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Iliev A, Gaydarski L, Kotov G, Landzhov B, Kirkov V, Stanchev S. The vascular footprint in cardiac homeostasis and hypertensive heart disease-A link between apelin receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38618880 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested a connection between disturbances of the apelin system and various cardiac pathologies, including hypertension, heart failure, and atherosclerosis. Vascular endothelial growth factor is crucial for cardiac homeostasis as a critical molecule in cardiac angiogenesis. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is an essential enzyme producing nitric oxide, a key regulator of vascular tone. The present study aims to shed light upon the complex interactions between these three vital signaling molecules and examine their changes with the progression of hypertensive heart disease. We used two groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats and age-matched Wistar rats as controls. The expression of the apelin receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase were assessed immunohistochemically. We used capillary density and cross-sectional area of the cardiomyocytes as quantitative parameters of cardiac hypertrophy. Immunoreactivity of the molecules was more potent in both ventricles of spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with age-matched controls. However, capillary density was lower in both ventricles of the two age groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with controls, and the difference was statistically significant. In addition, the cross-sectional area of the cardiomyocytes was higher in both ventricles of the two age groups of spontaneously hypertensive rats compared with controls, and the difference was statistically significant. Our study suggests a potential link between the apelin receptor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase in cardiac homeostasis and the hypertensive myocardium. Nevertheless, further research is required to better comprehend these interactions and their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandar Iliev
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir Gaydarski
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georgi Kotov
- Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital "St. Ivan Rilski", Department of Rheumatology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Boycho Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Vidin Kirkov
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health "Prof. Dr. Tzekomir Vodenicharov", Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Stancho Stanchev
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
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2
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Cao Z, Li W, Shao Z, Liu X, Zeng Y, Lin P, Lin C, Zhao Y, Li T, Zhao Z, Li X, Zhang Y, Hu B. Apelin ameliorates sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction via inhibition of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24568. [PMID: 38356599 PMCID: PMC10864914 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SMD) is the major cause of death in sepsis. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3)-mediated pyroptosis contributes to the occurrence and development of SMD. Although Apelin confers direct protection against SMD, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to determine whether Apelin protects against SMD via regulation of NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis of cardiomyocytes. Experimental SMD was induced in wild-type (WT) control mice and Apelin knockout (Apelin-/-) mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (NMCs) were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to simulate the physiological environment of SMD in vitro. The expression of Apelin was greatly decreased in the plasma from septic patients and septic mouse heart. Knockout of Apelin aggravated SMD, evidenced by decreased cardiac function, and increased cardiac fibrosis and NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis levels in CLP-treated Apelin-/- mice compared with WT mice. Overexpression of Apelin activated the AMPK pathway and thereby inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis of NMCs induced by LPS in vitro These protective effects were partially abrogated by AMPK inhibitor. In conclusion, Apelin attenuated SMD by inhibiting NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis via activation of the AMPK pathway. Apelin may serve as a promising therapeutic target for SMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Cao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weifeng Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhuang Shao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinqiang Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peijun Lin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuangqiang Lin
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuechu Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zichao Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuelin Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bei Hu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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Zeng GG, Tang SS, Jiang WL, Yu J, Nie GY, Tang CK. Apelin-13: A Protective Role in Vascular Diseases. Curr Probl Cardiol 2024; 49:102088. [PMID: 37716542 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2023.102088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Vascular disease is a common problem with high mortality all over the world. Apelin-13, a key subtype of apelin, takes part in many physiological and pathological responses via regulating many target genes and target molecules or participating in many signaling pathways. More and more studies have demonstrated that apelin-13 is implicated in the onset and progression of vascular disease in recent years. It has been shown that apelin-13 could ameliorate vascular disease by inhibiting inflammation, restraining apoptosis, suppressing oxidative stress, and facilitating autophagy. In this article, we sum up the progress of apelin-13 in the occurrence and development of vascular disease and offer some insightful views about the treatment and prevention strategies of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Gui Zeng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; The Seventh Affiliated Hospital University of South China/ Hunan Veterans Administration Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shang-Shu Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; The Seventh Affiliated Hospital University of South China/ Hunan Veterans Administration Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Li Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; The Seventh Affiliated Hospital University of South China/ Hunan Veterans Administration Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; The Seventh Affiliated Hospital University of South China/ Hunan Veterans Administration Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui-Ying Nie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; The Seventh Affiliated Hospital University of South China/ Hunan Veterans Administration Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; 2020 Grade Excellent Doctor Class of Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; The Seventh Affiliated Hospital University of South China/ Hunan Veterans Administration Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China; Departments of Clinical Medicine, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Al Zein M, Zein O, Diab R, Dimachkie L, Sahebkar A, Al-Asmakh M, Kobeissy F, Eid AH. Intermittent fasting favorably modulates adipokines and potentially attenuates atherosclerosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115876. [PMID: 37871879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is now recognized as an endocrine organ that secretes bioactive molecules called adipokines. These biomolecules regulate key physiological functions, including insulin sensitivity, energy metabolism, appetite regulation, endothelial function and immunity. Dysregulated secretion of adipokines is intimately associated with obesity, and translates into increased risk of obesity-related cardiovasculo-metabolic diseases. In particular, emerging evidence suggests that adipokine imbalance contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. One of the promising diet regimens that is beneficial in the fight against obesity and cardiometabolic disorders is intermittent fasting (IF). Indeed, IF robustly suppresses inflammation, meditates weight loss and mitigates many aspects of the cardiometabolic syndrome. In this paper, we review the main adipokines and their role in atherosclerosis, which remains a major contributor to cardiovascular-associated morbidity and mortality. We further discuss how IF can be employed as an effective management modality for obesity-associated atherosclerosis. By exploring a plethora of the beneficial effects of IF, particularly on inflammatory markers, we present IF as a possible intervention to help prevent atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Al Zein
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Omar Zein
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rawan Diab
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Lina Dimachkie
- Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Neurobiology and Neuroscience, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
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Zhang T, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhai J, He L, Wang Y, Zuo Q, Ma S, Zhang G, Guo Y. Canagliflozin Ameliorates Ventricular Remodeling through Apelin/Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Signaling in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction Rats. Pharmacology 2023; 108:478-491. [PMID: 37611563 DOI: 10.1159/000533277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of canagliflozin (CANA) on ventricular remodeling in patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) heart failure and to further investigate its possible molecular mechanisms. METHODS A high-salt diet was used to induce the formation of HFpEF model in salt-sensitive rats. The rats were fed with CANA and irbesartan, respectively. The mice were divided into control group, model group, CANA group, irbesartan group, and combined drug group. After 12 weeks of feeding, the rats were evaluated by measuring the relevant indexes and echocardiography for cardiac function. Histological analysis was performed using Masson trichrome staining and immunohistochemical staining. RT-qPCR and Western blot were used to quantify the relevant genes and proteins. RESULTS In this study, CANA exhibited diuresis, decreased blood pressure, weight loss, and increased food and water intake. Following a high-salt diet, Dahl salt-sensitive rats developed hypertension followed by left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, myocardial fibrosis, and left ventricular remodeling. Myocardial hypertrophy and fibrosis were reduced, and left ventricular diastolic function and ventricular remodeling improved after CANA treatment. The combination of CANA and irbesartan was superior to monotherapy in reducing blood pressure and improving cardiac insufficiency and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in rats. CANA improves myocardial fibrosis, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and ventricular remodeling by upregulating apelin, activating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), and increasing ACE2/Ang (1-7)/MASR axis levels. CONCLUSION CANA improves myocardial fibrosis, left ventricular diastolic dysfunction, and ventricular remodeling in HFpEF rats through upregulation of apelin/ACE2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China,
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China,
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Postgraduate, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Zhongli Wang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jianlong Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingjuan Zuo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sai Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guorui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yifang Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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Rossin D, Vanni R, Lo Iacono M, Cristallini C, Giachino C, Rastaldo R. APJ as Promising Therapeutic Target of Peptide Analogues in Myocardial Infarction- and Hypertension-Induced Heart Failure. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051408. [PMID: 37242650 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The widely expressed G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ) is activated by two bioactive endogenous peptides, apelin and ELABELA (ELA). The apelin/ELA-APJ-related pathway has been found involved in the regulation of many physiological and pathological cardiovascular processes. Increasing studies are deepening the role of the APJ pathway in limiting hypertension and myocardial ischaemia, thus reducing cardiac fibrosis and adverse tissue remodelling, outlining APJ regulation as a potential therapeutic target for heart failure prevention. However, the low plasma half-life of native apelin and ELABELA isoforms lowered their potential for pharmacological applications. In recent years, many research groups focused their attention on studying how APJ ligand modifications could affect receptor structure and dynamics as well as its downstream signalling. This review summarises the novel insights regarding the role of APJ-related pathways in myocardial infarction and hypertension. Furthermore, recent progress in designing synthetic compounds or analogues of APJ ligands able to fully activate the apelinergic pathway is reported. Determining how to exogenously regulate the APJ activation could help to outline a promising therapy for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rossin
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Roberto Vanni
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Iacono
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Caterina Cristallini
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, IPCF ss Pisa, CNR, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rastaldo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
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Xu R, Liu Y, Hao M, Cao G. Apelin-36 alleviates LPS-induced trophoblast cell injury by inhibiting GRP78/ASK1/JNK signaling. Tissue Cell 2023; 82:102057. [PMID: 37011515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2023.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a type of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that poses a serious threat to the health of both mother and fetus. Inhibition of the inflammatory environment on trophoblast cells is of great significance to improve PE. Apelin-36 is an endogenous active peptide with strong anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of Apelin-36 on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced trophoblast cells and its potential mechanism. The levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-8, IL-6 and MCP-1) were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). The proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion capacities in trophoblast cells were detected by CCK-8, TUNEL staining, wound healing and Transwell assays, respectively. GRP78 was overexpressed by cell transfection. Western blot was applied for the identification of protein levels. Apelin concentration-dependently decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines and p-p65 protein level in trophoblast cells induced by LPS. Apelin treatment reduced LPS-induced apoptosis and improved the proliferation, invasion and migration capacities of LPS-mediated trophoblast cells. Additionally, Apelin down-regulated GRP78, p-ASK1 and p-JNK protein levels. The inhibition on LPS-induced trophoblast cell apoptosis and the promotion on invasion and migration by Apelin-36 was counteracted by GRP78 overexpression. To sum up, Apelin-36 could alleviate LPS-induced cell inflammation and apoptosis and improve the invasion and migration of trophoblasts by inhibiting the GRP78/ASK1/JNK signaling.
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Zhang Y, Jiang W, Sun W, Guo W, Xia B, Shen X, Fu M, Wan T, Yuan M. Neuroprotective Roles of Apelin-13 in Neurological Diseases. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1648-1662. [PMID: 36745269 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-03869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is a natural ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ, and the apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in vivo. Among the apelin family, apelin-13 is the major apelin isoform in the central nervous system and cardiovascular system, and is involved in the regulation of various physiopathological mechanisms such as apoptosis, neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress. Apelin is currently being extensively studied in the nervous system, and apelin-13 has been shown to be associated with the onset and progression of a variety of neurological disorders, including stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, spinal cord injury (SCI), and psychiatric diseases. This study summarizes the pathophysiological roles of apelin-13 in the development and progression of neurological related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weiming Guo
- Department of Sports Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Beibei Xia
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xiangru Shen
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Mingyuan Fu
- Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Teng Wan
- Department of Neurology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, 518060, China. .,Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Mei Yuan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China.
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Liu H, Shi Q, Tang L, Wang H, Wang D. APELIN-13 AMELIORATES LPS-INDUCED ENDOTHELIAL-TO-MESENCHYMAL TRANSITION AND POST-ACUTE LUNG INJURY PULMONARY FIBROSIS BY SUPPRESSING TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR-Β1 SIGNALING. Shock 2023; 59:108-117. [PMID: 36377383 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000002046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The pathophysiology of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) involves cytokine storms, alveolar-capillary barrier destruction, and fibrotic progression. Pulmonary interstitial fibrosis is an important factor affecting the prognosis of ARDS patients. Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) plays an important role in the development of fibrotic diseases, and the occurrence of EndMT has been observed in experimental models of LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI). Apelin is an endogenous active polypeptide that plays an important role in maintaining endothelial cell homeostasis and inhibiting fibrotic progression in various diseases. However, whether apelin attenuates EndMT in ALI and post-ALI pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. We analyzed the serum levels of apelin-13 in patients with sepsis-associated ARDS to examine its possible clinical value. A murine model of LPS-induced pulmonary fibrosis and an LPS-challenged endothelial cell injury model were used to analyze the protective effect and underlying mechanism of apelin-13. Mice were treated with apelin-13 by i.p. injection, and human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells were incubated with apelin-13 in vitro . We found that the circulating apelin-13 levels were significantly elevated in sepsis-associated ARDS patients compared with healthy controls. Our study also confirmed that LPS induced EndMT progression and pulmonary fibrosis, which were characterized by decreased CD31 expression and increased α-smooth muscle actin expression and collagen deposition. LPS also stimulated the production of transforming growth factor β1 and activated the Smad signaling pathway. However, apelin-13 treatment significantly attenuated these changes. Our findings suggest that apelin-13 may be a novel biomarker in patients with sepsis-associated ARDS. These results demonstrate that apelin-13 ameliorates LPS-induced EndMT and post-ALI pulmonary fibrosis by suppressing transforming growth factor β1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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10
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Vitale E, Rosso R, Lo Iacono M, Cristallini C, Giachino C, Rastaldo R. Apelin-13 Increases Functional Connexin-43 through Autophagy Inhibition via AKT/mTOR Pathway in the Non-Myocytic Cell Population of the Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13073. [PMID: 36361860 PMCID: PMC9655608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown a link between the downregulation of connexin 43 (Cx43), the predominant isoform in cardiac gap junctions, and high susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmias and cardiomyocyte death. Non-myocytic cells (NMCs), the most abundant component of the heart, exert multiple cardiac functions and represent an important therapeutic target for diseased cardiac tissue. A few studies have investigated the effect of Apelin-13, an endogenous peptide with a key role in various cardiovascular functions, on Cx43 expression in cardiomyocytes. However, it remained unknown whether Apelin-13 influences Cx43 expression in NMCs. Here, we found that in NMCs, Cx43 protein expression increased after Apelin-13 treatment (100 nM for 48 h). Furthermore, dye transfer assays proved that Apelin-13-treated NMCs had a greater ability to communicate with surrounding cardiomyocytes, and this effect was abrogated by carbenoxolone, a gap junction inhibitor. Interestingly, we showed that Apelin-13 increased Cx43 through autophagy inhibition, as proved by the upregulation of p62 and LC3I, acting as 3-MA, a well-known autophagy inhibitor. In addition, Apelin-13-induced AKT and mTOR phosphorylation was abolished by LY294002 and rapamycin inhibitors resulting in Cx43 increased suppression. These results open the possibility of targeting gap junctions in NMCs with Apelin-13 as an exciting therapeutic approach with great potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Vitale
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Rachele Rosso
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marco Lo Iacono
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Caterina Cristallini
- Institute for Chemical and Physical Processes, IPCF ss Pisa, CNR, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Giachino
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Raffaella Rastaldo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
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11
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Comparative analysis of microsatellites in coding regions provides insights into the adaptability of the giant panda, polar bear and brown bear. Genetica 2022; 150:355-366. [DOI: 10.1007/s10709-022-00173-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Ye C, Geng Z, Zhang LL, Zheng F, Zhou YB, Zhu GQ, Xiong XQ. Chronic infusion of ELABELA alleviates vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative effects. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2573-2584. [PMID: 35260820 PMCID: PMC9525578 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and oxidative stress promote the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which accounts for pathological vascular remodeling in hypertension. ELABELA (ELA) is the second endogenous ligand for angiotensin receptor-like 1 (APJ) receptor that has been discovered thus far. In this study, we investigated whether ELA regulated VSMC proliferation and vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We showed that compared to that in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs), ELA expression was markedly decreased in the VSMCs of SHRs. Exogenous ELA-21 significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokines and NADPH oxidase 1 expression, reactive oxygen species production and VSMC proliferation and increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in VSMCs. Osmotic minipump infusion of exogenous ELA-21 in SHRs for 4 weeks significantly decreased diastolic blood pressure, alleviated vascular remodeling and ameliorated vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in SHRs. In VSMCs of WKY, angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced inflammatory activation, oxidative stress and VSMC proliferation were attenuated by pretreatment with exogenous ELA-21 but were exacerbated by ELA knockdown. Moreover, ELA-21 inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in both SHR-VSMCs and Ang II-treated WKY-VSMCs. We further revealed that exogenous ELA-21-induced inhibition of proliferation and PI3K/Akt signaling were amplified by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, while the APJ receptor antagonist F13A abolished ELA-21-induced PI3K/Akt inhibition and Nrf2 activation in VSMCs. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ELA-21 alleviates vascular remodeling through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative effects in SHRs, indicating that ELA-21 may be a therapeutic agent for treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Fen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ye-Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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13
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High APLN Expression Predicts Poor Prognosis for Glioma Patients. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8393336. [PMID: 36193059 PMCID: PMC9526648 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8393336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Apelin (APLN) is an endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ (APLNR). APLN/APLNR system was involved in a variety of pathological and physiological functions, such as tumorigenesis and development. However, its prognostic roles in patients with central nervous system (CNS) cancers remain unknown. The present study was designed to explore the expression profile, prognostic significance, and interaction network of APLN/APLNR by integrating data from Oncomine, GEPIA, LOGpc, STRING, GeneMANIA, and immunohistochemical staining. The results demonstrated that APLN and APLNR mRNA expression were significantly increased in CNS cancers, including both low-grade glioma (LGG) and glioblastoma (GBM), when compared with normal CNS tissues. The high APLN, but not APLNR, expression was significantly correlated with overall survival (OS), recurrence free survival (RFS), and progression free survival (PFS) of LGG patients. However, neither APLN nor APLNR expression was significantly related to prognostic value in terms of OS, disease free interval (DFI), disease specific survival (DSS), or progression free interval (PFI) for GBM patients. Additionally, immunohistochemistry staining confirmed the increased APLN expression in tissues of LGG patients with grade II than grade I. These results showed that an elevated APLN level could predict poor OS, RFS, and PFS for LGG patients, and it could be a promising prognostic biomarker for LGG.
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14
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Design and preparation of N-linked hydroxypyridine-based APJ agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 73:128882. [PMID: 35817293 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Agonism of the apelin receptor (APJ) has demonstrated beneficial effects in models of heart failure. We have previously disclosed compounds such as 4, which showed good APJ agonist activity but were metabolized to the mono-demethylated, non-interconverting atropisomer metabolites. Herein, we detail the design and optimization of a novel series of N-linked APJ agonists with good potency, metabolic stability, and rat pharmacokinetic profile, which are unable to undergo the same metabolic mono-demethylation cleavage.
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15
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Yang C, Zhang C, Jia R, Qiao S, Yuan J, Jin Z. Significance and Determinants of Plasma Apelin in Patients With Obstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:904892. [PMID: 35783816 PMCID: PMC9247182 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.904892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies suggest apelin has multiple protective effects in some cardiovascular diseases. However, there are few data concerning apelin levels in patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (OHCM) or the relationship between apelin levels and severity of OHCM. Methods We studied 88 patients with OHCM and 32 control subjects with matched age and sex distribution. Complete medical history was collected and related examinations were performed. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and echocardiography were employed to characterize cardiac morphology and function. Plasma apelin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Plasma apelin levels were significantly lower in patients with OHCM than those in control subjects (96.6 ± 34.3 vs. 169.4 ± 62.5 μg/L, p < 0.001). When patients with OHCM were divided into two groups according to the mean value of plasma apelin, patients with lower apelin levels (plasma apelin ≤ 96.6 μg/L) had greater septal wall thickness (SWT; 25.6 ± 5.5 vs. 23.2 ± 4.3 mm, p = 0.035) and less right ventricular end-diastolic diameter (RVEDD; 20.4 ± 3.3 vs. 23.0 ± 3.6 mm, p = 0.001). Consistently, plasma apelin levels were inversely correlated with SWT (r = −0.334, p = 0.002) and positively correlated with RVEDD (r = 0.368, p < 0.001). Besides, plasma apelin levels were inversely correlated with Ln (NT-proBNP) (r = −0.307, p = 0.008) and positively correlated with body mass index (BMI; r = 0.287, p = 0.008). On multivariate analysis, the SWT was independently associated with decreasing plasma apelin, while the RVEDD was independently associated with increasing plasma apelin. Conclusion Plasma apelin levels are reduced in patients with OHCM. The apelin levels are inversely related to SWT and positively related to RVEDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhi Yang
- Department of Cardiology and Macrovascular Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Ruofei Jia
- Department of Cardiology and Macrovascular Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shubin Qiao
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiansong Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiansong Yuan,
| | - Zening Jin
- Department of Cardiology and Macrovascular Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Zening Jin,
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16
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Goldfogel MJ, Jamison CR, Savage SA, Haley MW, Mukherjee S, Sfouggatakis C, Gujjar M, Mohan J, Rakshit S, Vaidyanathan R. Development of Two Synthetic Approaches to an APJ Receptor Agonist Containing a Tetra- ortho-Substituted Biaryl Pyridone. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Goldfogel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Christopher R. Jamison
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Scott A. Savage
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Matthew W. Haley
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Subha Mukherjee
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Chris Sfouggatakis
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Manjunath Gujjar
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Jayaraj Mohan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Souvik Rakshit
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560 099, India
| | - Rajappa Vaidyanathan
- Chemical Development and API Supply, Biocon Bristol Myers Squibb Research and Development Center, Bangalore 560 099, India
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17
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Sinitsky MY, Dyleva YA, Uchasova EG, Belik EV, Yuzhalin AE, Gruzdeva OV, Matveeva VG, Ponasenko AV. Adipokine gene expression in adipocytes isolated from different fat depots of coronary artery disease patients. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:261-269. [PMID: 31595792 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2019.1674338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To compare DPP4, LCN2, NAMPT, ITLN1, APLN mRNA levels in adipocytes isolated from the biopsies of subcutaneous, epicardial and perivascular fat obtained from 25 patients with coronary artery disease. Gene expression signature was determined by RT-qPCR with hydrolysis probes. We found DPP4 and APLN mRNA was higher expressed only in adipocytes isolated from epicardial adipose tissue compared to the subcutaneous fat. The ITLN1 gene was overexpressed in epicardial adipose tissue compared to both subcutaneous and perivascular tissues. APLN mRNA expression was positively correlated with total and LDL cholesterol plasma level, and DPP4 mRNA expression - with VLDL cholesterol concentration. Thus, adipocytes isolated from different adipose depots are characterised by differential gene expression of adipokines. Epicardial adipose tissue is of particular interest in the context of its function, molecular and genetic mechanisms of regulation of the cardiovascular system and as a therapeutic target for correction of adipose tissue-induced effects on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Yu Sinitsky
- Laboratory of Genome Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Yulia A Dyleva
- Laboratory of Homeostasis, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Evgenya G Uchasova
- Laboratory of Homeostasis, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina V Belik
- Laboratory of Homeostasis, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Arseniy E Yuzhalin
- Laboratory of Fundamental Aspects of Atherosclerosis, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Olga V Gruzdeva
- Laboratory of Homeostasis, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Vera G Matveeva
- Laboratory of Cell Technologies, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
| | - Anastasia V Ponasenko
- Laboratory of Genome Medicine, Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation
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18
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Tran K, Sainsily X, Côté J, Coquerel D, Couvineau P, Saibi S, Haroune L, Besserer-Offroy É, Flynn-Robitaille J, Resua Rojas M, Murza A, Longpré JM, Auger-Messier M, Lesur O, Bouvier M, Marsault É, Boudreault PL, Sarret P. Size-Reduced Macrocyclic Analogues of [Pyr 1]-apelin-13 Showing Negative Gα 12 Bias Still Produce Prolonged Cardiac Effects. J Med Chem 2022; 65:531-551. [PMID: 34982553 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported a series of macrocyclic analogues of [Pyr1]-apelin-13 (Ape13) with increased plasma stability and potent APJ agonist properties. Based on the most promising compound in this series, we synthesized and then evaluated novel macrocyclic compounds of Ape13 to identify agonists with specific pharmacological profiles. These efforts led to the development of analogues 39 and 40, which possess reduced molecular weight (MW 1020 Da vs Ape13, 1534 Da). Interestingly, compound 39 (Ki 0.6 nM), which does not activate the Gα12 signaling pathway while maintaining potency and efficacy similar to Ape13 to activate Gαi1 (EC50 0.8 nM) and β-arrestin2 recruitment (EC50 31 nM), still exerts cardiac actions. In addition, analogue 40 (Ki 5.6 nM), exhibiting a favorable Gα12-biased signaling and an increased in vivo half-life (t1/2 3.7 h vs <1 min of Ape13), produces a sustained cardiac response up to 6 h after a single subcutaneous bolus injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Tran
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - David Coquerel
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Couvineau
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Saibi
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Lounès Haroune
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Élie Besserer-Offroy
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | - Martin Resua Rojas
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montreal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Luc Boudreault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
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19
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Li C, Cheng H, Adhikari BK, Wang S, Yang N, Liu W, Sun J, Wang Y. The Role of Apelin-APJ System in Diabetes and Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:820002. [PMID: 35355561 PMCID: PMC8959308 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.820002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, diabetes and obesity are two main health-threatening metabolic disorders in the world, which increase the risk for many chronic diseases. Apelin, a peptide hormone, exerts its effect by binding with angiotensin II protein J receptor (APJ) and is considered to be linked with diabetes and obesity. Apelin and its receptor are widely present in the body and are involved in many physiological processes, such as glucose and lipid metabolism, homeostasis, endocrine response to stress, and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the literatures on the role of the Apelin-APJ system in diabetes and obesity for a better understanding of the mechanism and function of apelin and its receptor in the pathophysiology of diseases that may contribute to the development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Binay Kumar Adhikari
- Department of Cardiology, Nepal Armed Police Force (APF) Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Shudong Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Na Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenyun Liu
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yonggang Wang,
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20
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Marczewski K, Gospodarczyk N, Gospodarczyk A, Widuch M, Tkocz M. APELIN IN HEART FAILURE. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2022; 75:2501-2506. [PMID: 36472288 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202210130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is a biologically active protein encoded by the APLN gene. It was first isolated in 1998 as a ligand for the APJ receptor. It exists in several isoforms differing in polypeptide chain length and biological activity. It is secreted by white adipose tissue, and its expression has been identified in many body tissues, including the cardiovascular system, kidneys, lungs, CNS (especially the hypothalamus, suprachiasmatic and ventricular nuclei), skeletal muscle, mammary glands, adrenal glands, ovaries, stomach, liver cells, placenta, and breast milk. However, the highest concentrations were observed in the endocardium and endothelium of vascular smooth muscle cells. In myocardial tissue, apelin has a positive inotropic effect and exerts an opposing effect to the RAA (renin-angiotensin-aldosterone) system, lowering blood pressure. Therefore, its positive role in early stages of heart failure, in patients with hypertension and ischemic heart disease is emphasized. The synthesis and secretion of apelin by adipocytes makes it possible to classify this peptide as an adipokine. Therefore, its production in adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity. Furthermore, apelin has been shown to increase cellular sensitivity to insulin and improve glucose tolerance in the onset of type 2 diabetes, and therefore appears to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of metabolic disease. An accurate assessment of the importance of apelin in cardiovascular disease requires further studies, which may contribute to the use of apelin in the treatment of heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Marczewski
- DEPARTMENT OF EMERGENCY MEDICINE, MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA, POLAND
| | | | | | - Michał Widuch
- DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY, MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA, POLAND
| | - Michał Tkocz
- UROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF MUNICIPAL HOSPITAL, MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SILESIA, POLAND
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21
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Zhou M, Wu Y. Effects and signaling pathways of Elabela in the cardiovascular system. Peptides 2022; 147:170674. [PMID: 34718064 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For a long time, Apelin has been considered as the only endogenous ligand of G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Until recently, the discovery of Elabela (Apela/Toddler) as a new polypeptide that can act through APJ and has a similar function to Apelin broke this situation. Elabela promotes a variety of cell proliferation processes, including embryonic development, and has especially beneficial effects in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we summarize the biological functions of Elabela and review its specific roles in cardiovascular diseases and the signaling pathways mediated by it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Zhou
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250014, China
| | - Yinan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong Province, 250001, China.
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22
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Pi Z, Johnson JA, Meng W, Phillips M, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Gargalovic PS, Onorato JM, Generaux CN, Wang T, He Y, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Identification of 6-Hydroxypyrimidin-4(1 H)-one-3-carboxamides as Potent and Orally Active APJ Receptor Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1766-1772. [PMID: 34795866 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The apelin receptor (APJ) is a significant regulator of cardiovascular function and is involved in heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases. (Pyr1)apelin-13 is one of the endogenous agonists of the APJ receptor. Administration of (Pyr1)apelin-13 increases cardiac output in preclinical models and humans. Recently we disclosed clinical lead BMS-986224 (1), a C3 oxadiazole pyridinone APJ receptor agonist with robust pharmacodynamic effects similar to (Pyr1)apelin-13 in an acute rat pressure-volume loop model. Herein we describe the structure-activity relationship of the carboxamides as oxadiazole bioisosteres at C3 of the pyridinone core and C5 of the respective pyrimidinone core. This study led to the identification of structurally differentiated 6-hydroxypyrimidin-4(1H)-one-3-carboxamide 14a with pharmacodynamic effects comparable to those of compound 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulan Pi
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - James A. Johnson
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Wei Meng
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Monique Phillips
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - William A. Schumacher
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Bostwick
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Peter S. Gargalovic
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Joelle M. Onorato
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Claudia N. Generaux
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Yan He
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - David A. Gordon
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ruth R. Wexler
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Heather J. Finlay
- Research and Development, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
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23
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Bohm A, Snopek P, Tothova L, Bezak B, Jajcay N, Vachalcova M, Uher T, Kurecko M, Kissova V, Danova K, Olejnik P, Michalek P, Hlavata T, Petrikova K, Mojto V, Kyselovic J, Farsky S. Association Between Apelin and Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With High Risk of Ischemic Stroke. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:742601. [PMID: 34712712 PMCID: PMC8545982 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.742601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with high risk of stroke preventable by timely initiation of anticoagulation. Currently available screening tools based on ECG are not optimal due to inconvenience and high costs. Aim of this study was to study the diagnostic value of apelin for AF in patients with high risk of stroke. Methods: We designed a multicenter, matched-cohort study. The population consisted of three study groups: a healthy control group (34 patients) and two matched groups of 60 patients with high risk of stroke (AF and non-AF group). Apelin levels were examined from peripheral blood. Results: Apelin was significantly lower in AF group compared to non-AF group (0.694 ± 0.148 vs. 0.975 ± 0.458 ng/ml, p = 0.001) and control group (0.982 ± 0.060 ng/ml, p < 0.001), respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of apelin as a predictor of AF scored area under the curve (AUC) of 0.658. Apelin's concentration of 0.969 [ng/ml] had sensitivity = 0.966 and specificity = 0.467. Logistic regression based on manual feature selection showed that only apelin and NT-proBNP were independent predictors of AF. Logistic regression based on selection from bivariate analysis showed that only apelin was an independent predictor of AF. A logistic regression model using repeated stratified K-Fold cross-validation strategy scored an AUC of 0.725 ± 0.131. Conclusions: Our results suggest that apelin might be used to rule out AF in patients with high risk of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Bohm
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia.,3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Premedix Academy, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Snopek
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty Hospital Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia.,St. Elizabeth University of Health and Social Work in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lubomira Tothova
- Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Bezak
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Nikola Jajcay
- Premedix Academy, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Marianna Vachalcova
- 1st Department of Cardiology, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | | | - Marian Kurecko
- 1st Department of Cardiology, East Slovak Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Viera Kissova
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarina Danova
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Olejnik
- National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Tereza Hlavata
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Viliam Mojto
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Hospital Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Kyselovic
- Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stefan Farsky
- House of the Heart (Dom Srdca), Slovak League Against Hypertension, Martin, Slovakia
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24
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Hartog MA, Lewandowski RJ, Hofmann CS, Melber AA, Rothwell CC, Sherman K, Andres J, Tressler JA, Sciuto AM, Wong B, Hoard-Fruchey HM. Transcriptomic Characterization of Inhalation Phosphine Toxicity in Adult Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2032-2044. [PMID: 34427094 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phosphine (PH3) is a highly toxic, corrosive, flammable, heavier-than-air gas that is a commonly used fumigant. When used as a fumigant, PH3 can be released from compressed gas tanks or produced from commercially available metal phosphide tablets. Although the mechanism of toxicity is unclear, PH3 is thought to be a metabolic poison. PH3 exposure induces multiorgan toxicity, and no effective antidotes or therapeutics have been identified. Current medical treatment consists largely of supportive care and maintenance of cardiovascular function. To better characterize the mechanism(s) driving PH3-induced toxicity, we have performed transcriptomic analysis on conscious adult male Sprague-Dawley rats following whole-body inhalation exposure to phosphine gas at various concentration-time products. PH3 exposure induced concentration- and time-dependent changes in gene expression across multiple tissues. These gene expression changes were mapped to pathophysiological responses using molecular pathway analysis. Toxicity pathways indicative of cardiac dysfunction, cardiac arteriopathy, and cardiac enlargement were identified. These cardiotoxic responses were linked to apelin-mediated cardiomyocyte and cardiac fibroblast signaling pathways. Evaluation of gene expression changes in blood revealed alterations in pathways associated with the uptake, transport, and utilization of iron. Altered erythropoietin signaling was also observed in the blood. Upstream regulator analysis identified several therapeutics predicted to counteract PH3-induced gene expression changes. These include antihypertensive drugs (losartan, candesartan, and prazosin) and therapeutics to reduce pathological cardiac remodeling (curcumin and TIMP3). This transcriptomics study has characterized molecular pathways involved in PH3-induced cardiotoxicity. These data will aid in elucidating a precise mechanism of toxicity for PH3 and guide the development of effective medical countermeasures for PH3-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Hartog
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Rebecca J Lewandowski
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Christopher S Hofmann
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Ashley A Melber
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Cristin C Rothwell
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Katherine Sherman
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Jaclynn Andres
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Justin A Tressler
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Alfred M Sciuto
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Benjamin Wong
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Heidi M Hoard-Fruchey
- Medical Toxicology Research Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 8350 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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25
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Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a growing epidemic with high morbidity and mortality at an international scale. The apelin-APJ receptor pathway has been implicated in HF, making it a promising therapeutic target. APJ has been shown to be activated by a novel endogenous peptide ligand known as Elabela (ELA, also called Toddler or Apela), with a critical role in cardiac development and function. Activation of the ELA-APJ receptor axis exerts a wide range of physiological effects, including depressor response, positive inotropic action, diuresis, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anti-remodeling, leading to its cardiovascular protection. The ELA-APJ axis is essential for diverse biological processes and has been shown to regulate fluid homeostasis, myocardial contractility, vasodilation, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, cardiorenal fibrosis, and dysfunction. The beneficial effects of the ELA-APJ receptor system are well-established by treating hypertension, myocardial infarction, and HF. Additionally, administration of ELA protects human embryonic stem cells against apoptosis and stress-induced cell death and promotes survival and self-renewal in an APJ-independent manner (X receptor) via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway, which may provide a new therapeutic approach for HF. Thus, targeting the ELA-APJ axis has emerged as a pre-warning biomarker and a novel therapeutic approach against progression of HF. An increased understanding of cardiovascular actions of ELA will help to develop effective interventions. This article gives an overview of the characteristics of the ELA-apelin-APJ axis and summarizes the current knowledge on its cardioprotective roles, potential mechanisms, and prospective application for acute and chronic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Ma
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Juan-Juan Song
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Sara Martin
- Santa Rosa Family Medicine Residency, Santa Rosa, CA, 95403, USA
| | - Xin-Chun Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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26
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Fernandez KX, Fischer C, Vu J, Gheblawi M, Wang W, Gottschalk S, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortés C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Metabolically stable apelin-analogues, incorporating cyclohexylalanine and homoarginine, as potent apelin receptor activators. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:1402-1413. [PMID: 34458742 DOI: 10.1039/d1md00120e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
High blood pressure and consequential cardiovascular diseases are among the top causes of death worldwide. The apelinergic (APJ) system has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of cardiovascular issues, especially prevention of ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury after a heart attack or stroke. However, rapid degradation of the endogenous apelin peptides in vivo limits their use as therapeutic agents. Here, we study the effects of simple homologue substitutions, i.e. incorporation of non-canonical amino acids l-cyclohexylalanine (l-Cha) and l-homoarginine (l-hArg), on the proteolytic stability of pyr-1-apelin-13 and apelin-17 analogues. The modified 13-mers display up to 40 times longer plasma half-life than native apelin-13 and in preliminary in vivo assay show moderate blood pressure-lowering effects. The corresponding apelin-17 analogues show pronounced blood pressure-lowering effects and up to a 340-fold increase in plasma half-life compared to the native apelin-17 isoforms, suggesting their potential use in the design of metabolically stable apelin analogues to prevent IR injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleinberg X Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Jennie Vu
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Mahmoud Gheblawi
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - Samantha Gottschalk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM 1050 Paris F-75005 France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France Paris F-75005 France.,CNRS UMR 7241 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortés
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM 1050 Paris F-75005 France.,Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France Paris F-75005 France.,CNRS UMR 7241 Paris F-75005 France
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta 8440-112 Street NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta 8440-112 St. NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2B7 Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW Edmonton Alberta T6G 2G2 Canada
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27
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Castan-Laurell I, Dray C, Valet P. The therapeutic potentials of apelin in obesity-associated diseases. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 529:111278. [PMID: 33838166 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a peptide with several active isoforms ranging from 36 to 12 amino acids and its receptor APJ, a G-protein-coupled receptor, are widely distributed. However, apelin has emerged as an adipokine more than fifteen years ago, integrating the field of inter-organs interactions. The apelin/APJ system plays important roles in several physiological functions both in rodent and humans such as fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular physiology, angiogenesis, energy metabolism. Thus the apelin/APJ system has generated great interest as a potential therapeutic target in different pathologies. The present review will consider the effects of apelin in metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes with a focus on diabetic cardiomyopathy among the complications associated with diabetes and APJ agonists or antagonists of interest in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Castan-Laurell
- Restore UMR1301 Inserm, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France.
| | - C Dray
- Restore UMR1301 Inserm, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France
| | - P Valet
- Restore UMR1301 Inserm, 5070 CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, France
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28
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Mughal A, Sun C, O'Rourke ST. Apelin Does Not Impair Coronary Artery Relaxation Mediated by Nitric Oxide-Induced Activation of BK Ca Channels. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:679005. [PMID: 34122102 PMCID: PMC8194342 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.679005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin-APJ receptor signaling regulates vascular tone in cerebral and peripheral arteries. We recently reported that apelin inhibits BKCa channel function in cerebral arteries, resulting in impaired endothelium-dependent relaxations. In contrast, apelin causes endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries. However, the effects of apelin on BKCa channel function in coronary arterial myocytes have not yet been explored. We hypothesized that apelin-APJ receptor signaling does not have an inhibitory effect on coronary arterial BKCa channels and hence does not alter nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries. Patch clamp recording was used to measure whole cell K+ currents in freshly isolated coronary smooth muscle cells. Apelin had no effect on the increases in current density in response to membrane depolarization or to NS1619 (a BKCa channel opener). Moreover, apelin did not inhibit NO/cGMP-dependent relaxations that required activation of BKCa channels in isolated coronary arteries. Apelin-APJ receptor signaling caused a marked increase in intracellular Ca2+ levels in coronary arterial smooth muscle cells, but failed to activate PI3-kinase to increase phosphorylation of Akt protein. Collectively, these data provide mechanistic evidence that apelin has no inhibitory effects on BKCa channel function in coronary arteries. The lack of inhibitory effect on BKCa channels makes it unlikely that activation of APJ receptors in coronary arteries would adversely affect coronary flow by creating a vasoconstrictive environment. It can be expected that apelin or other APJ receptor agonists in development will not interfere with the vasodilator effects of endogenous BKCa channel openers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Mughal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Chengwen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
| | - Stephen T O'Rourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, United States
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29
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Johnson JA, Kim SH, Jiang J, Phillips M, Schumacher WA, Bostwick JS, Gargalovic PS, Onorato JM, Luk CE, Generaux C, He Y, Chen XQ, Xu C, Galella MA, Wang T, Gordon DA, Wexler RR, Finlay HJ. Discovery of a Hydroxypyridinone APJ Receptor Agonist as a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:3086-3099. [PMID: 33689340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apelin-13 is an endogenous peptidic agonist of the apelin receptor (APJ) receptor with the potential for improving cardiac function in heart failure patients. However, the low plasma stability of apelin-13 necessitates continuous intravenous infusion for therapeutic use. There are several approaches to increase the stability of apelin-13 including attachment of pharmacokinetic enhancing groups, stabilized peptides, and Fc-fusion approaches. We sought a small-molecule APJ receptor agonist approach to target a compound with a pharmacokinetic profile amenable for chronic oral administration. This manuscript describes sequential optimization of the pyrimidinone series, leading to pyridinone 14, with in vitro potency equivalent to the endogenous ligand apelin-13 and with an excellent oral bioavailability and PK profile in multiple preclinical species. Compound 14 exhibited robust pharmacodynamic effects similar to apelin-13 in an acute rat pressure-volume loop model and was advanced as a clinical candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Johnson
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Soong-Hoon Kim
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ji Jiang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Monique Phillips
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - William A Schumacher
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Bostwick
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Peter S Gargalovic
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Joelle M Onorato
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Chiuwa E Luk
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Claudia Generaux
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Yan He
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Carrie Xu
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Michael A Galella
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - David A Gordon
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Ruth R Wexler
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
| | - Heather J Finlay
- Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Research and Development, P.O. Box 5400, Princeton, New Jersey 08543-5400, United States
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30
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Trân K, Van Den Hauwe R, Sainsily X, Couvineau P, Côté J, Simard L, Echevarria M, Murza A, Serre A, Théroux L, Saibi S, Haroune L, Longpré JM, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Spino C, Bouvier M, Sarret P, Ballet S, Marsault É. Constraining the Side Chain of C-Terminal Amino Acids in Apelin-13 Greatly Increases Affinity, Modulates Signaling, and Improves the Pharmacokinetic Profile. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5345-5364. [PMID: 33524256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Side-chain-constrained amino acids are useful tools to modulate the biological properties of peptides. In this study, we applied side-chain constraints to apelin-13 (Ape13) by substituting the Pro12 and Phe13 positions, affecting the binding affinity and signaling profile on the apelin receptor (APJ). The residues 1Nal, Trp, and Aia were found to be beneficial substitutions for Pro12, and the resulting analogues displayed high affinity for APJ (Ki 0.08-0.18 nM vs Ape13 Ki 0.7 nM). Besides, constrained (d-Tic) or α,α-disubstituted residues (Dbzg; d-α-Me-Tyr(OBn)) were favorable for the Phe13 position. Compounds 47 (Pro12-Phe13 replaced by Aia-Phe, Ki 0.08 nM) and 53 (Pro12-Phe13 replaced by 1Nal-Dbzg, Ki 0.08 nM) are the most potent Ape13 analogues activating the Gα12 pathways (53, EC50 Gα12 2.8 nM vs Ape13, EC50 43 nM) known to date, displaying high affinity, resistance to ACE2 cleavage as well as improved pharmacokinetics in vitro (t1/2 5.8-7.3 h in rat plasma) and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Trân
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Robin Van Den Hauwe
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Couvineau
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Louise Simard
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Département de Chimie, Faculté de Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Québec, Canada
| | - Marco Echevarria
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Département de Chimie, Faculté de Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandra Serre
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Léa Théroux
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Sabrina Saibi
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Lounès Haroune
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine spécialisé, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Département de Médecine spécialisé, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Claude Spino
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Département de Chimie, Faculté de Science, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1K 2R1, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et en Cancérologie (IRIC), Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1J4, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada.,Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
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31
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Impact of Maternal Food Restriction on Heart Proteome in Appropriately Grown and Growth-Restricted Wistar-Rat Offspring. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020466. [PMID: 33573223 PMCID: PMC7912475 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Fetal growth restriction is associated with increased postnatal cardiovascular morbidity. The alterations in heart physiology and structure caused by in utero nutrient deprivation have not been extensively studied. We aim to investigate the impact of maternal food restriction on the cardiac proteome of newborn rats with normal (non-fetal growth-restricted (FGR)) and reduced (FGR) birth weight. Methods: On day 14 of gestation, 10 timed pregnant rats were randomized into two nutritional groups: (a) Standard laboratory diet and (b) 50% global food restriction. Pups born to food-restricted mothers were subdivided, based on birthweight, into fetal growth-restricted (FGR) and non-FGR, while pups born from normally nourished mothers were considered controls. Rat neonates were euthanized immediately after birth and the hearts of 11 randomly selected male offspring (n = 4 FGR, n = 4 non-FGR, n = 3 control group) were analyzed using quantitative proteomics. Results: In total, 7422 proteins were quantified (q < 0.05). Of these, 1175 were differentially expressed in FGR and 231 in non-FGR offspring vs. control with 151 common differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between the two groups. Bioinformatics analysis of DEPs in FGR vs. control showed decreased integrin and apelin cardiac fibroblast signaling, decreased muscle contraction and glycolysis, and over-representation of a protein network related to embryonic development, and cell death and survival. Conclusion: Our study illustrates the distinct proteomic profile of FGR and non-FGR offspring of food-restricted dams underlying the importance of both prenatal adversities and birth weight in cardiac physiology and development.
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32
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He Q, Wang Y, Yang H, Wang J, Zhang J, Liu D. Apelin‑36 protects against lipopolysaccharide‑induced acute lung injury by inhibiting the ASK1/MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 23:6. [PMID: 33179090 PMCID: PMC7673347 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin-36 is able to mediate a range of effects on various diseases, and is upregulated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). However, to the best of our knowledge, whether apelin-36 is able to regulate LPS-induced ALI has yet to be investigated. The present study aimed to investigate the role of apelin-36 in LPS-induced ALI, and the putative underlying mechanisms. Rats were assigned to one of four treatment groups: The Control group, apelin-36 group, LPS group and LPS + apelin-36 group. At 4 h after intratracheal instillation of LPS (5 mg/kg), rats were intraperitoneally treated with 10 nmol/kg apelin-36. Subsequently, pathological manifestations and the extent of inflammation and apoptosis of the lung tissues were assessed. Untransfected and apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)-overexpressing Beas-2B cells were treated with LPS in the absence or presence of apelin-36, and subsequently the levels of inflammation and apoptosis were assessed. The results obtained showed that the level of apelin-36 was increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of LPS-treated rats. Co-treatment with apelin-36 alleviated LPS-induced lung injury and pulmonary edema, reduced the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α, in BALF, and inhibited apoptosis in the lung tissues. The presence of apelin-36 also blocked the activation of LPS-induced ASK1, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in lung tissues. In vitro studies performed with Beas-2B cells showed that the addition of apelin-36 led to an increase in the cell viability of LPS-induced Beas-2B cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, co-treatment with 1 µM apelin-36 prevented LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis. However, overexpression of ASK1 significantly reversed the inhibitory effects of apelin-36 on LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis. Taken together, the results of the present study demonstrated that apelin-36 was able to protect against LPS-induced lung injury both in vivo and in vitro, and these actions may be dependent on inhibition of the ASK1/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong He
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia Medical University Affiliated Autonomous Region People's Hospital), Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, P.R. China
| | - Yuqiao Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia Medical University Affiliated Autonomous Region People's Hospital), Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, P.R. China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia Medical University Affiliated Autonomous Region People's Hospital), Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia Medical University Affiliated Autonomous Region People's Hospital), Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, P.R. China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia Medical University Affiliated Autonomous Region People's Hospital), Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, P.R. China
| | - Danni Liu
- Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (Ningxia Medical University Affiliated Autonomous Region People's Hospital), Yinchuan, Ningxia 750002, P.R. China
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33
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Apelin Receptor Signaling During Mesoderm Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32648246 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2020_567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The Apelin receptor (Aplnr) is a G-protein coupled receptor which has a wide body distribution and various physiological roles including homeostasis, angiogenesis, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine function. Apelin and Elabela are two peptide components of the Aplnr signaling and are cleaved to give different isoforms which are active in different tissues and organisms.Aplnr signaling is related to several pathologies including obesity, heart disases and cancer in the adult body. However, the developmental role in mammalian embryogenesis is crucial for migration of early cardiac progenitors and cardiac function. Aplnr and peptide components have a role in proliferation, differentiation and movement of endodermal precursors. Although expression of Aplnr signaling is observed in endodermal lineages, the main function is the control of mesoderm cell movement and cardiac development. Mutant of the Aplnr signaling components results in the malformations, defects and lethality mainly due to the deformed heart function. This developmental role share similarity with the cardiovascular functions in the adult body.Determination of Aplnr signaling and underlying mechanisms during mammalian development might enable understanding of regulatory molecular mechanisms which not only control embryonic development process but also control tissue function and disease pathology in the adult body.
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34
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Tune JD, Baker HE, Berwick Z, Moberly SP, Casalini ED, Noblet JN, Zhen E, Kowala MC, Christe ME, Goodwill AG. Distinct hemodynamic responses to (pyr)apelin-13 in large animal models. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H747-H755. [PMID: 32108522 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00365.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that (pyr)apelin-13 dose-dependently augments myocardial contractility and coronary blood flow, irrespective of changes in systemic hemodynamics. Acute effects of intravenous (pyr)apelin-13 administration (10 to 1,000 nM) on blood pressure, heart rate, left ventricular pressure and volume, and coronary parameters were measured in dogs and pigs. Administration of (pyr)apelin-13 did not influence blood pressure (P = 0.59), dP/dtmax (P = 0.26), or dP/dtmin (P = 0.85) in dogs. However, heart rate dose-dependently increased > 70% (P < 0.01), which was accompanied by a significant increase in coronary blood flow (P < 0.05) and reductions in left ventricular end-diastolic volume and stroke volume (P < 0.001). In contrast, (pyr)apelin-13 did not significantly affect hemodynamics, coronary blood flow, or indexes of contractile function in pigs. Furthermore, swine studies found no effect of intracoronary (pyr)apelin-13 administration on coronary blood flow (P = 0.83) or vasorelaxation in isolated, endothelium-intact (P = 0.89) or denuded (P = 0.38) coronary artery rings. Examination of all data across (pyr)apelin-13 concentrations revealed an exponential increase in cardiac output as peripheral resistance decreased across pigs and dogs (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.78). Assessment of the Frank-Starling relationship demonstrated a significant linear relationship between left ventricular end-diastolic volume and stroke volume across species (P < 0.001; R2 = 0.70). Taken together, these findings demonstrate that (pyr)apelin-13 does not directly influence myocardial contractility or coronary blood flow in either dogs or pigs.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our findings provide much needed insight regarding the pharmacological cardiac and coronary effects of (pyr)apelin-13 in larger animal preparations. In particular, data highlight distinct hemodynamic responses of apelin across species, which are independent of any direct effect on myocardial contractility or perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan D Tune
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Hana E Baker
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Diabetes and Complications Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Zachary Berwick
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Steven P Moberly
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eli D Casalini
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jillian N Noblet
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Eugene Zhen
- Diabetes and Complications Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mark C Kowala
- Diabetes and Complications Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Michael E Christe
- Diabetes and Complications Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adam G Goodwill
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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35
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Fischer C. A patent review of apelin receptor (APJR) modulators (2014-2019). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2020; 30:251-261. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2020.1731473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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36
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Czarzasta K, Wojno O, Zera T, Puchalska L, Dobruch J, Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska A. The influence of post-infarct heart failure and high fat diet on the expression of apelin APJ and vasopressin V1a and V1b receptors. Neuropeptides 2019; 78:101975. [PMID: 31645268 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.101975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vasopressin and apelin are reciprocally regulated hormones which are implicated in the pathophysiology of heart failure and the regulation of metabolism; however, little is known about their interactions under pathological conditions. In this study, we determined how post-infarct heart failure (HF) and a high fat diet (HFD) affect expression of the apelin APJ receptor (APJR) and the V1a (V1aR) and V1b (V1bR) vasopressin receptors in the hypothalamus, the heart, and the retroperitoneal adipose tissue. We performed experiments in male 4-week-old Sprague Dawley rats. The animals received either a normal fat diet (NFD) or a HFD for 8 weeks, then they underwent left coronary artery ligation to induce HF or sham surgery (SO), followed by 4 weeks of NFD or HFD. The HF rats showed higher plasma concentration of NT-proBNP and copeptin. The HF reduced the APJR mRNA expression in the hypothalamus. The APJR and V1aR protein levels in the hypothalamus were regulated both by HF and HFD, while the V1bR protein level in the hypothalamus was mainly influenced by HF. APJR mRNA expression in the heart was significantly higher in rats on HFD, and HFD affected the reduction of the APJR protein level in the right ventricle. The regulation of APJR, V1aR and V1bR expression in the heart and the retroperitoneal adipose tissue were affected by both HF and HFD. Our study demonstrates that HF and HFD cause significant changes in the expression of APJR, V1aR and V1bR, which may have an important influence on the cardiovascular system and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Czarzasta
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Olena Wojno
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tymoteusz Zera
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Liana Puchalska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Dobruch
- Department of Urology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Cudnoch-Jedrzejewska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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37
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Xi Y, Yu D, Yang R, Zhao Q, Wang J, Zhang H, Qian K, Shi Z, Wang W, Brown R, Li Y, Tian Z, Gong DW. Recombinant Fc-Elabela fusion protein has extended plasma half-life andmitigates post-infarct heart dysfunction in rats. Int J Cardiol 2019; 292:180-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.04.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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38
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Lahm T, Douglas IS, Archer SL, Bogaard HJ, Chesler NC, Haddad F, Hemnes AR, Kawut SM, Kline JA, Kolb TM, Mathai SC, Mercier O, Michelakis ED, Naeije R, Tuder RM, Ventetuolo CE, Vieillard-Baron A, Voelkel NF, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Hassoun PM. Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Research Setting: Knowledge Gaps and Pathways Forward. An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:e15-e43. [PMID: 30109950 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1160st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) adaptation to acute and chronic pulmonary hypertensive syndromes is a significant determinant of short- and long-term outcomes. Although remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of RV function and failure since the meeting of the NIH Working Group on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Right Heart Failure in 2005, significant gaps remain at many levels in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of RV responses to pressure and volume overload, in the validation of diagnostic modalities, and in the development of evidence-based therapies. METHODS A multidisciplinary working group of 20 international experts from the American Thoracic Society Assemblies on Pulmonary Circulation and Critical Care, as well as external content experts, reviewed the literature, identified important knowledge gaps, and provided recommendations. RESULTS This document reviews the knowledge in the field of RV failure, identifies and prioritizes the most pertinent research gaps, and provides a prioritized pathway for addressing these preclinical and clinical questions. The group identified knowledge gaps and research opportunities in three major topic areas: 1) optimizing the methodology to assess RV function in acute and chronic conditions in preclinical models, human studies, and clinical trials; 2) analyzing advanced RV hemodynamic parameters at rest and in response to exercise; and 3) deciphering the underlying molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of RV function and failure in diverse pulmonary hypertension syndromes. CONCLUSIONS This statement provides a roadmap to further advance the state of knowledge, with the ultimate goal of developing RV-targeted therapies for patients with RV failure of any etiology.
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39
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Arababadi MK, Asadikaram P, Asadikaram G. APLN/APJ pathway: The key regulator of macrophage functions. Life Sci 2019; 232:116645. [PMID: 31299236 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play key roles during cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and their related complications. Apelin (APLN) is a key molecule, whose roles during CVD have been documented previously. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that APLN may perform its roles via modulation of macrophages. Additionally, due to the widespread distribution of the CVD, more effective therapeutic strategies need to be developed to overcome the related complications. This review article collected recent information regarding the roles of APLN on the macrophages and discusses its potential chance to be a target for molecular/cellular therapy of APLN and the APLN treated macrophages for CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Kazemi Arababadi
- Immunology of Infectious Diseases Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipur Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Parisa Asadikaram
- Faculty of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Asadikaram
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Afzalipur Faculty of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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40
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Xu G, Li X, Yang D, Wu S, Wu D, Yan M. Bioinformatics Study of RNA Interference on the Effect of HIF-1α on Apelin Expression in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. Curr Bioinform 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574893614666190109155825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
HIF-1α can affect the apelin expression and participates in the
developments in cancers but the mechanism need to be explored further.
Objective:
This paper investigates apelin expression in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cells and
its regulation by hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) under hypoxic conditions.
Methods:
CoCl2 was used to induce hypoxia in CNE-2 cells for 12h, 24h and 48h. HIF-1α small
interference RNA (siRNA) was transfected into CNE-2 cells using a transient transfection method.
HIF-1α and apelin mRNA levels were detected by real time PCR. Western blot was used to
measure HIF-1α protein expression. The concentration of apelin in cell culture supernatant was
determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Results:
HIF-1α and apelin mRNA levels and protein expression in CNE-2 cells increased
gradually with increased duration of hypoxic exposure and were significantly reduced in HIF-1α
siRNA transfected cells exposed to the same hypoxic conditions.
Conclusion:
Apelin expression is induced by hypoxia and regulated by HIF-1α in CNE-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianming Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shihai Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Maosheng Yan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medicine College of Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) refers to the local aggregate of adipose tissue surrounding the vascular tree, exhibiting phenotypes from white to brown and beige adipocytes. Although PVAT has long been regarded as simply a structural unit providing mechanical support to vasculature, it is now gaining reputation as an integral endocrine/paracrine component, in addition to the well-established modulator endothelium, in regulating vascular tone. Since the discovery of anti-contractile effect of PVAT in 1991, the use of multiple rodent models of reduced amounts of PVAT has revealed its regulatory role in vascular remodeling and cardiovascular implications, including atherosclerosis. PVAT does not only release PVAT-derived relaxing factors (PVRFs) to activate multiple subsets of endothelial and vascular smooth muscle potassium channels and anti-inflammatory signals in the vasculature, but it does also provide an interface for neuron-adipocyte interactions in the vascular wall to regulate arterial vascular tone. In this review, we outline our current understanding towards PVAT and attempt to provide hints about future studies that can sharpen the therapeutic potential of PVAT against cardiovascular diseases and their complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak Kwong Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hamidah Abu Bakar
- Health Sciences Department, Universiti Selangor, 40000, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maik Gollasch
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC)-a joint cooperation between the Charité-University Medicine Berlin and the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125, Berlin, Germany.
- Medical Clinic for Nephrology and Internal Intensive Care, Charité Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yu Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
- Institute of Vascular Medicine, Shenzhen Research Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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42
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Feng J, Zhao H, Du M, Wu X. The effect of apelin-13 on pancreatic islet beta cell mass and myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism of experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Peptides 2019; 114:1-7. [PMID: 30954534 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelin, a new identified adipokine, and its G protein-coupled receptor named APJ are widely expressed in various tissues. Apelin has been found to play important roles in the physiopathology of multiple diseases. Our aim is to assess the effect of long-term apelin treatment on serum insulin level and pancreatic islet beta-cell mass in the late stage of type 2 diabetes without hyperinsulinemia and to investigate the role of apelin in myocardial fatty acid and glucose metabolism. In the present study, the high-fat diet fed-streptozotocin-induced experimental type 2 diabetic rats were given once daily intraperitoneal injection of apelin-13 (0.1 μmol/kg) for 10 weeks. We observed that apelin significantly improved serum insulin reduction and reduced hyperglycemia. Histologic analysis showed that long-term apelin treatment significantly increased pancreatic islet beta cell mass. Exogenous apelin failed to change dyslipidaemia of type 2 diabetic rats. Apelin treatment markedly decreased elevated myocardial FFA and glycogen content. Treatment of type 2 diabetic rats with apelin markedly reduced increased gene expressions of the cardiac fatty acid transporter CD36, CPT-1, and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. Whereas the gene levels of citrate synthase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1-α), a transcriptional coactivator, mediating mitochondrial biogenesis in heart were unaltered in response to exogenous apelin. Taken together, longer-term apelin treatment prevented pancreatic beta-cell loss or failure in experimental type 2 diabetic rats. Apelin can regulate myocardial metabolism. Apelin reduced myocadial fatty acid uptake and oxidation through inhibiting PPAR-α but did not affect myocardial mitochondrial biogenesis in type 2 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Feng
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Mengze Du
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Department of Geratology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150001, China.
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43
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Apelin and apelin receptor expression in renal cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2019; 120:633-639. [PMID: 30783205 PMCID: PMC6461937 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-019-0396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The APLNR (apelin receptor) has been shown to be an essential gene for cancer immunotherapy, with deficiency in APLNR leading to immunotherapy failure. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression of APLN (apelin) and APLNR in patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and its association with clinicopathological parameters and survival. Methods Three well-characterised patient cohorts with RCC were used: Study cohort 1 (clear-cell RCC; APLN/APLNR mRNA expression; n = 166); TCGA validation cohort (clear-cell RCC; APLN/APLNR mRNA expression; n = 481); Study cohort 2 (all RCC subtypes; APLNR protein expression/immunohistochemistry; n = 300). Associations between mRNA/protein expression and clinicopathological variables/patients’ survival were tested statistically. Results While APLN showed only very weak association with tumour histological grade (TCGA cohort), APLNR/mRNA protein expression correlate significantly with ccRCC aggressiveness. APLNR is expressed in tumour vasculature and tumour cells at different levels, and these expression levels associate with tumour aggressiveness in opposing directions. APLNR expression was negatively correlated with PD-L1 expression by tumour cells in a subset of patients with ccRCC. APLNR expression in either compartment is an independent prognostic factor for survival of patients with ccRCC. Conclusion The APLNR/APLN-system appears to play an important role in ccRCC, warranting further clinical investigation.
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Apelin-13 reduces oxidative stress induced by uric acid via downregulation of renin-angiotensin system in adipose tissue. Toxicol Lett 2019; 305:51-57. [PMID: 30710622 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Apelin-13, a novel adipocytokine, is found to be a powerful antioxidant. Our previous work reported that uric acid could induce oxidative stress via an activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In the present study, we tried to observe the effect of apelin-13 on uric acid-induced oxidative stress. We also tried to reveal the potential mechanisms. In vivo, the rats were fed with 60% fructose diet for 8 weeks to produce hyperuricemia. Then, the hyperuricemia rats were intraperitoneally injected with apelin-13 for 2 weeks or 12 weeks. In vitro, 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with apelin-13 in the presence of 600 μmol/L uric acid for 48 h. When injected with apelin-13 for 12 weeks, the hyperuricemia rats had ameliorated oxidative stress, downregulated RAS components and upregulated angiotensin type 1 receptor related protein (APJ) expression in adipose tissue. Serum uric acid levels were also decreased after treatment. However, 2-week apelin-13 treatment had no obvious effect on the rats with hyperuricemia. Consistent with the findings in vivo, in vitro study, apelin-13 could ameliorate oxidative stress, decrease tissue RAS components, and increase APJ expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes stimulated by uric acid. In conclusion, apelin-13 reduces uric acid-induced oxidative stress in adipose tissue, maybe through the inhibition of adipose RAS expression.
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Sabry MM, Ramadan NM, Al Dreny BA, Rashed LA, Abo El Enein A. Protective effect of apelin preconditioning in a rat model of hepatic ischemia reperfusion injury; possible interaction between the apelin/APJ system, Ang II/AT1R system and eNOS. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7:689-698. [PMID: 31210947 DOI: 10.1177/2050640619826847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hepatic ischemic reperfusion injury occurs in multiple clinical settings. Novel potential protective agents are still needed to attenuate this injury. Apelin preconditioning protects against ischemic reperfusion injury in different organs. However, the protective mechanism of apelin on hepatic ischemic reperfusion injury is not yet clear. Aim Evaluate the effect of apelin-13 preconditioning on hepatic ischemic reperfusion injury and clarify possible interactions between apelinergic, renin-angiotensin systems and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Methods In total, 60 rats were assigned to four groups: control sham-operated, ischemic reperfusion, apelin-treated ischemic reperfusion and apelin + N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester-treated ischemic reperfusion. Apelin 2 µg/kg/day and N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester 10 mg/kg/day were injected intraperitoneally daily for 3 days and 2 weeks respectively before hepatic ischemic reperfusion. Serum aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, hepatic malondialdehyde, apelin, gene expression of caspase-3, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and angiotensin type 1 receptor and liver histopathology were compared between groups. Results Apelin significantly reduced serum aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, hepatic malondialdehyde, caspase-3 and angiotensin type 1 receptor expression, whereas hepatic apelin and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression were significantly increased with improved hepatic histopathology. N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester co-administration partially reversed this hepatoprotective effect. Conclusion Apelin-13 reduced hepatic ischemic reperfusion injury. This protection could be related to the suppression of hepatic angiotensin type 1 receptor expression and elevation of hepatic apelin level and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression, which counteracts the pathologic effects of Ang II/angiotensin type 1 receptor. An interaction exists between apelinergic, renin-angiotensin systems and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in hepatic ischemic reperfusion pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha M Sabry
- Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Fischer C, Lamer T, Wang W, McKinnie SMK, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortes C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Plasma kallikrein cleaves and inactivates apelin-17: Palmitoyl- and PEG-extended apelin-17 analogs as metabolically stable blood pressure-lowering agents. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 166:119-124. [PMID: 30690406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Apelins are human peptide hormones with various physiological activities, including the moderation of cardiovascular, renal, metabolic and neurological function. Their potency is dependent on and limited by proteolytic degradation in the circulatory system. Here we identify human plasma kallikrein (KLKB1) as a protease that cleaves the first three N-terminal amino acids (KFR) of apelin-17. The cleavage kinetics are similar to neprilysin (NEP), which cleaves within the critical 'RPRL'-motif thereby inactivating apelin. The resulting C-terminal 14-mer after KLKB1 cleavage has much lower biological activity, and the presence of its N-terminal basic arginine seems to negate the blood pressure lowering effect. Based on C-terminally engineered apelin analogs (A2), resistant to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), attachment of an N-terminal C16 fatty acid chain (PALMitoylation) or polyethylene glycol chain (PEGylation) minimizes KLKB1 cleavage of the 17-mers, thereby extending plasma half-life while fully retaining biological activity. The N-terminally PEGylated apelin-17(A2) is a highly protease resistant analog, with excellent apelin receptor activation and pronounced blood pressure lowering effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tess Lamer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 St. NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Shaun M K McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France; Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 St. NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - John C Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G2, Canada.
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Mihanfar A, Nejabati HR, Fattahi A, latifi Z, Faridvand Y, Pezeshkian M, Jodati AR, Safaie N, Afrasiabi A, Nouri M. SIRT3-mediated cardiac remodeling/repair following myocardial infarction. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:367-373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Li M, Fang H, Hu J. Apelin‑13 ameliorates metabolic and cardiovascular disorders in a rat model of type 2 diabetes with a high‑fat diet. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:5784-5790. [PMID: 30387843 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
| | - Huijuan Fang
- Department of Cadre Ward, The Fourth People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, Liaoning 110031, P.R. China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110001, P.R. China
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El Amrousy D, El-Mahdy H. Prognostic Value of Serum Apelin Level in Children with Heart Failure Secondary to Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2018; 39:1188-1193. [PMID: 29632960 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-018-1879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous inotrope that decreased in heart failure (HF). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of its level in children with HF due to congenital heart disease (CHD). Sixty children with HF due to CHD were included as a patient group. Sixty healthy children matched for age, sex, and weight served as a control group. Chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiography, and laboratory investigations such as complete blood count, c-reactive protein, and serum apelin levels were performed for all included children at admission. All children were followed up for 3 months. Serum apelin level was significantly decreased in patients with HF at admission than healthy control group and this decrease went with advanced stage of HF. Serum apelin levels were significantly decreased in patients with unfavorable prognosis than those with favorable prognosis. At a cutoff lower than 126 ng/l, the sensitivity of serum apelin to predict unfavorable prognosis in children with HF was 96% with a specificity of 82%. Serum apelin level had a significant positive correlation with left ventricular systolic function (P < 0.05). Moreover, it had a significant negative correlation with heart rate, respiratory rate, Ross classification, c-reactive protein, cardiothoracic ratio, and both left and right ventricular dimensions (P < 0.05). Serum apelin level has a good predictive value for adverse outcome in children with HF due to CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa El Amrousy
- Pediatric Department, Tanta University Hospital, 6 Motasem Street, Tanta, Egypt.
| | - Heba El-Mahdy
- Pediatric Department, Tanta University Hospital, 6 Motasem Street, Tanta, Egypt
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Next-generation small molecule therapies for heart failure: 2015 and beyond. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:1429-1435. [PMID: 29615340 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Poor prognosis coupled with significant economic burden makes heart failure (HF) one of the largest issues currently facing the world population. Although a significant number of new therapies have emerged over the past 20 years to treat the underlying physiological risk factors, only two new medications specifically for HF have been approved since 2007. This perspective provides an overview of recently approved treatment options for HF and as well as an update on additional small molecule therapies currently in clinical development.
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