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Bühler A, Schweiger R. Niche construction and niche choice by aphids infesting wheat ears. Oecologia 2024:10.1007/s00442-024-05612-0. [PMID: 39227465 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-024-05612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
The niche of aphids is largely defined by their consumption of plant phloem sap and its composition, including nutrients and specialized metabolites. Niche construction is the change of the environment by organisms, which may influence the fitness of these organisms and their offspring. To better understand interactions between plants and aphids, it is necessary to investigate whether aphids modify the chemical composition of the phloem sap of their host plants and whether conspecifics are affected by previous infestation. In the current study, ears of wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants were infested with clonal lineages of the English grain aphid (Sitobion avenae) or were left uninfested. The metabolic composition of ear phloem sap exudates was analyzed through amino acid profiling and metabolic fingerprinting. Aphids of the clonal lineages were either put on previously aphid-infested or on uninfested ears and their colony sizes followed over time. Furthermore, it was investigated whether aphids choose one treatment group over another. Sitobion avenae infestation affected the relative concentrations of some metabolites in the phloem exudates of the ears. Compared to uninfested plants, the relative concentration of asparagine was higher after aphid infestation. Colonies grew significantly larger on previously aphid-infested ears, which the aphids also clearly chose in the choice experiment. The pronounced positive effect of previous infestation on aphid colonies indicates niche construction, while the choice of these constructed niches reveals niche choice by S. avenae on wheat. The interplay between these different niche realization processes highlights the complexity of interactions between aphids and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bühler
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
- Joint Institute for Individualisation in a Changing Environment (JICE), University of Münster and Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
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Liu H, Deng B, Chen FH, Suo JQ, Ouyang GC, Lu HL, Chen DS, Meng X. Effector enrichment by Candidatus Liberibacter promotes Diaphorina citri feeding via Jasmonic acid pathway suppression. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4013-4023. [PMID: 38554028 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) that affects the citrus industry. In nature, CLas relies primarily on Diaphorina citri Kuwayama as its vector for dissemination. After D. citri ingests CLas-infected citrus, the pathogen infiltrates the insect's body, where it thrives, reproduces, and exerts regulatory control over the growth and metabolism of D. citri. Previous studies have shown that CLas alters the composition of proteins in the saliva of D. citri, but the functions of these proteins remain largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, we detected two proteins (DcitSGP1 and DcitSGP3) with high expression levels in CLas-infected D. citri. Quantitative PCR and Western blotting analysis showed that the two proteins were highly expressed in the salivary glands and delivered into the host plant during feeding. Silencing the two genes significantly decreased the survival rate for D. citri, reduced phloem nutrition sucking and promoted jasmonic acid (JA) defenses in citrus. By contrast, after overexpressing the two genes in citrus, the expression levels of JA pathway-associated genes decreased. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that CLas can indirectly suppress the defenses of citrus and support feeding by D. citri via increasing the levels of effectors in the insect's saliva. This discovery facilitates further research into the interaction between insect vectors and pathogens. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng-Hao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Qi Suo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ge-Cheng Ouyang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Lin Lu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Song Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
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Luo M, Li B, Jander G, Zhou S. Non-volatile metabolites mediate plant interactions with insect herbivores. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 114:1164-1177. [PMID: 36891808 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Non-volatile metabolites constitute the bulk of plant biomass. From the perspective of plant-insect interactions, these structurally diverse compounds include nutritious core metabolites and defensive specialized metabolites. In this review, we synthesize the current literature on multiple scales of plant-insect interactions mediated by non-volatile metabolites. At the molecular level, functional genetics studies have revealed a large collection of receptors targeting plant non-volatile metabolites in model insect species and agricultural pests. By contrast, examples of plant receptors of insect-derived molecules remain sparse. For insect herbivores, plant non-volatile metabolites function beyond the dichotomy of core metabolites, classed as nutrients, and specialized metabolites, classed as defensive compounds. Insect feeding tends to elicit evolutionarily conserved changes in plant specialized metabolism, whereas its effect on plant core metabolism varies widely based the interacting species. Finally, several recent studies have demonstrated that non-volatile metabolites can mediate tripartite communication on the community scale, facilitated by physical connections established through direct root-to-root communication, parasitic plants, arbuscular mycorrhizae and the rhizosphere microbiome. Recent advances in both plant and insect molecular biology will facilitate further research on the role of non-volatile metabolites in mediating plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Luo
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100091, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
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Gao J, Tao T, Arthurs SP, Ye F, An X, Hussain M, Mao R. Plant jasmonic acid mediated contrasting effects of two citrus aphid species on Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:811-820. [PMID: 36264110 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbivores may influence each other directly and through plant mediated inter-specific interactions. The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama) and citrus aphids are key pests that can co-exist on citrus, but their plant-mediated interaction between them is unknown. Here we investigated plant-mediated effect of two citrus aphid species, the polyphagous Aphis spiraecola Patch and the oligophagous Aphis (Toxoptera) citricidus (Kirkaldy) on the feeding behavior and reproduction of Diaphorina citri, and explored the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS In comparison with those on aphid free plants, Diaphorina citri had decreased reproduction and reduced phloem feeding on Aphis spiraecola pre-infested plants, while the reproduction and feeding efficiency were increased on Aphis citricidus pre-infested plants. Jasmonic acid (JA) dependent defense was significantly activated by Diaphorina citri feeding on Aphis spiraecola pre-infested plants, but was suppressed by Diaphorina citri feeding on Aphis citricidus pre-infested plants compared with that on aphid free plant. By contrast, only one tested marker gene in salicylic acid (SA) signaling was activated by Diaphorina citri feeding on Aphis spiraecola pre-infested plants. Furthermore, exogenous application of methyl jasmonate, but not SA, conferred resistance against Diaphorina citri in our citrus trials. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that pre-infestation by two citrus aphid species differentially altered Diaphorina citri induced citrus JA dependent defense, which resulted in different effect on subsequent Diaphorina citri performance. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - TongLai Tao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Fengxian Ye
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xincheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mubasher Hussain
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Runqian Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Mineral Oil Pesticides, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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Ziaja D, Müller C. Intraspecific chemodiversity provides plant individual- and neighbourhood-mediated associational resistance towards aphids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1145918. [PMID: 37082343 PMCID: PMC10111025 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1145918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Some plant species express an extraordinarily high intraspecific diversity in phytochemicals (= chemodiversity). As discussed for biodiversity, higher chemodiversity may provide better protection against environmental stress, including herbivory. However, little is known about whether the resistance of a plant individual towards herbivores is mostly governed by its own chemodiversity or by associational resistance provided by conspecific neighbours. To investigate the role of chemodiversity in plant-aphid interactions, we used the Asteraceae Tanacetum vulgare, whose individuals differ pronouncedly in the composition of leaf terpenoids, forming distinct chemotypes. Plants were set up in a field consisting of plots containing five individuals of either the same or different chemotypes. Presence of winged aphids, indicating attraction, and abundance of winged and unwinged aphids, indicating fitness, were counted weekly on each plant. During the peak abundance of aphids, leaf samples were taken from all plants for re-analyses of the terpenoid composition and quantification of terpenoid chemodiversity, calculated on an individual plant (Shannon index, Hsind, also considered as α-chemodiversity) and plot level (Hsplot, = β-chemodiversity). Aphid attraction was neither influenced by chemotype nor plot-type. The real-time odour environment may be very complex in this setting, impeding clear preferences. In contrast, the abundance was affected by both chemotype and plot-type. On average, more Uroleucon tanaceti aphids were found on plants of two of the chemotypes growing in homogenous compared to heterogenous plots, supporting the associational resistance hypothesis. For Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria aphids, the probability of presence differed between plot-types on one chemotype. Terpenoid chemodiversity expressed as a gradient revealed negative Hsplot effects on U. tanaceti, but a positive correlation of Hsind with M. tanacetaria abundance. Aphids of M. fuscoviride were not affected by any level of chemodiversity. In conclusion, this study shows that not only the chemotype and chemodiversity of individual plants but also that of conspecific neighbours can influence certain plant-herbivore interactions. These effects are highly specific with regard to the plant chemotype and differ between aphid species and their morphs (winged vs. unwinged). Furthermore, our results highlight the importance of analysing chemodiversity at different levels.
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Le Boulch P, Poëssel JL, Roux D, Lugan R. Molecular mechanisms of resistance to Myzus persicae conferred by the peach Rm2 gene: A multi-omics view. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:992544. [PMID: 36275570 PMCID: PMC9581297 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.992544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of peach to Myzus persicae infestation were studied in Rubira, an accession carrying the major resistance gene Rm2 causing antixenosis, and GF305, a susceptible accession. Transcriptome and metabolome showed both a massive reconfiguration in Rubira 48 hours after infestation while GF305 displayed very limited changes. The Rubira immune system was massively stimulated, with simultaneous activation of genes encoding cell surface receptors involved in pattern-triggered immunity and cytoplasmic NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing proteins) involved in effector-triggered immunity. Hypersensitive reaction featured by necrotic lesions surrounding stylet punctures was supported by the induction of cell death stimulating NLRs/helpers couples, as well as the activation of H2O2-generating metabolic pathways: photorespiratory glyoxylate synthesis and activation of the futile P5C/proline cycle. The triggering of systemic acquired resistance was suggested by the activation of pipecolate pathway and accumulation of this defense hormone together with salicylate. Important reduction in carbon, nitrogen and sulphur metabolic pools and the repression of many genes related to cell division and growth, consistent with reduced apices elongation, suggested a decline in the nutritional value of apices. Finally, the accumulation of caffeic acid conjugates pointed toward their contribution as deterrent and/or toxic compounds in the mechanisms of resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Roux
- UMR Qualisud, Avignon Université, Avignon, France
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Diao H, Xing P, Tian J, Han Z, Wang D, Xiang H, Liu T, Ma R. Toxicity of crude toxin protein produced by Cordyceps fumosorosea IF-1106 against Myzus persicae (Sulze). J Invertebr Pathol 2022; 194:107825. [PMID: 36096179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2022.107825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps fumosorosea IF-1106 is a potential biocontrol agent with high pathogenicity to the aphid Myzus persicae. We extracted the crude toxin protein from a liquid culture broth of an isolated C. fumosorosea strain using the ammonium sulfate precipitation method, and its toxicity to Myzus persicae was measured by injection, oral exposure, and topical exposure. The crude toxin protein of C. fumosorosea had insecticidal activity against M. persicae. Body cavity injection and oral exposure had significantly higher insecticidal activity against adults than contact sprays. The highest cumulative corrected mortality of adults after injection was 81.85 ± 13.45 %, and the highest cumulative corrected mortality of adults after ingestion was 85.45 ± 11.88 %. The proportion of plasmatocytes in adult blood lymphocytes reached the highest at 3 days after injection and feeding, and the proportion of granulocytes was the highest at 2 days after injection and feeding. These data confirmed the toxicity of the crude toxin protein of C. fumosorosea toxin to M. persicae and helped clarify the pathogenic mechanism of the strain. Population management of M. persicae may be possible by using a natural toxic compound produced by C. fumosorosea that is selective to this pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Diao
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Peixiang Xing
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Life Science, Lvliang University, Lishi 033001, China
| | - Zhuihui Han
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Huiming Xiang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China
| | - Tongxian Liu
- College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
| | - Ruiyan Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu 030801, China.
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Lohaus G. Review primary and secondary metabolites in phloem sap collected with aphid stylectomy. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 271:153645. [PMID: 35217406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phloem plays a central role in assimilate transport as well as in the transport of several secondary compounds. In order to study the chemical composition of phloem sap, different methods have been used for its collection, including stem incisions, EDTA-facilitated exudation or aphid stylectomy. Each collection method has several advantages and disadvantages and, unfortunately, the reported metabolite profiles and concentrations depend on the method used for exudate collection. This review therefore primarily focusses on sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions and further transported compounds like organic acids, nucleotides, phytohormons, defense signals, and lipophilic substances in the phloem sap obtained by aphid stylectomy to facilitate comparability of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science/Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany.
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Easterday CA, Kendig AE, Lacroix C, Seabloom EW, Borer ET. Long-term nitrogen enrichment mediates the effects of nitrogen supply and co-inoculation on a viral pathogen. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8450. [PMID: 35136545 PMCID: PMC8809429 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host nutrient supply can mediate host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions. In terrestrial systems, plant nutrient supply is mediated by soil microbes, suggesting a potential role of soil microbes in plant diseases beyond soil-borne pathogens and induced plant defenses. Long-term nitrogen (N) enrichment can shift pathogenic and nonpathogenic soil microbial community composition and function, but it is unclear if these shifts affect plant-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions. In a growth chamber experiment, we tested the effect of long-term N enrichment on infection by Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV-PAV) and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus (CYDV-RPV), aphid-vectored RNA viruses, in a grass host. We inoculated sterilized growing medium with soil collected from a long-term N enrichment experiment (ambient, low, and high N soil treatments) to isolate effects mediated by the soil microbial community. We crossed soil treatments with a N supply treatment (low, high) and virus inoculation treatment (mock-, singly-, and co-inoculated) to evaluate the effects of long-term N enrichment on plant-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions, as mediated by N availability. We measured the proportion of plants infected (i.e., incidence), plant biomass, and leaf chlorophyll content. BYDV-PAV incidence (0.96) declined with low N soil (to 0.46), high N supply (to 0.61), and co-inoculation (to 0.32). Low N soil mediated the effect of N supply on BYDV-PAV: instead of N supply reducing BYDV-PAV incidence, the incidence increased. Additionally, ambient and low N soil ameliorated the negative effect of co-inoculation on BYDV-PAV incidence. BYDV-PAV infection only reduced chlorophyll when plants were grown with low N supply and ambient N soil. There were no significant effects of long-term N soil on CYDV-RPV incidence. Soil inoculant with different levels of long-term N enrichment had different effects on host-pathogen and pathogen-pathogen interactions, suggesting that shifts in soil microbial communities with long-term N enrichment may mediate disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey A. Easterday
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Present address:
Carlson School of ManagementUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Amy E. Kendig
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Christelle Lacroix
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
- Present address:
Pathologie VégétaleINRAEMontfavetFrance
| | - Eric W. Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Elizabeth T. Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSt. PaulMinnesotaUSA
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Making the Shift from Research to Commercial Orchards: A Case Study in Aphid-Peach Tree Interactions as Affected by Nitrogen and Water Supplies. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12111003. [PMID: 34821803 PMCID: PMC8620541 DOI: 10.3390/insects12111003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Commercial orchards are amongst the most intensively sprayed crops, and alternative methods have to be found to replace pesticides. Limiting water and nitrogen (N) supply has shown to be effective in reducing aphid infestations under controlled conditions. To evaluate how far these techniques could be transferred to orchards subject to production constraints, an experiment was performed in a commercial orchard planted with two varieties differing in precocity and vigour. Limiting supplies of both water and N to trees was shown to reduce the severity of aphid infestation (green peach aphid, mealy plum aphid, and leaf curl aphid), although reducing only water supply was less effective. At shoot level, the composition and development of the infested shoots were only slightly affected by treatment, thereby indicating that aphids colonize shoots of similar condition, whose numbers are modulated by nutrition treatments. These results were consistent with variety and year. Limiting water and N supplies contributes not only to the control of aphid infestations, but also reduces nitrate leaching and the use of water, the consumption of which will inevitably need to a decrease due to climate change. However, the efficiency of aphid control could be enhanced by complementing these practices by other techniques such as adapted pruning or changes to ground cover. Abstract Peach orchards are intensively sprayed crops, and alternative methods must be found to replace pesticides. We intend here to evaluate if limiting water and nitrogen (N) supply could be effective in controlling aphid infestation in commercial orchards. N and water supply were therefore either unrestricted or restricted by 30% only for water, or for both water and N, in 2018 and 2019 on trees of two contrasting varieties. Natural infestations (green peach aphid, mealy plum aphid, leaf curl aphid) were monitored regularly at tree and shoot level. Infested and control shoots were compared for their development during the infestation period, their apex concentrations of total N, amino acids, non-structural carbohydrates, and polyphenols at infestation peak. At tree level, limiting both water and N supplies decreased the proportion of infested shoots by 30%, and the number of trees hosting the most harmful specie by 20 to 50%. Limiting only N supplies had almost no effect on infestation severity. At shoot level, the apex N concentration of infested shoots was stable (around 3.2% dry weight) and was found to be independent of treatment, variety, and year. The remaining biochemical variables were not affected by infestation status but by variety and year. Shoot development was only slightly affected by treatment. Aphids colonized the most vigorous shoots, being those with longer apical ramifications in 2018 and higher growth rates in 2019, in comparison with the controls. The differences were, respectively, 40 and 55%. It was concluded that a double restriction in water and N could limit, but not control, aphid infestations in commercial orchards.
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Halder NK, Fuentes D, Possell M, Bradshaw B, Ingram L, Merchant A. Phloem sap metabolites vary according to the interactive effects of nutrient supply and seasonal conditions in Eucalyptus globulus (Labill). TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 41:1439-1449. [PMID: 33517450 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Improving the efficiency of fertilizer application is paramount to both the sustainability and profitability of forest plantations. Therefore, developing reliable, cost-effective tools to assess tree nutritional status is of great interest. This investigation sought to assess the use of phloem sap-derived metabolites as an indicator of nutritional status on a background of seasonal water availability of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill) trees grown under field conditions. Phloem is a central conduit for long-distance transport and signaling in plants and offers great promise in reflecting plant-scale resource limitations. Changes in the abundance of solutes and isotopes in phloem sap are sensitive to environmental cues. With a focus on both water and nutrient availability, we characterize patterns in phloem sugars, amino acids and the abundance of carbon isotopes in phloem sap obtained from E. globulus among different seasons and fertilizer treatments. Phloem-derived total amino acid concentration was found to increase with an increasing nitrogen (N) supply; however, this response was lost with the concurrent addition of phosphorus and at the highest level of N supply. Significant seasonal variation in all measured parameters was also detected, highlighting the need for caution in making quantitative relationships with growth. Broader implications of the interactive effects of both water supply and multi-nutrient additions and relationships with growth are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmol Kumar Halder
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
- Ministry of Planning. Government of the People Republic of Bangladesh, Dhakar, Dhakar District, 1207 Bangladesh
| | - David Fuentes
- Sydney Mass Spectrometry, Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Malcolm Possell
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Ben Bradshaw
- Australian Blue Gum Plantations, 3/191 Chesterpass Road, Albany, WA 6330, Australia
| | - Lachlan Ingram
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Andrew Merchant
- Faculty of Science, Centre for Carbon, Water and Food, The University of Sydney, 380 Werombi Road, Brownlow Hill, NSW 2570, Australia
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Lu Q, Chen X, Yang Z, Bashir NH, Liu J, Cui Y, Shao S, Chen MS, Chen H. Molecular and Histologic Adaptation of Horned Gall Induced by the Aphid Schlechtendalia chinensis (Pemphigidae). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105166. [PMID: 34068250 PMCID: PMC8153119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese galls are the result of hyperplasia in host plants induced by aphids. The metabolism and gene expression of these galls are modified to accommodate the aphids. Here, we highlight the molecular and histologic features of horned galls according to transcriptome and anatomical structures. In primary pathways, genes were found to be unevenly shifted and selectively expressed in the galls and leaves near the galls (LNG). Pathways for amino acid synthesis and degradation were also unevenly shifted, favoring enhanced accumulation of essential amino acids in galls for aphids. Although galls enhanced the biosynthesis of glucose, which is directly available to aphids, glucose content in the gall tissues was lower due to the feeding of aphids. Pathways of gall growth were up-regulated to provide enough space for aphids. In addition, the horned gall has specialized branched schizogenous ducts and expanded xylem in the stalk, which provide a broader feeding surface for aphids and improve the efficiency of transportation and nutrient exchange. Notably, the gene expression in the LNG showed a similar pattern to that of the galls, but on a smaller scale. We suppose the aphids manipulate galls to their advantage, and galls lessen competition by functioning as a medium between the aphids and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Zixiang Yang
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Nawaz Haider Bashir
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Juan Liu
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Yongzhong Cui
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuxiao Shao
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Ming-Shun Chen
- Department of Entomology, Kansas State University, 123 Waters Hall, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
| | - Hang Chen
- Research Institute of Resource Insects, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Kunming 650224, China; (Q.L.); (X.C.); (Z.Y.); (N.H.B.); (J.L.); (Y.C.); (S.S.)
- The Key Laboratory of Cultivating and Utilization of Resources Insects of State Forestry Administration, Kunming 650224, China
- Correspondence:
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13
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Escudero-Martinez C, Leybourne DJ, Bos JIB. Plant resistance in different cell layers affects aphid probing and feeding behaviour during non-host and poor-host interactions. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021; 111:31-38. [PMID: 32539886 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485320000231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are phloem-feeding insects that cause economic losses to crops globally. Whilst aphid interactions with susceptible plants and partially resistant genotypes have been well characterized, the interactions between aphids and non-host species are not well understood. Unravelling these non-host interactions can identify the mechanisms which contribute to plant resistance. Using contrasting aphid-host plant systems, including the broad host range pest Myzus persicae (host: Arabidopsis; poor-host: barley) and the cereal pest Rhopalosiphum padi (host: barley; non-host: Arabidopsis), we conducted a range of physiological experiments and compared aphid settling and probing behaviour on a host plant vs either a non-host or poor-host. In choice experiments, we observed that around 10% of aphids selected a non-host or poor-host plant species after 24 h. Using the Electrical Penetration Graph technique, we showed that feeding and probing behaviours differ during non-host and poor-host interactions when compared with a host interaction. In the Arabidopsis non-host interaction with the cereal pest R. padi aphids were unable to reach and feed on the phloem, with resistance likely residing in the mesophyll cell layer. In the barley poor-host interaction with M. persicae, resistance is likely phloem-based as phloem ingestion was reduced compared with the host interaction. Overall, our data suggest that plant resistance to aphids in non-host and poor-host interactions with these aphid species likely resides in different plant cell layers. Future work will take into account specific cell layers where resistances are based to dissect the underlying mechanisms and gain a better understanding of how we may improve crop resistance to aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Escudero-Martinez
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Daniel J Leybourne
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
| | - Jorunn I B Bos
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland
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14
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Mason CJ, Walsh B, Keller J, Couture JJ, Calvin D, Urban JM. Fidelity and Timing of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Attack Patterns on Ornamental Trees in the Suburban Landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1427-1436. [PMID: 32960283 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Invasive herbivores can have dramatic impacts in new environments by altering landscape composition, displacing natives, and causing plant decline and mortality. One of the most recent invasive insects in the United States, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), has the potential to cause substantial economic and environmental impacts in agriculture and forestry. Spotted lanternfly exhibits a broad host range, yet reports of late-season movement from the surrounding landscapes onto select tree species in suburban environments have been reported. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the fidelity of spotted lanternfly attack on specific, individual trees within the same species during this movement period. In 2018 and 2019, we observed that individual red (Acer rubrum L. [Sapindales: Sapindaceae]) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L. [Sapindales: Sapindaceae]) trees were preferentially attacked over other nearby trees of the same species. Foliar elemental composition was a good predictor of spotted lanternfly attack numbers, indicating that individual variation in nutrients may influence spotted lanternfly attraction to and/or retention on maple trees. Our data also confirm reports of late-season movement from surrounding landscapes throughout autumn. Collectively, our results show that spotted lanternfly exhibits some fidelity to particular trees in the landscape during this movement period. While other potential mechanisms also contribute to host plant selection by spotted lanternfly, our data show that host nutritional profiles influence spotted lanternfly infestation of suburban trees at the landscape scale. Our data establish that late-season infestations of suburban trees by spotted lanternfly occurred and that variation in host quality should be further considered in the management of this invasive insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Brian Walsh
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Joseph Keller
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John J Couture
- Department of Entomology and Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Dennis Calvin
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Julie M Urban
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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15
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Sun Z, Shi JH, Fan T, Wang C, Liu L, Jin H, Foba CN, Wang MQ. The control of the brown planthopper by the rice Bph14 gene is affected by nitrogen. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:3649-3656. [PMID: 32418333 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brown rice planthopper (BPH) is a devastating rice pest in Asia. Bph14 is the first cloned BPH-resistance gene in rice, inducing callose deposition while impeding BPH feeding. Nitrogen application affects plant growth and resistance. However, there is little evidence on the influence of nitrogen on the callose content or regulation of rice BPH resistance. In this study, Luoyou9348 (containing Bph14 and highly resistant to BPH) and Yangliangyou6 (without Bph14 and susceptible to BPH) were planted under varying nitrogen regimes (0 , 90, 180 kg ha-1 ) to determine their effects on the resistance levels of rice to BPH feeding. The experiments involved BPH performance, plant volatile profiling and BPH preferences in laboratory and field experiments. RESULTS We found that BPH egg hatching rate, total number of eggs laid and BPH preference increased with increasing nitrogen application in both rice varieties. However, the expression of Bph14, callose content and BPH feeding significantly declined with an increase in nitrogen fertilization in Luoyou9348, compared with Yangliangyou6. Also, the emission of volatile terpene compounds increased with increasing nitrogen application, which resulted in an increase in BPH numbers on both varieties. Two-way analysis of variance indicated a significant interaction between rice variety and nitrogen in BPH feeding behavior. CONCLUSION Our findings provide an insight for addressing problems involved in the incorporation of insecticidal genes into crop plants. The effects of nitrogen on insecticidal gene expression in rice plant defense are discussed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Hua Shi
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Fan
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le Liu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanan Jin
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Caroline Ngichop Foba
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Man-Qun Wang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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16
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Kendig AE, Borer ET, Boak EN, Picard TC, Seabloom EW. Host nutrition mediates interactions between plant viruses, altering transmission and predicted disease spread. Ecology 2020; 101:e03155. [PMID: 32745231 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Interactions among co-infecting pathogens are common across host taxa and can affect infectious disease dynamics. Host nutrition can mediate these among-pathogen interactions, altering the establishment and growth of pathogens within hosts. It is unclear, however, how nutrition-mediated among-pathogen interactions affect transmission and the spread of disease through populations. We manipulated the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supplies to oat plants in growth chambers and evaluated interactions between two aphid-vectored Barley and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Viruses: PAV and RPV. We quantified the effect of each virus on the other's establishment, within-plant density, and transmission. Co-inoculation significantly increased PAV density when N and P supplies were low and tended to increase RPV density when N supply was high. Co-infection increased PAV transmission when N and P supplies were low and tended to increase RPV transmission when N supply was high. Despite the parallels between the effects of among-pathogen interactions on density and transmission, changes in virus density only partially explained changes in transmission, suggesting that virus density-independent processes contribute to transmission. A mathematical model describing the spread of two viruses through a plant population, parameterized with empirically derived transmission values, demonstrated that nutrition-mediated among-pathogen interactions could affect disease spread. Interactions that altered transmission through virus density-independent processes determined overall disease dynamics. Our work suggests that host nutrition alters disease spread through among-pathogen interactions that modify transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Kendig
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA.,Agronomy Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth T Borer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Emily N Boak
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA.,Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Tashina C Picard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
| | - Eric W Seabloom
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55108, USA
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17
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Dourado LR, Demolin-Leite GL, Soares MA, Teixeira GL, Silva FWS, Sampaio RA, Zanuncio JC, Legaspi JC. Ecological indices of phytophagous Hemiptera and their natural enemies on Acacia auriculiformis (Fabales: Fabaceae) plants with or without dehydrated sewage sludge application in a degraded area. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237261. [PMID: 32804957 PMCID: PMC7430702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil fertilization with dehydrated sewage sludge (DSS) accelerates the recovery process of degraded areas by improving nutrient concentration, and favors the development of trophic webs with pioneer plants such as Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Beth (Fabales: Fabaceae), phytophagous Hemiptera, predators, and protocooperanting ants. This study aimed to evaluate the development and production of A. auriculiformis litter with or without dehydrated sewage sludge application and the ecological indices of sucking insects (Hemiptera), their predators and protocooperating ants, as bioindicators, in a degraded area for 24 months. Complete randomization was applied for two treatments (with or without application of dehydrated sewage sludge) in 24 replications (one repetition = one plant). We evaluated the number of leaves/branch and branches/plant, percentage of soil cover (litter), ecological indices of phytophagous Hemiptera, their predators, and protocooperating ants. The plants of A. auriculiformis, that were applied with dehydrated sewage sludge, had superior development when compared to plants where DSS were not applied. The highest abundance and richness of phytophagous Hemiptera species and Sternorrhyncha predators occurred on A. auriculiformis plants that were applied with dehydrated sewage sludge. The increase in richness of species of protocooperanting ants that established mutualistic relationships positively influenced the phytophagous Hemiptera. The use of A. auriculiformis, with application of dehydrated sewage sludge, can increase recovery of degraded areas due to its higher soil cover (e.g., litter) and results in higher ecological indices of phytophagous Hemiptera and their predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Rocha Dourado
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Germano Leão Demolin-Leite
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcus Alvarenga Soares
- Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Leal Teixeira
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Regynaldo Arruda Sampaio
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jose Cola Zanuncio
- Departamento de Entomologia/BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal deVicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jesusa Crisostomo Legaspi
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
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18
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Garzo E, Rizzo E, Fereres A, Gomez SK. High levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus colonization on Medicago truncatula reduces plant suitability as a host for pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum). INSECT SCIENCE 2020; 27:99-112. [PMID: 30039604 PMCID: PMC7379733 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study sheds light on a poorly understood area in insect-plant-microbe interactions, focusing on aphid probing and feeding behavior on plants with varying levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus root colonization. It investigates a commonly occurring interaction of three species: pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, barrel medic Medicago truncatula, and the AM fungus Rhizophagus irregularis, examining whether aphid-feeding behavior changes when insects feed on plants at different levels of AM fungus colonization (42% and 84% root length colonized). Aphid probing and feeding behavior was monitored throughout 8 h of recording using the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique, also, foliar nutrient content and plant growth were measured. Summarizing, aphids took longer to reach their 1st sustained phloem ingestion on the 84% AM plants than on the 42% AM plants or on controls. Less aphids showed phloem ingestion on the 84% AM plants relative to the 42% AM plants. Shoots of the 84% AM plants had higher percent carbon (43.7%) relative to controls (40.5%), and the 84% AM plants had reduced percent nitrogen (5.3%) relative to the 42% AM plants (6%). In conclusion, EPG and foliar nutrient data support the hypothesis that modifications in plant anatomy (e.g., thicker leaves), and poor food quality (reduced nitrogen) in the 84% AM plants contribute to reduced aphid success in locating phloem and ultimately to differences in phloem sap ingestion. This work suggests that M. truncatula plants benefit from AM symbiosis not only because of increased nutrient uptake but also because of reduced susceptibility to aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Garzo
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - Eric Rizzo
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Northern ColoradoGreeleyColoradoUSA
| | - Alberto Fereres
- Instituto de Ciencias Agrarias—Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (ICA‐CSIC)MadridSpain
| | - S. Karen Gomez
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Northern ColoradoGreeleyColoradoUSA
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Jordan MO, Sauge MH, Vercambre G. Chemical and growth traits of the peach tree may induce higher infestation rates of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer). PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2020; 76:797-806. [PMID: 31400056 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The green peach aphids, Myzus persicae, are a predominant pest in peach orchards as they can alter fruiting and shoot development for several years. This aphid developed resistance against pesticides. Among the alternative control strategies is the reduction of the trees' attractiveness to aphids. In order to identify the plant variables related to plant susceptibility, young peach trees were submitted to various supplies of water and nitrogen, and then artificially infested with aphids. Shoot development, plant water potential and aphid abundance were then monitored on a weekly basis. The apex concentrations in total N, amino acids, soluble sugars and polyphenols were determined at infestation start and infestation peak. RESULTS Until infestation peak, the thermal time requests for aphid development were independent of infestation severity. The aphid populations then collapsed more rapidly on the low infested shoots than on the high infested ones. Aphid abundances appeared to be positively related to shoot development (leaf expansion and secondary ramification), to shoot growth (stem length and diameter) and to apex concentrations in amino acids and non-structural carbohydrates (NSC). Polyphenols had the opposite effect. CONCLUSION Peach susceptibility to aphids depends on shoot development and apex composition, and could be lowered by decreasing the water and nitrogen inputs. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Odile Jordan
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, Avignon, Cedex 09, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Sauge
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, Avignon, Cedex 09, France
| | - Gilles Vercambre
- INRA, UR1115 Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles (PSH), Domaine Saint-Paul, Site Agroparc, Avignon, Cedex 09, France
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20
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Rhodes SA, Turnbull MW, Chong JH. Nitrogen Fertilization of Host Plant Influenced the Nutritional Status and Life History of the Madeira Mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:1129-1137. [PMID: 31237613 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvz077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect herbivores, especially sap-feeders, are sensitive to host-plant nitrogen quantity. However, past studies present contradicting results on sap-feeder life history traits influenced by plant nitrogen supplementation. This study analyzed the bottom-up effects of below-recommended nitrogen fertilization rates (0, 0.021, 0.048, and 0.091 g N/liter) on life history and total protein and lipid contents of a significant pest species, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green (the Madeira mealybug) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Developmental durations and survivorship from egg to adulthood of male and female mealybugs were similar across nitrogen fertilization levels. Females reared on plants fertilized at 0.021, 0.048, and 0.091 g N/liter produced, respectively, 152, 142, and 67% more eggs than females reared on unfertilized plants. Finite and intrinsic rates of increase and net reproductive rates of females were similar among the nitrogen fertilization levels, whereas the generation times of females from fertilized plants were significantly shorter than those from the unfertilized plants. Lipid contents of adult females and eggs, and average adult female protein content were similar across the nitrogen treatments. Average egg protein content increased with increasing host-plant fertilization rate. These results suggest that the response of the female Madeira mealybug to nitrogen fertilization is complex and may involve trade-offs and nutrient re-allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew W Turnbull
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC
| | - Juang Horng Chong
- Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, Florence, SC
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21
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Wilkinson TDJ, Miranda JP, Ferrari J, Hartley SE, Hodge A. Aphids Influence Soil Fungal Communities in Conventional Agricultural Systems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:895. [PMID: 31354767 PMCID: PMC6640087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form symbioses with the roots of most plant species, including cereals. AMF can increase the uptake of nutrients including nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and of silicon (Si) as well as increase host resistance to various stresses. Plants can simultaneously interact with above-ground insect herbivores such as aphids, which can alter the proportion of plant roots colonized by AMF. However, it is unknown if aphids impact the structure of AMF communities colonizing plants or the extent of the extraradical mycelium produced in the soil, both of which can influence the defensive and nutritional benefit a plant derives from the symbiosis. This study investigated the effect of aphids on the plant-AMF interaction in a conventionally managed agricultural system. As plants also interact with other soil fungi, the non-AMF fungal community was also investigated. We hypothesized that aphids would depress plant growth, and reduce intraradical AMF colonization, soil fungal hyphal density and the diversity of AM and non-AM fungal communities. To test the effects of aphids, field plots of barley enclosed with insect proof cages were inoculated with Sitobion avenae or remained uninoculated. AMF specific and total fungal amplicon sequencing assessed root fungal communities 46 days after aphid addition. Aphids did not impact above-ground plant biomass, but did increase the grain N:P ratio. Whilst aphid presence had no impact on AMF intraradical colonization, soil fungal hyphal length density, or AMF community characteristics, there was a trend for the aphid treatment to increase vesicle numbers and the relative abundance of the AMF family Gigasporaceae. Contrary to expectations, the aphid treatment also increased the evenness of the total fungal community. This suggests that aphids can influence soil communities in conventional arable systems, a result that could have implications for multitrophic feedback loops between crop pests and soil organisms across the above-below-ground interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julia Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Sue E. Hartley
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hodge
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, United Kingdom
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22
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Huang F, Hao Z, Yan F. Influence of Oilseed Rape Seed Treatment with Imidacloprid on Survival, Feeding Behavior, and Detoxifying Enzymes of Mustard Aphid, Lipaphis erysimi. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10050144. [PMID: 31137546 PMCID: PMC6572145 DOI: 10.3390/insects10050144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Imidacloprid application, as a seed coating agent on oilseed rape, is recommended to control mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). In this study, responses of L. erysimi were investigated, including survival, feeding behavior, and detoxifying enzymes, on the oilseed rape seedlings grown from seeds coated with imidacloprid at rates of 6, 12, or 18 g active ingredient (a.i.)/kg seed. The results showed that the aphids’ survival rate, together with that of the progeny of the survivors, on the seed-treated seedlings significantly decreased. This indicates that the aphid population in fields can be suppressed effectively. The electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was used to record aphid feeding behaviors on two-, four-, and six-leaf stages of oilseed rape seedlings that had been seed-coated with imidacloprid, and individual responses were revealed during the aphid feeding behavior. On the plants at the two-leaf stage, aphid feeding behaviors were influenced, showing decreased frequency of stylet penetration into the leaf (probe) or into the mesophyll cells (potential drops, pds for short), and shortened duration of stylet event in the leaf (probe) or in the phloem. On the plants at the four- and six-leaf stages, these impacts of imidacloprid were weakened; however, the saliva secretion duration in phloem was shortened to less than 5 min in all imidacloprid treatments. The activity of mixed-function oxidase in aphids maintained on the treated seedlings with imidacloprid was elevated. In conclusion, imidacloprid could be used as a seed coating agent for aphid control, but chemical resistance in aphids should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhongping Hao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Quality Improvement, Crop Research Institute, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China.
| | - Fengming Yan
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Benedek K, Mara G, Mehrparvar M, Bálint J, Loxdale HD, Balog A. Near-regular distribution of adult crimson tansy aphids,Uroleucon tanaceti(L.), increases aposematic signal honesty on different tansy plant chemotypes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klára Benedek
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Gyöngyvér Mara
- Department of Biological Engineering, Faculty of Economics, Socio-Human Sciences and Engineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Miercurea Ciuc, Romania
| | - Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - János Bálint
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
| | - Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, UK
| | - Adalbert Balog
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Technical and Human Science, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Tirgu-Mures, Romania
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Jiang S, Dai Y, Lu Y, Fan S, Liu Y, Bodlah MA, Parajulee MN, Chen F. Molecular Evidence for the Fitness of Cotton Aphid, Aphis gossypii in Response to Elevated CO 2 From the Perspective of Feeding Behavior Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1444. [PMID: 30483140 PMCID: PMC6240613 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is likely to influence insect-plant interactions. Aphid, as a typical phloem-feeding herbivorous insect, has shown consistently more positive responses in fitness to elevated CO2 concentrations than those seen in leaf-chewing insects. But, little is known about the mechanism of this performance. In this study, the foliar soluble constituents of cotton and the life history of the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii and its mean relative growth rate (MRGR) and feeding behavior were measured, as well as the relative transcript levels of target genes related appetite, salivary proteins, molting hormone (MH), and juvenile hormone, to investigate the fitness of A. gossypii in response to elevated CO2 (800 ppm vs. 400 ppm). The results indicated that elevated CO2 significantly stimulated the increase in concentrations of soluble proteins in the leaf and sucrose in seedlings. Significant increases in adult longevity, lifespan, fecundity, and MRGR of A. gossypii were found under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. Furthermore, the feeding behavior of A. gossypii was significantly affected by elevated CO2, including significant shortening of the time of stylet penetration to phloem position and significant decrease in the mean frequency of xylem phase. It is presumed that the fitness of A. gossypii can be enhanced, resulting from the increases in nutrient sources and potential increase in the duration of phloem ingestion under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2. In addition, the qPCR results also demonstrated that the genes related to appetite and salivary proteins were significantly upregulated, whereas, the genes related to MH were significantly downregulated under elevated CO2 in contrast to ambient CO2, this is in accordance with the performance of A. gossypii in response to elevated CO2. In conclusion, rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration can enhance the fitness of A. gossypii by increasing their ingestion of higher quantity and higher quality of host plant tissues and by simultaneously upregulating the transcript expression of the genes related to appetite and salivary proteins, and then this may increase the control risk of A. gossypii under conditions of climate change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoulin Jiang
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Personnel Department, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuqin Fan
- Qidong Agricultural Commission, Qidong, China
| | - Yanmin Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Bodlah
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Megha N. Parajulee
- Texas A&M University AgriLife Research and Extension Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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25
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Gao J, Guo HJ, Sun YC, Ge F. Juvenile hormone mediates the positive effects of nitrogen fertilization on weight and reproduction in pea aphid. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:2511-2519. [PMID: 29656587 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive effects of nitrogen fertilization on the performance of phytophagous insects have been reported extensively; the physiological and molecular basis involved, however, is largely unclear. Here, we test experimentally whether enhancement of juvenile hormone (JH) is responsible for the increased weight and fecundity of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) under nitrogen fertilization. RESULTS Aphids fed on Medicago truncatula with nitrogen fertilization have a greater amino acid content, higher weight at the fourth instar and adult stage, and produce more offspring than those without nitrogen fertilization. Furthermore, nitrogen fertilization upregulates the transcripts of JH biosynthesis-related genes and increases JH titre at the fourth instar and adult stage, suggesting that JH is involved in the positive responses of aphids to nitrogen fertilization. Application of 100 ng JH increases adult weight and fecundity in aphids fed on M. truncatula without nitrogen fertilization. Conversely, impairing JH signalling by pharmacologically inhibiting the target of rapamycin pathway or by knocking down JH biosynthetic gene decreases adult weight and fecundity in aphids fed on M. truncatula with nitrogen fertilization, whereas application of JH rescued the phenotype. CONCLUSION The increased JH titre at the fourth instar and adult stage is required for the increases of weight and fecundity of A. pisum under nitrogen fertilization. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Juan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Gao J, Guo H, Sun Y, Ge F. Differential accumulation of leucine and methionine in red and green pea aphids leads to different fecundity in response to nitrogen fertilization. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1779-1789. [PMID: 29384253 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrogen fertilization affects plants directly and herbivorous insects indirectly. Although insect species and even genotypes are known to differ in their responses to nitrogen fertilization, the physiological and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study assessed the fecundity and related regulatory signaling pathways in the green and red morphs of pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) feeding on Medicago truncatula with and without nitrogen fertilization. RESULTS Nitrogen fertilization significantly increased foliar amino acid concentrations and consequently increased the concentrations of several individual essential amino acids in body tissue of the green morph. The increased concentration of Leu, Ile, Met and Val was consistent with enhanced biosynthesis of these amino acids in the endosymbiont Buchnera. Under nitrogen fertilization, Leu and Met accumulated in the green morph enhanced the target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway, which consequently increased fecundity by promoting vitellogenin synthesis. In the red morph, however, nitrogen fertilization did not change the concentration of essential amino acids, TOR signaling or fecundity. CONCLUSION Specific amino acids accumulation and the nutrient transduction pathway in pea aphids are responsible for genotype-specific fecundity in response to nitrogen fertilization, which could be used as potential target for pest control. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Guo H, Sun Y, Yan H, Li C, Ge F. O 3-Induced Leaf Senescence in Tomato Plants Is Ethylene Signaling-Dependent and Enhances the Population Abundance of Bemisia tabaci. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:764. [PMID: 29946327 PMCID: PMC6005859 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Elevated ozone (O3) can alter the phenotypes of host plants particularly in induction of leaf senescence, but few reports examine the involvement of phytohormone in O3-induced changes in host phenotypes that influence the foraging quality for insects. Here, we used an ethylene (ET) receptor mutant Nr and its wild-type to determine the function of the ET signaling pathway in O3-induced leaf senescence, and bottom-up effects on the performance of Bemisia tabaci in field open-top chambers (OTCs). Our results showed that elevated O3 reduced photosynthetic efficiency and chlorophyll content and induced leaf senescence of plant regardless of plant genotype. Leaf senescence in Nr plants was alleviated relative to wild-type under elevated O3. Further analyses of foliar quality showed that elevated O3 had little effect on phytohormone-mediated defenses, but significantly increased the concentration of amino acids in two plant genotypes. Furthermore, Nr plants had lower amino acid content relative to wild-type under elevated O3. These results provided an explanation of O3-induced increase in abundance of B. tabaci. We concluded that O3-induced senescence of plant was ET signal-dependent, and positive effects of O3-induced leaf senescence on the performance of B. tabaci largely resulted from changes of nutritional quality of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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28
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Egerer MH, Liere H, Lin BB, Jha S, Bichier P, Philpott SM. Herbivore regulation in urban agroecosystems: Direct and indirect effects. Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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29
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Jakobs R, Müller C. Effects of intraspecific and intra-individual differences in plant quality on preference and performance of monophagous aphid species. Oecologia 2017; 186:173-184. [PMID: 29143149 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3998-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant chemistry is one of the main drivers of herbivore distribution. Monophagous herbivore species are highly specialized, but even within their only host species the chemistry varies. The herbivore's choice is initially mainly guided by volatile plant compounds. Once on the plant, particularly for aphids the phloem quality affects their performance. However, little is known about the intraspecific and intra-individual variation in phloem sap and their influences on monophagous aphids. To determine potential mechanisms involved in aphid colonization, we tested the effects of intraspecific chemical variation in Tanacetum vulgare, which produces different chemotypes, on the preference of two monophagous aphid species. Moreover, we measured the performance of the aphids on different plant parts (stem close to the inflorescence, young and old leaves) of these chemotypes and analyzed their phloem sap composition. Both species preferred the β-thujone (THU) over the trans-carvyl acetate (CAR) chemotype in dual-choice assays. Survival of Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria was neither affected by intraspecific nor intra-individual variation, whereas the reproduction was highest on stems. In contrast, Uroleucon tanaceti survived and reproduced best on old leaves of the preferred chemotype. The sugar, organic acid and amino acid composition pronouncedly differed between phloem exudates of different plant parts, but less between chemotypes. Unexpectedly, high concentrations of amino acids did not necessarily enhance aphid performance. These different performance optima may cause niche differentiation and, therefore, enable co-existence. In conclusion, the tremendous variation in plant chemistry even within one species can affect the distribution of highly specialized aphids at various scales aphid species-specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Jakobs
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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30
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van Gils S, Tamburini G, Marini L, Biere A, van Agtmaal M, Tyc O, Kos M, Kleijn D, van der Putten WH. Soil pathogen-aphid interactions under differences in soil organic matter and mineral fertilizer. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179695. [PMID: 28817594 PMCID: PMC5560682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence showing that microbes can influence plant-insect interactions. In addition, various studies have shown that aboveground pathogens can alter the interactions between plants and insects. However, little is known about the role of soil-borne pathogens in plant-insect interactions. It is also not known how environmental conditions, that steer the performance of soil-borne pathogens, might influence these microbe-plant-insect interactions. Here, we studied effects of the soil-borne pathogen Rhizoctonia solani on aphids (Sitobion avenae) using wheat (Triticum aestivum) as a host. In a greenhouse experiment, we tested how different levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and fertilizer addition influence the interactions between plants and aphids. To examine the influence of the existing soil microbiome on the pathogen effects, we used both unsterilized field soil and sterilized field soil. In unsterilized soil with low SOM content, R. solani addition had a negative effect on aphid biomass, whereas it enhanced aphid biomass in soil with high SOM content. In sterilized soil, however, aphid biomass was enhanced by R. solani addition and by high SOM content. Plant biomass was enhanced by fertilizer addition, but only when SOM content was low, or in the absence of R. solani. We conclude that belowground pathogens influence aphid performance and that the effect of soil pathogens on aphids can be more positive in the absence of a soil microbiome. This implies that experiments studying the effect of pathogens under sterile conditions might not represent realistic interactions. Moreover, pathogen-plant-aphid interactions can be more positive for aphids under high SOM conditions. We recommend that soil conditions should be taken into account in the study of microbe-plant-insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn van Gils
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike van Agtmaal
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Life Sciences (Silwood Park), Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olaf Tyc
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martine Kos
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - David Kleijn
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Animal Ecology Team, Alterra – Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Resource Ecology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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31
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Chen W, Liu H, Wurihan, Gao Y, Card SD, Ren A. The advantages of endophyte-infected over uninfected tall fescue in the growth and pathogen resistance are counteracted by elevated CO 2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6952. [PMID: 28761108 PMCID: PMC5537266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are predicted to double within the next century. Despite this trend, the extent and mechanisms through which elevated CO2 affects grass-endophyte symbionts remain uncertain. In the present study, the growth, chemical composition and pathogen resistance of endophyte-infected (E+) and uninfected (E-) tall fescue were compared under elevated CO2 conditions. The results showed that the effect of endophyte infection on the growth of tall fescue was significantly affected by elevated CO2. Significant advantage of E+ over E- tall fescue in tiller number, maximum net photosynthetic rate and shoot biomass occurred only under ambient CO2. With CO2 concentration elevated, the beneficial effect of endophyte infection on the growth disappeared. Similarly, endophyte infection reduced lesion number and spore concentration of Curvularia lunata only under ambient CO2. These results suggest that the beneficial effect of endophyte infection on the growth and pathogen resistance of tall fescue could be counteracted by elevated CO2. An explanation for the counteraction may be found in a change in photosynthesis and nutritive quality of leaf tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wurihan
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yubao Gao
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Stuart D Card
- AgResearch Ltd, Grasslands Research Centre, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Anzhi Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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32
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van Gils S, van der Putten WH, Kleijn D. Can above-ground ecosystem services compensate for reduced fertilizer input and soil organic matter in annual crops? J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stijn van Gils
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); P.O. Box 50 6700 AB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Wim H. van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW); P.O. Box 50 6700 AB Wageningen The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Nematology; Wageningen University and Research Centre; P.O. Box 8123 6700 ES Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - David Kleijn
- Animal Ecology Team; Alterra - Wageningen University and Research Centre; P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Resource Ecology Group; Wageningen University and Research Centre; P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group; Wageningen University and Research Centre; P.O. Box 47 6700 AA Wageningen The Netherlands
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33
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Kucharik CJ, Mork AC, Meehan TD, Serbin SP, Singh A, Townsend PA, Stack Whitney K, Gratton C. Evidence for Compensatory Photosynthetic and Yield Response of Soybeans to Aphid Herbivory. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 109:1177-1187. [PMID: 27076674 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tow066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura, an exotic species in North America that has been detected in 21 U.S. states and Canada, is a major pest for soybean that can reduce maximum photosynthetic capacity and yields. Our existing knowledge is based on relatively few studies that do not span a wide variety of environmental conditions, and often focus on relatively high and damaging population pressure. We examined the effects of varied populations and duration of soybean aphids on soybean photosynthetic rates and yield in two experiments. In a 2011 field study, we found that plants with low cumulative aphid days (CAD, less than 2,300) had higher yields than plants not experiencing significant aphid pressure, suggesting a compensatory growth response to low aphid pressure. This response did not hold at higher CAD, and yields declined. In a 2013 controlled-environment greenhouse study, soybean plants were well-watered and fertilized with nitrogen (N), and aphid populations were manipulated to reach moderate to high levels (8,000-50,000 CAD). Plants tolerated these population levels when aphids were introduced during the vegetative or reproductive phenological stages of the plant, showing no significant reduction in yield. Leaf N concentration and CAD were positively and significantly correlated with increasing ambient photosynthetic rates. Our findings suggest that, given the right environmental conditions, modern soybean plants can withstand higher aphid pressure than previously assumed. Moreover, soybean plants also responded positively through a compensatory photosynthetic effect to moderate population pressure, contributing to stable or increased yield.
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34
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Guo H, Sun Y, Peng X, Wang Q, Harris M, Ge F. Up-regulation of abscisic acid signaling pathway facilitates aphid xylem absorption and osmoregulation under drought stress. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:681-93. [PMID: 26546578 PMCID: PMC4737068 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathway reduces water loss from plants challenged by drought stress. The effect of drought-induced ABA signaling on the defense and nutrition allocation of plants is largely unknown. We postulated that these changes can affect herbivorous insects. We studied the effects of drought on different feeding stages of pea aphids in the wild-type A17 of Medicago truncatula and ABA signaling pathway mutant sta-1. We examined the impact of drought on plant water status, induced plant defense signaling via the abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA) pathways, and on the host nutritional quality in terms of leaf free amino acid content. During the penetration phase of aphid feeding, drought decreased epidermis/mesophyll resistance but increased mesophyll/phloem resistance of A17 but not sta-1 plants. Quantification of transcripts associated with ABA, JA and SA signaling indicated that the drought-induced up-regulation of ABA signaling decreased the SA-dependent defense but increased the JA-dependent defense in A17 plants. During the phloem-feeding phase, drought had little effect on the amino acid concentrations and the associated aphid phloem-feeding parameters in both plant genotypes. In the xylem absorption stage, drought decreased xylem absorption time of aphids in both genotypes because of decreased water potential. Nevertheless, the activation of the ABA signaling pathway increased water-use efficiency of A17 plants by decreasing the stomatal aperture and transpiration rate. In contrast, the water potential of sta-1 plants (unable to close stomata) was too low to support xylem absorption activity of aphids; the aphids on sta-1 plants had the highest hemolymph osmolarity and lowest abundance under drought conditions. Taken together this study illustrates the significance of cross-talk between biotic-abiotic signaling pathways in plant-aphid interaction, and reveals the mechanisms leading to alter aphid fecundity in water stresses plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhong Peng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Qinyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Marvin Harris
- Department of Entomology, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Ryalls JMW, Moore BD, Riegler M, Johnson SN. Above-Belowground Herbivore Interactions in Mixed Plant Communities Are Influenced by Altered Precipitation Patterns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:345. [PMID: 27047522 PMCID: PMC4804199 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Root- and shoot-feeding herbivores have the capacity to influence one another by modifying the chemistry of the shared host plant. This can alter rates of nutrient mineralization and uptake by neighboring plants and influence plant-plant competition, particularly in mixtures combining grasses and legumes. Root herbivory-induced exudation of nitrogen (N) from legume roots, for example, may increase N acquisition by co-occurring grasses, with knock-on effects on grassland community composition. Little is known about how climate change may affect these interactions, but an important and timely question is how will grass-legume mixtures respond in a future with an increasing reliance on legume N mineralization in terrestrial ecosystems. Using a model grass-legume mixture, this study investigated how simultaneous attack on lucerne (Medicago sativa) by belowground weevils (Sitona discoideus) and aboveground aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) affected a neighboring grass (Phalaris aquatica) when subjected to drought, ambient, and elevated precipitation. Feeding on rhizobial nodules by weevil larvae enhanced soil water retention under ambient and elevated precipitation, but only when aphids were absent. While drought decreased nodulation and root N content in lucerne, grass root and shoot chemistry were unaffected by changes in precipitation. However, plant communities containing weevils but not aphids showed increased grass height and N concentrations, most likely associated with the transfer of N from weevil-attacked lucerne plants containing more nodules and higher root N concentrations compared with insect-free plants. Drought decreased aphid abundance by 54% but increased total and some specific amino acid concentrations (glycine, lysine, methionine, tyrosine, cysteine, histidine, arginine, aspartate, and glutamate), suggesting that aphid declines were being driven by other facets of drought (e.g., reduced phloem hydraulics). The presence of weevil larvae belowground decreased aphid numbers by 30%, likely associated with a significant reduction in proline in weevil-treated lucerne plants. This study demonstrates how predicted changes to precipitation patterns and indirect interactions between herbivores can alter the outcome of competition between N-fixing legumes and non-N-fixing grasses, with important implications for plant community structure and productivity.
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Lacoste C, Nansen C, Thompson S, Moir-Barnetson L, Mian A, McNee M, Flower KC. Increased Susceptibility to Aphids of Flowering Wheat Plants Exposed to Low Temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:610-8. [PMID: 26313967 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Frost is known to directly affect flowering wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L.) and lead to reduced grain yield. Additionally, it may increase wheat susceptibility to economically important pests, such as aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Wheat plants at flowering stage were exposed to one of the three temperature treatments: ambient (11-12°C), 0°C, and -3°C for 60 min. Preference (3-choice) and performance (no-choice) bioassays with aphids (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) were conducted 1, 3, 6, and 12 d after temperature treatments to assess effects of temperature-induced stress over time. As an initial feasibility study of using remote sensing technologies to detect frost-induced stress in flowering wheat plants, hyperspectral imaging data were acquired from wheat plants used in preference bioassays. Element analysis of wheat plants was included to determine the effect of temperature-induced stress on the nutritional composition of flowering wheat plants. The results from this study support the following cause-effect scenario: a 60-min exposure to low temperatures caused a significant decrease in potassium and copper content of wheat plants 6 d after temperature exposure, and it coincided with a marked increase in preference by aphids of wheat plants. The preference exhibited by aphids correlated positively with performance of aphids, so the preference-performance hypothesis was confirmed and possibly driven by potassium and copper content of wheat plants. In addition, we demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging data can be used to detect frost-induced susceptibility to aphid infestation in flowering wheat plants. These findings justify further research into airborne remote sensing of frost-induced stress and the possible secondary effects on crop susceptibility to arthropod pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lacoste
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - C Nansen
- The University of Western Australia, School of Animal Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Briggs Hall, Room 367, Davis, CA.
| | - S Thompson
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - L Moir-Barnetson
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - A Mian
- The University of Western Australia, Computer Science & Software Engineering, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - M McNee
- Western Australian No-tillage Farmers Association, Underwood Ave., Mt Claremont, WA 6010, Australia
| | - K C Flower
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
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Severtson D, Flower K, Nansen C. Nonrandom Distribution of Cabbage Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Dryland Canola (Brassicales: Brassicaceae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 44:767-779. [PMID: 26313983 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of spatial distribution patterns of pests in large-scale agricultural fields is important because these patterns affect the sampling effort needed to accurately detect and estimate their population density. In this study, we conducted experimental releases of alate cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae L.) into centers of small plots of canola (Brassica napus L.), and their gradual spread over a 7-wk period was characterized. The small-plot experiment demonstrated gradient effects from plot centers and a nonrandom vertical distribution, with initial colonization occurring on the abaxial side of lower canopy leaves and, later, highest numbers of cabbage aphids occurring on racemes. We also conducted large-scale distribution analyses of cabbage aphid infestations in two commercial canola fields, using visual inspection and sweep net sampling. We used canola plant phenological and landscape features as explanatory variables of the spatial distribution of cabbage aphid counts. These large-scale experiments showed strong edge effects with negative associations between cabbage aphid counts and distance to crop edges, including tree lines and contour banks. Cabbage aphid distribution was more effectively displayed using logistic regression than ordinary regression, Spatial Analysis by Distance IndicEs, or both. Based on the study findings, a nonrandom or optimized inspection approach is proposed to focus monitoring efforts on canola plants within 20 m from field edges with particular attention to the abaxial side of lower-canopy leaves. Detection of advanced cabbage aphid infestations should target the racemes within 20 m from field edges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin Severtson
- The University of Western Australia, School of Animal Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. Department of Agriculture and Food Western Australia, 3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth, Western Australia 6151, Australia.
| | - Ken Flower
- The University of Western Australia, School of Plant Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Christian Nansen
- The University of Western Australia, School of Animal Biology, The UWA Institute of Agriculture, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia. Department of Entomology and Nematology, UC Davis Briggs Hall, Davis, CA
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Ryalls JMW, Moore BD, Riegler M, Gherlenda AN, Johnson SN. Amino acid-mediated impacts of elevated carbon dioxide and simulated root herbivory on aphids are neutralized by increased air temperatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:613-23. [PMID: 25403916 PMCID: PMC4286407 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in host plant quality, including foliar amino acid concentrations, resulting from global climate change and attack from multiple herbivores, have the potential to modify the pest status of insect herbivores. This study investigated how mechanically simulated root herbivory of lucerne (Medicago sativa) before and after aphid infestation affected the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) under elevated temperature (eT) and carbon dioxide concentrations (eCO2). eT increased plant height and biomass, and eCO2 decreased root C:N. Foliar amino acid concentrations and aphid numbers increased in response to eCO2, but only at ambient temperatures, demonstrating the ability of eT to negate the effects of eCO2. Root damage reduced aboveground biomass, height, and root %N, and increased root %C and C:N, most probably via decreased biological nitrogen fixation. Total foliar amino acid concentrations and aphid colonization success were higher in plants with roots cut early (before aphid arrival) than those with roots cut late (after aphid arrival); however, this effect was counteracted by eT. These results demonstrate the importance of amino acid concentrations for aphids and identify individual amino acids as being potential factors underpinning aphid responses to eT, eCO2, and root damage in lucerne. Incorporating trophic complexity and multiple climatic factors into plant-herbivore studies enables greater insight into how plants and insects will interact in the future, with implications for sustainable pest control and future crop security.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M W Ryalls
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Ben D Moore
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Markus Riegler
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Andrew N Gherlenda
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Scott N Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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Bauer SN, Nowak H, Keller F, Kallarackal J, Hajirezaei MR, Komor E. Accumulation, selection and covariation of amino acids in sieve tube sap of tansy (Tanacetum vulgare) and castor bean (Ricinus communis): evidence for the function of a basic amino acid transporter and the absence of a γ-amino butyric acid transporter. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:130-7. [PMID: 24446756 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sieve tube sap was obtained from Tanacetum by aphid stylectomy and from Ricinus after apical bud decapitation. The amino acids in sieve tube sap were analyzed and compared with those from leaves. Arginine and lysine accumulated in the sieve tube sap of Tanacetum more than 10-fold compared to the leaf extracts and they were, together with asparagine and serine, preferably selected into the sieve tube sap, whereas glycine, methionine/tryptophan and γ-amino butyric acid were partially or completely excluded. The two basic amino acids also showed a close covariation in sieve tube sap. The acidic amino acids also grouped together, but antagonistic to the other amino acids. The accumulation ratios between sieve tube sap and leaf extracts were smaller in Ricinus than in Tanacetum. Arginine, histidine, lysine and glutamine were enriched and preferentially loaded into the phloem, together with isoleucine and valine. In contrast, glycine and methionine/tryptophan were partially and γ-amino butyric acid almost completely excluded from sieve tube sap. The covariation analysis grouped arginine together with several neutral amino acids. The acidic amino acids were loaded under competition with neutral amino acids. It is concluded from comparison with the substrate specificities of already characterized plant amino acid transporters, that an AtCAT1-like transporter functions in phloem loading of basic amino acids, whereas a transporter like AtGAT1 is absent in phloem. Although Tanacetum and Ricinus have different minor vein architecture, their phloem loading specificities for amino acids are relatively similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne N Bauer
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440x0, Bayreuth, Germany
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40
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Mahdavi-Arab N, Meyer ST, Mehrparvar M, Weisser WW. Complex effects of fertilization on plant and herbivore performance in the presence of a plant competitor and activated carbon. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103731. [PMID: 25078980 PMCID: PMC4117570 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant-herbivore interactions are influenced by host plant quality which in turn is affected by plant growth conditions. Competition is the major biotic and nutrient availability a major abiotic component of a plant's growth environment. Yet, surprisingly few studies have investigated impacts of competition and nutrient availability on herbivore performance and reciprocal herbivore effects on plants. We studied growth of the specialist aphid, Macrosiphoniella tanacetaria, and its host plant tansy, Tanacetum vulgare, under experimental addition of inorganic and organic fertilizer crossed with competition by goldenrod, Solidago canadensis. Because of evidence that competition by goldenrod is mediated by allelopathic compounds, we also added a treatment with activated carbon. Results showed that fertilization increased, and competition with goldenrod decreased, plant biomass, but this was likely mediated by resource competition. There was no evidence from the activated carbon treatment that allelopathy played a role which instead had a fertilizing effect. Aphid performance increased with higher plant biomass and depended on plant growth conditions, with fertilization and AC increasing, and plant competition decreasing aphid numbers. Feedbacks of aphids on plant performance interacted with plant growth conditions in complex ways depending on the relative magnitude of the effects on plant biomass and aphid numbers. In the basic fertilization treatment, tansy plants profited from increased nutrient availability by accumulating more biomass than they lost due to an increased number of aphids under fertilization. When adding additional fertilizer, aphid numbers increased so high that tansy plants suffered and showed reduced biomass compared with controls without aphids. Thus, the ecological cost of an infestation with aphids depends on the balance of effects of growth conditions on plant and herbivore performance. These results emphasize the importance to investigate both perspectives in plant herbivore interactions and characterize the effects of growth conditions on plant and herbivore performance and their respective feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nafiseh Mahdavi-Arab
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Sebastian T. Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohsen Mehrparvar
- Department of Biodiversity, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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41
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Schuett W, Dall SRX, Kloesener MH, Baeumer J, Beinlich F, Eggers T. Life-history trade-offs mediate ‘personality’ variation in two colour morphs of the pea aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisum. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:90-101. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Schuett
- Experimental Ecology Group; Department for Biology and Chemistry; University of Osnabrueck; Barbarastrasse 11 Osnabrueck 49069 Germany
- Zoological Institute and Museum; University of Hamburg; Martin-Luther-King Platz 3 Hamburg 20146 Germany
| | - Sasha R. X. Dall
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation; Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences; University of Exeter; Cornwall Campus Penryn Cornwall TR10 9EZ UK
| | - Michaela H. Kloesener
- Experimental Ecology Group; Department for Biology and Chemistry; University of Osnabrueck; Barbarastrasse 11 Osnabrueck 49069 Germany
| | - Jana Baeumer
- Experimental Ecology Group; Department for Biology and Chemistry; University of Osnabrueck; Barbarastrasse 11 Osnabrueck 49069 Germany
| | - Felix Beinlich
- Experimental Ecology Group; Department for Biology and Chemistry; University of Osnabrueck; Barbarastrasse 11 Osnabrueck 49069 Germany
| | - Till Eggers
- Experimental Ecology Group; Department for Biology and Chemistry; University of Osnabrueck; Barbarastrasse 11 Osnabrueck 49069 Germany
- Agricultural Products Global Research; Data Management and Biometrics; BASF The Chemical Company; Carl Bosch Str. Limburgerhof 67117 Germany
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Hijaz F, Killiny N. Collection and chemical composition of phloem sap from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (sweet orange). PLoS One 2014; 9:e101830. [PMID: 25014027 PMCID: PMC4094394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through utilizing the nutrient-rich phloem sap, sap feeding insects such as psyllids, leafhoppers, and aphids can transmit many phloem-restricted pathogens. On the other hand, multiplication of phloem-limited, uncultivated bacteria such as Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) inside the phloem of citrus indicates that the sap contains all the essential nutrients needed for the pathogen growth. The phloem sap composition of many plants has been studied; however, to our knowledge, there is no available data about citrus phloem sap. In this study, we identified and quantified the chemical components of phloem sap from pineapple sweet orange. Two approaches (EDTA enhanced exudation and centrifugation) were used to collect phloem sap. The collected sap was derivatized with methyl chloroformate (MCF), N-methyl-N- [tert-butyl dimethylsilyl]-trifluroacetamide (MTBSTFA), or trimethylsilyl (TMS) and analyzed with GC-MS revealing 20 amino acids and 8 sugars. Proline, the most abundant amino acid, composed more than 60% of the total amino acids. Tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which are considered essential for phloem sap-sucking insects, were also detected. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, and inositol were the most predominant sugars. In addition, seven organic acids including succinic, fumaric, malic, maleic, threonic, citric, and quinic were detected. All compounds detected in the EDTA-enhanced exudate were also detected in the pure phloem sap using centrifugation. The centrifugation technique allowed estimating the concentration of metabolites. This information expands our knowledge about the nutrition requirement for citrus phloem-limited bacterial pathogen and their vectors, and can help define suitable artificial media to culture them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faraj Hijaz
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, IFAS, Lake Alfred, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Knoblauch M, Froelich DR, Pickard WF, Peters WS. SEORious business: structural proteins in sieve tubes and their involvement in sieve element occlusion. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1879-93. [PMID: 24591057 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The phloem provides a network of sieve tubes for long-distance translocation of photosynthates. For over a century, structural proteins in sieve tubes have presented a conundrum since they presumably increase the hydraulic resistance of the tubes while no potential function other than sieve tube or wound sealing in the case of injury has been suggested. Here we summarize and critically evaluate current speculations regarding the roles of these proteins. Our understanding suffers from the suggestive power of images; what looks like a sieve tube plug on micrographs may not actually impede translocation very much. Recent reports of an involvement of SEOR (sieve element occlusion-related) proteins, a class of P-proteins, in the sealing of injured sieve tubes are inconclusive; various lines of evidence suggest that, in neither intact nor injured plants, are SEORs determinative of translocation stoppage. Similarly, the popular notion that P-proteins serve in the defence against phloem sap-feeding insects is unsupported by empirical facts; it is conceivable that in functional sieve tubes, aphids actually could benefit from inducing a plug. The idea that rising cytosolic Ca(2+) generally triggers sieve tube blockage by P-proteins appears widely accepted, despite lacking experimental support. Even in forisomes, P-protein assemblages restricted to one single plant family and the only Ca(2+)-responsive P-proteins known, the available evidence does not unequivocally suggest that plug formation is the cause rather than a consequence of translocation stoppage. We conclude that the physiological roles of structural P-proteins remain elusive, and that in vivo studies of their dynamics in continuous sieve tube networks combined with flow velocity measurements will be required to (hopefully) resolve this scientific roadblock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Knoblauch
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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Mostefaoui H, Allal-Benfekih L, Djazouli ZE, Petit D, Saladin G. Why the aphid Aphis spiraecola is more abundant on clementine tree than Aphis gossypii? C R Biol 2014; 337:123-33. [PMID: 24581807 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aphis spiraecola and Aphis gossypii cause harmful damages on clementine tree orchards. Weekly surveys measured the abundance of aphids (larvae, winged and wingless adults) as well as of auxiliary insects and parameters of energy metabolism. Correlatively, soluble carbohydrates, total free amino acids, free proline and condensed tannins were quantified in control and infested leaves. Both aphid species showed parallel temporal variations, but A. spiraecola was consistently more abundant regardless of the stage. Amino acids had a positive effect on both aphid species abundance, but neither condensed tannins nor auxiliary insects seemed to modulate aphid populations. Interestingly, the leaf carbohydrate content was positively correlated with the abundance of A. spiraecola, but not with that of A. gossypii. Moreover, A. gossypii's abundance was significantly down-regulated by high proline concentrations. Thus, the higher abundance of A. spiraecola could be explained by a better tolerance to high proline contents and a better conversion of foliar energy metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Mostefaoui
- Zoophytiatrie Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary, University Saad Dahleb, 9000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Leila Allal-Benfekih
- UMR 1061, INRA, Université de Limoges, 123, avenue Albert-Thomas, 87060 Limoges cedex, France
| | - Zahr-Eddine Djazouli
- Zoophytiatrie Laboratory, Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary, University Saad Dahleb, 9000 Blida, Algeria
| | - Daniel Petit
- UMR 1061, INRA, Université de Limoges, 123, avenue Albert-Thomas, 87060 Limoges cedex, France
| | - Gaëlle Saladin
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Substances (EA 1069), University of Limoges, 123, avenue Albert-Thomas, 87060 Limoges cedex, France.
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Guo H, Sun Y, Li Y, Liu X, Zhang W, Ge F. Elevated CO2 decreases the response of the ethylene signaling pathway in Medicago truncatula and increases the abundance of the pea aphid. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:279-291. [PMID: 24015892 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of herbivorous insects is greatly affected by plant nutritional quality and resistance, which are likely to be altered by rising concentrations of atmospheric CO2 . We previously reported that elevated CO2 enhanced biological nitrogen (N) fixation of Medicago truncatula, which could result in an increased supply of amino acids to the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum). The current study examined the N nutritional quality and aphid resistance of sickle, an ethylene-insensitive mutant of M. truncatula with supernodulation, and its wild-type control A17 under elevated CO2 in open-top field chambers. Regardless of CO2 concentration, growth and amino acid content were greater and aphid resistance was lower in sickle than in A17. Elevated CO2 up-regulated N assimilation and transamination-related enzymes activities and increased phloem amino acids in both genotypes. Furthermore, elevated CO2 down-regulated expression of 1-amino-cyclopropane-carboxylic acid (ACC), sickle gene (SKL) and ethylene response transcription factors (ERF) genes in the ethylene signaling pathway of A17 when infested by aphids and decreased resistance against aphids in terms of lower activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). Our results suggest that elevated CO2 suppresses the ethylene signaling pathway in M. truncatula, which results in an increase in plant nutritional quality for aphids and a decrease in plant resistance against aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Yucheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yuefei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xianghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- Research Network of Global Change Biology, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- Research Network of Global Change Biology, Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kleine S, Müller C. Differences in shoot and root terpenoid profiles and plant responses to fertilisation in Tanacetum vulgare. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 96:123-31. [PMID: 24128753 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific chemical diversity is a common phenomenon especially found in shoots of essential oil-accumulating plant species. Abiotic factors can influence the concentration of essential oils, but the effects are inconsistent and little is known in how far these may vary within an individual and within species between chemotypes. Tanacetum vulgare L. occurs in various chemotypes that differ in the composition of mono- and sesquiterpenoids in their shoot tissues. We investigated how far shoot chemotype grouping is mirrored in root terpenoid profiles. Furthermore, we studied whether different fertilisation amounts influence the plant growth and morphological traits as well as the constitutive terpenoid concentration of leaves and roots of three chemotypes, trans-carvyl acetate, β-thujone, and camphor, to different degrees. Shoot terpenoids were dominated by monoterpenoids, while the roots contained mainly sesquiterpenoids. The clear grouping in three chemotypes based on leaf chemistry was weakly mirrored in the root terpenoid composition. Furthermore, the leaf C/N ratio and the stem height differed between chemotypes. All plants responded to increased nutrient availability with increased total biomass and specific leaf area but decreased C/N and root/shoot ratios. Leaf terpenoid concentrations decreased with increasing fertiliser supply, independent of chemotype. In contrast to the leaves, the terpenoid concentrations of the roots were unaffected by fertilisation. Our results demonstrate that aboveground and belowground organs within a species can be under different selection pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Kleine
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Guo H, Sun Y, Li Y, Tong B, Harris M, Zhu-Salzman K, Ge F. Pea aphid promotes amino acid metabolism both in Medicago truncatula and bacteriocytes to favor aphid population growth under elevated CO2. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2013; 19:3210-23. [PMID: 23686968 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO(2) levels can dilute the nitrogen (N) resource in plant tissue, which is disadvantageous to many herbivorous insects. Aphids appear to be an exception that warrants further study. The effects of elevated CO(2) (750 ppm vs. 390 ppm) were evaluated on N assimilation and transamination by two Medicago truncatula genotypes, a N-fixing-deficient mutant (dnf1) and its wild-type control (Jemalong), with and without pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) infestation. Elevated CO(2) increased population abundance and feeding efficiency of aphids fed on Jemalong, but reduced those on dnf1. Without aphid infestation, elevated CO(2) increased photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, nodule number, biomass, and pod number for Jemalong, but only increased pod number and chlorophyll content for dnf1. Furthermore, aphid infested Jemalong plants had enhanced activities of N assimilation-related enzymes (glutamine synthetase, Glutamate synthase) and transamination-related enzymes (glutamate oxalate transaminase, glutamine phenylpyruvate transaminase), which presumably increased amino acid concentration in leaves and phloem sap under elevated CO(2). In contrast, aphid infested dnf1 plants had decreased activities of N assimilation-related enzymes and transmination-related enzymes and amino acid concentrations under elevated CO(2). Furthermore, elevated CO(2) up-regulated expression of genes relevant to amino acid metabolism in bacteriocytes of aphids associated with Jemalong, but down-regulated those associated with dnf1. Our results suggest that pea aphids actively elicit host responses that promote amino acid metabolism in both the host plant and in its bacteriocytes to favor the population growth of the aphid under elevated CO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
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48
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Pompon J, Pelletier Y. Changes in aphid probing behaviour as a function of insect age and plant resistance level. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:550-557. [PMID: 22459267 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485312000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Aphids perform a series of behaviours to assess feeding suitability and, hence, to select a plant. Little information, however, is available on such behaviour after aphids have settled on a plant. Observation of probing behaviour over an extended period of time can improve our understanding of insect-plant interactions and is instrumental in the study of crop resistance. Here, we assessed the influence of aphid age and plant resistance level on aphid behaviour. An electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique was implemented to monitor the behaviour of potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae, alates on potato, Solanum tuberosum, and on both a susceptible and a resistant genotype of a wild Solanum species, S. chomatophilum. The behaviour was measured at daily intervals for the first seven days following adult emergence. The results indicated independent and interacting effects of aphid age and plant genotype on probing behaviour. Some behavioural discrepancies between susceptible and resistant genotypes were only observed after the first day, thus highlighting the limits of punctual one-day behavioural studies to assess plant resistance mechanisms. Our work supports the hypothesis that aphids continuously adapt their behaviour to the plant characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pompon
- Potato Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7 Canada: Population Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 6C2 Canada
| | - Y Pelletier
- Potato Research Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 850 Lincoln Rd, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 4Z7 Canada: Population Ecology Group, Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, E3B 6C2 Canada
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Kallarackal J, Bauer SN, Nowak H, Hajirezaei MR, Komor E. Diurnal changes in assimilate concentrations and fluxes in the phloem of castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) and tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.). PLANTA 2012; 236:209-23. [PMID: 22328125 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1600-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reports about diurnal changes of assimilates in phloem sap are controversial. We determined the diurnal changes of sucrose and amino acid concentrations and fluxes in exudates from cut aphid stylets on tansy leaves (Tanacetum vulgare), and sucrose, amino acid and K(+) concentrations and fluxes in bleeding sap of castor bean pedicel (Ricinus communis). Approximately half of the tansy sieve tubes exhibited a diurnal cycle of sucrose concentrations and fluxes in phloem sap. Data from many tansy plants indicated an increased sucrose flux in the phloem during daytime in case of low N-nutrition, not at high N-nutrition. The sucrose concentration in phloem sap of young Ricinus plants changed marginally between day and night, whereas the sucrose flux increased 1.5-fold during daytime (but not in old Ricinus plants). The amino acid concentrations and fluxes in tansy sieve tubes exhibited a similar diurnal cycle as the sucrose concentrations and fluxes, including their dependence on N-nutrition. The amino acid fluxes, but not the concentrations, in phloem sap of Ricinus were higher at daytime. The sucrose/amino acid ratio showed no diurnal cycle neither in tansy nor in Ricinus. The K(+)-concentrations in phloem sap of Ricinus, but not the K(+) fluxes, decreased slightly during daytime and the sucrose/K(+)-ratio increased. In conclusion, a diurnal cycle was observed in sucrose, amino acid and K(+) fluxes, but not necessarily in concentrations of these assimilates. Because of the large variations between different sieve tubes and different plants, the nutrient delivery to sink tissues is not homeostatic over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Kallarackal
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Universität Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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Sinkkonen A, Somerkoski E, Paaso U, Holopainen JK, Rousi M, Mikola J. Genotypic variation in yellow autumn leaf colours explains aphid load in silver birch. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2012; 195:461-469. [PMID: 22548444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
• It has been suggested that autumn-migrating insects drive the evolution of autumn leaf colours. However, evidence of genetic variation in autumn leaf colours in natural tree populations and the link between the genetic variation and herbivore abundances has been lacking. • Here, we measured the size of the whole aphid community and the development of green-yellow leaf colours in six replicate trees of 19 silver birch (Betula pendula) genotypes at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of autumn colouration. We also calculated the difference between green leaf and leaf litter nitrogen (N) and estimated the changes in phloem sap N loading. • Autumn leaf colouration had significant genetic variation. During the last survey, genotypes that expressed the strongest leaf reflectance 2-4 wk earlier had an abundance of egg-laying Euceraphis betulae females. Surprisingly, the aphid community size during the first surveys explained N loss by the litter of different birch genotypes. • Our results are the first evidence at the tree intrapopulation genotypic level that autumn-migrating pests have the potential to drive the evolution of autumn leaf colours. They also stress the importance of recognizing the role of late-season tree-insect interactions in the evolution of herbivory resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Sinkkonen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Eeva Somerkoski
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Ulla Paaso
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
| | - Jarmo K Holopainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental Science, PO Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Rousi
- Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, PO Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
| | - Juha Mikola
- University of Helsinki, Department of Environmental Sciences, Niemenkatu 73, FIN-15140 Lahti, Finland
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