daily weight gain of the animals were evaluated. RESULTS In the 12 evaluations performed, the parasitic load of T01 was near zero. Fluralaner showed 99.5% efficacy on the 3rd day after the first treatment and 100% efficacy from Day 7 to Day 126. Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae (n = 6; p = 0.0251) were found only in the control group (T02). At the end of the study, the animals subjected to treatments with fluralaner gained 32.8 kg more than the animals in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Application of fluralaner in summer and autumn, with 42-day intervals between treatments, was effective to control R. microplus on taurine cattle, which also gained more weight than control cattle. Additionally, no cases of myasis were documented in animals treated with fluralaner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Gallina
- Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Giancarlo Bilo
- Federal University of Pampa, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Velázquez-Sarmiento F, Rodríguez-Vivas RI, Alonso-Díaz MA, Fernández-Salas A, Romero-Salas D. METARHIZIUM ANISOPLIAE SENSU LATO NATIVE TO LIVESTOCK SOILS CAUSES HIGH MORTALITY ON RHIPICEPHALUS MICROPLUS LARVAE, ADULTS AND AFFECTS THEIR REPRODUCTION. J Parasitol 2024; 110:106-113. [PMID: 38503316 DOI: 10.1645/23-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The acaricidal effect of 14 strains of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu lato isolated from soil of livestock farms in the Mexican tropics was evaluated against larvae and engorged females, and during the laying and hatching of eggs of Rhipicephalus microplus (Ixodida: Ixodidae). For each fungal strain, the larvae mortality percentage was evaluated through a larval immersion test, while the reproductive efficiency indices in engorged females were measured using adult immersion tests at a dose of 1 × 108 conidia/ml. All strains of M. anisopliae (s.l.) proved to be highly effective against R. microplus larvae (66-100%) and engorged females (100%). The strains also showed a good effect in inhibiting egg laying (16.45-56.38%) and a moderate effect in decreasing egg hatching (5.24-32.68%). Two strains demonstrated to be effective against all development phases of R. microplus in an integrated manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Velázquez-Sarmiento
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91710, Mexico
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 15.5 Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M A Alonso-Díaz
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEIEGT-FMVZ-UNAM), Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico
| | - A Fernández-Salas
- Centro de Enseñanza, Investigación y Extensión en Ganadería Tropical, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (CEIEGT-FMVZ-UNAM), Km. 5.5 Carretera Federal Tlapacoyan-Martínez de la Torre, Martínez de la Torre 93600, Mexico
| | - D Romero-Salas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Veracruzana, Veracruz 91710, Mexico
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16
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Perez-Soria MME, López-Díaz DG, Jiménez-Ocampo R, Aguilar-Tipacamú G, Ueti MW, Mosqueda J. Immunization of cattle with a Rhipicephalus microplus chitinase peptide containing predicted B-cell epitopes reduces tick biological fitness. Parasitology 2024:1-10. [PMID: 38311342 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182024000143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus, the cattle fever tick, is the most important ectoparasite impacting the livestock industry worldwide. Overreliance on chemical treatments for tick control has led to the emergence of acaricide-resistant ticks and environmental contamination. An immunological strategy based on vaccines offers an alternative approach to tick control. To develop novel tick vaccines, it is crucial to identify and evaluate antigens capable of generating protection in cattle. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade older chitin at the time of moulting, therefore allowing interstadial metamorphosis. In this study, 1 R. microplus chitinase was identified and its capacity to reduce fitness in ticks fed on immunized cattle was evaluated. First, the predicted amino acid sequence was determined in 4 isolates and their similarity was analysed by bioinformatics. Four peptides containing predicted B-cell epitopes were designed. The immunogenicity of each peptide was assessed by inoculating 2 cattle, 4 times at 21 days intervals, and the antibody response was verified by indirect ELISA. A challenge experiment was conducted with those peptides that were immunogenic. The chitinase gene was successfully amplified and sequenced, enabling comparison with reference strains. Notably, a 99.32% identity and 99.84% similarity were ascertained among the sequences. Furthermore, native protein recognition was demonstrated through western blot assays. Chitinase peptide 3 reduced the weight and oviposition of engorged ticks, as well as larvae viability, exhibiting a 71% efficacy. Therefore, chitinase 3 emerges as a viable vaccine candidate, holding promise for its integration into a multiantigenic vaccine against R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Gustavo López-Díaz
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, QT, Mexico
- Master's Program in Sustainable Animal Health and Production, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, QT, Mexico
| | | | - Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú
- CA Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, QT, Mexico
| | - Massaro W Ueti
- Animal Diseases Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Juan Mosqueda
- Immunology and Vaccines Laboratory, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro, QT, Mexico
- CA Salud Animal y Microbiologia Ambiental, College of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, QT, Mexico
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17
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Gomes ICP, Divino LDA, Rodrigues FM, Fleury CMF, Ducas ESA, Desordi JC, Iglesias BA, Santana RC, Monteiro CMO, Lopes WDZ, Gonçalves PJ, Souza GRL. Daylight photodynamic inactivation of cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus by porphyrins: An alternative for the ectoparasite control. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 251:112847. [PMID: 38241947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The bovine tick Rhipicephalus microplus, a primary ectoparasite of veterinary concern, contributes significantly to disease transmission and reduced cattle productivity, resulting in substantial economic losses. The overuse of chemical acaricides has led to the emergence of resistant strains, posing a considerable challenge to veterinary medicine. Consequently, the development of alternative parasite control methods is essential to ensure livestock quality and enhance food safety worldwide. Our study introduces an innovative approach to photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of the bovine tick, harnessing natural daylight for a potential field application. Reproductive parameters (female and egg mass, egg production index, and larval hatch) were evaluated in engorged female ticks under photodynamic action using the hematoporphyrin (HP) and tetra-cationic porphyrins free-base meso-tetra-ruthenated (4-pyridyl) (RuTPyP) and its zinc(II) complex (ZnRuTPyP) as photosensitizers (PS). The results showed that there was no significant difference between the groups treated with tetra‑ruthenium porphyrins and the control group. However, HP exhibits a control percentage of 97.9% at a concentration of 2.5 μmol.L-1, aligning with the expected control rates achieved by conventional chemical acaricides. Photophysical and physicochemical parameters such as the number of singlet oxygen produced and lipophilicity were discussed for each PS and related to tick control percentages. Furthermore, the interaction between HP and chitin, an important macromolecule presents in the tick's cuticle, considered as the primary target tick structure during PDI was observed by the absorption and fluorescence emission spectroscopic techniques. Therefore, the results presented here extend the potential for controlling R. microplus through photodynamic inactivation while utilizing sunlight as a source of natural irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Dias Amor Divino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Bernardo Almeida Iglesias
- Laboratório de Bioinorgânica e Materiais Porfirínicos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caio Márcio Oliveira Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Pablo José Gonçalves
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil; Centro de Excelência em Hidrogênio e Tecnologias Energéticas Sustentáveis (CEHTES), Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| | - Guilherme Rocha Lino Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Animal, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Leal LLLL, Ferreira LL, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Trindade ASN, Pereira Neto O, Soares VE, de Almeida Borges F, Monteiro CMDO, Lopes WDZ. What is the optimal timing to initiate strategic control of Rhipicephalus microplus in taurine cattle in a tropical region? EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024; 92:217-232. [PMID: 38329588 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00877-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Cattle tick control poses a significant challenge for livestock in tropical and subtropical regions. The objective of this study was to determine the most suitable timing to initiate a strategic tick control program and to identify the ideal number of acaricide treatments for adult taurine cattle (Bos taurus taurus) in a tropical region throughout the year. Three groups with 10 bovines each were performed: T01 (strategic treatment in late autumn/winter/late spring, every 28 days), T02 (strategic treatment to act in the "first tick generation" - early spring/summer/early autumn, every 28 days) and T03 (control). Tick counts (females 4-8 mm) were conducted every 14 days. If the tick burden in any group reached 30 or more during these counts, we applied an additional treatment. Over the course of a year, T02 required significantly fewer (p < 0.05) acaricide treatments than T01, with nine treatments for T02 and eleven for T01. Furthermore, during the tick counts, animals in T02 showed a lower tick burden compared to those in T01. Initiating the strategic tick control program in early spring, corresponding to the first tick generation, proved more effective than starting in autumn. This approach not only required fewer acaricide treatments but also resulted in a reduced tick burden. These benefits are particularly valuable in terms of animal welfare and managing acaricide resistance issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Artur Siqueira Nunes Trindade
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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de Aquino LM, Zapa DMB, de Castro Rodrigues D, Strydom T, Torres S, Ferreira LL, Barufi F, de Amaral HOA, de Borges FDA, Gallina T, de Mendonça RP, Soares VE, Monteiro CMO, Lopes WDZ. Two protocols using fluralaner for Rhipicephalus microplus strategic control on taurine cattle in a tropical region. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:15. [PMID: 38191412 PMCID: PMC10775593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-06107-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of different treatment strategies using a new commercial formulation containing pour-on fluralaner on Rhipicephalus microplus infestation in cattle and in pastures in a tropical climate region where up to five generations of this tick species can occur per year. METHODS Forty-five naturally infested cattle were divided into three experimental groups: T01, treated with fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) pour-on every 42 days; T02, the cattle received the first treatment with fluralaner on Day 0 but the next treatment involved a weekly visual evaluation; T03, control, received palliative treatment with a spray formulation when the group mean was ≥ 30 ticks. Counts of female R. microplus were performed weekly until day 343, and larval counts on pasture were performed on Days 0, 30, and 60 and every 30 days until Day 330. RESULTS Using fluralaner, six applications were performed in Group T01, and four were performed in Group T02. In the control group (T03), it was necessary to perform eight palliative acaricide treatments with the spray formulation. The animals in T01 and T02 showed lower mean tick counts (p ≤ 0.05) than the control group (T03) on 28 and 27 of the 49 evaluated dates, respectively. In the paddock where the animals were kept as controls, the R. microplus larvae counts increased to 1458. In the paddocks where the animals were treated with fluralaner, the number was ≤ 19 per paddock during the study. CONCLUSIONS The different strategic treatment protocols performed with pour-on fluralaner (2.5 mg/kg) over a year in taurine cattle in a tropical region with a history of up to five annual generations of cattle ticks were effective, maintaining levels of R. microplus infestations in animals and in pastures close to zero in most of the study. Depending on the retreatment criterion adopted, the number of applications per year may be lower, resulting in a reduction in the mean cost of acaricide treatment per year and lower exposure of R. microplus populations to the active ingredient, resulting in lower resistance and selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Mendes de Aquino
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Dina Maria Beltran Zapa
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- MSD Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tom Strydom
- MSD Animal Health, 20 Spartan Road, Isando, Kempton Park, 1619, South Africa
| | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fernando de Almeida de Borges
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vando Edésio Soares
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- University of Brazil, Descalvado, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio Oliveira Monteiro
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Center of Veterinary Parasitology, School of Veterinary Science and Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Department of Biosciences and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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20
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de Lima PPDABM, Fiorotti J, Paulino PG, Corval ARDC, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Lopes ADSC, Oliveira RJVD, Santos HA, Bittencourt VREP, Angelo IDC, Golo PS. Metarhizium pingshaense photolyase expression and virulence to Rhipicephalus microplus after UV-B exposure. J Basic Microbiol 2024; 64:94-105. [PMID: 37696778 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202300346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the impact of ultraviolet (UV)-B radiation in Metarhizium pingshaense blastospores' photolyase expression and their virulence against Rhipicephalus microplus. Blastospores were exposed to UV under laboratory and field conditions. Ticks were treated topically with fungal suspension and exposed to UV-B in the laboratory for three consecutive days. The expression of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers (CPDs)-photolyase gene maphr1-2 in blastospores after UV exposure followed by white light exposure was accessed after 0, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 h. Average relative germination of blastospores 24 h after in vitro UV exposure was 8.4% lower than 48 h. Despite this, the relative germination of blastospores exposed to UV in the field 18 h (95.7 ± 0.3%) and 28 h (97.3 ± 0.8%) after exposure were not different (p > 0.05). Ticks treated with fungus and not exposed to UV exhibited 0% survival 10 days after the treatment, while fungus-treated ticks exposed to UV exhibited 50 ± 11.2% survival. Expression levels of maphr1-2 8, 12, and 24 h after UV-B exposure were not different from time zero. Maphr1-2 expression peak in M. pingshaense blastospores occurred 36 h after UV-B exposure, in the proposed conditions and times analyzed, suggesting repair mechanisms other than CPD-mediated-photoreactivation might be leading blastospores' germination from 0 to 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamella Pryscila de A B M de Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jessica Fiorotti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia G Paulino
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amanda R da C Corval
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thaís A Corrêa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriani da S C Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias, Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael José V de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Bioprocessos, Centro de Tecnologias Estratégicas do Nordeste (CETENE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Huarrisson A Santos
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vânia R E P Bittencourt
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Isabele da C Angelo
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Golo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Instituto de Veterinária, UFRRJ, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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21
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Bonina V, Arpaia S. The use of RNA interference for the management of arthropod pests in livestock farms. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:631-646. [PMID: 37401856 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Pest management in farm animals is an important action to contain economic damage to livestock production and prevent transmission of severe diseases to the stock. The use of chemical insecticides is still the most common approach followed by farmers; however, avoiding possible toxic effects on animals is a fundamental task for pest control measures compatible with animal well-being. Moreover, legal constraints and insurgence of resistance by target species to the available insecticidal compounds are increasingly complicating farmers' operations. Alternatives to chemical pesticides have been explored with some promising results in the area of biological control or the use of natural products as sprays. The application of RNA interference techniques has enabled the production of new means of pest control in agriculture, and it is opening a promising avenue for controlling arthropod pests of livestock. Transcript depletion of specific target genes of the recipient organisms is based on the action of double-strand RNAs (dsRNA) capable of impairing the production of fundamental proteins. Their mode of action, based on the specific recognition of short genomic sequences, is expected to be highly selective towards non-target organisms potentially exposed; in addition, there are physical and chemical barriers to dsRNA uptake by mammalian cells that render these products practically innocuous for higher animals. Summarising existing literature on gene silencing for main taxa of arthropod pests of livestock (Acarina, Diptera, Blattoidea), this review explores the perspectives of practical applications of dsRNA-based pesticides against the main pests of farm animals. Knowledge gaps are summarised to stimulate additional research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Bonina
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Salvatore Arpaia
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, TERIN-BBC Research Centre Trisaia, Rotondella, Matera, Italy
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22
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Coulibaly A, Biguezoton AS, Hema DM, Dah FF, Sawadogo I, Bationo RK, Compaoré M, Kiendrebeogo M, Nébié RCH. Evaluation of synergism in essential oils against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus in Burkina Faso. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108643. [PMID: 37949426 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus affects animal production economically by reducing weight gain and milk production and causing diseases, such as babesiosis and anaplasmosis. Using synthetic acaricides to reduce their incidence has caused the emergence of resistant tick populations. The present study aimed to assess the in vitro acaricidal activity of combinations of essential oils (EOs) from Ocimum americanum, Ocimum gratissimum, and Lippia multiflora against R. microplus larvae. In fact, numerous biological properties have been reported on EOs from these three plants, including acaricidal properties. Hence, a larval immersion test was performed using a population of R. microplus resistant to synthetic acaricides used in Burkina Faso. Results revealed that EO from O. gratissimum was the most effective on R. microplus larvae with LC50 and LC90 values at 10.36 and 15.51 mg/mL, respectively. For EO combinations, the most significant synergistic effect was obtained by combination 6 (1/3 O. americanum + 2/3 O. gratissimum +1/6 L. multiflora), with a combination index value of 0.44. All combinations presented dose reduction index >1, indicating a favorable dose reduction. According to the literature, this is the first study to determine the combination effect of EOs from the abovementioned plants in controlling R. microplus activity in vitro. Thus, the combination of these EOs is an alternative to control the resistant populations of invasive cattle ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anass Coulibaly
- National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST)/IRSAT, Natural Substances Department, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Vector-Borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées (LA.BIO.CA), UFR/SVT, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso.
| | - Abel S Biguezoton
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Delphine M Hema
- National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST)/IRSAT, Natural Substances Department, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso; Vector-Borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso; Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées (LA.BIO.CA), UFR/SVT, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso
| | - Firmin F Dah
- Vector-Borne Diseases and Biodiversity Unit (UMaVeB), International Research and Development Centre on Livestock in Sub-humid Areas (CIRDES), 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Ignace Sawadogo
- National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST)/IRSAT, Natural Substances Department, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Rémy K Bationo
- National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST)/IRSAT, Natural Substances Department, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
| | - Moussa Compaoré
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées (LA.BIO.CA), UFR/SVT, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso
| | - Martin Kiendrebeogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées (LA.BIO.CA), UFR/SVT, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso
| | - Roger C H Nébié
- National Centre for Scientific and Technological Research (CNRST)/IRSAT, Natural Substances Department, 03 BP 7047 Ouagadougou 03, Burkina Faso
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23
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Santos IS, Tavares CP, Klafke GM, Reck J, Monteiro CMO, Prata MCA, Golo PS, Silva AC, Costa-Junior LM. Automatic method based on deep learning to identify and account Rhipicephalus microplus larval hatching. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 37:665-674. [PMID: 37183718 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Reports of Rhipicephalus microplus resistant populations worldwide have increased extensively, making it difficult to control this ectoparasite. The adult immersion test, commonly used to screen for acaricide resistance, produces the results only after 40 days of the tick collection because it needs the eggs to be laid and larvae to hatch. The present study aims to develop an automatic method, based on deep learning, to predict the hatching of R. microplus larva based on egg morphology. Initially, the time course of embryonic development of tick eggs was performed to discriminate between viable and non-viable eggs. Secondly, using artificial intelligence deep learning techniques, a method was developed to classify and count the eggs. The larval hatching rate of three populations of R. microplus was evaluated for the software validation process. Groups of three and six images of eggs with 12 days of embryonic development were submitted to the software to predict the larval hatching percent automatically. The results obtained by the software were compared with the prediction results of the hatching percentage performed manually by the specialist and with the results of the hatching percentage of larvae obtained in the biological assay. The group with three images of each population submitted to the software for automatic prediction of the larval hatching percent presented mean values of 96.35% ± 3.33 (Piracanjuba population), 95.98% ± 3.5 (Desterro population) and 0.0% ± 0.0 (Barbalha population). For groups with six images, the values were 94.41% ± 3.84 (Piracanjuba population), 95.93% ± 2.36 (Desterro population) and 0.0% ± 0.0 (Barbalha population). Biological assays showed the following hatching percentage values: 98% ± 1.73 (Piracanjuba population); 96% ± 2.1 (Desterro population); and 0.14% ± 0.25 (Barbalha population). There was no statistical difference between the evaluated methods. The automatic method for predicting the hatching percentage of R. microplus larvae was validated and proved to be effective, with considerable reduction in time to obtain results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Santos
- Applied Computing Core, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Caio P Tavares
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Guilherme M Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF) - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF) - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, Brazil
| | - Caio M O Monteiro
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia do Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Patrícia S Golo
- Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Brazil
| | - Aristófanes C Silva
- Applied Computing Core, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Livio M Costa-Junior
- Parasite Control Laboratory, Federal University of Maranhão - UFMA, São Luís, Brazil
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Gutiérrez-Wong JR, Rosado-Aguilar JA, Rodríguez-Vivas RI. First report of acaricidal efficacy from plumbagin on larvae of Rhipicephalus microplus and Rhipicephalus sanguineus resistant to conventional acaricides. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108632. [PMID: 37832775 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The problem of resistance to acaricides in ticks such as Rhipicephalus microplus and R. sanguineus has motivated the search for control alternatives, such as the use of extracts and secondary metabolites from plants. Plumbagin is a natural product present in plants such as Plumbago zeylanica L., Diospyros kaki, and D. anisandra, of which acaricidal activity has been reported. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the acaricidal efficacy of plumbagin on larvae of R. microplus and R. sanguineus resistant to conventional acaricides. Larvae from engorged female ticks, collected from naturally infested dairy cattle and domiciled dogs, in Yucatan, Mexico, were used. The larval packet test and the larval immersion test were performed to detect acaricide susceptibility. Both tick populations were detected as resistant to cypermethrin and amitraz. Then, the modified larval immersion test was used and plumbagin was evaluated at concentrations of 1%, 0.5%, 0.25%, and 0.125% (%w/v), obtaining a mortality of 100% in the four concentrations for both tick species. Subsequently, lower doses of plumbagin were evaluated at concentrations of 0.0625%, 0.03125%, 0.015625% and 0.0078125%, obtaining mortalities of 100 to 36.26% for R. microplus and 100%-5.33% for R. sanguineus. Using Probit analysis, lethal concentrations at 50% (LC50), 99% (LC99) and confidence intervals at 95% (CI95%) were calculated. R. microplus showed a LC50 of 0.011% (CI95%: 0.010-0.011) and LC99 of 0.019% (CI95%: 0.018-0.022). R. sanguineus presented a LC50 of 0.017% (CI95%: 0.015-0.018) and CL99 of 0.031% (CI95%: 0.027-0.036). It was concluded that plumbagin has high acaricidal efficacy against larvae of R. microplus and R. sanguineus resistant to amitraz and cypermethrin. R. microplus larvae were significantly more susceptible to LC50 and LC99 compared to R. sanguineus. This is the first report on the acaricidal efficacy of plumbagin on larvae of R. microplus and R. sanguineus resistant to conventional acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Gutiérrez-Wong
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - J A Rosado-Aguilar
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - R I Rodríguez-Vivas
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km15.5, Carretera Mérida-Xmatkuil, C.P. 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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25
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Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Coutinho AL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Vale FL, Marreto L, Marchesini P, de Castro Rodrigues D, de Souza EDF, Sabatini GA, Costa-Júnior LM, Ferreira LL, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Essential oils and isolated compounds for tick control: advances beyond the laboratory. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:415. [PMID: 37964392 PMCID: PMC10647118 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05969-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tick control is a worldwide challenge due to its resistance to acaricides. Essential oils (EOs) and isolated compounds (EOCs) are potential alternatives for tick control technologies. METHODS A review with EOs and EOCs, under field and semi-field conditions, was performed based on Scopus, Web of Science and PubMed databases. Thirty-one studies published between 1991 and 2022 were selected. The search was performed using the following keywords: "essential oil" combined with "tick," "Ixodes," "Argas," "Rhipicephalus," "Amblyomma," "Hyalomma," "Dermacentor," "Haemaphysalis" and "Ornithodoros." The words "essential oil" and "tick" were searched in the singular and plural. RESULTS The number of studies increased over the years. Brazil stands out with the largest number (51.6%) of publications. The most studied tick species were Rhipicephalus microplus (48.4%), Ixodes scapularis (19.4%), Amblyomma americanum and R. sanguineus sensu lato (9.7% each). Cattle (70%) and dogs (13%) were the main target animal species. Regarding the application of EOs/EOCs formulations, 74% of the studies were conducted with topical application (spray, pour-on, foam, drop) and 26% with environmental treatment (spray). Efficacy results are difficult to evaluate because of the lack of information on the methodology and standardization. The nanotechnology and combination with synthetic acaricides were reported as an alternative to enhance the efficacy of EOs/EOCs. No adverse reactions were observed in 86.6% of the studies evaluating EOs/EOCs clinical safety. Studies regarding toxicity in non-target species and residues are scarce. CONCLUSIONS This article provides a comprehensive review on the use of EOs and EOCs to reduce tick infestations, in both the hosts and the environment. As future directions, we recommend the chemical characterization of EOs, methodology standardization, combination of EOs/EOCs with potential synergists, nanotechnology for new formulations and safety studies for target and non-target organisms, also considering the environmental friendliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva, Rua 235, s/n, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Mayara Macêdo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | - Laís Marreto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Praça Universitária, no. 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-220, Brasil
| | - Paula Marchesini
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Lívio Martins Costa-Júnior
- Centro de Pesquisas do CCBS, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Avenida dos Portugueses, no. 1966, São Luís, MA, 65080-805, Brasil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva - Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, no. 6627, Campus Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270-901, Brasil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rodovia Goiânia - Nova Veneza, Km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brasil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia - Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás-, Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO, 74605-050, Brasil.
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26
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DeRosa AA, Pullins A, Tena JK, Holzmer S, Packianathan R. Effectiveness of a fixed-dose combination injectable (0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride) against Rhipicephalus microplus and sucking lice infesting cattle. Vet Parasitol 2023; 323S:110009. [PMID: 37635045 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Unmanaged tick and sucking lice infestations negatively impact the health and production potential of cattle. Described herein are two non-interference dose confirmation studies evaluating the efficacy of a single administration of a new fixed-dose combination injectable (FDCI) endectocide consisting of 0.2 mg/kg doramectin + 6.0 mg/kg levamisole hydrochloride, against either laboratory-induced Rhipicephalus microplus infestations in Australia or naturally acquired sucking lice (Linognathus vituli) infestations in the US. This FDCI is available as Dectomax V® in Australia and New Zealand and as Valcor® in the United States. To evaluate therapeutic efficacy against R. microplus, 12 calves were each exposed to 10 infestations of ∼5000 larvae per infestation between Days -24 and -2. Calves were either treated on Day 0 with the FDCI or left untreated (control). Additional R. microplus infestations of ∼5000 larvae were conducted on Day 2 and then three times weekly to also evaluate persistent efficacy of the FDCI. Tick collections were conducted daily from Day -3. Group mean live tick counts, egg production, and egg viability were analyzed for significant differences between the two groups. To determine efficacy of the FDCI against lice, 24 cattle with active sucking lice infestations based on Day -7 counts were allocated to two groups and treated on Day 0 with either saline (control) or the FDCI. Lice counts were conducted weekly from Day 14 through 42 and again on Day 56. Mean group lice counts on each count day were compared between treatment groups. In the R. microplus study presented here, cattle in Queensland, Australia treated with the FDCI (Dectomax V®) showed > 90 % reduction in tick counts based on arithmetic means within 48 h of treatment when compared to untreated cattle, and counts were > 95 % reduced from post-treatment Day 5 through Day 30. In the sucking lice study conducted in the US, the FDCI (Valcor®) displayed 100 % efficacy against sucking lice infestations (L. vituli) from first count day (Day 14 post-treatment) through Day 35 and then 99.9 % efficacy through Day 56 post-treatment. No treatment-related adverse events were reported for cattle in either study. Using R. microplus and sucking lice as representative ectoparasites, these studies demonstrate the ectoparasite activity of doramectin is retained in the new FDCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A DeRosa
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
| | - Aleah Pullins
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Jezaniah Kira Tena
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Susan Holzmer
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, 333 Portage St, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA
| | - Raj Packianathan
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Level 6, 5 Rider Boulevard, Rhodes, NSW 2138, Australia
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27
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Hakami MA, Malak N, Khan A, Ullah H, Cossío-Bayúgar R, Nasreen N, Niaz S, Khan A, Chen CC. In Silico Exploration and Experimental Validation of Camellia sinensis Extract against Rhipicephalus microplus and Sarcoptes scabiei: An Integrated Approach. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2040. [PMID: 37895422 PMCID: PMC10608266 DOI: 10.3390/life13102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcoptes scabiei is an ectoparasite of humans and animals that causes scabies. The Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a blood-sucking ectoparasite that transmits various pathogens. These two parasites have caused great losses to a country's dairy and agriculture sectors. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro and in silico efficacy of Camellia sinensis plant extracts. Different concentrations of C. sinensis ethanolic plant extracts were prepared using the maceration method and were used against mites and ticks (in adult immersion test AIT and larval packet test LPT) to evaluate their in vitro acaricidal activity. Additionally, in silico molecular docking was performed to investigate the inhibitory interactions between the phytochemicals of the plant and S. scabiei and R. microplus glutathione transferase proteins (SsGST and RmGST). This study observed that the plant extract showed high efficacy in vitro against mites and different tick stages in adult immersion and larval packet tests. Additionally, the in silico study revealed a strong binding interaction between ellagic acid and SsGST protein, with a binding energy of -7.3 kcal/mol, with respect to permethrin (-6.7 kcal/mol), whereas quercetin and RmGST resulted in a docking score of -8.6 kcal/mol compared to deltamethrin (-8.2 kcal/mol). Overall, this study explored the potential of C. sinensis as a natural alternative for controlling tick and mite infestations and provided insights into the inhibitory mechanisms of its phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ageeli Hakami
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Quwayiyah, Shaqra University, Riyadh 11911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nosheen Malak
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Afshan Khan
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Raquel Cossío-Bayúgar
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Salud Animal eInocuidad, INIFAP, Km 11 Carretera Federal Cuernavaca-Cuautla, No. 8534, Col. Progreso, Jiutepec 62550, Mexico
| | - Nasreen Nasreen
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Niaz
- Department of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Adil Khan
- Department of Zoology and Botany, Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan
| | - Chien-Chin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Translational Medicine, Rong Hsing Research Centre for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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28
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Nicaretta JE, Ferreira LL, de Cavalcante ASDA, Zapa DMB, Heller LM, Trindade ASN, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, da Silva FLV, de Aquino LM, Couto LFM, Soares VE, Monteiro CMO, Lopes WDZ. Influence of the acaricide emulsion pH on the effectiveness of spray products to control the cattle tick: laboratory and field investigations. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2267-2278. [PMID: 37493957 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
The current work evaluated the efficacy of 10 commercial acaricides in different pHs (4.5, 5.5, and 6.5) in laboratory (adult immersion tests (AIT), pH evaluation over time) and field assays (tick counts and efficacy). In the AIT (n=70), higher efficacies were obtained when the acaricide emulsion had a more acidic pH (4.5), mainly for two combinations of pyrethroids + organophosphate (acaricide 3 and acaricide 9). For amidine, a higher pH (6.5) showed a higher efficacy. Over time, there was a trend in the pH of these emulsions increasing. When the efficacy of chlorpyrifos + cypermethrin + piperonyl butoxide (acaricide 3) at different pHs was evaluated over time (0, 6, 12, and 24h) by AIT, the less acidic pH (6.5) showed a strongly variation in the acaricide efficacy range. The mean pH of the water samples from different regions of Brazil was 6.5. In the field, the association of pyrethroid + organophosphates (acaricide 9) with pH of 4.5 and 5.5 were more effective in tick control than the emulsion prepared with this same spray formulation at pH 6.5. The pH of the acaricide emulsions is an important point of attention and is recommended that the veterinary industry start to develop/share information regarding how the pH can affect the acaricide efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Dina María Beltrán Zapa
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luciana Maffini Heller
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Artur Siqueira Nunes Trindade
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Igor Maciel Lopes de Morais
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ferreira Salvador
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luccas Lourenzzo Lima Lins Leal
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale da Silva
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Lídia Mendes de Aquino
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Luiz Felipe Monteiro Couto
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Caio Márcio Oliveira Monteiro
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
- Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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29
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Maritz-Olivier C, Ferreira M, Olivier NA, Crafford J, Stutzer C. Mining gene expression data for rational identification of novel drug targets and vaccine candidates against the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:291-317. [PMID: 37755526 PMCID: PMC10562289 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00838-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Control of complex parasites via vaccination remains challenging, with the current combination of vaccines and small drugs remaining the choice for an integrated control strategy. Studies conducted to date, are providing evidence that multicomponent vaccines will be needed for the development of protective vaccines against endo- and ectoparasites, though multicomponent vaccines require an in-depth understanding of parasite biology which remains insufficient for ticks. With the rapid development and spread of acaricide resistance in ticks, new targets for acaricide development also remains to be identified, along with novel targets that can be exploited for the design of lead compounds. In this study, we analysed the differential gene expression of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks that were fed on cattle vaccinated with a multi-component vaccine (Bm86 and 3 putative Bm86-binding proteins). The data was scrutinised for the identification of vaccine targets, small drug targets and novel pathways that can be evaluated in future studies. Limitations associated with targeting novel proteins for vaccine and/or drug design is also discussed and placed into the context of challenges arising when targeting large protein families and intracellular localised proteins. Lastly, this study provide insight into how Bm86-based vaccines may reduce successful uptake and digestion of the bloodmeal and overall tick fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - Mariëtte Ferreira
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Nicholas A Olivier
- DNA Microarray Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Jan Crafford
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Christian Stutzer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
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30
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Bravo-Ramos JL, Sánchez-Otero MG, Sánchez-Montes S, Ballados-Gonzalez GG, Gamboa-Prieto J, Romero-Salas D, Bonilla-Rojas S, Espín-Iturbe LT. Efficacy of hydroethanolic extract of Randia aculeata seed against the southern cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) on naturally infested cattle under field conditions. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2023; 91:319-330. [PMID: 37735304 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-023-00835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is a major problem of concern for cattle industry in tropical and subtropical areas. Control of cattle tick is based mainly on the use of chemical acaricides, which has contributed to the emerging problem of selection of resistant tick lineages. Plants have been used as an alternative to conventional acaricidal drugs. On the other hand, the acaricidal activity of hydroethanolic extract of Randia aculeata seed (EHRA) has been demonstrated against R. microplus under laboratory conditions. However, the utility of EHRA seed as a potential acaricidal needs to be determined under field conditions. For this reason, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the EHRA against R. microplus sprayed on naturally infested calves, determine the effect of the EHRA seed on acetylcholinesterase activity in R. microplus larval and identify the chemical composition of EHRA. Forty-five male calves were divided in three groups and treated with: G1 water; G2 EHRA 20% w/v and G3 coumaphos 0.2% v/v. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in R. microplus larvae was determined by a colorimetric assay. The chemical composition of EHRA was accessed through HPLC/MS. Significantly fewer ticks were observed after 24 h on the treated group compared to control group. EHRA significantly inhibited in vitro AChE activity in R. microplus at all tested concentrations. Chlorogenic acid, vanillinic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid. rutin, quercetin, (-)-epicatechin, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, quercetin, vanillin, 2,4-dimethoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, scopoletin and ferulic acid were identified in the extract. The results provided new data for the elucidation of the mechanisms of EHRA acaricide action and to further evaluate the use as a new alternative control agent against R. microplus under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L Bravo-Ramos
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP
| | - María G Sánchez-Otero
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, 91700, Veracruz, CP, México
| | - Sokani Sánchez-Montes
- Universidad Veracruzana. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Región Tuxpan, Carretera Tuxpan-Tampico Km 7.5, Tuxpan, 92870, Veracruz, México, CP
| | - Gerardo G Ballados-Gonzalez
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP
| | - Jannete Gamboa-Prieto
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP
| | - Dora Romero-Salas
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP.
| | - Sashenka Bonilla-Rojas
- Facultad de Bioanálisis, Universidad Veracruzana, Universidad Veracruzana, 91700, Veracruz, CP, México
| | - Luz T Espín-Iturbe
- Universidad Veracruzana, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Laboratorio de Parasitología, Unidad de Diagnóstico, Rancho Torreón del Molino, Carretera Federal Veracruz-Xalapa Km 14.5, Col. Valente Diaz, 91697, Veracruz, México, CP
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da Costa AJ, de Souza Martins JR, de Almeida Borges F, Vettorato LF, Barufi FB, de Oliveira Arriero Amaral H, Abujamra LC, de Castro Rodrigues D, Zanetti Lopes WD. First report of the efficacy of a fluralaner-based pour-on product (Exzolt® 5%) against ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:336. [PMID: 37752574 PMCID: PMC10523720 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05934-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study describes the effectiveness of a novel active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluralaner (isoxazoline class), against important ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. METHODS A total of 13 studies involving a 5% fluralaner-based pour-on formulation (Exzolt 5%; further referred to as Exzolt) were conducted. Specifically, the effectiveness of this formulation was studied against Rhipicephalus microplus (6 studies), Cochliomyia hominivorax larvae (4 studies), Dermatobia hominis larvae (1 study) and Haematobia irritans flies (2 studies). RESULTS The therapeutic efficacy of Exzolt was found to exceed 98% at 4 days post treatment (DPT), while persistent efficacy (> 90% efficacy) against repeated infestations of R. microplus was observed for up to 79 DPT. In field studies, ≥ 98% therapeutic efficacy was demonstrated at all study sites by 7 DPT, and a persistent efficacy (> 90% efficacy) was observed for 42, 49 or 56 DPT. Exzolt prevented C. hominivorax eggs from developing to the larval stage, thus mitigating the development of myiasis in cattle naturally and artificially infested with this screworm. The efficacy of Exzolt against D. hominis larvae was 98% at 3 DPT, while persistent efficacy (> 90% effectiveness) was found to last for up to 70 DPT. Against H. irritans, Exzolt showed therapeutic efficacy (≥ 90%) within the first day of treatment at both study sites, while persistent efficacy (≥ 90%) was observed for 7 DPT at one site and for 21 DPT at the other site. CONCLUSIONS Overall, the results from these studies confirm that Exzolt is therapeutically efficacious against the most important ectoparasites infesting cattle in Brazil. The novel active pharmaceutical ingredient, fluralaner, provides a new treatment option for farmers to control cattle ectoparasites, especially where there is resistance to other chemical classes. In addition, an effective control of ectoparasites will improve overall cattle health and well-being as well as production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvimar José da Costa
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- MSD Saúde Animal, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro de Parasitologia Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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32
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Nicaretta JE, de Melo Junior RD, Naves RB, de Morais IML, Salvador VF, Leal LLLL, Teixeira ALC, Ferreira LL, Klafke GM, Monteiro CMDO, Borges FDA, Costa Junior LM, Rodrigues DS, Lopes WDZ. Selective versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus microplus in cattle: A comparative analysis of efficacy, animal health, productivity, cost, and resistance management. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109999. [PMID: 37556962 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
This study compared selective control versus strategic control against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, under conditions of a real dairy farm. Strategic control requires that all animals be treated with acaricide at regular pre-determined intervals. Selective control only requires treatment of infested animals and only when they are at or above a pre-determined threshold. Tick counts on animals and in pasture were performed and the susceptibility of tick populations to the different treatment methods was evaluated at the beginning and end of the study using the Larval Packet Test, Larval Immersion Test, and Adult Immersion Test. Over the four years of the study strategic control was more advantageous than the selective control as the group experienced lower tick burden on animals and in pasture, absence of skin lesions and myiases, lower operating costs, treatments concentrated in fewer months of the year and lower resistance pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | - Raphaela Barbosa Naves
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Lopes Ferreira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio de Oliveira Monteiro
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Almeida Borges
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Sobreira Rodrigues
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Campo Experimental Santa Rita, Prudente de Morais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil.
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Shakya M, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Upadhaya D, Nagar G, Singh K, M S, Ghosh S. Acaricides resistance in Rhipicephalus microplus and expression profile of ABC-transporter genes in the sampled populations. Exp Parasitol 2023; 252:108584. [PMID: 37468088 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, livestock owners manage tick infestations using chemicals, but the method is increasingly losing effectiveness as resistant tick populations have established in the field conditions. Thus, to develop effective tick management strategies, monitoring of resistance in most predominant tick species, Rhipicephalus microplus was targeted. The ticks were collected from eleven districts of Madhya Pradesh and one district of Punjab and tested against deltamethrin (DLM), cypermethrin (CYP), coumaphos (CMP), ivermectin (IVM) and fipronil (FIP), through adult immersion and larval packet tests. The field isolates were highly resistant to DLM [Resistance factor (RF) = 3.98-38.84]. Against CYP, resistance was observed in BWN (Barwani; RF = 2.81) and MND (Mandsaur; RF = 3.23) isolates. Surprisingly, most of the isolates were susceptible to CMP (0.34-1.58). Emerging level of resistance against IVM (1.05-4.98) and FIP (0.40-2.18) was also observed in all the isolates. Significantly elevated production of esterases (p < 0.01) was 90% correlated with RF of DLM while no positive correlation between production of monooxygenase and Glutathione S-transferase with RF to DLM was noted. Multiple sequence analysis of S4-5 linker region of the sodium channel gene of all the isolates revealed a point mutation at 190th position (C190A) which is associated with DLM resistance. Treatment of resistant LDH (Ludhiana) isolate with IVM resulted in upregulation of RmABCC2 gene and insignificant upregulation of RmABCC1 and RmABCB10 genes indicating the probability of linking IVM resistance with over-expression of RmABCC2 gene. The possible tick management strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Shakya
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepak Upadhaya
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Gaurav Nagar
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Kaushlendra Singh
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Sankar M
- IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India
| | - Srikant Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly- 243122, Uttar Pradesh, India; IVRI-Eastern Regional Station, 37 Belgachia Road, Kolkata 700037, West Bengal, India.
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Teixeira ALC, Lima Marreto LCN, Vale FL, Pereira E Sousa LJM, Gonzaga BCF, Silva IS, Santos EF, da Silva Lopes FF, de Morais SM, Lopes WDZ, Gomes GA, Monteiro C. Combinations of amitraz with essential oils from Lippia sidoides and Thymus vulgaris, thymol and thymol acetate for Rhipicephalus microplus control: studies under laboratory and field conditions. Vet Parasitol 2023; 321:109997. [PMID: 37562084 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of combining amitraz with essential oils (EOs) from Thymus vulgaris and Lippia sidoides, as well as the monoterpenes thymol and thymol acetate, on Rhipicephalus microplus in laboratory conditions, and to select the most effective combination for testing in field conditions. The chemical analysis showed that EOs were mainly composed of monoterpenes, with thymol and p-cymene as the major compounds. In larval (LIT) and adult (AIT) immersion tests using different concentrations of the oils and terpenes mixed with amitraz, the results showed that both EOs and thymol improved the efficacy of amitraz against larvae and engorged females of R. microplus, whereas thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. The most favorable outcome was obtained with the EO of L. sidoides combined with amitraz, resulting in 99 % and 100 % efficacy against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Furthermore, the combination of amitraz with thymol showed presented an efficacy of 94 % and 91 % against larvae and engorged females, respectively. Thus, for the other tests, the combination of thymol + amitraz was chosen due to the ease of working with pure thymol in bioassays, and easier standardization. The immersion test (thymol + amitraz) with semi-engorged females showed 100 % efficacy for the combination of thymol + amitraz, while in tests with different solvents (thymol + amitraz), ethanol being the most effective solvent among those tested (ethanol, Triton, and Tween), resulting in 95 % efficacy on engorged females. In the field test, in treatments with amitraz and thymol + amitraz, efficacy of 54 % and 74 % was observed on day + 3 and 33 % and 43 % on day + 7, respectively. Assessing the reproductive biology of females recovered from animals treated with amitraz or amitraz + thymol, in day + 7, efficacies of 33 % and 52 %, respectively, were observed. EOs from T. vulgaris and L. sidoides and thymol improved the acaricidal activity of amitraz on larvae and engorged females of R. microplus under laboratory conditions, while thymol acetate only enhanced activity against larvae. Thymol increased the efficacy of amitraz under field conditions, however for the development of a commercially available acaricide to R. microplus control, additional studies are needed to increase the efficacy. Further research is needed (by changing concentrations, adding other compounds and/or developing formulations) to increase acaricidal efficacy and develop new effective products to combat R. microplus infestations in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Coutinho Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Laís Carneiro Naziasene Lima Marreto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas - Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Praça Universitária, nº 1166, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-220, Brazil
| | - Francisca Leticia Vale
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Martins Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Isabela Santos Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Emilly Faria Santos
- Graduação em Biotecnologia - R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Francisco Flávio da Silva Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Selene Maia de Morais
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Rede Nordeste de Biotecnologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Av. Dr. Silas Munguba, 1700 - Campus do Itaperi, Fortaleza, CE 60714-903, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Geovany Amorim Gomes
- Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia, Universidade Estadual Vale do Acaraú, Av. da Universidade, 850 - Campus da Betânia, Sobral, CE 62.040-370, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Rodovia Goiânia, Nova Veneza, km 8, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências e Tecnologia, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e de Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás, R. 235, s/n° - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050, Brazil.
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Kotze AC, Hunt PW. The current status and outlook for insecticide, acaricide and anthelmintic resistances across the Australian ruminant livestock industries: assessing the threat these resistances pose to the livestock sector. Aust Vet J 2023; 101:321-333. [PMID: 37401786 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The Australian ruminant livestock industries are faced with the need to control parasitic infectious diseases that can seriously impact the health of animals. However, increasing levels of resistance to insecticides, anthelmintics and acaricides are substantially reducing the ability to control some of these parasites. Here we review the current situation with regard to chemical resistances in parasites across the various sectors of the Australian ruminant livestock industries and assess the level of threat that these resistances pose to the sustainability of these sectors in the short to long terms. We also look at the extent to which testing for resistance occurs across the various industry sectors, and hence how well-informed these sectors are of the extent of chemical resistance. We examine on-farm management practices, breeding of parasite-resistant animals, and non-chemical therapeutics that may act as short to long term means to reduce the current reliance on chemicals for parasite control. Finally, we look at the balance between the prevalence and magnitude of current resistances and the availability and adoption rates of management, breeding and therapeutic alternatives in order to assess the parasite control outlook for the various industry sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kotze
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - P W Hunt
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Elmaidomy AH, Abdel-Maqsoud NMR, Tammam OY, Abdel-Rahman IM, Elrehany MA, Bakhsh HT, Altemani FH, Algehainy NA, Alzubaidi MA, Alsenani F, Sayed AM, Abdelmohsen UR, Zahran EM. Egyptian mandarin peel oil's anti-scabies potential via downregulation-of-inflammatory/immune-cross-talk: GC-MS and PPI network studies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14192. [PMID: 37648727 PMCID: PMC10469216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the scabicidal potential of Egyptian mandarin peel oil (Citrus reticulata Blanco, F. Rutaceae) against sarcoptic mange-in-rabbits. Analysis of the oil's GC-MS identified a total of 20 compounds, accounting for 98.91% of all compounds found. Mandarin peel oil topical application improved all signs of infection, causing a scabicidal effect three days later, whereas in vitro application caused complete mite mortality one day later. In comparison to ivermectin, histopathological analysis showed that the epidermis' inflammatory-infiltration/hyperkeratosis-had disappeared. In addition to TIMP-1, the results of the mRNA gene expression analysis showed upregulation of I-CAM-1-and-KGF and downregulation of ILs-1, 6, 10, VEGF, MMP-9, and MCP-1. The scabies network was constructed and subjected to a comprehensive bioinformatic evaluation. TNF-, IL-1B, and IL-6, the top three hub protein-coding genes, have been identified as key therapeutic targets for scabies. From molecular docking data, compounds 15 and 16 acquired sufficient affinity towards the three screened proteins, particularly both possessing higher affinity towards the IL-6 receptor. Interestingly, it achieved a higher binding energy score than the ligand of the docked protein rather than displaying proper binding interactions like those of the ligand. Meanwhile, geraniol (15) showed the highest affinity towards the GST protein, suggesting its contribution to the acaricidal effect of the extract. The subsequent, MD simulations revealed that geraniol can achieve stable binding inside the binding site of both GST and IL-6. Our findings collectively revealed the scabicidal ability of mandarin peel extract for the first time, paving the way for an efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly herbal alternative for treating rabbits with Sarcoptes mange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer H Elmaidomy
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | | | - Omar Y Tammam
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Valley University, Kharga, New Valley, Egypt
| | - Islam M Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A Elrehany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minya, Egypt
| | - Hussain T Bakhsh
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal H Altemani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naseh A Algehainy
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mubarak A Alzubaidi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Alsenani
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, 62513, Egypt
| | | | - Eman Maher Zahran
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minya, Egypt
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De Rouck S, İnak E, Dermauw W, Van Leeuwen T. A review of the molecular mechanisms of acaricide resistance in mites and ticks. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 159:103981. [PMID: 37391089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
The Arachnida subclass of Acari comprises many harmful pests that threaten agriculture as well as animal health, including herbivorous spider mites, the bee parasite Varroa, the poultry mite Dermanyssus and several species of ticks. Especially in agriculture, acaricides are often used intensively to minimize the damage they inflict, promoting the development of resistance. Beneficial predatory mites used in biological control are also subjected to acaricide selection in the field. The development and use of new genetic and genomic tools such as genome and transcriptome sequencing, bulked segregant analysis (QTL mapping), and reverse genetics via RNAi or CRISPR/Cas9, have greatly increased our understanding of the molecular genetic mechanisms of resistance in Acari, especially in the spider mite Tetranychus urticae which emerged as a model species. These new techniques allowed to uncover and validate new resistance mutations in a larger range of species. In addition, they provided an impetus to start elucidating more challenging questions on mechanisms of gene regulation of detoxification associated with resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander De Rouck
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Emre İnak
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara University, Dıskapı, 06110, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Wannes Dermauw
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium; Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Thomas Van Leeuwen
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Bishop RP, Githaka NW, Bazarusanga T, Bhushan C, Biguezoton A, Vudriko P, Muhanguzi D, Tumwebaze M, Bosco TJ, Shacklock C, Kiama J, Madder M, Maritz-Olivier C, Zhao W, Maree F, Majekodunmi AO, Halos L, Jongejan F, Evans A. Control of ticks and tick-borne diseases in Africa through improved diagnosis and utilisation of data on acaricide resistance. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:224. [PMID: 37415211 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A meeting, sponsored by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) and organised by Clinglobal, was held at The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya, from 19th - to 21st October 2022. The meeting assembled a unique group of experts on tick control in Africa. Academia, international agencies (FAO and ILRI), the private Animal Health sector and government veterinary services were represented. The significant outcomes included: (i) a shared commitment to standardisation and improvement of acaricide resistance bioassay protocols, particularly the widely used larval packet test (LPT); (ii) development of novel molecular assays for detecting acaricide resistance; (3) creation of platforms for disseminating acaricide resistance data to farmers, veterinary service providers and veterinary authorities to enable more rational evidence-based control of livestock ticks. Implementation of enhanced control will be facilitated by several recently established networks focused on control of parasites in Africa and globally, whose activities were presented at the meeting. These include a newly launched community of practice on management of livestock ticks, coordinated by FAO, an African module of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (WAAVP-AN) and the MAHABA (Managing Animal Health and Acaricides for a Better Africa) initiative of Elanco Animal Health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Patrick Vudriko
- Research Centre for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control (RTC) Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Dennis Muhanguzi
- Molecular and Computational Biology Research Group, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria Tumwebaze
- Research Centre for Tropical Diseases and Vector Control (RTC) Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine Maritz-Olivier
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Weining Zhao
- United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ayodele O Majekodunmi
- Emergency Centre for Transboundary Diseases (ECTAD), Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Lenaig Halos
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frans Jongejan
- United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome, Italy
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Paucar-Quishpe V, Pérez-Otáñez X, Rodríguez-Hidalgo R, Cepeda-Bastidas D, Pérez-Escalante C, Grijalva-Olmedo J, Enríquez S, Arciniegas-Ortega S, Sandoval-Trávez L, Benavides-Erazo B, Vanwambeke SO, Saegerman C, Ron-Garrido L. An economic evaluation of cattle tick acaricide-resistances and the financial losses in subtropical dairy farms of Ecuador: A farm system approach. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287104. [PMID: 37384770 PMCID: PMC10309988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimates of economic losses in cattle due to tick infestations in subtropical areas are limited, such as in Ecuador. Ticks affect animal production and health, but those direct effects are difficult to estimate since financial exercises carried out in farms consider both costs of the inputs and revenues. This study aims to quantify the costs of inputs involved in milk production and to know the role of acaricide treatment in the production costs on dairy farms in subtropical zones using a farming system approach. Regression and classification trees were used to study the relationship between tick control, acaricide resistance and the presence of high level of tick infestation in the farm system. Even though there was no significant direct association between high levels of tick infestation and the presence of acaricide resistance in ticks, a more complex structure for resistances operates in the manifestation of high tick infestation involving levels of farm technology and no acaricide resistance. Farms with higher levels of technology allocate a lower percentage of sanitary expenses to control ticks (13.41%) in comparison to semi-technified (23.97%) and non-technified farms (32.49%). Likewise, more technified and bigger herds have a lower annual expenditure on acaricide treatment (1.30% of the production budget equivalent to 8.46 USD per animal) compared to non-technified farms where it can represent more than 2.74% of the production budget and where the absence of cypermethrin resistance increases the treatment cost to 19.50 USS per animal annually. These results can motivate the development of information campaigns and control programmes targeted to the reality of small and medium farms that are the most affected in terms of the money they invest in controlling ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Paucar-Quishpe
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg)/Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ximena Pérez-Otáñez
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Richar Rodríguez-Hidalgo
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Cecilia Pérez-Escalante
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Grijalva-Olmedo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sandra Enríquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Luis Sandoval-Trávez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Sophie O. Vanwambeke
- Georges Lemaitre Centre for Earth and Climate Research, Earth & Life Institute, UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Claude Saegerman
- Research Unit of Epidemiology and Risk Analysis applied to Veterinary Science (UREAR-ULg)/Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH) Center/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Lenin Ron-Garrido
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis (CIZ), Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Zaheer T, Abbas RZ, Perveen N, Sparagano OA, Khan SR, Rehman TU, Raza A, Khan MK, Arshad MI. Application of Cypermethrin-Coated ZnS and ZnO Nanoparticles against Rhipicephalus Ticks. Pathogens 2023; 12:807. [PMID: 37375497 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhipicephalus ticks are described as important ticks impacting the costs of livestock rearing and by-products sale. The prevalence and response of ticks towards cypermethrin sprays indicate the need to implement the rational use of acaricides. In our previous studies, ZnO nanoparticles were shown to inhibit the major life-cycle stages of Hyalomma ticks, indicative of promising application of nanomaterials against the hard ticks. The current study was designed to probe into one of alternative options to curtail Rhipicephalus ticks by employing cypermethrin-coated nanoparticles of ZnO (C-ZnO NPs) and ZnS (C-ZnS NPs). The nanocomposites showed a roughly spherical type of morphology and various size dimensions upon characterization using SEM and EDX. Female ovipositioning was declined up to only 48% in ZnS and up to 32% in ZnO NPs even after 28 days in vitro. Similarly, the larval hatching was also impacted, leading to a hatching percentage of 21% and 15% by application of C-ZnS NPs and C-ZnO NPs, respectively. The LC90 in female adult groups were 3.94 mg/L and 4.27 mg/L for the C-ZnO NPs and C-ZnS NPs groups, respectively. Similarly, the larval groups had LC90 of 8.63 and 8.95 mg/L for the C-ZnO NPs and C-ZnS NPs groups. The study is a proof of the concept for incorporating effective and safe nanocomposites as acaricides. The studies on the efficacy and spectrum of non-target effects of nanomaterial-based acaricides can further refine the research on finding novel alternatives for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Nighat Perveen
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Olivier Andre Sparagano
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shanza Rauf Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Tauseef Ur Rehman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kasib Khan
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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Juache-Villagrana AE, Ponce-Garcia G, Gonzalez-Escandon MDJ, Vazquez-Dominguez IF, Castro-Bautista AG, Lopez-Monroy B, Rodriguez-Sanchez IP, Ojeda MGA, Flores AE. Status of Acaricide Resistance and Detecting the Knockdown Resistance Mutation T2134A in the Cattle Tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) from Northeastern Mexico. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2023; 39:122-128. [PMID: 37364181 DOI: 10.2987/23-7113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Rhipicephalus microplus is the most important tick in veterinary medicine, given its repercussions on animal production. The principal strategy to avoid adverse effects associated with R. microplus is the chemical control of tick populations through organosynthetic acaricides. Therefore, monitoring susceptibility to acaricides is paramount in any control program. This study aimed to analyze the resistance status of 2 populations of R. microplus from northeastern Mexico to the organochlorine (OC) lindane, organophosphates (OP) coumaphos, chlorfenvinphos, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos, and the synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) flumethrin, deltamethrin, and cypermethrin. Discriminating doses (DD) of each acaricide were used in the larval packet bioassay (LPT). Additionally, the presence of the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation T2134A associated with pyrethroid resistance was evaluated using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The populations of R. microplus showed a high frequency of resistance to SP, with mortality rates of less than 5%; they also showed resistance to the OPs (diazinon and chlorpyrifos) with mortality rates ranging from 1.29% to 34.62%; meanwhile, they were susceptible to coumaphos and chlorfenvinphos. Mortality rates higher than 66% were observed for lindane, indicating susceptibility. The mutant allele of the kdr mutation T2134A was detected in 75% and 100% of the pools analyzed. The populations studied presented a highly resistant profile to pyrethroids, with the presence of the kdr mutant allele A2134. The susceptibility to the organophosphates such as coumaphos and chlorfenvinphos of R. microplus from northeastern Mexico should be noted.
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Moraes N, Nicaretta JE, Rodrigues DDC, Gonzaga BCF, Barrozo MM, Vale FL, Pereira E Sousa LJ, Coutinho AL, Gomes GW, Teixeira WFP, Lopes WDZ, Monteiro C. Comparison of the efficacy of different methods to apply acaricides for control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102190. [PMID: 37167772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study compared the efficacy of different methods to apply an acaricide formulation to control Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. To compare the methods, an acaricide blend containing three active ingredients (a pyrethroid and two organophosphates) was used. In experiment 1 (farm 1: Goiânia, GO, Brazil), three methods were tested: a backpack sprayer (BS), power sprayer (PS) and spray race (SR). In experiment 2 (farm 2: São José do Rio Pardo, SP, Brazil), two methods were tested: BS and PS. In both experiments, 10 cattle with similar tick burdens were used. On day 0 in both experiments, the animals were treated with the acaricide. On day +1 (only in experiment 1), +3, +7, +14, +21, +28 and +35 (only in experiment 2), tick counts were performed to determine the control efficacy. The time application, pressure (KPa), volume applied (L) and ergonomic aspects of each spraying system were also evaluated. The adult immersion test (AIT) using three different acaricide blends (combinations of pyrethroid + organophosphate) was performed to compare the susceptibility of strains of each farm. In experiment 1, all treatments significantly reduced (p < 0.05) the number of ticks on the animals, and PS resulted in the greatest acaricide efficacy since day +1. In experiment 2, both treatments (PS and BS) reduced (p < 0.05) the tick burden, and as observed in experiment 1, PS resulted in the best reduction. The application times were 4.5, 150 and 330 s, while pressures were 306.8, 4,826.3 and 220.6 KPa for SR, PS and BS, respectively. In the AIT, the efficacy values were between 99.8 and 100% for the tick strain form farm 1 (Goiânia), while for tick strain from farm 2 (São José do Rio Pardo), the efficacy was between 67.2 and 80.9%. We conclude that the sprayer methods chosen influences the efficacy of the acaricide. All sprayer methods were efficient for acaricide application; the best efficacy was obtained using the PS, while the SR resulted in good efficacy and lower application time. The strain from farm 2 was less susceptible to all acaricides tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nélio Moraes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - João Eduardo Nicaretta
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel de Castro Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; MSD Saúde Animal, Avenida Dr. Chucri Zaidan, 246-96, 9o Andar, São Paulo, SP CEP: 04583-110 Brasil
| | - Bruno César Ferreira Gonzaga
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Goiás - Campus Colemar Natal e Silva - Rua 235, s/n - Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia, GO 74605-050 Brazil
| | - Mayara Macedo Barrozo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Francisca Letícia Vale
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Lainny Jordana Pereira E Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Coutinho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Webert Gomes
- Escola de Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade Federal de Goiás. Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Weslen Fabricio Pires Teixeira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil
| | - Welber Daniel Zanetti Lopes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Campus Colemar e Silva, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Caio Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança, s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74.690-900, Brazil; Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública da Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG). Rua 235, s/n, Setor Universitário, Campus Colemar e Silva, Goiânia, Goiás CEP: 74605-050, Brazil.
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Ramos RAN, de Macedo LO, Bezerra-Santos MA, de Carvalho GA, Verocai GG, Otranto D. The Role of Parasitoid Wasps, Ixodiphagus spp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in Tick Control. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050676. [PMID: 37242346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Species of Ixodiphagus (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) are parasitoid wasps whose immature forms develop inside ixodid and argasid ticks (Acari: Ixodida). Following oviposition by adult female wasps into the idiosoma of ticks, larvae hatch and start feeding on their internal contents, eventually emerging as adult wasps from the body of the dead ticks. Species of Ixodiphagus have been reported as parasitoids of 21 species of ticks distributed across 7 genera. There are at least ten species described in the genus, with Ixodiphagus hookeri being the most studied as an agent for biological control of ticks. Although attempts of tick control by means of this parasitoid largely failed, in a small-scale study 150,000 specimens of I. hookeri were released over a 1-year period in a pasture where a small cattle population was kept, resulting in an overall reduction in the number of Amblyomma variegatum ticks per animal. This review discusses current scientific information about Ixodiphagus spp., focusing on the role of this parasitoid in the control of ticks. The interactions between these wasps and the ticks' population are also discussed, focusing on the many biological and logistical challenges, with limitations of this control method for reducing tick populations under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Oliveira de Macedo
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Federal University of the Agreste of Pernambuco, Garanhuns 55292-270, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | - Guilherme Gomes Verocai
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, 70121 Bari, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 65174, Iran
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Waldman J, Klafke GM, Tirloni L, Logullo C, da Silva Vaz I. Putative target sites in synganglion for novel ixodid tick control strategies. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102123. [PMID: 36716581 PMCID: PMC10033424 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Acaricide resistance is a global problem that has impacts worldwide. Tick populations with broad resistance to all commercially available acaricides have been reported. Since resistance selection in ticks and their role in pathogen transmission to animals and humans result in important economic and public health burden, it is essential to develop new strategies for their control (i.e., novel chemical compounds, vaccines, biological control). The synganglion is the tick central nervous system and it is responsible for synthesizing and releasing signaling molecules with different physiological functions. Synganglion proteins are the targets of the majority of available acaricides. In this review we provide an overview of the mode-of-action and resistance mechanisms against neurotoxic acaricides in ticks, as well as putative target sites in synganglion, as a supporting tool to identify new target proteins and to develop new strategies for tick control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Waldman
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Marcondes Klafke
- Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor - Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural, Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucas Tirloni
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Tick-Pathogen Transmission Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Carlos Logullo
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Bioquímica de Artrópodes Hematófagos, IBqM, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Itabajara da Silva Vaz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Fadahunsi AI, Kumm C, Graham K, de León AAP, Guerrero F, Sparagano OAE, Finn RD. Biochemical characterisation of Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase from the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, highlights potential new acaricide target. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102148. [PMID: 36905815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Management of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, presents a challenge because some populations of this cosmopolitan and economically important ectoparasite are resistant to multiple classes of acaricides. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) is part of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases that are involved in metabolic resistance by their ability to detoxify acaricides. Inhibiting CPR, the sole redox partner that transfers electrons to CYP450s, could overcome this type of metabolic resistance. This report represents the biochemical characterisation of a CPR from ticks. Recombinant CPR of R. microplus (RmCPR), minus its N-terminal transmembrane domain, was produced in a bacterial expression system and subjected to biochemical analyses. RmCPR displayed a characteristic dual flavin oxidoreductase spectrum. Incubation with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) lead to an increase in absorbance between 500 and 600 nm with a corresponding appearance of a peak absorbance at 340-350 nm indicating functional transfer of electrons between NADPH and the bound flavin cofactors. Using the pseudoredox partner, kinetic parameters for both cytochrome c and NADPH binding were calculated as 26.6 ± 11.4 µM and 7.03 ± 1.8 µM, respectively. The turnover, Kcat, for RmCPR for cytochrome c was calculated as 0.08 s-1 which is significantly lower than the CPR homologues of other species. IC50 (Half maximal Inhibitory Concentration) values obtained for the adenosine analogues 2', 5' ADP, 2'- AMP, NADP+and the reductase inhibitor diphenyliodonium were: 140, 82.2, 24.5, and 75.3 µM, respectively. Biochemically, RmCPR resembles CPRs of hematophagous arthropods more so than mammalian CPRs. These findings highlight the potential of RmCPR as a target for the rational design of safer and potent acaricides against R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyinka I Fadahunsi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biotechnology Programme, Elizade University, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Christopher Kumm
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Kirsty Graham
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Felix Guerrero
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Oliver A E Sparagano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Robert D Finn
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, St George's International School of Medicine, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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46
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Meirelles LN, Mesquita E, Corrêa TA, Bitencourt RDOB, Oliveira JL, Fraceto LF, Camargo MG, Bittencourt VREP. Encapsulation of entomopathogenic fungal conidia: evaluation of stability and control potential of Rhipicephalus microplus. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102184. [PMID: 37105010 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical acaricides is the primary strategy to control tick infestations. Nonetheless, chemical resistance in ticks has been reported. Thus, complementary methods such as biological control using entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) have been investigated. EPF, although efficient, have their viability compromised when applied under natural conditions, which indicates that formulation development is essential. Some researchers have demonstrated the efficacy of ionic gelation in protecting EPF against deleterious abiotic factors. In the present study, we conducted the ionic gelation technique to encapsulate Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschn.) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) conidia in 2% (EC 2%) and 3% (EC 3%) sodium alginate. Next, the quantity and viability of encapsulated conidia (EC) were determined. The morphology of particles was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). EC and non-encapsulated conidia (NEC) were stored at room temperature (26.8 °C) and in the freezer (-11.9 °C) to shelf-life testing. For UV-B irradiance tolerance and thermotolerance tests, EC and NEC were exposed to UV-B (6.0 or 8.0 kJ m - 2) and heat (42 ºC). In addition, biological parameters of Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini (Acari: Ixodidae) engorged females exposed to EC were evaluated. The particles presented a spherical shape, more homogeneous (EC 2%) or heterogeneous (EC 3%). Encapsulation decreased (4.8×) the conidial concentration and did not affect their viability. On the other hand, encapsulation increased the shelf life of conidia at room temperature as well as their UV-B tolerance and thermotolerance (6 h). The fungal particles decreased the biological parameters of females more significantly than the NEC. As far as we know, we reported for the first time the use of the ionic gelation to encapsulate entomopathogenic fungi toward controlling R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Nobrega Meirelles
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Emily Mesquita
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Almeida Corrêa
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo de Oliveira Barbosa Bitencourt
- Program in Veterinary Sciences, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Jhones Luiz Oliveira
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Environmental Nanotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University, Av. Três de Março, 511 - Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil.
| | - Mariana Guedes Camargo
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
| | - Vânia Rita Elias Pinheiro Bittencourt
- Department of Animal Parasitology, Veterinary Institute, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR 465, s/n, Seropédica, RJ 23897-000, Brazil.
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da Paixão FRS, Muniz ER, Catão AML, Santos TR, Luz C, Marreto RN, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK. Microsclerotial pellets of Metarhizium spp.: thermotolerance and bioefficacy against the cattle tick. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2263-2275. [PMID: 36929189 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12467-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus (Acari: Ixodidae), is a multi-billion dollar ectoparasite of global importance affecting beef and milk production. Submerged cultures of cosmopolitan entomopathogenic fungal species of the genus Metarhizium typically produce microsclerotia that provide both long-term survival and environmental resistance. Microsclerotia hold great potential as an unconventional active propagule to control this tick under laboratory and semi-field conditions. However, heat stress caused especially by elevated temperatures poses a critical environmental constraint for the successful development and efficacy of microsclerotia under tropical conditions. First, we screened six strains of Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium robertsii and Metarhizium humberi for their ability to produce microsclerotia by submerged liquid cultivation. In addition, we assessed the biological fitness and bioefficacy of dried microsclerotial pellets under amenable (27 °C) and heat-stressed (32 °C) incubation against engorged adult females of R. microplus. Microsclerotia in pelletized formulation prepared with carriers based on diatomaceous earth and microcrystalline cellulose exhibited conidial production at different extents according to the fungal strain and the incubation temperature, but most strains displayed reduced sporogenesis when exposed to 32 °C. Engorged tick females exposed to sporulated microsclerotia from pelletized M. anisopliae CG47 or IP 119 had fewer number of hatching larvae in comparison to the control group, irrespective of the incubation temperature tested. The minimum dosage of microsclerotial pellets that effectively reduced hatchability of tick larvae was estimated to be 2 mg per plate (equivalent to 6.0 kg per hectare). Metarhizium microsclerotial pellets exhibited significant tolerance to 32 °C and pronounced acaricidal activity against this economically important ectoparasite of cattle, even under simulated environmental heat stress. KEY POINTS: • Heat stress affects conidial production by microsclerotia of most pelletized Metarhizium strains • Heat stress does not impair the acaricidal performance of pelletized microsclerotia • Pellet formulation of Metarhizium microsclerotia is a promising mycoacaricide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Regina Santos da Paixão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Elen Regozino Muniz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Alaine Maria Lopes Catão
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | | | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Neves Marreto
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Moura Mascarin
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Embrapa Environment, SP 340 Road, Km 127.5, Tanquinho Velho, Jaguariúna, SP, 13918-110, Brazil.
| | - Éverton Kort Kamp Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil.
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Showler AT, Harlien JL. Desiccant Dusts, With and Without Bioactive Botanicals, Lethal to Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Canestrini (Ixodida: Ixodidae) in the Laboratory and on Cattle. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:346-355. [PMID: 36734019 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The exotic southern cattle fever tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini) (Ixodida: Ixodidae), since its eradication from the United States in 1943, made a strong incursion into Texas, beginning 2016. The pest is arguably the most economically detrimental ectoparasite of cattle, Bos taurus L., worldwide. Current R. (B.) microplus control mostly relies on conventional synthetic acaricides to which the ixodid has been developing resistance. Our study demonstrates that commercially available desiccant dust products, with and without bioactive botanical additives, are strongly lethal, when applied dry, against larval R. (B.) microplus in the laboratory, and after being released on dust-treated cattle. Deadzone (renamed Celite 610, a diatomaceous earth product), Drione (silica gel + pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide synergist), and EcoVia (silica gel + thyme oil), each prophylactically prevented larval R. (B.) microplus from attaching to and feeding on stanchioned calves. Desiccant dust-based products are less likely than conventional synthetic acaricides to decline in terms of efficacy as a result of ixodid resistance, and other desiccant dust advantages, including extended residual, flexibility in terms of application methods, environmental, animal, and human safety, and possible compatibility with organic, or 'green', production systems, are discussed. We anticipate that the desiccant dusts we evaluated, and others not included in this study (e.g., kaolin, perlite, and silica gel) will be effective when used with other control tactics in integrated pest management approaches for controlling R. (B.) microplus (and other ixodid species).
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan T Showler
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
| | - Jessica L Harlien
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory, Kerrville, TX 78028, USA
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Figueiredo A, Anholeto LA, Cola DF, Fantatto RR, Gainza YA, Dos Santos IB, Viçozzi GP, Ávila DS, Fraceto LF, Chagas ACDS. Acaricides containing zein nanoparticles: a tool for a lower impact control of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus. Vet Parasitol 2023; 318:109918. [PMID: 37054578 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Nanoformulations containing zein nanoparticles (ZN) can promote the stability and protection of molecules with acaricidal activity. The present study sought to develop nanoformulations with ZN associated with cypermethrin (CYPE) + chlorpyrifos (CHLO) + a plant compound (citral, menthol or limonene), characterize them, and verify their efficacy against Rhipicephalus microplus ticks. Additionally, we aimed to assess its safety in nontarget nematodes found in soil at a site subjected to contamination by acaricides. The nanoformulations were characterized by dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Nanoformulations 1 (ZN+CYPE+CHLO+citral), 2 (ZN+CYPE+CHLO+menthol), and 3 (ZN+CYPE+CHLO+limonene) were measured for diameter, polydispersion, zeta potential, concentration, and encapsulation efficiency. Nanoformulations 1, 2, and 3 were evaluated in a range from 0.004 to 0.466 mg/mL on R. microplus larvae and caused mortality > 80% at concentrations above 0.029 mg/mL. The commercial acaricide Colosso® (CYPE 15 g + CHLO 25 g + citronellal 1 g) was evaluated also from 0.004 to 0.512 mg/mL and resulted in 71.9% larval mortality at 0.064 mg/mL. Formulations 1, 2, and 3 at 0.466 mg/mL showed acaricidal efficacy of 50.2%, 40.5%, and 60.1% on engorged females, respectively, while Colosso® at 0.512 mg/mL obtained only 39.4%. The nanoformulations exhibited long residual period of activity and lower toxicity to nontarget nematodes. ZN was able to protect the active compounds against degradation during the storage period. Thus, ZN can be an alternative for the development of new acaricidal formulations using lower concentrations of active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Figueiredo
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Luís Adriano Anholeto
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Southeast Livestock Unit, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Diego Faria Cola
- Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Regina Fantatto
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Araraquara-Jaú, km 1, Campos Ville, Araraquara SP, 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Yousmel Alemán Gainza
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Isabella Barbosa Dos Santos
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rod. Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pedroso Viçozzi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Toxicology in Caenorhabditis elegans, Federal University of Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, RS 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto
- Institute of Science and Technology of Sorocaba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av. Três de março, 511, Alto da Boa Vista, Sorocaba, SP 18087-180, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina de Souza Chagas
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Southeast Livestock Unit, Rod. Washington Luiz, Km 234 s/n, Fazenda Canchim, São Carlos, SP 13560-970, Brazil.
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50
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Tick Diversity and Distribution of Hard (Ixodidae) Cattle Ticks in South Africa. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres14010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ticks are amongst the important ectoparasites where livestock are concerned, as they adversely affect the animals through bloodsucking. In tropical and subtropical countries, they transmit pathogens such as babesiosis, theileriosis, ehrlichiosis, and anaplasmosis in cattle, causing a reduction in production rate and significant concomitant economic losses. Ticks affect 80% of the cattle population across the world, with an estimated economic loss of USD 20–30 billion per year. In South Africa, economic losses in the livestock industry caused by ticks and tick-borne diseases are estimated to exceed USD 33 million per year (ZAR 500 million). There are seven major genera of ixodid ticks in Southern Africa (i.e., Amblyomma, Dermacentor, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma, Ixodes and Rhipicephalus). The environment in which a tick lives is made up of all the various biological and abiotic factors that are either necessary or unnecessary for its life. The areas where various ticks have been found have been documented in many publications. Using these data, maps of possible species’ habitats can be made. Historical records on tick distribution may be incorrect due to identification mistakes or a change in the tick’s name. All the sources used to generate the maps for this review were unpublished and came from a wide range of sources. To identify tick species and the accompanying microbial ecosystems, researchers are increasingly adopting tick identification methods including 16S and 18S rDNA gene sequencing. Indeed, little is known about the genetic alterations that give important traits, including the predilection for tick hosts, transmission, and acaricide resistance. Opportunities for exploring these changes in tick populations and subpopulations are provided by advancements in omics technologies. The literature on the variety of ixodid ticks, their direct and indirect effects, and control methods in South Africa is compiled in this review.
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