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Li CL, Liu YK, Lan YY, Wang ZS. Association of education with cholelithiasis and mediating effects of cardiometabolic factors: A Mendelian randomization study. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:4272-4288. [PMID: 39015929 PMCID: PMC11235540 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i20.4272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Education, cognition, and intelligence are associated with cholelithiasis occurrence, yet which one has a prominent effect on cholelithiasis and which cardiometabolic risk factors mediate the causal relationship remain unelucidated. AIM To explore the causal associations between education, cognition, and intelligence and cholelithiasis, and the cardiometabolic risk factors that mediate the associations. METHODS Applying genome-wide association study summary statistics of primarily European individuals, we utilized two-sample multivariable Mendelian randomization to estimate the independent effects of education, intelligence, and cognition on cholelithiasis and cholecystitis (FinnGen study, 37041 and 11632 patients, respectively; n = 486484 participants) and performed two-step Mendelian randomization to evaluate 21 potential mediators and their mediating effects on the relationships between each exposure and cholelithiasis. RESULTS Inverse variance weighted Mendelian randomization results from the FinnGen consortium showed that genetically higher education, cognition, or intelligence were not independently associated with cholelithiasis and cholecystitis; when adjusted for cholelithiasis, higher education still presented an inverse effect on cholecystitis [odds ratio: 0.292 (95%CI: 0.171-0.501)], which could not be induced by cognition or intelligence. Five out of 21 cardiometabolic risk factors were perceived as mediators of the association between education and cholelithiasis, including body mass index (20.84%), body fat percentage (40.3%), waist circumference (44.4%), waist-to-hip ratio (32.9%), and time spent watching television (41.6%), while time spent watching television was also a mediator from cognition (20.4%) and intelligence to cholelithiasis (28.4%). All results were robust to sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION Education, cognition, and intelligence all play crucial roles in the development of cholelithiasis, and several cardiometabolic mediators have been identified for prevention of cholelithiasis due to defects in each exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yu-Kun Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ying-Ying Lan
- Department of Oncology Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266002, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zu-Sen Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong Province, China
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Liao Q, Chen Y, Peng Q, Li C. Relationship between triglyceride-glucose index and gallstones risk: a population-based study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1420999. [PMID: 39055055 PMCID: PMC11269096 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1420999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Globally, gallstones represented a prevalent condition of the digestive system, heavily affected by metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and diabetes. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index served as an accessible novel indicator for evaluating insulin resistance, offering a precise reflection of metabolic conditions. However, no studies have yet explored their relationship. The link between the TyG and gallstone risk was the primary purpose of this study. Methods Utilized data from the public database, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, for the years 2017-2020. The logit model was utilized to elucidate the connection between the TyG and the gallstones risk. The restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis served to verify any non-linear relationships existing between them. Sensitivity analyses, encompassing both stratified and interaction analyses, were conducted to identify populations of particular interest and assess potential interactions between covariates and the TyG index. Results A total of 4544 individuals were included. The risk of gallstones in high group was 1.6 times that of the low group. The potential cut-off value for the TyG index was 6.19. Above this threshold, there was a 40% heightened risk of gallstones with each one-unit increment in the TyG. The RCS analysis revealed the absence of a non-linear association between them. The populations warranting particular focus included those over 60 years, non-White people, individuals with a body mass index ≥25, smokers, drinkers, those with hypertension, and diabetes. Apart from smoking history, alcohol consumption, and history of diabetes, there were no interactions between other variables and the TyG index. Conclusion The current study represented the inaugural investigation into the link between TyG index and the risk of gallstones. A positive correlation existed between them, signifying that an increase in TyG paralleled an elevated risk of gallstones. No non-linear relationship has been found between them. Besides, a 40% increase in gallstone risk accompanied each unit rise in TyG. Considering the convenience and accessibility of TyG in clinical settings, it has a promising potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chunying Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Longyan First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Longyan, China
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Wei C, Zhang G. Association between body roundness index (BRI) and gallstones: results of the 2017-2020 national health and nutrition examination survey (NHANES). BMC Gastroenterol 2024; 24:192. [PMID: 38840060 PMCID: PMC11155175 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-024-03280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallstones are associated with obesity, and the BRI is a new obesity index that more accurately reflects body fat and visceral fat levels. The relationship between BRI and gallstone risk is currently unknown, and we aimed to explore the relationship between BRI and gallstone prevalence. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing data from the 2017-2020 NHANES involving a total of 5297 participants. To assess the association between BRI and gallstones, we used logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and interaction terms. In addition, we performed restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis and threshold effects analysis to characterize nonlinear relationships. We assessed the ability of BRI and Body mass index (BMI) to identify gallstones using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis and area under the curve (AUC), and compared them using the Delong test. RESULTS Of the 5297 participants aged 20 years and older included in the study, 575 had gallstones. In fully adjusted models, a positive association between BRI and gallstone prevalence was observed (OR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.12-1.20, P < 0.0001). Individuals in the highest quartile of BRI had a 204% increased risk of gallstones compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR = 3.04, 95% CI: 2.19-4.22, P < 0.0001). The correlation between BRI and gallstones persisted in subgroup analyses. RCS analyses showed a nonlinear relationship between BRI and gallstones. The inflection point was further found to be 3.96, and the correlation between BRI and gallstones was found both before and after the inflection point. ROC analysis showed that BRI (AUC = 0.667) was a stronger predictor of gallstones than BMI (AUC = 0.634). CONCLUSIONS Elevated BRI is associated with an increased risk of gallstones in the U.S. population, and BRI is a stronger predictor of gallstones than BMI. Maintaining an appropriate BRI is recommended to reduce the incidence of gallstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlong Wei
- Department of General surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China
| | - Gongyin Zhang
- Department of General surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, PR China.
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Zhao G, Shi R, Ma M, Lin H, Zhang J, Sheng B. Elevated LDL-c may warn of the risk of gallbladder stones in the patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: A case-control study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2024; 48:102363. [PMID: 38703815 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2024.102363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the relationship between metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and the development of new-onset gallbladder stone disease (GSD) and to identify factors that influence the occurrence of new-onset GSD in patients with MASLD. METHODS In this retrospective case-control study, patients who underwent asymptomatic GSD screening during annual routine health check-ups at two hospitals in China between August 2017 and July 2022 were included. Patients with new-onset GSD and controls without GSD were matched 1:1 based on age, sex, race, occupation, diet, drinking habits, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose levels. RESULTS The study comprised 1200 patients with new-onset GSD and 1200 controls without GSD. Patients with new-onset GSD had higher rates of MASLD (33.8% vs. 22.2 %, P < 0.001) and hypercholesterolemia (12.6% vs. 7.2 %, P < 0.001) compared to controls. Waist circumference (WC) (OR = 1.042, 95 % CI: 1.022-1.063, P < 0.001), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) (OR = 0.048, 95 % CI: 0.037-0.062, P < 0.001), triglycerides (OR = 0.819, 95 % CI: 0.699-0.958, P = 0.013), and hypercholesterolemia (OR = 5.023, 95 % CI: 2.735-9.225, P < 0.001) were independently associated with new-onset GSD. Among patients with MASLD, WC (OR = 1.075, 95 % CI: 1.026-1.127, P = 0.003), total cholesterol (TC) (OR = 2.094, 95 % CI: 1.259-3.484, P = 0.004), HDL-c (OR = 0.088, 95 % CI: 0.054-0.142, P < 0.001), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) (OR = 4.056, 95 % CI: 2.669-6.163, P < 0.001) were independently associated with new-onset GSD. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that hypercholesterolemia is independently associated with GSD. Among patients with MASLD, hypercholesterolemia also showed an independent association with GSD. Notably, this study is the first to identify serum LDL-c levels as potentially the most significant risk factor for GSD, highlighting that elevated LDL-c could serve as an important indicator for individuals with MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guifen Zhao
- Department of Physical Examination and Health Care, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Shenzhen Luohu People's Hospital), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Ran'geng Shi
- Department of Rheumatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Mao Ma
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Hairong Lin
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University (Luohu Hospital Group), Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Jianqin Zhang
- Shaanxi Nutrition Society, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Binwu Sheng
- Department of Geriatric Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
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Mäki P, Harald K, Lindström J, Männistö S, Laatikainen T. Association of adiposity with morbidity in Finnish adults: A register-based follow-up study. Scand J Public Health 2024; 52:461-467. [PMID: 36916274 PMCID: PMC11179310 DOI: 10.1177/14034948221148053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to update risk estimates of obesity related co-morbidities and to provide evidence of the importance of obesity prevention to decision makers. METHODS The study included 25- to 74-year-old participants (N=22,977) of the National FINRISK Studies in 1997, 2002 and 2007. Body mass index was calculated from measured weight and height at baseline. Data on morbidity were ascertained via linkage to the National Hospital Discharge Register, the Cancer Register and the records of the Social Insurance Institution of Finland until the end of year 2018. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate associations between weight status and the risk of the end-point diseases during follow-up, with adjustment for age and smoking. RESULTS At baseline, 31% of participants had at least one of the investigated diseases. Overweight, obesity and severe obesity were associated with type 2 diabetes, gout, gallbladder diseases and knee and hip osteoarthritis during the follow-up in both men and women. The risk of coronary heart disease was increased in men who were overweight, obese and severely obese and in women who were obese and severely obese. Risk of asthma was increased only among women who were obese and severely obese. No associations were found between obesity and breast, prostate or colorectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS The study showed a strong relationship between excess body weight and the prevalence and incidence of several diseases. Obesity prevention is essential to reduce disease burden in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Mäki
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Tiina Laatikainen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
- Joint Municipal Authority for North Karelia Social and Health Services (Siun sote), Finland
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Wang S, Bao C, Pei D. Application of Data Mining Technology in the Screening for Gallbladder Stones: A Cross-Sectional Retrospective Study of Chinese Adults. Yonsei Med J 2024; 65:210-216. [PMID: 38515358 PMCID: PMC10973557 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to use data mining methods to establish a simple and reliable predictive model based on the risk factors related to gallbladder stones (GS) to assist in their diagnosis and reduce medical costs. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cross-sectional study. A total of 4215 participants underwent annual health examinations between January 2019 and December 2019 at the Physical Examination Center of Shengjing Hospital Affiliated to China Medical University. After rigorous data screening, the records of 2105 medical examiners were included for the construction of J48, multilayer perceptron (MLP), Bayes Net, and Naïve Bayes algorithms. A ten-fold cross-validation method was used to verify the recognition model and determine the best classification algorithm for GS. RESULTS The performance of these models was evaluated using metrics of accuracy, precision, recall, F-measure, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. Comparison of the F-measure for each algorithm revealed that the F-measure values for MLP and J48 (0.867 and 0.858, respectively) were not statistically significantly different (p>0.05), although they were significantly higher than the F-measure values for Bayes Net and Naïve Bayes (0.824 and 0.831, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that MLP and J48 algorithms are effective at screening individuals for the risk of GS. The key attributes of data mining can further promote the prevention of GS through targeted community intervention, improve the outcome of GS, and reduce the burden on the medical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Department of Health Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenhui Bao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dongmei Pei
- Department of Health Management, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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Gether IM, Bahne E, Nerild HH, Rehfeld JF, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Vilsbøll T, Sonne DP, Knop FK. Colesevelam has no acute effect on postprandial GLP-1 levels but abolishes gallbladder refilling. Eur J Endocrinol 2024; 190:314-326. [PMID: 38551029 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Colesevelam, a bile acid sequestrant approved for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia, improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes. We hypothesised that single-dose colesevelam increases postprandial GLP-1 secretion, thus, reducing postprandial glucose excursions in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Further, we explored the effects of single-dose colesevelam on ultrasonography-assessed postprandial gallbladder motility, paracetamol absorption (proxy for gastric emptying), and circulating factors known to affect gallbladder motility. METHODS In a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study, 12 individuals with type 2 diabetes (mean ± SD: age 61 ± 8.8 years; body mass index 29.8 ± 3.0 kg/m2) were subjected to 4 mixed meal tests on separate days; 2 with orally administered colesevelam (3.75 g) and 2 with placebo, with intravenous infusion of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 or saline. RESULTS Single-dose colesevelam had no effect on postprandial concentrations of glucose (P = .786), C-peptide (P = .440), or GLP-1 (P = .729), and exendin(9-39)NH2 administration revealed no GLP-1-mediated effects of colesevelam. Colesevelam did not affect gallbladder emptying but abolished gallbladder refilling (P = .001), increased postprandial cholecystokinin (CCK) secretion (P = .010), and decreased postprandial serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) (P = .035) and bile acids (P = .043). CONCLUSION Single-dose colesevelam had no effect on postprandial GLP-1 responses or glucose tolerance but disrupted postprandial gallbladder refilling by increasing CCK secretion and reducing circulating concentrations of FGF19 and bile acids. These findings leave the antidiabetic actions of colesevelam unresolved but provide mechanistic insights into its effect on gallbladder motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida M Gether
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Emilie Bahne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Henriette H Nerild
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Jens F Rehfeld
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
| | - David P Sonne
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filip K Knop
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, DK-2900 Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark
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王 新, 白 烨, 于 文, 谢 林, 李 诗, 江 果, 李 鸿, 张 本. [New Progress in Longitudinal Research on the Risk Factors for Cholelithiasis]. SICHUAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF SICHUAN UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDITION 2024; 55:490-500. [PMID: 38645861 PMCID: PMC11026901 DOI: 10.12182/20240360508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Cholelithiasis is a common disease of the digestive system. The risk factors for cholelithiasis have been reported and summarized many times in the published literature, which primarily focused on cross-sectional studies. Due to the inherent limitations of the study design, the reported findings still need to be validated in additional longitudinal studies. Moreover, a number of new risk factors for cholelithiasis have been identified in recent years, such as bariatric surgery, hepatitis B virus infection, hepatitis C virus infection, kidney stones, colectomy, osteoporosis, etc. These new findings have not yet been included in published reviews. Herein, we reviewed the 101 cholelithiasis-associated risk factors identified through research based on longitudinal investigations, including cohort studies, randomized controlled trials, and nested case control studies. The risk factors associated with the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis were categorized as unmodifiable and modifiable factors. The unmodifiable factors consist of age, sex, race, and family history, while the modifiable factors include 37 biological environmental factors, 25 socioenvironmental factors, and 35 physiochemical environmental factors. This study provides thorough and comprehensive ideas for research concerning the pathogenesis of cholelithiasis, supplying the basis for identifying high-risk groups and formulating relevant prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- 新 王
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 烨 白
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 文倩 于
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 林君 谢
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 诗懿 李
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 果恒 江
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 鸿钰 李
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - 本 张
- 四川大学华西公共卫生学院/四川大学华西第四医院 (成都 610041)West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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Lodhia NA, Hiramoto B, Horton L, Goldin AH, Thompson CC, Chan WW. Obesity Is Associated with Altered Rectal Sensitivity in Chronic Constipation. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:884-891. [PMID: 38184499 PMCID: PMC10961196 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08246-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defecation dysfunction may contribute to chronic constipation (CC), but the impact of obesity on anorectal physiology in CC remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the relationship between obesity and anorectal function on physiologic testing in patients presenting with CC. METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive adults who underwent high resolution anorectal manometry (HRAM) at a tertiary center for CC. Patient demographics, clinical history, surgical/obstetric history, medications, and HRAM results were reviewed. Patients were classified into obese (BMI > 30 kg/m2) vs non-obese (BMI < 30 kg/m2) groups at the time of HRAM. Fisher-exact/student t-test for univariate analyses and general linear regression for multivariable analysis were performed. RESULTS 383 adults (mean 50.3 years; 85.8% female) with CC were included. On HRAM, patients with obesity had lower anal sphincter resting tone (37.3 vs 48.5 mmHg, p = 0.005) and maximum squeeze pressure (104.8 mmHg vs 120.0 mmHg, p = 0.043). No significant differences in dyssynergia (61% vs 53%, p = 0.294) and failed balloon expulsion (18% vs 25%, p = 0.381) were found between obese and non-obese groups. On balloon distention testing, the maximum tolerated (163.5 vs 147.6 mL, p = 0.042) and urge sensation (113.9 vs 103.7 mL, p = 0.048) volumes were significantly increased among patients with obesity. After adjusting for potential confounders, obesity remained independently associated with increased maximum tolerated volume (β-coefficient 13.7, p = 0.049). CONCLUSION Obesity was independently associated with altered rectal sensitivity among patients with CC. Altered rectal sensation may play an important role in CC among patients with obesity. Anorectal physiology testing should be considered to understand the pathophysiology and guide management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayna A Lodhia
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent Hiramoto
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Horton
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alison H Goldin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher C Thompson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Walter W Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Perdomo CM, Avilés-Olmos I, Dicker D, Frühbeck G. Towards an adiposity-related disease framework for the diagnosis and management of obesities. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023; 24:795-807. [PMID: 37162651 PMCID: PMC10492748 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09797-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a complex disease that relapses frequently and associates with multiple complications that comprise a worldwide health priority because of its rising prevalence and association with numerous complications, including metabolic disorders, mechanic pathologies, and cancer, among others. Noteworthy, excess adiposity is accompanied by chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, insulin resistance, and subsequent organ dysfunction. This dysfunctional adipose tissue is initially stored in the visceral depot, overflowing subsequently to produce lipotoxicity in ectopic depots like liver, heart, muscle, and pancreas, among others. People living with obesity need a diagnostic approach that considers an exhaustive pathophysiology and complications assessment. Thus, it is essential to warrant a holistic diagnosis and management that guarantees an adequate health status, and quality of life. The present review summarizes the different complications associated with obesity, at the same time, we aim to fostering a novel framework that enhances a patient-centered approach to obesity management in the precision medicine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Perdomo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition. Clínica, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación en la Salud de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Icíar Avilés-Olmos
- IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación en la Salud de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dror Dicker
- Department of Internal Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center, Hasharon Hospital, Petah Tikva, Israel
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition. Clínica, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
- IdiSNA (Instituto de Investigación en la Salud de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBEROBN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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11
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Knapik JJ, Farina EK, Steelman RA, Trone DW, Lieberman HR. The Medical Burden of Obesity and Overweight in the US Military: Association of BMI with Clinically Diagnosed Medical Conditions in United States Military Service Members. J Nutr 2023; 153:2951-2967. [PMID: 37619919 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A high BMI is associated with various medical conditions, notably type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and mental health disorders. In the US military, BMI increased linearly between 1975 and 2015. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study investigated the associations between BMI and a comprehensive range of clinically diagnosed medical conditions (CDMCs) in US military service members (SMs). METHODS A stratified random sample of SMs (n=26,177) completed an online questionnaire reporting their height, weight, and demographic/lifestyle characteristics. Medical conditions for 6 mo before questionnaire completion were obtained from a comprehensive military electronic medical surveillance system and grouped into 39 CDMCs covering both broad (largely systemic) and specific medical conditions. BMI was calculated as weight/height2 (kg/m2). The prevalence of CDMCs was compared among normal weight (<25.0 kg/m2), overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (≥30 kg/m2) SMs. RESULTS After multivariable adjustment for demographic/lifestyle characteristics, higher BMI was associated with higher odds of a diagnosed medical condition in 30 of 39 CDMCs, with all 30 displaying dose-response relationships. The 5 major CDMCs with the largest odds ratios comparing obese to normal weight were endocrine/nutritional/metabolic diseases (OR=2.67, 95%CI=2.24-3.15), nervous system diseases (odds ratio [OR]=2.59, 95%CI=2.32-2.90), circulatory system diseases (OR=2.56, 95%CI=2.15-3.06), musculoskeletal system diseases (OR=1.92, 95%CI=1.76-2.09), and mental/behavioral disorders (OR=1.69, 95%CI=1.51-1.90). Compared with normal weight SMs, overweight or obese SMs had a higher number of CDMCs (1.8±1.9 vs. 2.0±2.0 and 2.5±2.3, mean ± standard deviation, respectively, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS In a young, physically active population, higher BMI was associated with a host of medical conditions, even after adjustment for demographic/lifestyle characteristics. The US Department of Defense should improve nutrition education and modify other factors that contribute to overweight and obesity. This study demonstrates that the medical burden of obesity is substantial in overweight and obese SMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Knapik
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, MA, United States.
| | - Emily K Farina
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, MA, United States
| | - Ryan A Steelman
- Clinical Public Health and Epidemiology, Defense Centers for Public Health-Aberdeen, MD, United States
| | - Daniel W Trone
- Deployment Health, Naval Health Research Center, CA, United States
| | - Harris R Lieberman
- Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, MA, United States
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12
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Chung KH, Choi YH, Cho IR, Son BK, Ryu JK, Kim YT, Lee SH, Han K. Hypertriglyceridaemic waist phenotype and waist circumference triglyceride index are associated with higher incidence of acute pancreatitis: a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2023; 13:e071213. [PMID: 37643853 PMCID: PMC10465893 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hypertriglyceridaemic waist (HTGW) phenotype, an indicator to assess metabolic syndrome, could be a useful predictive marker for the risk of acute pancreatitis. This study aimed to evaluate the association between the HTGW phenotype and the risk of acute pancreatitis with a nationwide population-based cohort. DESIGN A retrospective, nationwide cohort study. SETTING Registry of health check-up result from Korean National Health Insurance Service. PARTICIPANTS A total of 3 912 551 adults who underwent health checkups under the National Health Insurance Service in 2009 were enrolled in this study. INTERVENTIONS Subjects with both increased waist circumference (WC) and elevated blood triglyceride concentrations were defined as the HTGW phenotype. The participants were divided into four groups, classified as NWNT (normal WC-normal triglycerides), EWNT (elevated WC-normal triglycerides), NWET (normal WC-elevated triglycerides) and HTGW. The WC triglyceride index (WTI) is a quantitative indicator of the HTGW phenotype which is calculated by multiplying WC (cm) by triglyceride levels (mmol/L). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURE The subjects were followed until 31 December 2018. The adjusted HRs of acute pancreatitis in each group were estimated. RESULTS During the follow-up, there were a total of 8933 of acute pancreatitis occurrences. The incidence of acute pancreatitis in all subjects was 0.278 per 1000 person-year. The HTGW group had the highest incidence (0.444), followed by the NWET (0.381), and EWNT (0.316) groups. The HTGW group had a significant higher incidence of acute pancreatitis than the NWNT groups (HR 1.364 (95% CI 1.279 to 1.454)). The risk of acute pancreatitis steadily increased as the WTI increased (HR 1.847 (95% CI 1.657 to 2.058) in 10th decile). CONCLUSIONS The HTGW phenotype is confirmed to be an independent risk factor that increases the risk of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Hyun Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Hospital Seoul, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Young Hoon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - In Rae Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Byoung Kwan Son
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Ji Kon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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13
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Huang D, Liu Y, Gong W, Zou J. Causal relationships between obesity and pancreatobiliary diseases: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Eat Weight Disord 2023; 28:63. [PMID: 37526777 PMCID: PMC10393843 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-023-01592-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous observational studies have investigated the relationship between obesity and the biliary tract and pancreas. The causality, however, is still to be confirmed. This study was designed to explore the causality between obesity which included body mass index(BMI), circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and pancreatobiliary diseases with a Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization(MR) analysis. single-nucleotide polymorphisms used in our study were derived from genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The inverse variance weighted was the dominated method to evaluate the causality. The heterogeneity was validated by Cochran's Q test. The pleiotropy was validated by MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO. The stability and reliability of the results were illustrated by the 'leave-one-out'sensitivity analysis. The MR results explored positive causal effects of BMI (OR: 1.021; 95% CI: from 1.016 to 1.027; P = 4.25 × 10-15) and WC (OR: 1.021; 95% CI: from 1.015 to 1.028; P = 1.65 × 10-10) on pancreatobiliary diseases. However, no causality existed between HC, WHR and pancreatobiliary diseases. This study reminded that general obesity and abdominal obesity required weight loss to prevent pancreatic biliary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Pengzhou, No. 255 Second section of South Third Ring Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Pengzhou, No. 255 Second section of South Third Ring Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjun Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Pengzhou, No. 255 Second section of South Third Ring Road, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian Zou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The People's Hospital of Pengzhou, No. 255 Second section of South Third Ring Road, Chengdu, China.
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Yang N, Zhuo J, Xie S, Qu Z, Li W, Li Z, Guo P, Gao M, Qin H, Han T. A Body Shape Index and Its Changes in Relation to All-Cause Mortality among the Chinese Elderly: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:2943. [PMID: 37447269 DOI: 10.3390/nu15132943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recent evidence has revealed that a body shape index (ABSI) is correlated with the incidence of death among different ethnicities, there remains a paucity of studies investigating the impact of ABSI on mortality within the Chinese elderly. Our objective was to ascertain the link between ABSI, as well as its alterations over time, and all-cause mortality among Chinese aged 65 y and above. A total of 3789 participants were enrolled from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Cox regressions and restricted cubic splines were employed to assess the association of ABSI and relative changes with all-cause mortality. When nonlinearity was detected, a restricted cubic spline regression was subsequently conducted to compute hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. The median survival time was 46 months, and 1342 individuals (35.4%) were reported to have died. ABSI contributed independently to rising death rates among Chinese old populations according to univariate and multivariate Cox regressions. Statistically significant associations were also found stratified by age, sex, and lifestyle. A U-shaped association of ABSI changes with all-cause mortality (p = 0.027) was observed, indicating that old adults with stable ABSI during the follow-up period experienced the lowest risk of mortality. After multivariable adjustment, participants with a 10% reduction in ABSI changes had an increased 9.4% risk of death, while participants with a 10% rise in ABSI changes had an increased 1.9% risk. ABSI and its changes are predictors for all-cause mortality among the elderly Chinese population, which emphasizes the clinical importance of monitoring ABSI and keeping it stable over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Jialu Zhuo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Suyi Xie
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong, China
- Laboratory for Heart Failure + Circulation Research, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Gerald Choa Cardiac Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhihua Qu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Zixiang Li
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Panpan Guo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Mingbo Gao
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Huanlong Qin
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Ting Han
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
- Shanghai Clinical Nutrition Quality Control Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University of Medicine, 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai 200072, China
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15
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Ceci L, Han Y, Krutsinger K, Baiocchi L, Wu N, Kundu D, Kyritsi K, Zhou T, Gaudio E, Francis H, Alpini G, Kennedy L. Gallstone and Gallbladder Disease: Biliary Tract and Cholangiopathies. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4909-4943. [PMID: 37358507 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Cholestatic liver diseases are named primarily due to the blockage of bile flow and buildup of bile acids in the liver. Cholestasis can occur in cholangiopathies, fatty liver diseases, and during COVID-19 infection. Most literature evaluates damage occurring to the intrahepatic biliary tree during cholestasis; however, there may be associations between liver damage and gallbladder damage. Gallbladder damage can manifest as acute or chronic inflammation, perforation, polyps, cancer, and most commonly gallstones. Considering the gallbladder is an extension of the intrahepatic biliary network, and both tissues are lined by biliary epithelial cells that share common mechanisms and properties, it is worth further evaluation to understand the association between bile duct and gallbladder damage. In this comprehensive article, we discuss background information of the biliary tree and gallbladder, from function, damage, and therapeutic approaches. We then discuss published findings that identify gallbladder disorders in various liver diseases. Lastly, we provide the clinical aspect of gallbladder disorders in liver diseases and ways to enhance diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for congruent diagnosis. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4909-4943, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Ceci
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yuyan Han
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA
| | - Kelsey Krutsinger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Nan Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Debjyoti Kundu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Konstantina Kyritsi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Tianhao Zhou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Eugenio Gaudio
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic Medicine and Orthopedics Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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16
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Zhang G, Ding Z, Yang J, Wang T, Tong L, Cheng J, Zhang C. Higher visceral adiposity index was associated with an elevated prevalence of gallstones and an earlier age at first gallstone surgery in US adults: the results are based on a cross-sectional study. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1189553. [PMID: 37396166 PMCID: PMC10311253 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1189553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective We sought to evaluate the association between visceral adiposity index (VAI) and the incidence of gallstones and the age at first gallstone surgery in adults in the United States. Methods We selected individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database from 2017 to 2020 and evaluated the association between VAI and gallstone incidence and age at first gallstone surgery using logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and dose-response curves. Results A total of 7,409 participants aged >20 years were included in our study; 767 had a self-reported history of gallstones. After adjustment for all confounding factors, for each unit of VAI after Ln conversion, gallstone prevalence increased by 31% (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.48), while the first gallstone surgery was 1.97 years earlier (β = -1.97, 95% CI: -3.35, -0.42). The dose-response curves showed a positive correlation between VAI and gallstone prevalence. There was a negative correlation between increased VAI and age at first gallstone surgery. Conclusion A higher VAI is positively associated with the prevalence of gallstones and may lead to an earlier age at first gallstone surgery. This is worthy of attention, although causality cannot be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaopeng Zhang
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Hefei BOE Hospital, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhe Ding
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Hefei BOE Hospital, Hefei, China
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Junping Yang
- Department of General Practice, Wuhu City Second People’s Hospital, Wuhu, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Hefei BOE Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Zhang J, Chen L, Shen K, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Qiao Q, Chen L. Association between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity and gallstones in Chinese adults. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2023; 20:20. [PMID: 37004051 PMCID: PMC10064513 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-023-00741-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic syndrome and obesity are risk factors for gallstones. However, these two factors often occur together, and few studies have focused on the association between metabolically healthy overweight/obesity (MHOW/MHO) and gallstones. We hypothesized that MHO individuals would be associated with the prevalence of gallstones. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 125,668 participants aged 18-80 years at the Health Promotion Center of Run Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine during 2017-2019 years. Each participant underwent a comprehensive health checkup. Gallstones were diagnosed by abdominal ultrasonography. Metabolically health was defined as not meeting the diagnostic criteria for metabolic syndrome (MetS). Obesity was measured by BMI. MetS and weight stratification were combined to classify the metabolism-obesity phenotypes. Logistic regression models were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS Among 125,668 participants, 5486 (4.4%) had gallstones. 21407 (17.0%) were MHOW individuals, and 3322 (2.6%) were MHO individuals. MHOW (OR 1.40; 95%CI: 1.29-1.53) and MHO (OR 1.80; 95%CI: 1.53-2.12) participants were at higher risk of gallstones and had larger and more numerous gallstones than metabolically healthy normal weight participants. Obesity, MetS, premenopausal women and advanced age were significantly associated with the prevalence of gallstones. CONCLUSIONS MHOW/MHO individuals exhibited a higher risk of gallstones. In metabolically healthy individuals, the risk of gallstones increased with increasing BMI. Thus, obesity was associated with the prevalence of gallstones, even in relatively metabolically healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlu Zhang
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangli Chen
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Keqing Shen
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiaohua Qiao
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liying Chen
- Department of General Practice, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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18
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Qin Q, Li W, Ren A, Luo R, Luo S. Benign gallbladder disease is a risk factor for colorectal cancer, but cholecystectomy is not: A propensity score matching analysis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1008394. [PMID: 36568240 PMCID: PMC9773875 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1008394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies reported controversial results on the relationship between cholecystectomy (CHE) and colorectal cancer (CRC). We hypothesized that gallbladder disease (GBD), instead of cholecystectomy, increased the risk of CRC. We aimed to investigate the incidence of benign gallbladder disease (BGBD) and CHE in CRC patients and local adults undergoing annual health examination by analyzing large data from a tertiary hospital in southwest China. Methods A propensity score matching (PSM) analyzed, retrospective study from January 1, 2013, to August 31, 2020, including 7,471 pathologically confirmed CRC patients and 860,160 local annual health examination adults in the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, was conducted. The prevalence of BGBD and the CHE rate were analyzed before and after a 1:1 PSM. Results Of the 7,471 CRC patients, 7,160 were eligible for the case group. In addition, 860,160 local health examination adults were included for comparison. The incidence of BGBD was higher in the CRC patients than in the local adults (19.2% vs. 11.3%, P < 0.001), but no significant difference in CHE rate existed between the case group and the control group (5.0% vs. 4.8%, P = 0.340). In the subgroup analysis, patients with BGBD had a higher risk of colon cancer than rectal cancer (20.4% vs. 18.2%, P = 0.024) and more significantly in the right colon (P = 0.037). A weakly positive correlation between CHE and right colon cancer was observed before PSM but no longer existed after PSM (P = 0.168). Conclusions Benign gallbladder disease was positively correlated with colorectal cancer, especially right colon cancer. Cholecystectomy did not increase the risk of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ao Ren
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Medical Examination Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiqiao Luo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China,*Correspondence: Shiqiao Luo,
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Liu S, Yi M, Qin J, Lei F, Lin L, Li Y, Zhuo M, Liu W, Huang X, Cai J, Zhang X, Zhang P, Ji Y, Ye J, Li H. The increasing incidence and high body mass index-related burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases-A results from global burden of disease study 2019. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1002325. [PMID: 36530914 PMCID: PMC9757069 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1002325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder and biliary diseases are common gastrointestinal conditions associated with huge socioeconomic costs and are considered risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and digestive system cancers. The prevalence and incidence of gallbladder and biliary diseases have not received enough attention from 1990 to 2019. Several non-communicable diseases were associated with the incidence of gallbladder and biliary diseases. It is necessary to clarify the change in the incidence and disability burden of gallbladder and biliary diseases worldwide. METHODS Data on high body mass index (BMI)-related disease burden and incidence, years of life lost prematurely, and years lived with disability (YLDs) due to gallbladder and biliary diseases were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. The estimated annual percentage change was calculated to qualify the gallbladder and biliary disease burden change. RESULTS The global age-standardized incidence rate has increased from 585.35 per 100,000 (95% UI: 506.05-679.86) in 1990 to 634.32 per 100,000 (95% UI: 540.21-742.93) in 2019. And the increase in incidence was positively correlated with rising high BMI-related summary exposure value. The high BMI-related YLDs of gallbladder and biliary diseases have increased worldwide over time. Globally, the 25-49 age group suffered a rapid rise in incidence and high BMI attributable to the YLDs rate of gallbladder and biliary diseases. CONCLUSION The global incidence and high BMI-related YLDs of gallbladder and biliary diseases remain prominent to increase over the past 30 years. Notably, the incidence and high BMI-related YLDs among people aged 25-49 years have rapidly increased over time. Therefore, high BMI should be emphasized in strategic priorities for controlling gallbladder and biliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhua Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Maolin Yi
- Department of Mammary Gland and Thyroid Gland, Huanggang Central Hospital of Yangtze University, Huanggang, China
| | - Juanjuan Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Lei
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijin Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Ming Zhuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Weifang Liu
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuewei Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Cai
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanxiao Ji
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junming Ye
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animal, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Zheng ZX, Bi JT, Cai X, Liu YQ. The clinical significance of body mass index in the early evaluation of acute biliary pancreatitis. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12003. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Albakri LA, Algarni RA, Alrajhi RK, Yousef YA, Zaidi SF. Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Operative Time and Hospital Stay Differences Between Sicklers and Non-sicklers: A Five-Year Comparative Cross-Sectional Study at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah. Cureus 2022; 14:e30952. [PMID: 36465760 PMCID: PMC9713063 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most important hemoglobinopathies that result in the formation of pigment gallstones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is a safe surgical procedure for gallstones in SCD. Currently, there is no standard or guidelines for the preoperative preparation of these patients. This study aims to estimate the difference in pre-operative length of stay, operative time, postoperative length of stay, and total hospitalization length of stay among patients with and without SCD in a tertiary hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Such knowledge would aid in establishing a standard for the preoperative preparation of SCD patients for LC. Methods Data from all patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January 2013 and December 2018 were collected retrospectively with a comparative cross-sectional study design. Data included age, sex, BMI, clinical presentation, mode of admission (elective or emergency), preoperative length of stay, operative time, postoperative length of stay, total hospitalization length of stay, and type of surgery (day or inpatient). JMP 15.2.1 was used for statistical analysis. Results From 2013 to 2018, 793 patients underwent LC, and of those, 16 (2.018%) were SCD patients. The results showed significant differences in preoperative (p<0.001), postoperative (p<0.001), and total hospitalization stay time (p<0.001) between the SCD patients and non-SCD patients. However, the data show no significant difference in the operative time of LC between the two studied groups. Conclusion SCD is the most common hemoglobinopathy-causing gallstone. Challenges in these patients are mainly in peri-operative management. Further prospective cohort studies are needed to create a standardized approach for peri-operative management of SCD patients to facilitate delivery of the same level of care and shorten total hospitalization time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamair A Albakri
- Collage of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Reem A Algarni
- Research and Development, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Jeddah, SAU
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Rawan K Alrajhi
- College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Yasmin A Yousef
- Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgery Section, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Syed Faisal Zaidi
- Faculty of Eastern Medicine, Hamdard University, Islamabad Capital Territory, PAK
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22
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Lu X, Jin Y, Li D, Zhang J, Han J, Li Y. Multidisciplinary Progress in Obesity Research. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1772. [PMID: 36292657 PMCID: PMC9601416 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic disease that endangers human health. In recent years, the phenomenon of obesity has become more and more common, and it has become a global epidemic. Obesity is closely associated with many adverse metabolic changes and diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, nervous system diseases and some malignant tumors, which have caused a huge burden on the country's medical finance. In most countries of the world, the incidence of cancer caused by obesity is increasing year on year. Diabetes associated with obesity can lead to secondary neuropathy. How to treat obesity and its secondary diseases has become an urgent problem for patients, doctors and society. This article will summarize the multidisciplinary research on obesity and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Lu
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuxin Jin
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dexin Li
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingxin Zhang
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jingyan Han
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yin Li
- Department of Integration of Chinese and Western Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
- Tasly Microcirculation Research Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Stasis and Phlegm, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People’s Republic of China, Beijing 100191, China
- Beijing Laboratory of Integrative Microangiopathy, Beijing 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
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23
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Choi YH, Han KD, Cho IR, Lee IS, Ryu JK, Kim YT, Chung KH, Lee SH. Underweight Is Associated with a Higher Risk of Acute Pancreatitis in Type 2 Diabetes: A Nationwide Cohort Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11195641. [PMID: 36233509 PMCID: PMC9572046 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11195641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is known as a risk factor for acute pancreatitis, but the risk of acute pancreatitis according to glycemic status and body mass index (BMI) has remained unknown. Therefore, we aim to investigate the risk of acute pancreatitis according to BMI and glycemic status. We included 3,912,496 subjects from the Korean National Health Insurance System cohort who underwent the National Health Screening program in 2009. Each subject’s clinical course was examined through follow-ups until December 2018. BMI and glycemic status were each categorized into five groups. Hazard ratios (HRs) of acute pancreatitis according to BMI and glycemic status were calculated. The adjusted HRs of acute pancreatitis were the highest in the underweight group (BMI < 18.5) in all five glycemic status categories. The HR of acute pancreatitis in the underweight group increased as the glycemic status worsened, excluding the category of diabetes for more than five years (HR 1.381 for normal fasting glucose; 1.805 for impaired fasting glucose; 2.332 for new-onset diabetes; 4.51 for diabetes duration <5 years; 4.135 for diabetes duration ≥5 years). We found that the risk of acute pancreatitis was further increased in the underweight group, depending on the status and duration of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hoon Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Kyung-Do Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul 06978, Korea
| | - In Rae Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - In Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
| | - Ji Kon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yong-Tae Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyun Chung
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University School of Medicine, Uijeongbu-si 11759, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.H.C.); (S.H.L.); Tel.: +82-31-951-1739 (K.H.C.); +82-2-2072-2199 (S.H.L.)
| | - Sang Hyub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (K.H.C.); (S.H.L.); Tel.: +82-31-951-1739 (K.H.C.); +82-2-2072-2199 (S.H.L.)
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24
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Wang Y, Lu J, Wen N, Nie G, Peng D, Xiong X, Cheng N, Li B. The role of diet and nutrition related indicators in biliary diseases: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2022; 19:51. [PMID: 35907868 PMCID: PMC9338528 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-022-00677-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet and nutrition, as a modifiable risk factor, have been demonstrated to play a significant role in the etiology of biliary diseases, whereas few comprehensive studies have been able to evaluate the strength and quality of these evidence. This umbrella review aims to evaluate the evidence pertaining risk factors for biliary diseases in terms of diet and nutrition-related indicators. METHODS An umbrella review method was adopted: evidence from observational studies up to 22 November 2021 were identified using PubMed, Web of Science, the Cochrane database, as well as manual screening. Eligible systematic reviews and meta-analyses were screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were: (1) meta analysis or systematic review; (2) The theme of the study is the relationship between diet or nutrition and biliary tract diseases; (3) Summarized and reported OR, RR or HR values and corresponding 95% CI; (4) No restrictions on the use of participants and languages; (5) Only extract the data of biliary tract diseases from multiple health outcomes; (6) Only the most recent studies on the same subject were included. This study had been registered at PROSPERO (CRD42021293908). For each eligible systematic review and meta-analysis, we extracted the data of general characteristics and the main findings. The methodological quality of the meta-analyses included in our study were assessed by AMSTAR2 and the quality of evidence was evaluated by the GRADE. RESULTS A total of 323 articles were searched, among which 24 articles with 83 unique outcomes were identified as eligible. 35 of these outcomes were downgraded in GRADE evaluation as they reported heterogeneity. In short, among 83 unique outcomes, 5 were rated as moderate, 16 as low, and the rest as very low. For the prevention of biliary tract diseases, emphasis should be placed on appropriately increasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, coffee and tea, and reducing the intake of alcohol, raw fish and foods with high nitrate. Meanwhile, weight, blood sugar and lipid levels should be controlled, and diabetes should be actively prevented and treated. Drinking is not recommended to prevent gallstones, although studies have shown that it may reduce the risk of cholecystolithiasis. CONCLUSIONS Our study summarizes the current multifaceted evidence on the relationship between dietary and nutritional indicators and biliary diseases, but the quality of all evidence was not high. Evidence from additional high-quality prospective studies are needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoqun Wang
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jiong Lu
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ningyuan Wen
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Guilin Nie
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dingzhong Peng
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xianze Xiong
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Nansheng Cheng
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Bei Li
- Division of Biliary Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
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25
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Sureka B, George T, Garg MK, Banerjee M, Deora S, Sukhla R, Goel A, Garg PK, Yadav T, Khera PS. Cutoff values of body fat composition to predict metabolic risk factors with normal waist circumference in Asian Indian population. Eur Radiol 2022; 33:711-719. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-022-09009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Lu JH, Tong GX, Hu XY, Guo RF, Wang S. Construction and Evaluation of a Nomogram to Predict Gallstone Disease Based on Body Composition. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:5947-5956. [PMID: 35811775 PMCID: PMC9258801 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s367642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hui Lu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Center, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gen-xi Tong
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Spleen Surgery, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiang-yun Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Spleen Surgery, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui-fang Guo
- Department of Clinical Nutrition Center, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Rui-fang Guo, Department of Clinical Nutrition Center, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Shi Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Spleen Surgery, Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China
- Shi Wang, Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Spleen Surgery; Inner Mongolia People’s Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, People’s Republic of China, Email
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27
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Verdú E, Homs J, Boadas-Vaello P. Physiological Changes and Pathological Pain Associated with Sedentary Lifestyle-Induced Body Systems Fat Accumulation and Their Modulation by Physical Exercise. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413333. [PMID: 34948944 PMCID: PMC8705491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A sedentary lifestyle is associated with overweight/obesity, which involves excessive fat body accumulation, triggering structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems. Research shows that this fat accumulation is responsible for several comorbidities, including cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and metabolic dysfunctions, as well as pathological pain behaviors. These health concerns are related to the crosstalk between adipose tissue and body systems, leading to pathophysiological changes to the latter. To deal with these health issues, it has been suggested that physical exercise may reverse part of these obesity-related pathologies by modulating the cross talk between the adipose tissue and body systems. In this context, this review was carried out to provide knowledge about (i) the structural and functional changes in tissues, organs, and body systems from accumulation of fat in obesity, emphasizing the crosstalk between fat and body tissues; (ii) the crosstalk between fat and body tissues triggering pain; and (iii) the effects of physical exercise on body tissues and organs in obese and non-obese subjects, and their impact on pathological pain. This information may help one to better understand this crosstalk and the factors involved, and it could be useful in designing more specific training interventions (according to the nature of the comorbidity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Verdú
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (P.B.-V.)
| | - Judit Homs
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Department of Physical Therapy, EUSES-University of Girona, 17190 Salt, Spain
| | - Pere Boadas-Vaello
- Research Group of Clinical Anatomy, Embryology and Neuroscience (NEOMA), Department of Medical Sciences, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (P.B.-V.)
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28
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Farrell E, Hollmann E, le Roux CW, Bustillo M, Nadglowski J, McGillicuddy D. The lived experience of patients with obesity: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis. Obes Rev 2021; 22:e13334. [PMID: 34402150 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the deleterious effects of obesity have been well documented in terms of morbidity and mortality, less is known about what it is like to live with this complex and chronic disease. This study systematically reviewed and synthesized peer-reviewed studies relating to the lived experience of patients with obesity. A total of 12,388 records were screened, resulting in the inclusion of 32 final studies. Meta-ethnographic synthesis of these 32 studies generated five "third-order constructs" or themes: the development of obesity; a life limited; stigma, judgment, shame, and blame; treatment and; experiences of specific or minority groups. These constructs describe, from the patient's perspective, the factors associated with the development and maintenance of obesity; the effects of the disease on their day-to-day lives; the impact of the stigma and judgment many patients are subjected to; and their experience of accessing, or trying to access, treatment for their healthcare needs. This synthesis reveals the dearth of studies that focus solely on the experience of the patient and highlights the tendency for participant-informed, rather than participatory, methods in obesity research. It concludes with a call for further participatory research into the experiences of people living with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Farrell
- School of Education, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eva Hollmann
- School of Education, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Association between the use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of gallstone disease. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 78:307-308. [PMID: 34626198 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Response to letter regarding the article "Association between the use of hormonal contraceptives and risk of cholecystectomy in women of reproductive age". Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 78:309-310. [PMID: 34617157 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Parra-Landazury NM, Cordova-Gallardo J, Méndez-Sánchez N. Obesity and Gallstones. Visc Med 2021; 37:394-402. [PMID: 34722722 PMCID: PMC8543292 DOI: 10.1159/000515545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of obesity has been increasing globally and represents the main risk factor for the development of gallstone disease (GD). SUMMARY Excess body weight represents the main cause for the development of GD; nevertheless, there have been described multiple risk factors for its development, among them modifiable risk factors as diet, lifestyle, physical inactivity, and non-modifiable risk factors as ethnicity, female sex, advanced age, parity, and genetic mutations. Body mass index, abdominal perimeter, and waist-hip index have been used to determine the degree of adiposity of a person. Hence, central abdominal fat has been mostly associated with insulin resistance with the consequent increase in the hepatic cholesterol secretion; contributing as one of the multiple mechanisms associated with the development of gallstones. This disease has a low mortality; however, it has been associated with multiple diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, carotid atherosclerosis, metabolic associated fatty liver disease, and gallbladder cancer, probably because they share many of the risk factors. KEY MESSAGES GD continues to be considered a disease with a high medical burden, in which it is sought to intervene in modifiable risk factors to reduce its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacqueline Cordova-Gallardo
- Department of Hepatology, Service of Surgery and Obesity Clinic, General Hospital “Dr. Manuel Gea González”, Mexico City, Mexico
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
- Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
- Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico
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Farrell E, Bustillo M, le Roux CW, Nadglowski J, Hollmann E, McGillicuddy D. The lived experience of people with obesity: study protocol for a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative studies. Syst Rev 2021; 10:181. [PMID: 34148548 PMCID: PMC8215772 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a prevalent, complex, progressive and relapsing chronic disease characterised by abnormal or excessive body fat that impairs health and quality of life. It affects more than 650 million adults worldwide and is associated with a range of health complications. Qualitative research plays a key role in understanding patient experiences and the factors that facilitate or hinder the effectiveness of health interventions. This review aims to systematically locate, assess and synthesise qualitative studies in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the lived experience of people with obesity. METHODS This is a protocol for a qualitative evidence synthesis of the lived experience of people with obesity. A defined search strategy will be employed in conducting a comprehensive literature search of the following databases: PubMed, Embase, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Dimensions (from 2011 onwards). Qualitative studies focusing on the lived experience of adults with obesity (BMI >30) will be included. Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, abstracts and full-text articles and abstract data. The quality of included studies will be appraised using the critical appraisal skills programme (CASP) criteria. Thematic synthesis will be conducted on all of the included studies. Confidence in the review findings will be assessed using GRADE CERQual. DISCUSSION The findings from this synthesis will be used to inform the EU Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI)-funded SOPHIA (Stratification of Obesity Phenotypes to Optimize Future Obesity Therapy) study. The objective of SOPHIA is to optimise future obesity treatment and stimulate a new narrative, understanding and vocabulary around obesity as a set of complex and chronic diseases. The findings will also be useful to health care providers and policy makers who seek to understand the experience of those with obesity. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020214560 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Farrell
- School of Education, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | | | - Carel W le Roux
- Diabetes Complications Research Centre, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Eva Hollmann
- School of Education, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Wharton S, Lau DCW, Vallis M, Sharma AM, Biertho L, Campbell-Scherer D, Adamo K, Alberga A, Bell R, Boulé N, Boyling E, Brown J, Calam B, Clarke C, Crowshoe L, Divalentino D, Forhan M, Freedhoff Y, Gagner M, Glazer S, Grand C, Green M, Hahn M, Hawa R, Henderson R, Hong D, Hung P, Janssen I, Jacklin K, Johnson-Stoklossa C, Kemp A, Kirk S, Kuk J, Langlois MF, Lear S, McInnes A, Macklin D, Naji L, Manjoo P, Morin MP, Nerenberg K, Patton I, Pedersen S, Pereira L, Piccinini-Vallis H, Poddar M, Poirier P, Prud'homme D, Salas XR, Rueda-Clausen C, Russell-Mayhew S, Shiau J, Sherifali D, Sievenpiper J, Sockalingam S, Taylor V, Toth E, Twells L, Tytus R, Walji S, Walker L, Wicklum S. Obesity in adults: a clinical practice guideline. CMAJ 2021; 192:E875-E891. [PMID: 32753461 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 180.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wharton
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
| | - David C W Lau
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Michael Vallis
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Arya M Sharma
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Denise Campbell-Scherer
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Kristi Adamo
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Angela Alberga
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Rhonda Bell
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Normand Boulé
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Elaine Boyling
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Jennifer Brown
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Betty Calam
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Carol Clarke
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Lindsay Crowshoe
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Dennis Divalentino
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Mary Forhan
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Yoni Freedhoff
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Michel Gagner
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Stephen Glazer
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Cindy Grand
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Michael Green
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Raed Hawa
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Rita Henderson
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Dennis Hong
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Pam Hung
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ian Janssen
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Kristen Jacklin
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Carlene Johnson-Stoklossa
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Amy Kemp
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sara Kirk
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Jennifer Kuk
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Marie-France Langlois
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Scott Lear
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ashley McInnes
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - David Macklin
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Leen Naji
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Priya Manjoo
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Marie-Philippe Morin
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ian Patton
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sue Pedersen
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Leticia Pereira
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Helena Piccinini-Vallis
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Megha Poddar
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Paul Poirier
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Denis Prud'homme
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ximena Ramos Salas
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Christian Rueda-Clausen
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Judy Shiau
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - John Sievenpiper
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sanjeev Sockalingam
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Valerie Taylor
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ellen Toth
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Laurie Twells
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Richard Tytus
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Shahebina Walji
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Leah Walker
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sonja Wicklum
- Departments of Medicine (Wharton), Endocrinology and Metabolism (Poddar, Sherifali), Family Medicine (Naji, Tytus) and Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact Canada (Naji), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont; The Wharton Medical Clinic (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Departments of Medicine (Lau, Nerenberg) and Family Medicine (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre and Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Department of Family Medicine (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; Departments of Medicine (Sharma, Toth), Family Medicine (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science (Bell, Pereira), Physical Education and Recreation (Boulé), and Occupational Therapy (Forhan), University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alta.; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Royal Alexandra Hospital, Edmonton, Alta.; Obesity Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Department of Surgery (Biertho), Laval University, Quebec, Que.; School of Human Kinetics (Adamo, Prud'homme), University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Health, Kinesiology & Applied Physiology (Alberga), Concordia University, Montréal, Que.; Bariatric Centre of Excellence (Brown), The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ont.; Departments of Family Practice (Calam) and Endocrinology (Manjoo), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; UBC Family Practice Residency Program (Calam) and Pfizer/Heart and Stroke Foundation Chair in Cardiovascular Prevention Research (Lear), St. Paul's Hospital, Vancouver, BC; nutrition consultant (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine (Freedhoff) and Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Shiau), Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of Medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, Fla.; Hôpital du Sacre Coeur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism (Glazer), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Departments of Internal Medicine (Glazer), Psychiatry (Hawa, Sockalingam), Family and Community Medicine (Macklin) and Nutritional Sciences (Sievenpiper), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Alberta Health Services (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Departments of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences and Policy Studies (Green), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; Kingston Health Sciences Centre (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; University Health Network (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division of General Surgery (Hong), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Department of Family Medicine and Biobehavioral Health (Jacklin), University of Minnesota Medical School Duluth Campus, Duluth, Minn.; School of Kinesiology and Health Studies (Janssen), Queen's University, Kingston, Ont.; School of Health and Human Performance (Kirk), Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS; School of Kinesiology and Health Science (Wharton, Kuk), York University, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Que.; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Que.; School of Kinesiology (Lear), Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC; Medcan Clinic (Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Vancouver Island Health Authority, Victoria, BC; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Laval University, Québec, Que.; Foothills Medical Centre (Nerenberg), Calgary, Alta.; C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology ( Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Department of Medicine (Rueda-Clausen), University of Saskatchewan, Regina, Sask.; Regina General Hospital (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Education Psychology (Russell-Mayhew), Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Heather M. Arthur Population Health Research Institute/Hamilton Health Sciences Chair in Interprofessional Health Research, School of Nursing (Sherifali), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism (Sievenpiper), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Department of Psychiatry (Taylor), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; School of Pharmacy (Twells), Memorial University, St. John's, NL; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; School of Population and Public Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC.; O'Brien Institute of Public Health (Wicklum), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta
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Rudasill SE, Dillon D, Karunungan K, Mardock AL, Hadaya J, Sanaiha Y, Tran Z, Benharash P. The obesity paradox: Underweight patients are at the greatest risk of mortality after cholecystectomy. Surgery 2021; 170:675-681. [PMID: 33933284 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated body mass index is a risk factor for gallstone disease and cholecystectomy, but outcomes for low body mass index patients remain uncharacterized. We examined the association of body mass index with morbidity, mortality, and resource use after cholecystectomy. METHODS The 2005 to 2016 American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program was retrospectively analyzed for adult patients undergoing laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy. Patients were stratified into 5 groups: body mass index <18.5 (underweight), body mass index 18.5 to 24.9 (normal weight), body mass index 25 to 29.9 (overweight), body mass index 30 to 34.9 (class I obesity), body mass index 35 to 39.9 (class II obesity), and body mass index ≥40 (class III obesity). Multivariable regressions identified independent associations of covariates with 30-day mortality, complications, and resource use. RESULTS Of 327,473 cholecystectomy patients, 1.0% were underweight, 19.5% normal weight, 30.3% overweight, 24.0% class I obesity, 13.5% class II obesity, and 11.7% class III obesity. After multivariable analysis, underweight patients had a higher risk of mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 1.53; P = .029) and postoperative bleeding (adjusted odds ratio = 1.45; P = .011) relative to normal weight patients. Conversely, class III obesity patients had lower mortality (adjusted odds ratio = 0.66; P = .005) but increased operative time (β = 10.2 minutes; P < .001), wound infection (adjusted odds ratio = 1.38; P < .001), and wound dehiscence (adjusted odds ratio = 2.20; P < .001). Hospital duration of stay and readmission rates were highest for underweight patients. CONCLUSION Underweight patients experience increased risk of mortality and readmission, while class III obesity patients have higher rates of wound infection and dehiscence as well as prolonged operative time. These findings may guide choice of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Rudasill
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Dustin Dillon
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Krystal Karunungan
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Alexandra L Mardock
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Joseph Hadaya
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Yas Sanaiha
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Zachary Tran
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Peyman Benharash
- Cardiovascular Outcomes Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
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35
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Aune D, Mahamat-Saleh Y, Norat T, Riboli E. High Body Mass Index and Central Adiposity Is Associated with Increased Risk of Acute Pancreatitis: A Meta-Analysis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:1249-1267. [PMID: 32556971 PMCID: PMC7990844 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher body mass index and waist circumference have been associated with increased risk of pancreatitis in several prospective studies; however, the results have not been entirely consistent. AIMS We conducted a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies on adiposity and risk of pancreatitis to clarify this association. METHODS PubMed and Embase databases were searched for studies on adiposity and pancreatitis up to January 27, 2020. Prospective studies reporting adjusted relative risk (RR) estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between adiposity and risk of pancreatitis were included, and summary RRs (95% CIs) were calculated using a random effects model. RESULTS Ten prospective studies with 5129 cases and 1,693,657 participants were included. The summary RR (95% CI) of acute pancreatitis was 1.18 (95% CI: 1.03-1.35, I2 = 91%, n = 10 studies) per 5 kg/m2 increase in BMI and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.29-1.43, I2 = 0%, n = 3) per 10 cm increase in waist circumference. There was evidence of a nonlinear association between BMI and acute pancreatitis, pnonlinearity < 0.0001, with a steeper association at higher levels of BMI, but not for waist circumference, pnonlinearity = 0.19. Comparing a BMI of 35 with a BMI of 22, there was a 58% increase in the RR and there was a fourfold increase in the RR comparing a waist circumference of 110 cm with 69 cm. There was no evidence of publication bias. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis suggests that both increasing BMI and waist circumference are associated with a dose-response-related increase in the risk of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG UK
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Yahya Mahamat-Saleh
- CESP, Fac. de médecine, Univ. Paris-Sud, Fac. de médecine, INSERM (French National Institute for Health and Medical Research), Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Teresa Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, St. Mary’s Campus, Norfolk Place, Paddington, London, W2 1PG UK
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36
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Wharton S, Lau DCW, Vallis M, Sharma AM, Biertho L, Campbell-Scherer D, Adamo K, Alberga A, Bell R, Boulé N, Boyling E, Brown J, Calam B, Clarke C, Crowshoe L, Divalentino D, Forhan M, Freedhoff Y, Gagner M, Glazer S, Grand C, Green M, Hahn M, Hawa R, Henderson R, Hong D, Hung P, Janssen I, Jacklin K, Johnson-Stoklossa C, Kemp A, Kirk S, Kuk J, Langlois MF, Lear S, McInnes A, Macklin D, Naji L, Manjoo P, Morin MP, Nerenberg K, Patton I, Pedersen S, Pereira L, Piccinini-Vallis H, Poddar M, Poirier P, Prud'homme D, Salas XR, Rueda-Clausen C, Russell-Mayhew S, Shiau J, Sherifali D, Sievenpiper J, Sockalingam S, Taylor V, Toth E, Twells L, Tytus R, Walji S, Walker L, Wicklum S. L’obésité chez l’adulte : ligne directrice de pratique clinique. CMAJ 2020; 192:E1757-E1775. [PMID: 33288515 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.191707-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Wharton
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.
| | - David C W Lau
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Michael Vallis
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Arya M Sharma
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Denise Campbell-Scherer
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Kristi Adamo
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Angela Alberga
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Rhonda Bell
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Normand Boulé
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Elaine Boyling
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Jennifer Brown
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Betty Calam
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Carol Clarke
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Lindsay Crowshoe
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Dennis Divalentino
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Mary Forhan
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Yoni Freedhoff
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Michel Gagner
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Stephen Glazer
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Cindy Grand
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Michael Green
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Raed Hawa
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Rita Henderson
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Dennis Hong
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Pam Hung
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ian Janssen
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Kristen Jacklin
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Carlene Johnson-Stoklossa
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Amy Kemp
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sara Kirk
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Jennifer Kuk
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Marie-France Langlois
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Scott Lear
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ashley McInnes
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - David Macklin
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Leen Naji
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Priya Manjoo
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Marie-Philippe Morin
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Kara Nerenberg
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ian Patton
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sue Pedersen
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Leticia Pereira
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Helena Piccinini-Vallis
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Megha Poddar
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Paul Poirier
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Denis Prud'homme
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ximena Ramos Salas
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Christian Rueda-Clausen
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Judy Shiau
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Diana Sherifali
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - John Sievenpiper
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sanjeev Sockalingam
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Valerie Taylor
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Ellen Toth
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Laurie Twells
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Richard Tytus
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Shahebina Walji
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Leah Walker
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
| | - Sonja Wicklum
- Départements de médecine (Wharton), endocrinologie et métabolisme (Poddar, Sherifali), médecine familiale (Naji, Tytus), et Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact (HEI) Canada (Naji), Université McMaster; Clinique Wharton (Wharton, Poddar), Hamilton, Ont.; Départements: de médecine (Lau, Nerenberg) et médecine familiale (Boyling, Henderson, McInnes, Walji, Wicklum), École de médecine Cumming, Université de Calgary; Centre de recherche sur le diabète Julia McFarlane et Institut de cardiologie Libin de l'Alberta (Lau), Calgary, Alta.; Département de médecine familiale (Vallis, Piccinini-Vallis), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; Départements de médecine (Sharma, Toth), médecine familiale (Campbell-Scherer, Kemp), agriculture, alimentation et science de la nutrition (Bell, Pereira), éducation physique et loisirs (Boulé), et ergothérapie (Forhan), Université de l'Alberta; Adult Bariatric Specialty Clinic (Sharma), Hôpital Royal Alexandra; Obésité Canada (Sharma, Patton, Ramos Salas), Edmonton, Alta.; Département de chirurgie (Biertho), Université Laval, Québec, Que.; École des sciences de l'activité physique (Adamo, Prud'homme), Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Département de santé, kinésiologie et physiologie appliquée (Alberga), Université Concordia, Montréal, Que.; Centre d'Excellence en soins bariatriques(Brown), Hôpital d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Départements de médecine familiale (Calam) et endocrinologie (Manjoo), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Programme de résidence en pratique familiale de la UBC (Calam) et chaire de recherche en prévention des maladies cardiovasculaires Pfizer/Fondation des maladies du cœur et de l'AVC (Lear), Hôpital St. Paul, Vancouver, C.-B.; consultant en nutrition (Clarke), Hamilton, Ont.; Indigenous Health Dialogue (Crowshoe), Health Sciences Centre, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; Main East Medical Associates (Divalentino), Hamilton, Ont.; Bariatric Medical Institute (Freedhoff), Ottawa, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale (Freedhoff) et Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Shiau), Département de médecine, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, Ont.; Herbert Wertheim School of medicine (Gagner), Florida International University, Miami, FL; Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (Gagner), Montréal, Que.; Humber River Hospital (Glazer), Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Glazer), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; Départements de médecine interne (Glazer), psychiatrie (Hawa, Sockalingam), médecine familiale et communautaire (Macklin), et des sciences de la nutrition (Sievenpiper), Université de Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Services de santé de l'Alberta (Grand, Hung, Johnson-Stoklossa), Edmonton, Alta.; Départements de médecine familiale, et d'études sur les sciences et les politiques de santé publique (Green), Université Queen's; Centre des sciences de la santé de Kingston (Green); Providence Care Hospital (Green), Kingston, Ont.; Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Hahn, Sockalingam); Réseau universitaire de santé (Hawa, Sockalingam), Toronto, Ont.; Division de chirurgie générale (Hong), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Département de médecine familiale et de santé biocomportementale (Jacklin), Faculté de médecine de l'Université du Minnesota, campus Duluth, Duluth, Minn.; Faculté de kinésiologie et d'études sur la santé (Janssen), Université Queen's, Kingston, Ont.; École de santé et performance humaine (Kirk), Université Dalhousie, Halifax, N.-É; École de kinésiologie et de sciences de la santé (Wharton, Kuk), Université York, Toronto, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie (Langlois), Université de Sherbrooke; Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l'Estrie - Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (Langlois), Sherbrooke, Qc; École de kinésiologie (Lear), Université Simon Fraser, Vancouver, C.-B.; Medcan Clinic ( Macklin), Toronto, Ont.; Cardiometabolic Collaborative Clinic (Manjoo), Régie régionale de la santé de Vancouver, Victoria, C.-B.; Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec (Morin, Poirier), Université Laval, Québec, Qc; Centre médical Foothills (Nerenberg); C-ENDO Diabetes & Endocrinology Clinic (Pedersen), Calgary, Alta.; LMC Diabetes and Endocrinology (Poddar), Toronto, Ont.; Département de médecine (Rueda-Clausen), Université de la Saskatchewan; Hôpital général de Regina (Rueda-Clausen), Regina, Sask.; Psychologie de l'éducation (Russell-Mayhew), Faculté d'éducation Werklund, Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; LEAF Weight Management Clinic (Shiau), Ottawa, Ont.; Chaire de recherche en santé interprofessionnelle de l'Institut de recherche sur la santé des populations Heather M Arthur/Hamilton Health Sciences, Faculté des sciences infirmières (Sherifali), Université McMaster, Hamilton, Ont.; Division d'endocrinologie et métabolisme (Sievenpiper), Hôpital St. Michael, Toronto, Ont.; Département de psychiatrie (Taylor), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta.; École de pharmacie (Twells), Université Memorial, St. John's, T.-N.-L.; Steelcity Medical Clinic (Tytus), Hamilton, Ont.; Calgary Weight Management Centre (Walji), Calgary, Alta.; École de santé des populations et de santé publique (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique; Centre for Excellence in Indigenous Health (Walker), Université de la Colombie-Britannique, Vancouver, C.-B.; Institut de santé publique O'Brien (Wicklum), Université de Calgary, Calgary, Alta
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Yang WS, Chang YC, Chang CH, Wu LC, Wang JL, Lin HH. The Association Between Body Mass Index and the Risk of Hospitalization and Mortality due to Infection: A Prospective Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 8:ofaa545. [PMID: 33511222 PMCID: PMC7817078 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We aim to determine whether obesity increases the risk of various infections using a large prospective population-based cohort. Methods A total of 120 864 adults were recruited from the New Taipei City health screening program from 2005 to 2008. Statistics for hospitalization and mortality due to infection were obtained from the National Health Insurance Database and the National Death Registry in Taiwan. Results During a mean follow-up period of 7.61 years, there were 438, 7582, 5298, and 1480 first hospitalizations due to infection in the underweight, normal, overweight, and obese groups, respectively. Obesity significantly increases the risk of hospitalization for intra-abdominal infections (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.19; 95% CI, 1.00–1.40), including diverticulitis, liver abscess, acute cholecystitis and anal and rectal abscess, reproductive and urinary tract infection (aHR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.26–1.50), skin and soft tissue infection (aHR, 2.46; 95% CI, 2.15–2.81), osteomyelitis (aHR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.14–2.54), and necrotizing fasciitis (aHR, 3.54; 95% CI,1.87–6.67), and this relationship is dose-dependent. This study shows that there is a U-shaped association between body mass index (BMI) and hospitalization for lower respiratory tract infection, septicemia, and the summation of all infections and that underweight people are at the greatest risk, followed by obese people. There is a clear negative relationship between BMI and infection-related mortality. Conclusions The pattern that BMI affects the risk of hospitalization and mortality due to infection varies widely across infection sites. It is necessary to tailor preventive and therapeutic measures against different infections in hosts with different BMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Shun Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Hsin-Chu Branch, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Chang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsuin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chiu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Ling Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Ho Lin
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pang Y, Kartsonaki C, Lv J, Millwood IY, Yu C, Guo Y, Chen Y, Bian Z, Yang L, Chen J, Clarke R, Walters R, Wu S, Li H, Holmes MV, Li L, Chen Z. Observational and Genetic Associations of Body Mass Index and Hepatobiliary Diseases in a Relatively Lean Chinese Population. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e2018721. [PMID: 33006619 PMCID: PMC7532388 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.18721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE There is some support for the existence of genetic associations between adiposity and certain hepatobiliary diseases in Western populations. However, there is little evidence of such genetic associations in China, where the causes of these diseases may differ from those in Western populations and the mean body mass index (BMI) is much lower. OBJECTIVES To compare the observational associations of BMI with hepatobiliary diseases and liver biomarkers with the genetic associations between BMI and these factors and to assess whether the genetic associations of BMI with liver diseases differed by hepatitis B virus infection status. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study used data from the prospective China Kadoorie Biobank, including 473 938 adults aged 30 to 79 years without hepatobiliary diseases at baseline from 10 diverse areas in China from June 25, 2004, to July 15, 2008. A random sample of 75 736 participants with genotyping data was included in the Mendelian randomization analysis. Follow-up was completed January 1, 2017 (median [interquartile range] length of follow-up, 10.2 [9.2-11.1] years). Data were analyzed from January to October 2019. EXPOSURES Measured BMI obtained during the baseline survey and genetically instrumented BMI derived using 92 single-nucleotide variations. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Incident cases of hepatobiliary diseases, liver enzymes, fatty liver index, and fibrosis score. RESULTS Among 473 938 individuals (276 041 [58.2%] women), the mean (SD) age was 52 (10.9) years and mean (SD) BMI was 23.8 (3.4). Baseline BMI was associated with higher risks of chronic liver disease (adjusted risk ratio per 1-SD increase, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.17) and gallbladder disease (adjusted risk ratio per 1-SD increase, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.27 to 1.31), with heterogeneity by disease subtype (P < .001). Genetically instrumented BMI was associated with higher risks of chronic liver disease (risk ratio per 1-SD increase, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.08 to 2.24) and gallbladder disease (risk ratio per 1-SD increase, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.76), with no heterogeneity between subtypes. A meta-analysis of the genetic associations in China Kadoorie Biobank and those calculated in UK Biobank gave a risk ratio of 1.55 (95% CI, 1.30 to 1.84) for chronic liver disease and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.22 to 1.64) for gallbladder disease. In the China Kadoorie Biobank study, there were positive genetic associations of BMI with liver enzymes, steatosis, and fibrosis scores, consistent with observational associations. The genetic associations of BMI with liver diseases and biomarkers did not differ by hepatitis B virus infection status. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this cohort study of a relatively lean Chinese population, there were positive genetic associations of BMI with hepatobiliary diseases. These results suggest that maintaining a healthy weight through diet and physical activity may help prevent hepatobiliary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjie Pang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Christiana Kartsonaki
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Iona Y. Millwood
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zheng Bian
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Robert Clarke
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Robin Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shukuan Wu
- Haikou Meilan Disease Prevention and Control Center, Haikou, China
| | - Huimei Li
- Haikou Meilan Disease Prevention and Control Center, Haikou, China
| | - Michael V. Holmes
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, Big Data Institute University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit at the University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Teng KT, McGreevy PD, Toribio JALML, Dhand NK. Positive attitudes towards feline obesity are strongly associated with ownership of obese cats. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234190. [PMID: 32584825 PMCID: PMC7316328 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Overweight and obesity (O&O) is a risk factor for several health conditions and can result in a shorter lifespan for cats. The objectives of this study were to investigate (a) cat owners’ attitudes towards feline O&O and their associations with O&O in their cats; and (b) the risk factors for feline O&O and underweight, particularly those involving owner practice. An online survey comprising questions related to cat owners’ attitudes towards feline O&O, owner-reported body weight and body condition of their cat, and potential risk factors for feline O&O was conducted. Primarily targeting the Australian population, the survey attracted 1,390 valid responses. In response to ten attitude-related questions, more participants (percentage range among the ten questions: 39.1–76.6%) held a disapproving attitude towards feline O&O than a neutral (17.1–31.9%) or approving attitude (3.9–27.7%). A greater proportion of participants had a more disapproving attitude towards obesity than towards overweight. Cats belonging to owners with an approving attitude towards O&O were more likely to be overweight or obese than cats belonging to owners with a disapproving attitude towards O&O. The cats had particularly high odds of overweight or obesity if their owner agreed that ‘being chubby says that the cat has a quality life’ (OR: 3.75, 95% CI: 2.41–5.82) and ‘being fat says that the cat has a quality life’ (OR: 4.98, 95%CI: 2.79–8.91). This study revealed, for the first time, that begging for food was a risk factor for O&O in cats. Other important feline risk factors for O&O identified included being middle-aged, being mixed-breed, dry food as the major diet, the amount of feed not being quantified, and frequently spending time indoors. Being over 11 years, receiving no dry food and receiving measured amounts of feed were associated with an increased odds of underweight in cats. As specific attitudes often lead to certain behaviours, reducing approving attitudes towards feline O&O may potentially reduce the frequency of O&O and the risks of O&O-related disorders in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendy T. Teng
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Paul D. McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann L. M. L. Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - Navneet K. Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
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Oskarsson V, Hosseini S, Discacciati A, Videhult P, Jans A, Ekbom A, Sadr-Azodi O. Rising incidence of acute pancreatitis in Sweden: National estimates and trends between 1990 and 2013. United European Gastroenterol J 2020; 8:472-480. [PMID: 32213040 DOI: 10.1177/2050640620913737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent reports from western countries have indicated an increased incidence and a decreased mortality in acute pancreatitis. However, the incidence assessment has often been hampered by the inclusion of both first-time and recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis. METHODS In this retrospective cohort study, all Swedish residents hospitalized with a first-time episode of acute pancreatitis between 1990 and 2013 were identified using national registers. Sex- and age-standardized incidence rates per 100,000 individuals and year were calculated, as were annual percent changes (APC) from joinpoint regression models. RESULTS Overall, between 1990 and 2013, 66,131 individuals had a first-time episode of acute pancreatitis in Sweden. Comparing the first five years (1990-1994) to the last four years (2010-2013) of the study period, the overall incidence of acute pancreatitis increased from 25.2 (95% confidence interval (CI): 24.1, 26.3) to 38.3 (95% CI: 37.0, 39.5) cases per 100,000 individuals and year. An increase in incidence was observed irrespective of the subtypes of acute pancreatitis as well as the sex and age of the patients. Although the incidence of complicated acute pancreatitis declined in both men and women between 1990 and 2004, it started to increase in both sexes (APC 3.0; 95% CI: 0.5, 5.5 in men; APC 5.4; 95% CI: 2.6, 8.2 in women) from 2005 onwards. CONCLUSION Based on nationwide data, the incidence of first-time acute pancreatitis has increased in Sweden over a period of 24 years. The incidence of disease-related complications has also been on the rise during the past few years, after declining for more than 15 years before that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Oskarsson
- Sunderby Research Unit, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Servah Hosseini
- Department of Surgery, Eskilstuna County Hospital, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Andrea Discacciati
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Per Videhult
- Department of Surgery, Västerås County Hospital, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Anders Jans
- Department of Surgery, Örebro University Hospital, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Anders Ekbom
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Omid Sadr-Azodi
- Clinical Epidemiology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Capio Saint Göran Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Kakati D, Kumar U, Russ K, Shoreibah M, Kuo YF, Jackson B, Singal AK. Cholecystectomy does not worsen progression or outcomes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 5:3. [PMID: 32190771 DOI: 10.21037/tgh.2019.09.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholecystectomy is a frequently performed surgical procedure for symptomatic cholelithiasis, which is reported to be more common in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), given the common risk factors. However, the data remains unclear on the association of cholecystectomy with NASH. We performed a retrospective study to examine the association of cholecystectomy and NASH. Methods Medical charts of patients with steatohepatitis related liver disease at a tertiary care center from 2004 to 2011 were stratified by cholecystectomy and defined by its history and/or absence of gallbladder on ultrasonography. Logistic regression model was built for predictors of cholecystectomy. Patients with NASH were stratified based on timing of cholecystectomy. The diagnosis of NASH and timing of cholecystectomy were compared based on baseline characteristics and outcomes (liver disease complications and survival) on follow up. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated for the two group comparisons. Chi-square and unpaired t-tests were used for comparing outcomes on follow up. P value <0.05 was considered significant. Results Analysis of 584 patients [379 non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)] showed that patients with cholecystectomy (N=191) were more likely to be female (57% vs. 44%), diabetic (53% vs. 37%), have liver biopsy (43% vs. 25%) and diagnosis of NAFLD (80% vs. 58%) P<0.001 for all. NAFLD diagnosis was associated with 2.79 folds odds of cholecystectomy. Among 379 (192 cholecystectomy) NAFLD patients, cirrhosis and female gender were associated with over 2 and 1.5 folds of cholecystectomy. Of 141 patients with data on timing of cholecystectomy, 55 (39%) with cholecystectomy at or after NAFLD diagnosis vs. 86 with cholecystectomy within median of 6 years prior to NAFLD diagnosis were similar on all characteristics except on model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score (9.2±8.4 vs. 6.4±7.1, P=0.045). Of 28 with available histology data, there were no differences on histology based on timing of cholecystectomy. On a median follow up of 5 years, timing of cholecystectomy did not impact on development of cirrhosis (74% vs. 67%, P=0.45), ascites (31% vs. 38%, P=0.76), variceal bleeding (11% vs. 16%, P=0.44), hepatic encephalopathy (22% vs. 29%, P=0.74), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) (15% vs. 9%, P=0.59), and patient survival (95% vs. 98%, P=0.3). Conclusions Cholecystectomy is associated with NAFLD diagnosis. We did not find cause and effect of cholecystectomy in the development of severity of NAFLD. Prospective studies are suggested to examine the role of cholecystectomy and bile acids in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donny Kakati
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Ujjwal Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kirk Russ
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mohamed Shoreibah
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Yong-Fang Kuo
- Center for Outcomes Research, JPS Health Network, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Bradford Jackson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine and Avera McKennan Hospital, Transplant Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Ashwani K Singal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine and Avera McKennan Hospital, Transplant Institute, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.,Transplant Hepatology & Institute of Human Genetics Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
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Ansari S, Haboubi H, Haboubi N. Adult obesity complications: challenges and clinical impact. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab 2020; 11:2042018820934955. [PMID: 32612803 PMCID: PMC7309384 DOI: 10.1177/2042018820934955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The complications associated with adult obesity are overwhelming national healthcare systems. No country has yet implemented a successful population-level strategy to reverse the rising trends of obesity. This article presents epidemiological data on the complications of adult obesity and discusses some of the challenges associated with managing this disease at a population and individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan Haboubi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy’s & St Thomas’ Foundation trust, London, England, UK
| | - Nadim Haboubi
- Consultant Physician, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Rhondda Cynon Taff, UK
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Aune D. Plant Foods, Antioxidant Biomarkers, and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and Mortality: A Review of the Evidence. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:S404-S421. [PMID: 31728499 PMCID: PMC6855972 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although a high intake of plant foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes has been recommended for chronic disease prevention, it has been unclear what is the optimal amount of intake of these foods and whether specific subtypes are particularly beneficial. The evidence from several recently published meta-analyses on plant foods and antioxidants and various health outcomes is reviewed as well as more recently published studies. In meta-analyses of prospective studies, inverse associations were observed between intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and nuts and the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, cardiovascular disease overall, total cancer, and all-cause mortality. The strongest reductions in risk were observed at an intake of 800 g/d for fruits and vegetables, 225 g/d for whole grains, and 15-20 g/d for nuts, respectively. Whole-grain and nut consumption was also inversely associated with mortality from respiratory disease, infections, and diabetes. Stronger and more linear inverse associations were observed between blood concentrations of antioxidants (vitamin C, carotenoids, vitamin E) and cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all-cause mortality than for dietary intake. Most studies that have since been published have been consistent with these results; however, further studies are needed on subtypes of plant foods and less common causes of death. These results strongly support dietary recommendations to increase intake of plant foods, and suggest optimal intakes for chronic disease prevention may be ∼800 g/d for intakes of fruits and vegetables, 225 g/d for whole grains, and 15-20 g/d for nuts. Diets high in plant foods could potentially prevent several million premature deaths each year if adopted globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagfinn Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Nutrition, Bjørknes University College, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Aune D, Mahamat‐Saleh Y, Norat T, Riboli E. Body mass index, abdominal fatness, weight gain and the risk of urinary incontinence: a systematic review and dose–response meta‐analysis of prospective studies. BJOG 2019; 126:1424-1433. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.15897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Aune
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Imperial College London London UK
- Department of Nutrition Bjørknes University College Oslo Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Y Mahamat‐Saleh
- CESP, Fac. de médecine ‐ Univ. Paris‐Sud Fac. demédecine ‐ UVSQ INSERM Université Paris‐Saclay Villejuif France
- Gustave Roussy Villejuif France
| | - T Norat
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Imperial College London London UK
| | - E Riboli
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics School of Public Health Imperial College London London UK
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Su PY, Hsu YC, Cheng YF, Kor CT, Su WW. Strong association between metabolically-abnormal obesity and gallstone disease in adults under 50 years. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:117. [PMID: 31272395 PMCID: PMC6610843 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age, obesity, and metabolic syndrome are known risk factors for gallstones; however, the combined impact of these different risk factors on gallstone formation has not yet been examined. METHODS This retrospective, cross-sectional study involved 3190 participants, including 207 participants (6.5%) with gallstones and 986 (30.9%) with metabolic syndrome. Participants were divided into four phenotypes according to metabolic syndrome and obesity status: 1378 participants were metabolically healthy and non-obese (MHNO); 826 were metabolically healthy but obese (MHO); 185 were metabolically abnormal but not obese (MANO); and 801 participants were metabolically abnormal and obese (MAO). RESULTS The MAO and MANO phenotypes had more gallstones than the MHO and MHNO phenotypes, regardless of age (< 50 or ≥ 50 years old). Multivariate analyses showed that phenotype was an independent risk factor for gallstones in participants < 50 years old (odds ratio (OR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32-2.28). Younger participants also had a higher risk of gallstones in the MAO (OR = 5.41, 95% CI = 2.31-12.66), MANO (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 0.86-11.75), and MHO (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 0.90-5.22) phenotypes than the MHNO phenotype. CONCLUSIONS Our retrospective results demonstrate an increased association of gallstones in younger people (< 50 years old) with metabolic syndrome and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-yuan Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Hsu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yu-fang Cheng
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chew-Teng Kor
- Internal Medicine Research Center, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Wen Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
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46
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Littlefield A, Lenahan C. Cholelithiasis: Presentation and Management. J Midwifery Womens Health 2019; 64:289-297. [PMID: 30908805 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholelithiasis affects approximately 15% of the US population. Rising trends in obesity and metabolic syndrome have contributed to an increase in diagnosis of cholelithiasis. There are several risk factors for cholelithiasis, both modifiable and nonmodifiable. Women are more likely to experience cholelithiasis than are men. Pregnancy, increasing parity, and obesity during pregnancy further increase the risk that a woman will develop cholelithiasis. The classic presentation of persons experiencing cholelithiasis, specifically when gallstones obstruct the common bile duct, is right upper quadrant pain of the abdomen that is often elicited upon palpation during physical examination and documented as a positive Murphy's sign. Referred pain to the right supraclavicular region and/or shoulder, nausea, and vomiting are also frequently reported by persons with cholelithiasis. Cholelithiasis can result in complications, including cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder) and cholangitis (inflammation of the bile duct). Lack of physical examination findings does not rule out a diagnosis of cholelithiasis. Laboratory tests such as white blood cell count, liver enzymes, amylase, and lipase may assist the clinician in diagnosing cholelithiasis; however, ultrasonography is the gold standard for diagnosis. Management is dependent on severity and frequency of symptoms. Lifestyle and dietary modifications combined with medication management, such as use of gallstone dissolution agents, may be recommended for persons who have a single symptomatic episode. If symptoms become severe and/or are recurrent, laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended. It is recommended that individuals with an established diagnosis of cholelithiasis be referred to a surgeon and/or gastroenterologist within 2 weeks of initial presentation regardless of severity or frequency of symptoms.
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Kim HS, Cho SK, Kim CS, Park JS. Big data and analysis of risk factors for gallbladder disease in the young generation of Korea. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211480. [PMID: 30794560 PMCID: PMC6386282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Few studies have examined the risk factors for gallbladder (GB) disease in young adults. This study aimed to evaluate risk factors for GB disease in young adults based on big data in Korea. METHODS All participants underwent routine checkup at the Korea Medical Institute from June 2014 to May 2015. After excluding 677 individuals with missing information in records, 724,114 individuals (435,635 men, 288,479 women) were finally included. The definition of abnormal GB finding included stones, sludge, polyps, and adenomyomatosis detected using ultrasonography. All statistical analyses were performed using SAS software version 9.2. RESULTS Overall, 27,130 (17.5%) individuals were diagnosed as having abnormal GB finding in the young age group (N = 154,463, aged 20-39 years). In men, significant differences in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol levels were observed between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group (p < 0.05). In women, a significant difference in smoking history was noted between the abnormal GB finding group and normal GB group (p < 0.05). The prevalence rate of GB stones was 1.9% (27,979/154,463) in the young age group. High body mass index (BMI), large thigh circumference, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level in women and low HDL level in men were independent risk factors for the presence of GB stones (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION In this study, obesity-related factors (BMI, waist size, thigh circumference, and cholesterol, LDL, and HDL levels) correlated with GB disease in the young generation of Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Sun Kim
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Kyung Cho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang Soo Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Seong Park
- Pancreatobiliary Cancer Clinic, Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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48
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Sex difference of the predictive value of BMI, waist circumference and percentage body fat mass for gallstone disease. Br J Nutr 2019; 121:955-960. [PMID: 30739620 DOI: 10.1017/s000711451900028x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gallstone disease (GSD) represents a significant health burden and is reported to be strongly related to obesity. This study examined the effect of sex on the association of BMI, waist circumference (WC) and percentage body fat mass (%FM) with GSD. We enrolled 15 671 middle-aged Taiwanese adults undergoing a physical check-up at a health examination centre. Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify the association of BMI, WC and %FM with the presence of GSD. AUC of the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for BMI, WC and %FM to compare their respective ability to correctly classify patients with GSD. From our findings, GSD prevalence was 8·1 % in men and 6·3 % in women. The percentage of markedly increased obesity indicators was significantly higher in patients with GSD than in those without GSD. Multivariate analysis showed that all obesity indicators were significant predictors of the presence of GSD in women after adjustment. In men, only BMI and WC were significantly associated with the presence of GSD. In the ROC curve analysis, BMI and WC were the best predictors of GSD risk in women and men, respectively. The obesity indicators better predicted the presence of GSD in women than in men. In conclusion, the best obesity indicator of GSD risk differed by sex. In addition to body weight, fat mass and central obesity were associated with GSD risk in women. In men, central obesity may play a more important role in predicting GSD risk.
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Kim M, Basharat A, Santosh R, Mehdi SF, Razvi Z, Yoo SK, Lowell B, Kumar A, Brima W, Danoff A, Dankner R, Bergman M, Pavlov VA, Yang H, Roth J. Reuniting overnutrition and undernutrition, macronutrients, and micronutrients. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2019; 35:e3072. [PMID: 30171821 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Over-nutrition and its late consequences are a dominant theme in medicine today. In addition to the health hazards brought on by over-nutrition, the medical community has recently accumulated a roster of health benefits with obesity, grouped under "obesity paradox." Throughout the world and throughout history until the 20th century, under-nutrition was a dominant evolutionary force. Under-nutrition brings with it a mix of benefits and detriments that are opposite to and continuous with those of over-nutrition. This continuum yields J-shaped or U-shaped curves relating body mass index to mortality. The overweight have an elevated risk of dying in middle age of degenerative diseases while the underweight are at increased risk of premature death from infectious conditions. Micronutrient deficiencies, major concerns of nutritional science in the 20th century, are being neglected. This "hidden hunger" is now surprisingly prevalent in all weight groups, even among the overweight. Because micronutrient replacement is safe, inexpensive, and predictably effective, it is now an exceptionally attractive target for therapy across the spectrum of weight and age. Nutrition-related conditions worthy of special attention from caregivers include excess vitamin A, excess vitamin D, and deficiency of magnesium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miji Kim
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Anam Basharat
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Ramchandani Santosh
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Syed F Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Zanali Razvi
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Sun K Yoo
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Barbara Lowell
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Amrat Kumar
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Wunnie Brima
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Ann Danoff
- Department of Medicine, Cpl. Michael J Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rachel Dankner
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michael Bergman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Valentin A Pavlov
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Huan Yang
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes and Diabetes-Related Disorders, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, USA
- Center for Biomedical Science and Center for Bioelectric Medicine, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health, New York, USA
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50
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Teng KT, McGreevy PD, Toribio JALML, Raubenheimer D, Kendall K, Dhand NK. Strong associations of nine-point body condition scoring with survival and lifespan in cats. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:1110-1118. [PMID: 29393723 PMCID: PMC11104206 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x17752198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to investigate the associations of a nine-point body condition score (BCS) with survival time and lifespan in cats. METHODS Electronic patient records from a cat-dominant primary practice in metropolitan Sydney, Australia, where the body condition of cats was regularly recorded using a nine-point BCS scale were obtained. The maximum BCS of each cat during the visits was used as the primary exposure variable. Two survival analyses were conducted to evaluate the associations of BCS with cats' survival and lifespan. RESULTS In total, 2609 cats met the selection criteria from 4020 cats screened. The median of the maximum BCS was 6 (interquartile range [IQR] 5-7). Compared with cats with a maximum BCS of 6, increased hazards of death were observed in cats with a maximum BCS of 3 (hazard ratio [HR] 4.67, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.00-7.27), 4 (HR 2.61, 95% CI 1.95-3.49), 5 (HR 1.43, 95% CI 11.5-1.76) and 9 (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.11-2.93). Median lifespan was 15.8 (IQR 13.5-17.6) years. Compared with cats reaching a maximum BCS of 6 in the same age group, cats reaching a maximum BCS of 4 (HR 4.15, 95% CI 1.26-13.67) or 5 (HR 1.75, 95% CI 1.07-2.85) between age 1 and 3 years, and a maximum BCS of 3 (HR 6.09, 95% CI 1.47-25.25) and 9 (HR 2.27, 95% CI 1.27-4.04) between the age of 3 and 11 years had shorter lifespans. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There are significant associations of nine-point body condition scoring with survival and lifespan, and BCSs <5 and of 9 were found to be negatively associated with both. The study yielded information regarding a desirable BCS for cat longevity that veterinarians could consult with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendy T Teng
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul D McGreevy
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jenny-Ann LML Toribio
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Kim Kendall
- The Chatswood Cat Palace and Clinic, Roseville, Australia
| | - Navneet K Dhand
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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