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Zhang Z, Zhai C, Li Y, Stephenson SL, Liu P. Slime molds (Myxomycetes) causing a "disease" in crop plants and cultivated mushrooms. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1411231. [PMID: 38916031 PMCID: PMC11194395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1411231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Myxomycetes (plasmodial slime molds) are eukaryotic protist predators that are associated with wood, leaf litter, and soil in forests, where they feed on bacteria, protozoans, and (to a more limited extent) fungi. The health of crop plants is essential because they represent a primary food source for humans. However, when myxomycetes produce numerous fruiting bodies on the stems and leaves of crop plants, which is herein referred to as a myxomycete colonization, this has the potential of interfering with plant photosynthesis, transpiration and respiration by blocking out light and covering stomata. Myxomycetes are not pathogens, but their occurrence on plants can be mistakenly interpreted as some type of infection. However, this phenomenon has been largely ignored. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the taxonomic and economic diversity of the organisms involved in myxomycete colonization. In addition, the various types of myxomycete colonization reported in the literature are described and discussed, a number of images provided, and cultural and chemical prevention and control measures are summarized. The latter should be of significant relevance for local production of crops and plant protective stations. While myxomycetes are not pathogens of crop plants, some species can seriously impact commercially grown mushrooms. Reports of myxomycetes affecting mushrooms are also described in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojuan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Zhai
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Steven L. Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Pu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Mohammadizadeh-Heydari N, Tohidfar M, Maleki Zanjani B, Mohsenpour M, Ghanbari Moheb Seraj R, Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani K. Co-overexpression of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase significantly enhanced the resistance of Iranian wheat cultivars to Fusarium. BMC Biotechnol 2024; 24:35. [PMID: 38790016 PMCID: PMC11127306 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-024-00859-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating fungal disease affecting different cereals, particularly wheat, and poses a serious threat to global wheat production. Chitinases and β-glucanases are two important proteins involved in lysing fungal cell walls by targeting essential macromolecular components, including chitin and β-glucan micro fibrils. In our experiment, a transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) was generated by introducing chitinase and glucanase genes using Biolistic technique and Recombinant pBI121 plasmid (pBI-ChiGlu (-)). This plasmid contained chitinase and glucanase genes as well as nptII gene as a selectable marker. The expression of chitinase and glucanase was individually controlled by CaMV35S promoter and Nos terminator. Immature embryo explants from five Iranian cultivars (Arta, Moghan, Sisun, Gascogen and A-Line) were excised from seeds and cultured on callus induction medium to generate embryonic calluses. Embryogenic calluses with light cream color and brittle texture were selected and bombarded using gold nanoparticles coated with the recombinant pBI-ChiGlu plasmid. Bombarded calluses initially were transferred to selective callus induction medium, and later, they were transfferd to selective regeneration medium. The selective agent was kanamycin at a concentration of 25 mg/l in both media. Among five studied cultivars, A-Line showed the highest transformation percentage (4.8%), followed by the Sisun, Gascogen and Arta in descending order. PCR and Southern blot analysis confirmed the integration of genes into the genome of wheat cultivars. Furthermore, in an in-vitro assay, the growth of Fusarium graminearum was significantly inhibited by using 200 μg of leaf protein extract from transgenic plants. According to our results, the transgenic plants (T1) showed the resistance against Fusarium when were compared to the non-transgenic plants. All transgenic plants showed normal fertility and no abnormal response was observed in their growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masoud Tohidfar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahram Maleki Zanjani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breading, Agriculture Faculty, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Motahhareh Mohsenpour
- Department of Tissue Culture and Gene Transformation, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Rahele Ghanbari Moheb Seraj
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Keyvan Esmaeilzadeh-Salestani
- Chair of Crop Science and Plant Biology, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Fr. R.Kreutzwaldi 1, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, E-50411, Tartu, Estonia
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Priyanka G, Singiri JR, Adler-Agmon Z, Sannidhi S, Daida S, Novoplansky N, Grafi G. Detailed analysis of agro-industrial byproducts/wastes to enable efficient sorting for various agro-industrial applications. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2024; 11:45. [PMID: 38703254 PMCID: PMC11069496 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-024-00763-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Agriculture-based industries generate huge amounts of byproducts/wastes every year, which are not exploited or disposed efficiently posing an environmental problem with implications to human and animal health. Finding strategies to increase the recycling of agro-industrial byproducts/wastes (AIBWs) is a primary objective of the current study. A thorough examination of AIBWs in conjunction with experimental research is proposed to facilitate sorting for various agro-industrial applications and consequently increasing byproduct/waste utilization. Accordingly, two sustainable, locally available sources of AIBWs, namely, wheat bran (WB) and garlic straw and peels (GSP) were studied in detail including content and composition of proteins, phytohormones and nutritional elements, as well as the effect of AIBW extracts on plant and microbial growth. Hundreds of proteins were recovered from AIBW mainly from WBs, including chaperons, metabolite and protein modifying enzymes, and antimicrobial proteins. In-gel assays showed that WB and GSP possess high protease and nuclease activities. Conspicuously, phytohormone analysis of AIBWs revealed the presence of high levels of strigolactones, stimulants of seed germination of root parasitic weeds, as well as indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Garlic straw extract strongly inhibited germination of the weed Amaranthus palmeri but not of Abutilon theophrasti and all examined AIBWs significantly affected post-germination growth. Bacterial growth was strongly inhibited by garlic straw, but enhanced by WBs, which can be used at least partly as a bacterial growth medium. Thus, an in-depth examination of AIBW characteristics will enable appropriate sorting for diverse agro-industrial applications, which will increase their utilization and consequently their economic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindegowda Priyanka
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990, Israel
| | - Jeevan R Singiri
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990, Israel
| | - Zachor Adler-Agmon
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990, Israel
| | - Sasank Sannidhi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990, Israel
| | - Spurthi Daida
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990, Israel
| | - Nurit Novoplansky
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990, Israel
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 84990, Israel.
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Li H, Mo P, Zhang J, Xie Z, Liu X, Chen H, Yang L, Liu M, Zhang H, Wang P, Zhang Z. Methionine biosynthesis enzyme MoMet2 is required for rice blast fungus pathogenicity by promoting virulence gene expression via reducing 5mC modification. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010927. [PMID: 37733784 PMCID: PMC10547190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of fungicide resistance severely threatens crop production by limiting the availability and application of established fungicides. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new fungicidal targets for controlling plant diseases. Here, we characterized the function of a conserved homoserine O-acetyltransferase (HOA) from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae that could serve as the candidate antifungal target. Deletion of the MoMET2 and MoCYS2 genes encoding HOAs perturbed the biosynthesis of methionine and S-adenyl methionine, a methyl group donor for epigenetic modifications, and severely attenuated the development and virulence of M. oryzae. The ∆Momet2 mutant is significantly increased in 5-methylcytosine (5mC) modification that represses the expression of genes required for pathogenicity, including MoGLIK and MoCDH-CYT. We further showed that host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) targeting MoMET2 and MoCYS2 effectively controls rice blasts. Our studies revealed the importance of HOA in the development and virulence of M. oryzae, which suggests the potential feasibility of HOA as new targets for novel anti-rice blast measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Pengcheng Mo
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuoer Xie
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leiyun Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muxing Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhengguang Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Sadhu S, Jogam P, Gande K, Marapaka V, Penna S, Peddaboina V. Expression of radish defensin (RsAFP2) gene in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) confers resistance to Fusarium wilt disease. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:11-18. [PMID: 36282461 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), a major nutritional source cultivated worldwide, is vulnerable to several abiotic and biotic stresses, including different types of soil-borne pathogens like Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri, which causes root rot disease and severely affects productivity. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, putative transgenic plants were obtained with the Radish defensin (Rs-AFP2) gene through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation using the embryo axis explants. Transgenes were confirmed in 18 putative transgenic plants with PCR-specific primers for nptII and Rs-AFP2 genes. Twelve transgenic plants were established successfully under greenhouse conditions. The T0 plants were allowed for self-pollination to obtain T1 seeds. The T1 plants, selected for Fusarium wilt assay using Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Cicero, showed different resistance levels, from moderate to high levels in comparison to control plants (wild-type) which exhibited severe wilt symptoms. CONCLUSION Our results suggest the application of Radish defensins (RsAFP1/RsAFP2 genes) for improving pathogen resistance in chickpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- SumanKalyan Sadhu
- Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal, Telangana, 506 009, India
| | - Phanikanth Jogam
- Department of Biotechnology, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal, Telangana, 506 009, India
| | - Kranthikumar Gande
- Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal, Telangana, 506 009, India
| | - Vasudha Marapaka
- Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal, Telangana, 506 009, India
| | - Suprasanna Penna
- Nuclear Agriculture and Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400085, India
| | - Venkataiah Peddaboina
- Department of Microbiology, Kakatiya University, Vidyaranyapuri, Warangal, Telangana, 506 009, India.
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Buziashvili A, Yemets A. Lactoferrin and its role in biotechnological strategies for plant defense against pathogens. Transgenic Res 2022; 32:1-16. [PMID: 36534334 PMCID: PMC9761627 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-022-00331-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Agricultural crops are susceptible to many diseases caused by various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and fungi. This paper reviews the general principles of plant protection against pathogens, as well as the role of iron and antimicrobial peptide metabolism in plant immunity. The article highlights the principles of antibacterial, fungicidal and antiviral action of lactoferrin, a mammalian secretory glycoprotein, and lactoferrin peptides, and their role in protecting plants from phytopathogens. This review offers a comprehensive analysis and shows potential prospects of using the lactoferrin gene to enhance plant resistance to various phytopathogens, as well as the advantages of this biotechnological approach over existing methods of protecting plants against various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Buziashvili
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskogo Str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123 Ukraine
| | - Alla Yemets
- Department of Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidy-Vyshnevetskogo Str., 2a, Kyiv, 04123 Ukraine
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Alahakoon AY, Tongson E, Meng W, Ye ZW, Russell DA, Chye ML, Golz JF, Taylor PWJ. Overexpressing Arabidopsis thaliana ACBP6 in transgenic rapid-cycling Brassica napus confers cold tolerance. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:62. [PMID: 35546678 PMCID: PMC9097446 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00886-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapid-cycling Brassica napus (B. napus-RC) has potential as a rapid trait testing system for canola (B. napus) because its life cycle is completed within 2 months while canola usually takes 4 months, and it is susceptible to the same range of diseases and abiotic stress as canola. However, a rapid trait testing system for canola requires the development of an efficient transformation and tissue culture system for B. napus-RC. Furthermore, effectiveness of this system needs to be demonstrated by showing that a particular trait can be rapidly introduced into B. napus-RC plants. RESULTS An in-vitro regeneration protocol was developed for B. napus-RC using 4-day-old cotyledons as the explant. High regeneration percentages, exceeding 70%, were achieved when 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.10 mg/L), 6-benzylaminopurine (1.0 mg/L), gibberellic acid (0.01 mg/L) and the ethylene antagonist silver nitrate (5 mg/L) were included in the regeneration medium. An average transformation efficiency of 16.4% was obtained using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of B. napus-RC cotyledons using Agrobacterium strain GV3101 harbouring a plasmid with an NPTII (kanamycin-selectable) marker gene and the Arabidopsis thaliana cDNA encoding ACYL-COA-BINDING PROTEIN6 (AtACBP6). Transgenic B. napus-RC overexpressing AtACBP6 displayed better tolerance to freezing/frost than the wild type, with enhanced recovery from cellular membrane damage at both vegetative and flowering stages. AtACBP6-overexpressing B. napus-RC plants also exhibited lower electrolyte leakage and improved recovery following frost treatment, resulting in higher yields than the wild type. Ovules from transgenic AtACBP6 lines were better protected from frost than those of the wild type, while the developing embryos of frost-treated AtACBP6-overexpressing plants showed less freezing injury than the wild type. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that B. napus-RC can be successfully regenerated and transformed from cotyledon explants and has the potential to be an effective trait testing platform for canola. Additionally, AtACBP6 shows potential for enhancing cold tolerance in canola however, larger scale studies will be required to further confirm this outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruni Y Alahakoon
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Eden Tongson
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Wei Meng
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zi-Wei Ye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Derek A Russell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mee-Len Chye
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - John F Golz
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul W J Taylor
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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The use of ribosome-nascent chain complex-seq to reveal the translated mRNA profile and the role of ASN1 in resistance to Verticillium wilt in cotton. Genomics 2021; 113:3872-3880. [PMID: 34563615 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We combined traditional mRNA-seq and RNC-seq together to reveal post-transcriptional regulation events impacting gene expression and interactions between the serious fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae and a susceptible host, Gossypium hirsutum TM-1. After screening the differentially expressed and translated genes, V. dahliae infection was observed to influence gene transcription and translation in its host. Interestingly, the asparagine synthase (ASN1) gene transcripts increased significantly with the increase of infection time, while the rate of ASN1 protein accumulation in host TM-1 was distinctly lower than that in resistant hosts. We knocked down the ASN1 gene in resistant plants (ZZM2), and found that Verticillium-resistance was significantly reduced upon knockdown of ASN1. Our study revealed both transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in TM-1 cotton plants infected by V. dahliae, and showed that ASN1 functions in the V. dahliae resistance process. These insights support breeding of disease resistance in cotton.
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Kaur B, Bhatia D, Mavi GS. Eighty years of gene-for-gene relationship and its applications in identification and utilization of R genes. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ahmad T, Bashir A, Farooq S, Riyaz-Ul-Hassan S. Burkholderia gladioli E39CS3, an endophyte of Crocus sativus Linn., induces host resistance against corm-rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum. J Appl Microbiol 2021; 132:495-508. [PMID: 34170610 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of the leading saffron endophyte Burkholderia gladioli strain E39CS3 (BG-E39) in the inhibition of corm-rot and induced systemic resistance (ISR) in the host against the saffron specific pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied the interaction between BG-E39 and the corm-rot pathogen F. oxysporum in vitro and in vivo. BG-E39 strongly inhibited both the F. oxysporum strains and other saffron-specific and non-specific pathogens used in this study. Confrontation and microscopic analyses revealed that the endophyte possessed fungicidal activity against the pathogens and effectively induced cell death in the mycelia. The endophyte produced chitinases as well as β-1,3-glucanase that may be involved in the pathogen cell wall degradation. BG-E39 did not cause corm-rot in Crocus sativus and the closely related plant, Gladiolus, thus establishing that it is non-pathogenic to these plants. The endophyte reduced corm-rot through antibiosis and enhanced the endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) levels and expression of JA-regulated and other plant defence genes. CONCLUSIONS The bacterial endophyte BG-E39 provides resistance to the host plant against F. oxysporum corm-rot in nature. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The current study discovers the role of the saffron endophyte BG-E39 in providing resistance to the host against corm-rot. Therefore, this endophyte is a potential candidate for developing a microbial formulation for the biocontrol of the most common disease of C. sativus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Ahmad
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Abid Bashir
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Sadaqat Farooq
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Syed Riyaz-Ul-Hassan
- Fermentation and Microbial Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Srinagar, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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11
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Montesinos L, Gascón B, Ruz L, Badosa E, Planas M, Feliu L, Montesinos E. A Bifunctional Synthetic Peptide With Antimicrobial and Plant Elicitation Properties That Protect Tomato Plants From Bacterial and Fungal Infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:756357. [PMID: 34733307 PMCID: PMC8558481 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.756357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The hybrid peptide BP178 (KKLFKKILKYLAGPAGIGKFLHSAKKDEL-OH), derived from BP100 (KKLFKKILKYL) and magainin (1-10), and engineered for plant expression, had a strong bactericidal activity but not fungicidal. Moreover, the preventive spray of tomato plants with BP178 controlled infections by the plant pathogenic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, as well as the fungus Botrytis cinerea. The treatment of tomato plants with BP178 induced the expression of several genes according to microarray and RT-qPCR analysis. Upregulated genes coded for several pathogenesis-related proteins, including PR1, PR2, PR3, PR4, PR5, PR6, PR7, PR9, PR10, and PR14, as well as transcription factors like ethylene transcription factors, WRKY, NAC and MYB, involved in the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene-signaling pathways. BP178 induced a similar gene expression pattern to flg15 according to RT-qPCR analysis, whereas the parent peptide BP100 did not trigger such as a strong plant defense response. It was concluded that BP178 was a bifunctional peptide protecting the plant against pathogen infection through a dual mechanism of action consisting of antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens and plant defense elicitation on plant host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Gascón
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Ruz
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Esther Badosa
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Planas
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lidia Feliu
- LIPPSO, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Emilio Montesinos
- Institute of Food and Agricultural Technology-CIDSAV-XaRTA, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Emilio Montesinos
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Grafi G. Dead but Not Dead End: Multifunctional Role of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos in Seed Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218024. [PMID: 33126660 PMCID: PMC7662896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry fruits consist of two types, dehiscent and indehiscent, whereby the fruit is splitting open or remains closed at maturity, respectively. The seed, the dispersal unit (DU) of dehiscent fruits, is composed of three major parts, the embryo and the food reserve, encapsulated by the maternally-derived organ, the seed coat. Indehiscent fruit constitutes the DU in which the embryo is covered by two protective layers (PLs), the seed coat and the fruit coat. In grasses, the caryopsis, a one-seeded fruit, can be further enclosed by the floral bracts to generate two types of DUs, florets and spikelets. All protective layers enclosing the embryo undergo programmed cell death (PCD) at maturation and are thought to provide mainly a physical shield for embryo protection and a means for dispersal. In this review article, I wish to highlight the elaborate function of these dead organs enclosing the embryo as unique storage structures for beneficial substances and discuss their potential role in seed biology and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel
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13
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Mahmood S, Kumar M, Kumari P, Mahapatro GK, Banerjee N, Sarin NB. Novel insecticidal chitinase from the insect pathogen Xenorhabdus nematophila. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:394-401. [PMID: 32422264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus nematophila strain ATCC 19061 is an insect pathogen that produces various protein toxins which intoxicate and kill its larval host. In the present study, we have described the cloning, expression and characterization of a 76-kDa chitinase protein of X. nematophila. A 1.9 kb DNA sequence encoding the chitinase gene was PCR amplified and cloned. Further, the chitinase protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified by using affinity chromatography. Two highly conserved domains were identified GH18 and ChiA. The purified chitinase protein showed chitobiosidase activity, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase and endochitinase activity, when enzyme activity was measured using respective substrates. The purified chitinase protein was found to be orally toxic to the larvae of a major crop pest, Helicoverpa armigera when fed to the larvae mixed with artificial diet. It also had adverse effect on the growth and development of the surviving larvae. Surviving larvae showed 9-fold reduction in weight, as a result the transformation of larvae into pupae was adversely affected. Our results demonstrated that the chitinase protein of X. nematophila has insecticidal property and can prove to be a potent candidate for pest control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saquib Mahmood
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Punam Kumari
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Gagan Kumar Mahapatro
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Nirupama Banerjee
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Neera Bhalla Sarin
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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14
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Muccilli V, Vitale A, Sheng L, Gentile A, Cardullo N, Tringali C, Oliveri C, La Rosa R, Di Guardo M, La Malfa S, Deng Z, Distefano G. Substantial Equivalence of a Transgenic Lemon Fruit Showing Postharvest Fungal Pathogens Resistance. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3806-3816. [PMID: 32096635 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of genetically modified (GM) crops speeds up the obtainment of novel varieties with improved agronomic characteristics. However, the risk evaluation of the use of GMs is mandatory before their release in the market. In this paper, an untargeted and comprehensive nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabolomic study was carried out on the peel and flesh of a transgenic lemon clone (E23) expressing the chit42 gene and exhibiting an increased tolerance to some pathogenic fungi and on its wild type. Results highlighted a substantial equivalence of the metabolomics profile of the transgenic clone compared to the wild type. In addition, an enhanced response of the E23 clone toward fungal pathogens affecting the postharvest management in lemon was evidenced. These results confirm the potential of genetic engineering for the punctual modification of specific agronomic traits without altering the whole pattern of metabolites and open new perspectives for a more sustainable and effective management of specific postharvest diseases in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Muccilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vitale
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ling Sheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, China
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, China
| | - Nunzio Cardullo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Corrado Tringali
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia Oliveri
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Rosa La Rosa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Mario Di Guardo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano La Malfa
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Ziniu Deng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Hunan Agricultural University, 410128 Changsha, China
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
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15
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Durechova D, Jopcik M, Rajninec M, Moravcikova J, Libantova J. Expression of Drosera rotundifolia Chitinase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Enhanced Their Antifungal Potential. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:916-928. [PMID: 31555964 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a chitinase gene (DrChit) that plays a role in the carnivorous processes of Drosera rotundifolia L. was isolated from genomic DNA, linked to a double CaMV35S promoter and nos terminator in a pBinPlus plant binary vector, and used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco. RT-qPCR revealed that within 14 transgenic lines analysed in detail, 57% had DrChit transcript abundance comparable to or lower than level of a reference actin gene transcript. In contrast, the transgenic lines 9 and 14 exhibited 72 and 152 times higher expression level than actin. The protein extracts of these two lines exhibited five and eight times higher chitinolytic activity than non-transgenic controls when measured in a fluorimetric assay with FITC-chitin. Finally, the growth of Trichoderma viride was obviously suppressed when the pathogen was exposed to 100 μg of crude protein extract isolated from line 9 and line 14, with the area of mycelium growth reaching only 56.4% and 45.2%, of non-transgenic control, respectively. This is the first time a chitinase from a carnivorous plant with substrate specificity for long chitin polymers was tested in a transgenic plant with the aim of exploring its antifungal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Durechova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Jopcik
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Rajninec
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Moravcikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Libantova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Martínez-Ferri E, Moreno-Ortega G, van den Berg N, Pliego C. Mild water stress-induced priming enhance tolerance to Rosellinia necatrix in susceptible avocado rootstocks. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:458. [PMID: 31664901 PMCID: PMC6821026 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-2016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND White root rot (WRR) disease caused by Rosellinia necatrix is one of the most important threats affecting avocado orchards in temperate regions. The eradication of WRR is a difficult task and environmentally friendly control methods are needed to lessen its impact. Priming plants with a stressor (biotic or abiotic) can be a strategy to enhance plant defense/tolerance against future stress episodes but, despite the known underlying common mechanisms, few studies use abiotic-priming for improving tolerance to forthcoming biotic-stress and vice versa ('cross-factor priming'). To assess whether cross-factor priming can be a potential method for enhancing avocado tolerance to WRR disease, 'Dusa' avocado rootstocks, susceptible to R. necatrix, were subjected to two levels of water stress (mild-WS and severe-WS) and, after drought-recovery, inoculated with R. necatrix. Physiological response and expression of plant defense related genes after drought-priming as well as the disease progression were evaluated. RESULTS Water-stressed avocado plants showed lower water potential and stomatal limitations of photosynthesis compared to control plants. In addition, NPQ and qN values increased, indicating the activation of energy dissipating mechanisms closely related to the relief of oxidative stress. This response was proportional to the severity of the water stress and was accompanied by the deregulation of pathogen defense-related genes in the roots. After re-watering, leaf photosynthesis and plant water status recovered rapidly in both treatments, but roots of mild-WS primed plants showed a higher number of overexpressed genes related with plant defense than severe-WS primed plants. Disease progression after inoculating primed plants with R. necatrix was significantly delayed in mild-WS primed plants. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that mild-WS can induce a primed state in the WRR susceptible avocado rootstock 'Dusa' and reveal that 'cross-factor priming' with water stress (abiotic stressor) is effective for increasing avocado tolerance against R. necatrix (biotic stressor), underpinning that plant responses against biotic and abiotic stress rely on common mechanisms. Potential applications of these results may involve an enhancement of WRR tolerance of current avocado groves and optimization of water use via low frequency deficit irrigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Martínez-Ferri
- IFAPA. Centro de Málaga. Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - G. Moreno-Ortega
- IFAPA. Centro de Málaga. Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
| | - N. van den Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - C. Pliego
- IFAPA. Centro de Málaga. Cortijo de la Cruz s/n, 29140 Churriana, Málaga, Spain
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17
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Zhang SB, Zhang WJ, Zhai HC, Lv YY, Cai JP, Jia F, Wang JS, Hu YS. Expression of a wheat β-1,3-glucanase in Pichia pastoris and its inhibitory effect on fungi commonly associated with wheat kernel. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 154:134-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Raviv B, Godwin J, Granot G, Grafi G. The Dead Can Nurture: Novel Insights into the Function of Dead Organs Enclosing Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E2455. [PMID: 30126259 PMCID: PMC6121506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have evolved a variety of dispersal units whereby the embryo is enclosed by various dead protective layers derived from maternal organs of the reproductive system including seed coats (integuments), pericarps (ovary wall, e.g., indehiscent dry fruits) as well as floral bracts (e.g., glumes) in grasses. Commonly, dead organs enclosing embryos (DOEEs) are assumed to provide a physical shield for embryo protection and means for dispersal in the ecosystem. In this review article, we highlight recent studies showing that DOEEs of various species across families also have the capability for long-term storage of various substances including active proteins (hydrolases and ROS detoxifying enzymes), nutrients and metabolites that have the potential to support the embryo during storage in the soil and assist in germination and seedling establishment. We discuss a possible role for DOEEs as natural coatings capable of "engineering" the seed microenvironment for the benefit of the embryo, the seedling and the growing plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzi Raviv
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
| | - James Godwin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
| | - Gila Granot
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
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19
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Narvaez I, Khayreddine T, Pliego C, Cerezo S, Jiménez-Díaz RM, Trapero-Casas JL, López-Herrera C, Arjona-Girona I, Martín C, Mercado JA, Pliego-Alfaro F. Usage of the Heterologous Expression of the Antimicrobial Gene afp From Aspergillus giganteus for Increasing Fungal Resistance in Olive. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:680. [PMID: 29875785 PMCID: PMC5974197 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The antifungal protein (AFP) produced by Aspergillus giganteus, encoded by the afp gene, has been used to confer resistance against a broad range of fungal pathogens in several crops. In this research, transgenic olive plants expressing the afp gene under the control of the constitutive promoter CaMV35S were generated and their disease response against two root infecting fungal pathogens, Verticillium dahliae and Rosellinia necatrix, was evaluated. Embryogenic cultures derived from a mature zygotic embryo of cv. 'Picual' were used for A. tumefaciens transformation. Five independent transgenic lines were obtained, showing a variable level of afp expression in leaves and roots. None of these transgenic lines showed enhanced resistance to Verticillium wilt. However, some of the lines displayed a degree of incomplete resistance to white root rot caused by R. necatrix compared with disease reaction of non-transformed plants or transgenic plants expressing only the GUS gene. The level of resistance to this pathogen correlated with that of the afp expression in root and leaves. Our results indicate that the afp gene can be useful for enhanced partial resistance to R. necatrix in olive, but this gene does not protect against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Narvaez
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora", Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Titouh Khayreddine
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora", Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Sergio Cerezo
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora", Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz
- Departamento de Agronomía, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Edificio C-4 Celestino Mutis, Córdoba, Spain
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José L. Trapero-Casas
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Herrera
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Isabel Arjona-Girona
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Carmen Martín
- Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, ETS Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Mercado
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora", Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Pliego-Alfaro
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora", Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
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20
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Ali S, Ganai BA, Kamili AN, Bhat AA, Mir ZA, Bhat JA, Tyagi A, Islam ST, Mushtaq M, Yadav P, Rawat S, Grover A. Pathogenesis-related proteins and peptides as promising tools for engineering plants with multiple stress tolerance. Microbiol Res 2018; 212-213:29-37. [PMID: 29853166 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a group of diverse molecules that are induced by phytopathogens as well as defense related signaling molecules. They are the key components of plant innate immune system especially systemic acquired resistance (SAR), and are widely used as diagnostic molecular markers of defense signaling pathways. Although, PR proteins and peptides have been isolated much before but their biological function remains largely enigmatic despite the availability of new scientific tools. The earlier studies have demonstrated that PR genes provide enhanced resistance against both biotic and abiotic stresses, which make them one of the most promising candidates for developing multiple stress tolerant crop varieties. In this regard, plant genetic engineering technology is widely accepted as one of the most fascinating approach to develop the disease resistant transgenic crops using different antimicrobial genes like PR genes. Overexpression of PR genes (chitinase, glucanase, thaumatin, defensin and thionin) individually or in combination have greatly uplifted the level of defense response in plants against a wide range of pathogens. However, the detailed knowledge of signaling pathways that regulates the expression of these versatile proteins is critical for improving crop plants to multiple stresses, which is the future theme of plant stress biology. Hence, this review provides an overall overview on the PR proteins like their classification, role in multiple stresses (biotic and abiotic) as well as in various plant defense signaling cascades. We also highlight the success and snags of transgenic plants expressing PR proteins and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Ali
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India; Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bashir Ahmad Ganai
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Azra N Kamili
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Ajaz Ali Bhat
- Govt Degree College Boys Baramulla, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Mir
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Anshika Tyagi
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Prashant Yadav
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandhya Rawat
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Anita Grover
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, India.
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21
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Godwin J, Raviv B, Grafi G. Dead Pericarps of Dry Fruits Function as Long-Term Storage for Active Hydrolytic Enzymes and Other Substances That Affect Germination and Microbial Growth. PLANTS 2017; 6:plants6040064. [PMID: 29257090 PMCID: PMC5750640 DOI: 10.3390/plants6040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that dead pericarps of dry indehiscent fruits have evolved to provide an additional physical layer for embryo protection and as a means for long distance dispersal. The pericarps of dry fruits undergo programmed cell death (PCD) during maturation whereby most macromolecules such DNA, RNA, and proteins are thought to be degraded and their constituents remobilized to filial tissues such as embryo and endosperm. We wanted to test the hypothesis that the dead pericarp represents an elaborated layer that is capable of storing active proteins and other substances for increasing survival rate of germinating seeds. Using in gel assays we found that dead pericarps of both dehiscent and indehiscent dry fruits of various plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana and Sinapis alba release upon hydration multiple active hydrolytic enzymes that can persist in an active form for decades, including nucleases, proteases, and chitinases. Proteomic analysis of indehiscent pericarp of S. alba revealed multiple proteins released upon hydration, among them proteases and chitinases, as well as proteins involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification and cell wall modification. Pericarps appear to function also as a nutritional element-rich storage for nitrate, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, and others. Sinapis alba dehiscent and indehiscent pericarps possess germination inhibitory substances as well as substances that promote microbial growth. Collectively, our study explored previously unknown features of the dead pericarp acting also as a reservoir of biological active proteins, and other substances capable of “engineering” the microenvironment for the benefit of the embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Godwin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
| | - Buzi Raviv
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion 84990, Israel.
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22
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Host-Induced Gene Silencing of Rice Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae Pathogenicity Genes Mediated by the Brome Mosaic Virus. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8100241. [PMID: 28954400 PMCID: PMC5664091 DOI: 10.3390/genes8100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnaportheoryzae is a devastating plant pathogen, which has a detrimental impact on rice production worldwide. Despite its agronomical importance, some newly-emerging pathotypes often overcome race-specific disease resistance rapidly. It is thus desirable to develop a novel strategy for the long-lasting resistance of rice plants to ever-changing fungal pathogens. Brome mosaic virus (BMV)-induced RNA interference (RNAi) has emerged as a useful tool to study host-resistance genes for rice blast protection. Planta-generated silencing of targeted genes inside biotrophic pathogens can be achieved by expression of M.oryzae-derived gene fragments in the BMV-mediated gene silencing system, a technique termed host-induced gene silencing (HIGS). In this study, the effectiveness of BMV-mediated HIGS in M.oryzae was examined by targeting three predicted pathogenicity genes, MoABC1,MoMAC1 and MoPMK1. Systemic generation of fungal gene-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules induced by inoculation of BMV viral vectors inhibited disease development and reduced the transcription of targeted fungal genes after subsequent M.oryzae inoculation. Combined introduction of fungal gene sequences in sense and antisense orientation mediated by the BMV silencing vectors significantly enhanced the efficiency of this host-generated trans-specific RNAi, implying that these fungal genes played crucial roles in pathogenicity. Collectively, our results indicated that BMV-HIGS system was a great strategy for protecting host plants against the invasion of pathogenic fungi.
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23
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Peng Q, Su Y, Ling H, Ahmad W, Gao S, Guo J, Que Y, Xu L. A sugarcane pathogenesis-related protein, ScPR10, plays a positive role in defense responses under Sporisorium scitamineum, SrMV, SA, and MeJA stresses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1427-1440. [PMID: 28634719 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE A pathogenesis-related gene, ScPR10 , was isolated from sugarcane and its bio-function was characterized, demonstrating that ScPR10 was involved in plant defense responses to Sporisorium scitamineum , SrMV, SA, and MeJA stresses. Plant fungal and viral diseases are the major concerns in sugarcane industry. Many anti-fungal and antivirus components, including pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, have been identified. The pathogenesis-related protein 10 (PR10) is the dominant group in PR families, involved in the plant defense mechanism. In this study, ScPR10 (GenBank Acc. No. KT887884), a 701-bp-length PR10 gene with a 483 bp-length open reading frame, was isolated from sugarcane. Its transient expression in the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that the function role of ScPR10 is likely in the nucleus, and it increased the level of H2O2 accumulation in leaf cells. Moreover, ScPR10 could also enhance the resistance of N. benthamiana leaves to infection by Pseudomonas solanacearum and Fusarium solani var. coeruleum. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that ScPR10 was not constitutively expressed in sugarcane tissues due to its high expression in the buds and scant presence in root tips. In addition, the transcript of ScPR10 could be induced by a pathogenic fungus (Sporisorium scitamineum) and a virus (Sorghum mosaic virus, SrMV) in the resistant sugarcane cultivars, while it was down-regulated in the susceptible ones. After exposure to salicylic acid (SA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA), ScPR10 peaked at 6 and 12 h, respectively. These results suggest that ScPR10 can play a positive role in sugarcane defense responses to S. scitamineum, SrMV, SA, and MeJA stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yachun Su
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Waqar Ahmad
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Shiwu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinlong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Youxiong Que
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Liping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Shinozuka H, Hettiarachchige IK, Shinozuka M, Cogan NOI, Spangenberg GC, Cocks BG, Forster JW, Sawbridge TI. Horizontal transfer of a ß-1,6-glucanase gene from an ancestral species of fungal endophyte to a cool-season grass host. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9024. [PMID: 28831055 PMCID: PMC5567365 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterisation has convincingly demonstrated some types of horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotes, but nuclear gene transfer between distantly related eukaryotic groups appears to have been rare. For angiosperms (flowering plants), nuclear gene transfer events identified to date have been confined to genes originating from prokaryotes or other plant species. In this report, evidence for ancient horizontal transfer of a fungal nuclear gene, encoding a ß-1,6-glucanase enzyme for fungal cell wall degradation, into an angiosperm lineage is presented for the first time. The gene was identified from de novo sequencing and assembly of the genome and transcriptome of perennial ryegrass, a cool-season grass species. Molecular analysis confirmed the presence of the complete gene in the genome of perennial ryegrass. No corresponding sequence was found in other plant species, apart from members of the Poeae sub-tribes Loliinae and Dactylidinae. Evidence suggests that a common ancestor of the two sub-tribes acquired the gene from a species ancestral to contemporary grass-associated fungal endophytes around 9-13 million years ago. This first report of horizontal transfer of a nuclear gene from a taxonomically distant eukaryote to modern flowering plants provides evidence for a novel adaptation mechanism in angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shinozuka
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia.
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia.
| | - Inoka K Hettiarachchige
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Maiko Shinozuka
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Noel O I Cogan
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - German C Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Benjamin G Cocks
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - John W Forster
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Timothy I Sawbridge
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, 5 Ring Road, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3083, Australia
- Dairy Futures Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Parmar N, Singh KH, Sharma D, Singh L, Kumar P, Nanjundan J, Khan YJ, Chauhan DK, Thakur AK. Genetic engineering strategies for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality enhancement in horticultural crops: a comprehensive review. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:239. [PMID: 28702937 PMCID: PMC5507805 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0870-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic engineering technique offers myriads of applications in improvement of horticultural crops for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, and produce quality enhancement. During last two decades, a large number of transgenic horticultural crops has been developed and more are underway. A number of genes including natural and synthetic Cry genes, protease inhibitors, trypsin inhibitors and cystatin genes have been used to incorporate insect and nematode resistance. For providing protection against fungal and bacterial diseases, various genes like chitinase, glucanase, osmotin, defensin and pathogenesis-related genes are being transferred to many horticultural crops world over. RNAi technique has been found quite successful in inducing virus resistance in horticultural crops in addition to coat protein genes. Abiotic stresses such as drought, heat and salinity adversely affect production and productivity of horticultural crops and a number of genes encoding for biosynthesis of stress protecting compounds including mannitol, glycine betaine and heat shock proteins have been employed for abiotic stress tolerance besides various transcription factors like DREB1, MAPK, WRKY, etc. Antisense gene and RNAi technologies have revolutionized the pace of improvement of horticultural crops, particularly ornamentals for color modification, increasing shelf-life and reducing post-harvest losses. Precise genome editing tools, particularly CRISPR/Cas9, have been efficiently applied in tomato, petunia, citrus, grape, potato and apple for gene mutation, repression, activation and epigenome editing. This review provides comprehensive overview to draw the attention of researchers for better understanding of genetic engineering advancements in imparting biotic and abiotic stress tolerance as well as on improving various traits related to quality, texture, plant architecture modification, increasing shelf-life, etc. in different horticultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehanjali Parmar
- Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan, HP, 173 230, India.
| | | | - Deepika Sharma
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321 303, India
| | - Lal Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321 303, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, 110 067, India
| | - J Nanjundan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Regional Station, Wellington, The Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, 643 231, India
| | - Yasin Jeshima Khan
- Division of Genomic Resources, ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, PUSA Campus, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Devendra Kumar Chauhan
- Division of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Chatha, Jammu, J&K, 180 009, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Thakur
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321 303, India
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Mahesh HM, Murali M, Anup Chandra Pal M, Melvin P, Sharada MS. Salicylic acid seed priming instigates defense mechanism by inducing PR-Proteins in Solanum melongena L. upon infection with Verticillium dahliae Kleb. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 117:12-23. [PMID: 28578205 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is a hormone connected with various cellular functions including the fight against invading pathogens. Priming of seeds pre-sowing is a very simple method to the farmers' to produce better growth, yield and manage the pathogens. The present study was aimed to determine the growth and disease resistance ability in brinjal seeds primed with different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mM) of SA under greenhouse conditions. Priming of seeds with SA significantly increased seed germination and seedling vigor with a maximum of 84% and 859.18, respectively at 0.5 mM concentration. Seed priming with SA also reduced Verticillium wilt incidence to 39.25% (at 0.5 mM) under greenhouse conditions and also enhanced the vegetative growth parameters of the plant compared to control. The induced resistance obtained with SA was in line with higher expression of PR-protein (β-1,3-glucanase and chitinase) related defense enzymes. Further, an increase of 1.7, 2.9, 2.1, 2.5 and 2-fold increase in gene expression of IAA27, MPK1, GPX, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, respectively were observed in SA primed challenge inoculated seedlings than non-primed susceptible inoculated controls. The higher expression of IAA27, MPK1, GPX, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase correlates with the plant growth promoting and disease protection studies as these genes are vital for increasing plant growth and inducing resistance during host-pathogen interaction. Enhanced activation of defense-related activities in plants upon priming with SA suggests that it alters plant physiology which in turn is useful for production and protection of brinjal.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Mahesh
- Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasasgangotri, Mysuru 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - M Murali
- Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasasgangotri, Mysuru 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - M Anup Chandra Pal
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasasgangotri, Mysuru 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - Prasad Melvin
- Department of Studies in Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Manasasgangotri, Mysuru 570 006, Karnataka, India
| | - M S Sharada
- Department of Studies in Botany, University of Mysore, Manasasgangotri, Mysuru 570 006, Karnataka, India.
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Raviv B, Aghajanyan L, Granot G, Makover V, Frenkel O, Gutterman Y, Grafi G. The dead seed coat functions as a long-term storage for active hydrolytic enzymes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181102. [PMID: 28700755 PMCID: PMC5507414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed development culminates in programmed cell death (PCD) and hardening of organs enclosing the embryo (e.g., pericarp, seed coat) providing essentially a physical shield for protection during storage in the soil. We examined the proposal that dead organs enclosing embryos are unique entities that store and release upon hydration active proteins that might increase seed persistence in soil, germination and seedling establishment. Proteome analyses of dead seed coats of Brassicaceae species revealed hundreds of proteins being stored in the seed coat and released upon hydration, many are stress-associated proteins such as nucleases, proteases and chitinases. Functional analysis revealed that dead seed coats function as long-term storage for multiple active hydrolytic enzymes (e.g., nucleases) that can persist in active forms for decades. Substances released from the dead seed coat of the annual desert plant Anastatica hierochuntica displayed strong antimicrobial activity. Our data highlighted a previously unrecognized feature of dead organs enclosing embryos (e.g., seed coat) functioning not only as a physical shield for embryo protection but also as a long-term storage for active proteins and other substances that are released upon hydration to the “seedsphere” and could contribute to seed persistence in the soil, germination and seedling establishment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buzi Raviv
- French Associates Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Lusine Aghajanyan
- French Associates Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Gila Granot
- French Associates Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Vardit Makover
- The Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, The Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Omer Frenkel
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Yitzchak Gutterman
- French Associates Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
| | - Gideon Grafi
- French Associates Institute of Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel
- * E-mail:
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28
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The dead, hardened floral bracts of dispersal units of wild wheat function as storage for active hydrolases and in enhancing seedling vigor. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177537. [PMID: 28493968 PMCID: PMC5426743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly assumed that the dead, hardened floral bracts of the dispersal unit of grasses have been evolved to protect seeds from predation and / or assist in fruit/caryopsis dispersal. While these structures have important agronomical and economical implications, their adaptive value has not been fully explored. We investigated the hypothesis that the maternally derived hardened floral bracts have been evolved not just as a means for caryopsis protection and dispersal, but also as storage for substances that might affect seed germination and seedling vigor. Dead glumes as well as lemmas and paleas of wild emmer wheat (Triticum turgidum var dicoccoides) were found to store and release upon hydration active hydrolases including nucleases and chitinases. High nuclease activity was released upon hydration from glumes derived from wild strains of wheat including Triticum urartu and wild emmer wheat, while very low nuclease activity was detected in glumes derived from domesticated, free-threshing wheat cultivars (e.g., durum wheat). Germination from the intact dispersal unit of wild emmer wheat was delayed, but post germination growth was better than those of separated caryopses. Most notable was a significant increase in lateral root production on seedlings germinated from the intact dispersal unit. Proteome analysis of wild emmer wheat glumes revealed many proteins stored and released upon hydration including S1-type nucleases, peptidases, antifungal hydrolases such as chitinases and β-1,3-glucanase as well as pectin acetylesterase, a protein involved in cell wall degradation and remodeling. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-detoxifying enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were overrepresented in dead glumes of wild emmer wheat. Thus our study highlighted previously unknown features of the dispersal unit in wild wheat in which the dead, hardened floral bracts enclosing the caryopsis store active hydrolases and nutritional elements and probably growth promoting substances that facilitate seed longevity and germination and increase seedling vigor.
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29
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DNA Barcoding for Diagnosis and Monitoring of Fungal Plant Pathogens. Fungal Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-34106-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Co-expression of chimeric chitinase and a polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein in transgenic canola (Brassica napus) confers enhanced resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 38:1021-32. [PMID: 26875090 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2058-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is one of the major fungal diseases of canola. To develop resistance against this fungal disease, the chit42 from Trichoderma atroviride with chitin-binding domain and polygalacturonase-inhibiting protein 2 (PG1P2) of Phaseolus vulgaris were co-expressed in canola via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. RESULTS Stable integration and expression of transgenes in T0 and T2 plants was confirmed by PCR, Southern blot and RT-PCR analyses. Chitinase activity and PGIP2 inhibition were detected by colorimetric and agarose diffusion assay in transgenic lines but not in untransformed plants. The crude proteins from single copy transformant leaves having high chitinase and PGIP2 activity (T16, T8 and T3), showed up to 44 % inhibition of S. sclerotiorum hyphal growth. The homozygous T2 plants, showing inheritance in Mendelian fashion (3:1), were further evaluated under greenhouse conditions for resistance to S. sclerotiorum. Intact plants contaminated with mycelia showed resistance through delayed onset of the disease and restricted size and expansion of lesions as compared to wild type plants. CONCLUSIONS Combined expression of chimeric chit42 and pgip2 in Brassica napus L. provide subsequent protection against SSR disease and can be helpful in increasing the canola production in Iran.
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Mercado JA, Barceló M, Pliego C, Rey M, Caballero JL, Muñoz-Blanco J, Ruano-Rosa D, López-Herrera C, de Los Santos B, Romero-Muñoz F, Pliego-Alfaro F. Expression of the β-1,3-glucanase gene bgn13.1 from Trichoderma harzianum in strawberry increases tolerance to crown rot diseases but interferes with plant growth. Transgenic Res 2015; 24:979-89. [PMID: 26178245 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-015-9895-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of antifungal genes from Trichoderma harzianum, mainly chitinases, has been used to confer plant resistance to fungal diseases. However, the biotechnological potential of glucanase genes from Trichoderma has been scarcely assessed. In this research, transgenic strawberry plants expressing the β-1,3-glucanase gene bgn13.1 from T. harzianum, under the control of the CaMV35S promoter, have been generated. After acclimatization, five out of 12 independent lines analysed showed a stunted phenotype when growing in the greenhouse. Moreover, most of the lines displayed a reduced yield due to both a reduction in the number of fruit per plant and a lower fruit size. Several transgenic lines showing higher glucanase activity in leaves than control plants were selected for pathogenicity tests. When inoculated with Colletotrichum acutatum, one of the most important strawberry pathogens, transgenic lines showed lower anthracnose symptoms in leaf and crown than control. In the three lines selected, the percentage of plants showing anthracnose symptoms in crown decreased from 61 % to a mean value of 16.5 %, in control and transgenic lines, respectively. Some transgenic lines also showed an enhanced resistance to Rosellinia necatrix, a soil-borne pathogen causing root and crown rot in strawberry. These results indicate that bgn13.1 from T. harzianum can be used to increase strawberry tolerance to crown rot diseases, although its constitutive expression affects plant growth and fruit yield. Alternative strategies such as the use of tissue specific promoters might avoid the negative effects of bgn13.1 expression in plant performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Mercado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", IHSM-UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain.
| | | | - Clara Pliego
- IFAPA, Centro de Churriana, 29140, Málaga, Spain
| | - Manuel Rey
- Newbiotechnic S.A., 41110, Seville, Spain
| | - José L Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Ruano-Rosa
- Instituto de Agricultura Sostenible, CSIC, 14080, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Fernando Pliego-Alfaro
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora", IHSM-UMA-CSIC, Universidad de Málaga, 29071, Málaga, Spain
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Pagé AP, Yergeau É, Greer CW. Salix purpurea Stimulates the Expression of Specific Bacterial Xenobiotic Degradation Genes in a Soil Contaminated with Hydrocarbons. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132062. [PMID: 26161539 PMCID: PMC4498887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to uncover Salix purpurea-microbe xenobiotic degradation systems that could be harnessed in rhizoremediation, and to identify microorganisms that are likely involved in these partnerships. To do so, we tested S. purpurea's ability to stimulate the expression of 10 marker microbial oxygenase genes in a soil contaminated with hydrocarbons. In what appeared to be a detoxification rhizosphere effect, transcripts encoding for alkane 1-monooxygenases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, laccase/polyphenol oxidases, and biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase small subunits were significantly more abundant in the vicinity of the plant's roots than in bulk soil. This gene expression induction is consistent with willows' known rhizoremediation capabilities, and suggests the existence of S. purpurea-microbe systems that target many organic contaminants of interest (i.e. C4-C16 alkanes, fluoranthene, anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, biphenyl, polychlorinated biphenyls). An enhanced expression of the 4 genes was also observed within the bacterial orders Actinomycetales, Rhodospirillales, Burkholderiales, Alteromonadales, Solirubrobacterales, Caulobacterales, and Rhizobiales, which suggest that members of these taxa are active participants in the exposed partnerships. Although the expression of the other 6 marker genes did not appear to be stimulated by the plant at the community level, signs of additional systems that rest on their expression by members of the orders Solirubrobacterales, Sphingomonadales, Actinomycetales, and Sphingobacteriales were observed. Our study presents the first transcriptomics-based identification of microbes whose xenobiotic degradation activity in soil appears stimulated by a plant. It paints a portrait that contrasts with the current views on these consortia's composition, and opens the door for the development of laboratory test models geared towards the identification of root exudate characteristics that limit the efficiency of current willow-based rhizoremediation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine P. Pagé
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Étienne Yergeau
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles W. Greer
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Energy, Mining and Environment, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Lim YL, Yong D, Ee R, Tee KK, Yin WF, Chan KG. Complete genome sequence of Serratia multitudinisentens RB-25(T), a novel chitinolytic bacterium. J Biotechnol 2015; 207:32-3. [PMID: 25975625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2015.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Serratia multitudinisentens RB-25(T) (=DSM 28811(T) =LMG 28304(T)) is a newly proposed type strain in the genus of Serratia isolated from a municipal landfill site. Here, we present the complete genome of S. multitudinisentens RB-25(T) which contains a complete chitinase operon and other chitin and N-acetylglucosamine utilisation enzymes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the complete genome sequence of this novel isolate and its chitinase gene discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Lue Lim
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Delicia Yong
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Robson Ee
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Keng Tee
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wai-Fong Yin
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok-Gan Chan
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Mullins E. Engineering for disease resistance: persistent obstacles clouding tangible opportunities. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2015; 71:645-651. [PMID: 25353158 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The accelerating pace of gene discovery, coupled with novel plant breeding technologies, provides tangible opportunities with which to engineer disease resistance into agricultural and horticultural crops. This is especially the case for potato, wheat, apple and banana, which are afflicted with fungal and bacterial diseases that impact significantly on each crop's economic viability. Yet public scepticism and burdensome regulatory systems remain the two primary obstacles preventing the translation of research discoveries into cultivars of agronomic value. In this perspective review, the potential to address these issues is explained, and specific opportunities arising from recent genomics-based initiatives are highlighted as clear examples of what can be achieved in respect of developing disease resistance in crop species. There is an urgent need to tackle the challenge of agrichemical dependency in current crop production systems, and, while engineering for disease resistance is possible, it is not the sole solution and should not be proclaimed as so. Instead, all systems must be given due consideration, with none dismissed in the absence of science-based support, thereby ensuring that future cropping systems have the necessary advantage over those pathogens that continue to inflict losses year after year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewen Mullins
- Department of Crop Science, Teagasc, Oak Park, Carlow, Ireland
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Xu KD, Chang YX, Zhang J, Wang PL, Wu JX, Li YY, Wang XW, Wang W, Liu K, Zhang Y, Yu DS, Liao LB, Li Y, Ma SY, Tan GX, Li CW. A lower pH value benefits regeneration of Trichosanthes kirilowii by somatic embryogenesis, involving rhizoid tubers (RTBs), a novel structure. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8823. [PMID: 25744384 PMCID: PMC4351558 DOI: 10.1038/srep08823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new approach was established for the regeneration of Trichosanthes kirilowii from root, stem, and leaf explants by somatic embryogenesis (SE), involving a previously unreported SE structure, rhizoid tubers (RTBs). During SE, special rhizoids were first induced from root, stem, and leaf explants with average rhizoid numbers of 62.33, 40.17, and 11.53 per explant, respectively, on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium (pH 4.0) supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) under dark conditions. Further, one RTB was formed from each of the rhizoids on MS medium (pH 4.0) supplemented with 20 mg/L thidiazuron (TDZ) under light conditions. In the suitable range (pH 4.0-9.0), a lower pH value increased the induction of rhizoids and RTBs. Approximately 37.77, 33.47, and 31.07% of in vivo RTBs from root, stem, and leaf explants, respectively, spontaneously developed into multiple plantlets on the same MS medium (supplemented with 20 mg/L TDZ) for induction of RTBs, whereas >95.00% of in vitro RTBs from each kind of explant developed into multiple plantlets on MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). Morphological and histological analyses revealed that RTB is a novel type of SE structure that develops from the cortex cells of rhizoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-dong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-xia Chang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-long Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-xin Wu
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-yan Li
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-wen Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - De-shui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-bing Liao
- College of Life Science and Agronomy, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu-ya Ma
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-xuan Tan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-wei Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Genetics and Molecular Breeding, Zhoukou Normal University, East Wenchang Street, Zhoukou, 466001, People's Republic of China
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Al-Salameen F, Kumar V, Al-Aqeel H, Al-Hashash H, Hejji AB. Detection of genetically modified DNA in fresh and processed foods sold in Kuwait. GM CROPS & FOOD 2014; 3:283-8. [DOI: 10.4161/gmcr.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Wojtasik W, Kulma A, Boba A, Szopa J. Oligonucleotide treatment causes flax β-glucanase up-regulation via changes in gene-body methylation. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:261. [PMID: 25287293 PMCID: PMC4209061 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0261-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, the challenge for biotechnology is to develop tools for agriculture and industry to provide plants characterized by productivity and quality that will satisfy the growing demand for different kinds of natural products. To meet the challenge, the generation and application of genetically modified plants is justified. However, the strong social resistance to genetically modified organisms and restrictive regulations in European Union countries necessitated the development of a new technology for new plant types generation which uses the knowledge resulting from analysis of genetically modified plants to generate favourably altered plants while omitting the introduction of heterologous genes to their genome. Four-year experiments led to the development of a technology inducing heritable epigenetic gene activation without transgenesis. RESULTS The method comprises the induction of changes in methylation/demethylation of the endogenous gene by the plant's treatment with short oligodeoxynucleotides antisense to the coding region. In vitro cultured plants and F3 generation flax plants overproducing the β-1,3-glucanase gene (EMO-βGlu flax) were characterized by up-regulation of β-glucanase and chitinase genes, decreases in the methylation of CCGG sequences in the β-glucanase gene and in total DNA methylation and, more importantly, reasonable resistance against Fusarium infection. In addition, EMO-βGlu flax obtained by this technology showed similar features as those obtained by genetic engineering. CONCLUSION To our best knowledge, this is the first report on plant gene activation by treatment with oligodeoxynucleotides homologous to the coding region of the gene. Apart from the evident effectiveness, the most important issue is that the EMO method allows generation of favourably altered plants, whose cultivation makes the plant producer independent from the complicated procedure of obtaining an agreement on GMO release into the environment and whose products might be more easily introduced to the global market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
- />Wroclaw Research Center EIT+, Stablowicka 147/149, Wroclaw, 54-066 Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- />Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, Wroclaw, 51-148 Poland
- />Linum Foundation, Stablowicka 147/149, Wroclaw, 54-066 Poland
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Transformation of blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) by barley chitinase and ribosome-inactivating protein genes towards improving resistance to Corynespora leaf spot fungal disease. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 174:2791-800. [PMID: 25227687 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Blackgram (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper), an important grain legume crop, is sensitive to many fungal pathogens including Corynespora cassiicola, the causal agent of corynespora leaf spot disease. In the present study, plasmid pGJ42 harboring neomycin phosphotransferase (nptII) a selectable marker gene, the barley antifungal genes chitinase (AAA56786) and ribosome-inactivating protein (RIP; AAA32951) were used for the transformation, to develop fungal resistance for the first time in blackgram. The presence and integration of transgene into the blackgram genome was confirmed by PCR and Southern analysis with an overall transformation frequency of 10.2 %. Kanamycin selection and PCR analysis of T0 progeny revealed the inheritance of transgene in Mendelian fashion (3:1). Transgenic plants (T1), evaluated for fungal resistance by in vitro antifungal assay, arrested the growth of C. cassiicola up to 25-40 % over the wild-type plants. In fungal bio-assay screening, the transgenic plants (T1) sprayed with C. cassiicola spores showed a delay in onset of disease along with their lesser extent in terms of average number of diseased leaves and reduced number and size of lesions. The percent disease protection among different transformed lines varies in the range of 27-47 % compare to control (untransformed) plants. These results demonstrate potentiality of chitinase and RIP from a heterologous source in developing fungal disease protection in blackgram and can be helpful in increasing the production of blackgram.
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Volpicella M, Leoni C, Fanizza I, Placido A, Pastorello EA, Ceci LR. Overview of plant chitinases identified as food allergens. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5734-5742. [PMID: 24841122 DOI: 10.1021/jf5007962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Food allergies are induced by proteins belonging to a limited number of families. Unfortunately, relationships between protein structure and capacity to induce the immune response have not been completely clarified yet, which precludes possible improvements in the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of allergies. Plant chitinases constitute a good example of food allergenic proteins for which structural analysis of allergenicity has only been carried out partially. In plants, there are at least five structural classes of chitinases plus a number of chitinase-related polypeptides. Their allergenicity has been mostly investigated for chitinases of class I, due to both their higher prevalence among plant chitinases and by the high structural similarity between their substrate-binding domain and hevein, a well-known allergen present in the latex of rubber trees. Even if allergenic molecules have been identified for at least three other classes of plant chitinases, the involvement of the different structural motifs in the allergenicity of molecules has been disregarded so far. In this review, we provide a structurally based catalog of plant chitinases investigated for allergenicity, which could be a useful base for further studies aimed at better clarifying the structure-allergenicity relationships for this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Volpicella
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari , Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy
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Singh D, Ambroise A, Haicour R, Sihachakr D, Rajam MV. Increased resistance to fungal wilts in transgenic eggplant expressing alfalfa glucanase gene. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 20:143-50. [PMID: 24757318 PMCID: PMC3988322 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-014-0225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The wilt diseases caused by Verticillium dahliae and Fusarium oxysporum are the major diseases of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). In order to generate transgenic resistance against the wilt diseases, Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer was performed to introduce alfalfa glucanase gene encoding an acidic glucanase into eggplant using neomycin phosphotransferase (npt-II) gene as a plant selection marker. The transgene integration into eggplant genome was confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis and transgene expression by the glucanase activity and western blot analysis. The selected transgenic lines were challenged with V. dahliae and F. oxysporum under in vitro and in vivo growth conditions, and transgenic lines showed enhanced resistance against the wilt-causing fungi with a delay of 5-7 days in the disease development as compared to wild-type plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepali Singh
- />Department of Genetics, University of Delhi–South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
- />School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Annick Ambroise
- />Labo Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, Universite de Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Robert Haicour
- />Labo Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, Universite de Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Darasinh Sihachakr
- />Labo Ecologie, Systematique et Evolution, Universite de Paris Sud, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Manchikatla Venkat Rajam
- />Department of Genetics, University of Delhi–South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, 110021 India
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Rai MK, Shekhawat NS. Recent advances in genetic engineering for improvement of fruit crops. PLANT CELL, TISSUE AND ORGAN CULTURE (PCTOC) 2014; 116:1-15. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s11240-013-0389-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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Insect-Derived Chitinases. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 136:19-50. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2013_207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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