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Ayano G, Rooney R, Pollard CM, Dantas JAR, Lobo R, Jeemi Z, Burns S, Cunningham R, Monterosso S, Millar L, Hassan S, Dovchin S, Oliver R, Coleman K, Alati R. Risk and protective factors of youth crime: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Clin Psychol Rev 2024; 113:102479. [PMID: 39178756 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses have been conducted on the risk and protective factors of youth crime. This study aims to consolidate this evidence using an umbrella review methodology. METHODS A systematic electronic search was conducted using multiple electronic databases. Strength of associations was evaluated using quantitative umbrella review criteria, and AMSTAR was used to assess the quality of the studies. RESULTS Among the 58 factors identified, 11 factors were supported by highly suggestive or suggestive evidence. Evidence of association was highly suggestive (class II) for substance use (odds ratio [OR] = 2·29, 95%CI 1·58-3.01), previous history of crime (OR = 2·03, 95%CI 1·62-2·45), moral development (OR = 3·98, 95%CI 3·57-4·39), psychopathology (OR = 2·22, 95%CI 1.40-2.69), adverse childhood experiences (OR = 1·37, 95%CI = 1·36-1·38), poor parental supervision (OR = 1·85, 95%CI 1·83-1·87), maltreatment or neglect (OR = 1·34, 95%CI 1·08-1·65), attachment (OR = 1·94; 95%CI 1.93-1·95), and school bullying (OR = 2·50; 95%CI 2·03-3·08); and suggestive (class III) for peer pressure (OR = 2·11, 95%CI 2·06-2·16) and supportive school environments (OR = 0·56; 95%CI 0·55-0·57). CONCLUSION The evidence-based atlas of key risk and protective factors identified in this umbrella review could be used as a benchmark for advancing research, prevention, and early intervention strategies for youth crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Getinet Ayano
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.
| | - Rosanna Rooney
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Jaya A R Dantas
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Roanna Lobo
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Zakia Jeemi
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sharyn Burns
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | | | - Lynne Millar
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sharinaz Hassan
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Sender Dovchin
- School of Education, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rhonda Oliver
- School of Education, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Kael Coleman
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Rosa Alati
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; Institute for Social Science Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Craig SG, Dawson A, Chen S, Moretti MM, Pepler DJ. A systematic review of callous-unemotional traits and attachment in children and adolescents. Attach Hum Dev 2024; 26:133-158. [PMID: 38704613 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2024.2349569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
METHODS The systematic review and meta-analysis included 17 research articles from 1994 to 2022. Results were summarized by developmental periods. RESULTS Attachment insecurity was associated with CU traits across development (r = .17). This association was marginally stronger for high-risk samples (e.g., clinical, justice) and for continuous attachment measures versus coding schemes. From early to middle childhood, attachment disorganization was associated with CU traits (r = .17). IMPLICATIONS Research on attachment and CU traits in childhood is still in its infancy. Changes in attachment measures from childhood to adolescence make developmental comparisons difficult. Results suggest attachment as a potential developmental mechanism for youth with CU traits, however, the area requires more research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexis Dawson
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Susan Chen
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | | | - Debra J Pepler
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Žofčák J, Šíma J. Using the Synthetic Control Method to Evaluate the Impact of a Land-Based Gambling Ban on Crime. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10281-y. [PMID: 38427266 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10281-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We use the synthetic control method to examine whether land-based gambling ban has an effect on crime in a given city. In a sample of four Czech cities where the ban was introduced, we show that these cities had roughly the same crime rate development in the years after the ban as the control cities without the ban, showing that there is no significant impact. As this is, to our knowledge, the first use of the synthetic control method in the context of gambling, the main contribution of this study lies in demonstrating the possibilities in its use. Employing this versatile method may improve the current situation where many gambling impact studies suffer from the absence of a control group or an identification strategy to confirm causal relationship. Last but not least, the results of this study make an important contribution to the debate on blanket measures in gambling regulation; although pathological gambling is linked to crime, banning this activity may not lead to the expected consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Žofčák
- Department of Economics and Management, Faculty of Social and Economic Studies, Jan Evangelista Purkyně University in Ústí Nad Labem, Ústí Nad Labem, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Šíma
- Department of International Business, Metropolitan University Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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Quail KR, Ward CL. Using Non-Violent Discipline Tools: Evidence Suggesting the Importance of Attunement. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:7187. [PMID: 38131738 PMCID: PMC10742770 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20247187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Training in non-violent discipline is important to prevent violence against children and ensure that their caregivers remain a safe base for them. This paper aims to deepen understanding of non-violent discipline by exploring attunement as a mechanism in the effectiveness of non-violent discipline tools. Attunement describes the sensitive responsiveness of caregivers towards their children and has been found to be central to the formation of secure attachment bonds and development of self-regulation. It includes understanding or being "in tune with" the child's needs and signals, matching these with appropriate responses. The objective of this paper is to explore attunement in relation to non-violent discipline. Peer-reviewed systematic reviews previously included in a systematic overview of evidence on non-violent discipline options were screened for information relevant to attunement. All reviews were published in English between 1999 and 2018 and offered evidence on at least one non-violent discipline tool. Although no reviews explicitly addressed attunement, evidence was found suggesting its importance in the use and effectiveness of discipline methods. Research directly investigating attunement in discipline is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Quail
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa;
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İmrek Y, Öztürk Y, Balta Kesikbaş B, Taşkan M, Göl Özcan G, Tufan AE. Emotion Regulation, Theory of Mind, and Attachment to Parents and Peers Among Turkish Adolescent Offenders and Victims: A Single-Center, Cross-Sectional, Case-Control Study. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2023; 33:316-325. [PMID: 38765846 PMCID: PMC11037471 DOI: 10.5152/pcp.2023.22601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background There may be many risk factors for both youth offending and victimization. In our study, we aimed to compare youth offenders and victims in terms of attachment characteristics, emotion regulation, and mind-reading skills. Methods This study employed a single-center, cross-sectional, case-control design. Kiddie and Young Adult Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Present and Lifetime Version along with diagnostic criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, were administered by clinicians. Mind-reading skills were assessed with Reading the Mind in the Eyes task (RMET) and Faces test. Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Short Form (IPPA-SF) were used for assessing attachment and emotion regulation properties. Results : When we compared the two groups in terms of IPPA-SF, DERS, RMET and Faces test, we found that victimized and offending youth did not differ significantly in terms of attachment to peers and communication/trust domains of parental attachment. Youth offenders and victims differed significantly in terms of DERS- Non-acceptance and Goals both (P = .031 and .045; respectively). Offending youth scored significantly higher in Non-acceptance, while victimized youth scored significantly higher in Goals. Conclusion : Offending youth were more alienated from their parents, were experiencing problems with emotional acceptance, and had lower theory of mind and emotion recognition skills compared to victimized youth. Therefore, protective interventions supporting parent-adolescent communication/attachment, as well as emotion recognition/regulation and theory of mind skills of youth, may protect children from both victimization and delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin İmrek
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Mersin Toros State Hospital, Mersin, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Öztürk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Medical School, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Büşra Balta Kesikbaş
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Eskişehir Yunus Emre State Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Merve Taşkan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Medical School, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Güler Göl Özcan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bilecik State Hospital, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University Medical School, Bolu, Turkey
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Wang C, Luo Q, Zhang J, Zhang X, Yang N, Feng L. Toxic effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on plants: A global meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122593. [PMID: 37742855 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) pervade and accumulate within the soil, exerting influences not only on plant growth and development but also on human health through the food chain. However, recent studies on the effects of MPs/NPs on plants yield diverse results. Thus, this study conducts a meta-analysis of 101 recent publications to summarize the influence of type, size, and concentration of MPs/NPs on physiological responses, photosynthetic pigments, and biochemical reactions in various plant species. The findings indicate that the effects of MPs/NPs on plants vary depending on the specific plant species. The impact of different polymer types of MPs/NPs on plants does not show a clear trend, possibly due to variations in polymer functional groups. However, it is noteworthy that polyethylene terephthalate with phenyl groups exhibits the most significant effect on plant fresh weight, chlorophyll a and b, and H2O2 content among all microplastic types. Moreover, MPs exhibit stronger inhibition on most physiological, photosynthetic pigments, and biochemical indicators of plants compared to NPs, although root length, chlorophyll, and H2O2 demonstrate opposite effects. The concentration of MPs/NPs elicits different responses on plant indicators, each with specific trends. Notably, exposure to MPs/NPs stimulates an increase in plant biochemical enzyme indicators. Finally, this study identifies current knowledge gaps and offers insights for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congcong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China; Northeast Geological S&T Innovation Center of China Geological Survey, Shenyang, 110034, China; Key Laboratory of Black Soil Evolution and Ecological Effect, Ministry of Natural Resources, Shenyang, 110034, China; Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China.
| | - Jieliu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-restoration of Regional Contaminated Environment, Ministry of Education, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Plant Protection College, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866, China; Key Laboratory of Water-saving Agricultural of Northeast (Shenyang), Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - Liangshan Feng
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China
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López-Romero L, Cutrín O, Maneiro L, Salekin RT. Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder-Short Version (PSCD-SV): Psychometric Properties, Concurrent Correlates and Parenting Predictors. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2023; 54:1258-1273. [PMID: 35212858 PMCID: PMC10435417 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-022-01335-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims to further examine the four-factor model of psychopathy in adolescence with a new alternate model for the assessment of psychopathic traits and conduct disorder (CD): The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder-Short version (PSCD-SV). Data were collected in a sample of 414 adolescents (49.2% females) aged 12-15 at the first assessment who were then followed-up 2 years later. Results supported the usefulness of the PSCD-SV to assess the broader construct of psychopathy showing good psychometric properties, including adequate reliability and validity, while accounting for all its dimensions. In addition, the study showed close associations between psychopathic traits and adolescent behavioral, emotional and psychosocial maladjustment. Finally, the findings elucidated the PSCD's connection to parental support and psychological control, and reinforced the potential role of parenting practices as predictors that can act as mechanisms of change in the development of psychopathy. Overall, current findings shed light on conceptual and developmental models of psychopathy that may have implications for assessment, diagnostic classification, prevention, and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura López-Romero
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Olalla Cutrín
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Lorena Maneiro
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Facultad de Psicología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Sur, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Randall T Salekin
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, USA
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Di Pentima L, Toni A, Roazzi A. Parenting Styles and Moral Disengagement in Young Adults: The Mediating Role of Attachment Experiences. J Genet Psychol 2023; 184:322-338. [PMID: 37178171 DOI: 10.1080/00221325.2023.2205451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Research on parenting styles and attachment experiences has paid little attention to the dimensions of moral development. It is, therefore, interesting to explore the relationship between parenting styles, internal working models of attachment, and the development of moral skills, in terms of moral disengagement. The study involved 307 young people (aged 19-25 years), and the dimensions examined were: parental styles (measured by the PSDQ: Tagliabue et al., 2014); attachment styles (ECR: Picardi et al., 2002); moral disengagement (MDS: Caprara et al., 2006). Results showed that the authoritative parenting style is negatively correlated with the two measures of attachment styles (anxiety and avoidance) and moral disengagement. The authoritarian and permissive styles are positively correlated with the two measures of attachment styles (anxiety and avoidance) and moral disengagement. Results also revealed a significant indirect effect of the authoritative style (b = -0.433, 95% BCa, CI [-0.882, -0.090]) and authoritarian style (b = -0.661, 95% BCa, CI [.230, 1.21]) on moral disengagement through anxiety. A serial mediation of anxiety and avoidance on the relationship between permissive style and moral disengagement (b = .077, 95% BCa, CI [.0006, .206]) is significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Di Pentima
- Department of Social Sciences and Economics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Toni
- Department of Social Sciences and Economics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Roazzi
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brasil
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Hoskins D, Meza JI, Del Cid MV, Kemp K, Koinis-Mitchell D, Webb M, Tolou-Shams M. Impact of Family, Neighborhood, and Schools on Behavioral Health Needs of Justice-Involved Latinx Adolescents. COUPLE & FAMILY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 12:168-189. [PMID: 37705892 PMCID: PMC10499485 DOI: 10.1037/cfp0000204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Latinx adolescents are overrepresented in the justice system and have high untreated behavioral health needs. We examined the family as well as promotive and inhibitive environments (i.e., neighborhood and school) and their associations on behavioral health among 181 first-time justice-involved Latinx adolescents. Results showed that more optimal caregiver-adolescent attachment was associated with fewer behavioral health needs; more negative caregiver-adolescent communication with greater behavioral health needs. Increased neighborhood disadvantage and negative school interactions served as inhibitive environments and were associated with greater behavioral health needs. Moderation analyses indicated that negative communication was associated with greater behavioral health needs among dyads with large acculturation differences but not for dyads close in acculturation. Findings underscore the need to assess the family relationships and communication, promotive/inhibitive environments, and acculturation differences when determining how to meet behavioral health needs among justice-involved Latinx adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hoskins
- UCSF Benioff, Children's Hospital, Oakland, California, United States
| | | | | | - Kathleen Kemp
- UCSF Benioff, Children's Hospital, Oakland, California, United States
| | | | - Margaret Webb
- UCSF Benioff, Children's Hospital, Oakland, California, United States
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DeMaranville J, Wongpakaran T, Wongpakaran N, Wedding D. The Mediating Role of Precepts and Meditation on Attachment and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1923. [PMID: 37444756 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11131923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Research shows that Buddhist precept adherence (i.e., abstaining from killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and intoxicant use) and meditation practice influence mental health outcomes. This study investigated how Buddhist precept adherence and meditation practice influenced the relationship between insecure attachment and depressive symptoms among Thai adolescents. A total of 453 Thai boarding-school students from 10th-12th grade were recruited from five boarding schools (two purposively selected Buddhist schools and three conveniently selected secular schools). They completed these tools: Experiences in Close Relationships Questionnaire-revised-18, Outcome-Inventory-21: Depression Subscale, Precept Practice Questionnaire, and Inner-Strength-Based Inventory: Meditation. A parallel mediation model analyzed the indirect effects of attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance on depression through precept adherence and meditation practice. The participants' demographics were 16.35 ± 0.96 years, 88% female, and 89.4% Buddhist. The mean scores for attachment anxiety were 2.7 ± 1.1; attachment avoidance, 2.78 ± 1.2; overall regular precept adherence, 20.1 ± 4.4; regular but not daily meditation, 2.94 ± 1.3; and low depressive symptoms, 3.75 ± 3.4. The standardized indirect effects for attachment anxiety (β = 0.042, 95% CI = 0.022, 0.070) and avoidance (β = 0.024, 95% CI = 0.009, 0.046) on depressive symptoms through meditation and precept adherence were significant. Meditation practice had a significantly higher indirect effect size than precept adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tinakon Wongpakaran
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nahathai Wongpakaran
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Danny Wedding
- Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Clinical and Humanistic Psychology, Saybrook University, Pasadena, CA 91103, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63121, USA
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Chan HC(O. Youth sexual offending in Hong Kong: examining the role of self-control, risky sexual behaviors, and paraphilic interests. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1143271. [PMID: 37377476 PMCID: PMC10292797 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1143271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known about the nature and prevalence of sexual offending among youth in Hong Kong. Methods Testing self-control theory and sexual health risk factors (i.e., risky sexual behaviors [general and two subtypes] and paraphilic interests [general and 14 subtypes]), the prevalence of self-reported sexual offending behaviors (i.e., threat of sexual assault, penetrative sexual assault, and nonpenetrative sexual offense) was examined in a community-based sample of 863 young people (aged 17 to 20) in Hong Kong. Results In this study, men reported significantly higher levels of threat of sexual assault and of general and 12 subtypes of paraphilic interests than women; and women reported a significantly higher level of a specific paraphilic interest subtype (i.e., transvestic fetishism) than men. Logistic regressions found that, in general, a low level of self-control and high levels of risky sexual behaviors and paraphilic interests were important factors in the participants' likelihood of issuing threats of sexual assault and engaging in penetrative and nonpenetrative sexual assault. Discussion Important practical implications for reducing the tendency of young people to engage in sexual offending behavior can be derived from this study.
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da Fonseca IB, Santos G, Santos MA. School engagement, school climate and youth externalizing behaviors: direct and indirect effects of parenting practices. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37359592 PMCID: PMC10039354 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04567-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the direct and indirect effects of students' school engagement, school climate and parenting practices on youth's externalizing behaviors. A quantitative methodology with a sample of 183 Portuguese students, aged between 11 and 16 years old, was used. The main results suggested negative associations between externalizing behaviors and higher levels of school engagement and positive school climate. Poor parental supervision, inconsistent discipline and corporal punishment were positively related with externalizing behaviors, contrary to parental involvement and positive parenting that were associated with lower levels of externalizing behaviors. However, negative parenting practices were associated with lower levels of school engagement. Additionally, the results indicated that parenting practices might influence youth's externalizing behaviors through school engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilda Santos
- School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Law, University Lusíada, Porto, Portugal
- CJS - Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Crime, Justice and Security, School of Criminology, Porto, Portugal
- CEJEA - Center for Legal, Economic, and Environmental Studies, University Lusíada North, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida A. Santos
- School of Criminology, Faculty of Law, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculty of Law, University Lusíada, Porto, Portugal
- CJS - Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Crime, Justice and Security, School of Criminology, Porto, Portugal
- CEJEA - Center for Legal, Economic, and Environmental Studies, University Lusíada North, Porto, Portugal
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Are my parents psychopaths? How Mental health and self-esteem is impacted by perceived dark traits in parents. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
AbstractRelationships between parents and their descendants are necessary for healthy socio-emotional development. For a better understanding of these relationships, past studies found that personality traits significantly impact parenting constructs, such as attachment patterns, parental care, and relationship satisfaction, suggesting that the psychological aspects of parents can affect their descendants. In our research (N = 250), we asked participants to rate how they perceive their parents regarding their aversive personality traits (i.e., Dark Triad), parenting style characteristics, relationship satisfaction, and their own well-being and self-esteem. We then developed two mediational models (SEM), one for mothers and one for fathers. In these models, we assessed how the Dark Triad impacted mental health and self-esteem, mediated by authoritarian parenting style and relationship satisfaction. The models presented a good fit (e.g., CFI > 0.90). Psychopathic traits positively influenced an authoritarian parenting style for both parents, leading to worse relationship satisfaction and affecting their descendants’ mental health and self-esteem. Furthermore, we also observed the indirect effects of parental psychopathy on our outcomes, which were higher for mothers than fathers. Overall, our study provides the first assessment of how parents’ higher levels of dark traits can influence their descendants’ mental health and self-esteem.
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Pavlov RO, Andreescu V. Gender-based differences in abstention and desistance from drug use among American Indian adolescents. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-39. [PMID: 36877014 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2185335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Informed by the social control theoretical perspective, this study intends to identify the factors more likely to differentiate American Indian (AI) adolescents who never used illicit drugs (abstainers) and those who used drugs in the past but did not report recent drug usage (desisters) from their peers who reported lifetime and recent drug usage (persisters). This secondary analysis is based on data from a multi-site study conducted between 2009 and 2013. It is based on a gender-balanced sample (N = 3,380) of AI adolescents (50.50% male; Mean age = 14.75; SD = 1.69) representing the major AI languages and cultural groups in the U.S. Half of the AI adolescents reported lifetime drug use (50.40%), 37.50% never used drugs, and 12.10% stopped using drugs. When controlling for the variables included in the analysis, AI boys were significantly more likely than AI girls to desist from drug use. Both boys and girls who never used drugs tended to be younger, were less likely to have delinquent friends and a lower level of self-control, had stronger bonds to school, but lower levels of family attachment, and reported increased parental supervision. Compared to drug users, desisters associated significantly less with delinquent peers. While school attachment, self-control, and parental monitoring did not differentiate female desisters from female drug users, adolescent boys who desisted from drug use were more likely to report higher levels of school attachment and parental monitoring and their level of self-control was less likely to be low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben O Pavlov
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Viviana Andreescu
- Department of Criminal Justice, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
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15
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Jackson DB, Jones MS, Semenza DC, Testa A. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Adolescent Delinquency: A Theoretically Informed Investigation of Mediators during Middle Childhood. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3202. [PMID: 36833897 PMCID: PMC9959059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purposes of this study are twofold. First, we explore the associations between cumulative ACEs at ages 5 and 7 and delinquency at age 14 in a national sample of youth in the United Kingdom (UK). Second, we explore the role of five theoretically relevant mediators in explaining this relationship. METHODS Analyses were based on data from the UK Millennium Cohort Study-a prospective, longitudinal birth-cohort study of more than 18,000 individuals in the United Kingdom. RESULTS The results indicate that early ACEs are significantly associated with adolescent delinquency, with effects becoming significantly larger as ACEs accumulate. Findings also reveal that child property delinquency, substance use, low self-control, unstructured socializing, and parent-child attachment at age 11 all significantly mediate the relationship between early ACEs and delinquency in adolescence, with early delinquency and low self-control emerging as the most robust mediators. CONCLUSIONS Findings point to a need for early ACEs screening and a Trauma-Informed Health Care (TIC) approach in early delinquency prevention efforts. Early intervention efforts that bolster child self-control and curtail early-onset problem behaviors may also disrupt pathways from ACEs to adolescent delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan B. Jackson
- Department of Population, Family, and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Melissa S. Jones
- Sociology Department, College of Family, Home, and Social Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Daniel C. Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice, Rutgers, Camden, The State University of New Jersey, 405-7 Cooper Street, Camden, NJ 08102, USA
| | - Alexander Testa
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Evans MC, Duong JB, Morelli NM, Hong K, Voss C, Mendez L, Garcia J, Elzie X, Villodas MT. Conduct Problems As a Pathway From Childhood Adversity to Community Violence Exposure: The Protective Roles of Caregiver Knowledge and Involvement. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP698-NP725. [PMID: 35343296 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221081932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to community violence (ECV) poses a prevalent threat to the health and development of adolescents. Research indicates those who have more Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) are at higher risk for ECV, which further exacerbates risk of negative mental and physical health impacts. Additionally, those with more ACEs are more likely to exhibit conduct problems, which has also been linked to risk for ECV. Despite the prevalence and impact of ECV, there is limited longitudinal research on the risk factors that precede this exposure as well as family-level factors that may prevent it. The current study examined conduct problems as a potential mediator between ACEs and future indirect (i.e. witnessing) ECV in adolescents. Additionally, this study included caregiver factors, such as caregiver knowledge about their adolescent, caregiver involvement, and caregiver-adolescent relationship quality as potential protective moderators. Participants included (N = 1137) caregiver-adolescent dyads identified as at-risk for child maltreatment prior to child's age four for inclusion in the Longitudinal Studies of Child Abuse and Neglect (LONGSCAN). Conduct problems at age 14 mediated the relationship between ACEs from ages 0-12 and indirect ECV at age 16 (standardized indirect effect = .03, p = .005). Caregiver knowledge moderated the indirect relationship (b = -.40, p = .030), and caregiver involvement moderated the direct relationship between ACEs and indirect ECV (b = -.03, p = .033). Findings expand our knowledge about the longitudinal pathways that increase risk of violence exposure over the course of adolescent development, as well as the protective benefits caregivers can offer to disrupt these pathways and reduce risk of future traumatization. Implications are discussed for interventions that aim to address and prevent trauma and adverse outcomes among youth exposed to child maltreatment, household dysfunction, and community violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan C Evans
- Doctoral Program in Counseling, Clinical, and School Psychology, 8786UC, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Jacqueline B Duong
- Doctoral Program in Clinical Science in Child & Adolescent Psychology, 5450Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Nicholas M Morelli
- San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, RinggoldID:464916San Diego State University/UC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Kajung Hong
- San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, RinggoldID:464916San Diego State University/UC, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Claire Voss
- Department of Psychology, 7117San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Lucybel Mendez
- Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jackelyne Garcia
- Department of Psychology, 7117San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Elzie
- Department of Psychology, 7117San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Miguel T Villodas
- San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, RinggoldID:464916San Diego State University/UC, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, 7117San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
- Child and Adolescent Services Research Center, San Diego, CA, USA
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Widmer A, Havewala M, Bowker JC, Rubin KH. Secure Attachment Relationships With Mothers, But Not Fathers, Moderate the Relation Between Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Symptoms and Delinquency in Adolescents. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:46-56. [PMID: 36039532 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221120694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether secure parent-adolescent attachment relationships moderate the longitudinal relation between 9th grade (G9) ADHD symptoms and 12th grade (G12) delinquency within a community sample of adolescents. METHOD Participants included 335 9th graders, of whom 203 students completed measures again in 12th grade. Mothers reported on their adolescents' ADHD symptoms and aggressive behaviors, and adolescents completed measures of their own delinquency and their perceptions of their parent-child attachment relationships. RESULTS G9 ADHD symptoms predicted increases in G12 delinquent behaviors. Moderation effects were also found such that G9 ADHD symptoms predicted G12 delinquency for only those youth who had moderate or low levels of secure maternal attachment. Paternal secure attachment did not moderate the effects of G9 ADHD symptoms on G12 delinquency. CONCLUSION Findings underscore the importance of secure maternal attachment relationships in the development of delinquency among adolescents with ADHD symptoms.
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Prato-Previde E, Basso Ricci E, Colombo ES. The Complexity of the Human-Animal Bond: Empathy, Attachment and Anthropomorphism in Human-Animal Relationships and Animal Hoarding. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:2835. [PMID: 36290219 PMCID: PMC9597799 DOI: 10.3390/ani12202835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The human-animal relationship is ancient, complex and multifaceted. It may have either positive effects on humans and animals or poor or even negative and detrimental effects on animals or both humans and animals. A large body of literature has investigated the beneficial effects of this relationship in which both human and animals appear to gain physical and psychological benefits from living together in a reciprocated interaction. However, analyzing the literature with a different perspective it clearly emerges that not rarely are human-animal relationships characterized by different forms and levels of discomfort and suffering for animals and, in some cases, also for people. The negative physical and psychological consequences on animals' well-being may be very nuanced and concealed, but there are situations in which the negative consequences are clear and striking, as in the case of animal violence, abuse or neglect. Empathy, attachment and anthropomorphism are human psychological mechanisms that are considered relevant for positive and healthy relationships with animals, but when dysfunctional or pathological determine physical or psychological suffering, or both, in animals as occurs in animal hoarding. The current work reviews some of the literature on the multifaceted nature of the human-animal relationship; describes the key role of empathy, attachment and anthropomorphism in human-animal relationships; seeks to depict how these psychological processes are distorted and dysfunctional in animal hoarding, with highly detrimental effects on both animal and human well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Prato-Previde
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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19
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A Prospective Longitudinal Study of Mother-Child Attachment and Externalizing Trajectories in Boys and Girls. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2022; 53:611-622. [PMID: 33738690 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-021-01158-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In clinically referred children, boys and those with disorganized mother-child attachments tend to show the most maladaptive externalizing trajectories; however, additional research is necessary to test whether these findings hold in a community sample. Therefore, 235 community children (106 boys) were followed from ages 6 to 15 years across six time points. Multiple-group linear growth curves with mother-child attachment as a time-invariant covariate were fit to the data to explore externalizing trajectories for boys and girls. Results showed that boys had higher initial externalizing levels than girls, and children generally experienced a decline in symptoms over time. No significant trajectory differences were found for girls, and boys with different attachment classifications did not differ on their initial externalizing levels; however, boys with avoidant attachments (with resistant attachments trending) experienced a steeper decline in externalizing symptoms longitudinally. Implications for intervention and prevention are discussed.
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20
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Smith JG, Bartlett A, Hales H. Exploration of adverse patterns of placement of young people in secure care: The unwanted child? CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR AND MENTAL HEALTH : CBMH 2022; 32:212-226. [PMID: 35962767 PMCID: PMC9545529 DOI: 10.1002/cbm.2233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that distant placements and multiple moves may be detrimental to young people in care settings. Less is known about the characteristics of young people in secure care most affected by these processes. AIMS This study examined distance from home and number of previous placements in English young people detained in secure care and their relationships with organisational and individual characteristics. METHODS Data were derived from the (2016) cross-sectional National Adolescent Study census of English young people in secure care, which included 1322 young people across secure mental health, welfare and Youth Justice establishments. Associations were described with odds ratios/95% confidence intervals (OR/CI). RESULTS Overall, 285 young people (26.4%) were in secure placements over 100 miles from their family/local authority while 54 (5.6%) had 10 or more previous placements. These rates were higher in secure welfare than other settings (73.8%; OR (CI) = 9.62 (5.72, 16.18), 12.7%; OR (CI) = 2.76 (1.29, 5.91) respectively), and there was significant overlap between long-distance placement and multiple placements (n = 22; OR (CI) = 2.26 (1.27, 4.04)). Younger age and presence of neurodevelopmental disorder were also associated with long-distance placements while psychiatric diagnosis, previous secure placement, and previous service contact were linked to multiple placements. CONCLUSIONS Distant and/or multiple placements in young people in secure care appear common, particularly for those who are placed in secure welfare and who are younger and/or present with a psychiatric disorder. Multi-agency evaluations that capture the longitudinal experience of these vulnerable young people are needed to understand how undesirable patterns of placement in secure care occur and prevent future instances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared G. Smith
- Population Health Research InstituteSt George’s, University of LondonLondonUK
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21
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Svensson R, Johnson B. Does it matter in what family constellations adolescents live? Reconsidering the relationship between family structure and delinquent behaviour. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265964. [PMID: 35417470 PMCID: PMC9007383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study examines the associations between ten family structure types and delinquency, including four groups of symmetrical and asymmetrical living arrangements. We also adjust for attachment to parents and parental monitoring. Methods Data are drawn from four cross-sectional surveys conducted between 2016 and 2019 in southern Sweden. The sample consists of 3,838 adolescents, aged 14–15. Negative binomial models were used to calculate the associations between family structure and delinquency. Results The results show that those living in single-father, single-mother, father-stepmother, mother-stepfather families report significantly more delinquency than adolescents living with both their parents. Adolescents living in “symmetrical” family arrangements, i.e. both parents are single or have a new partner, reported lower levels of delinquency, whereas adolescents living in “asymmetrical” family arrangements, i.e. where either the mother or the father, but not both, have a new partner, reported higher levels of delinquency. Most of the associations between family structure and delinquency decline when adjusted for attachment to parents and parental monitoring. Discussion This study shows that it is important to move on to the use of more detailed categorisations of family structure in relation to delinquency. We need to increase our knowledge about the group of adolescents that moves between parents and especially about the different constellations of asymmetrical and symmetrical living arrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Svensson
- Department of Criminology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Björn Johnson
- Department of Social Work, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
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22
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Mancinelli E, Li JB, Lis A, Salcuni S. Adolescents' Attachment to Parents and Reactive-Proactive Aggression: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413363. [PMID: 34948969 PMCID: PMC8704311 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behaviors can serve different functions, which might be understood by distinguishing between reactive (RA) and proactive (PA) aggression. Few studies were conducted on adolescents’ family precursors and emotional processes associated with RA or PA. Accordingly, the current study compared RA and PA by evaluating their association with adolescents’ attachment to parents and alexithymia. N = 453 Italian adolescents aged 15–19 years (Mage = 16.48; SD = 0.69; 33.6% males) participated in the study filling in self-report measures. Results showed that PA and RA are significantly associated and that PA was higher among males. Moreover, four mediational models were performed to assess the influence of adolescents’ attachment to mothers vs. fathers on RA or PA, considering the mediating role of alexithymia. Gender was included as a covariate. Mediational models’ results showed a direct and indirect effect, through lower alexithymia, of adolescents’ attachment to mothers and fathers on RA. Differently, only attachment to mothers showed a direct effect on PA, while attachment to fathers only an indirect effect, mediated by lower alexithymia, on PA was shown. Findings support the greater relevance of emotional processes for RA while highlighting the differential contribution of adolescents’ attachment to mothers vs. fathers upon PA. Implications are discussed, and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Mancinelli
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.L.); (S.S.)
- Digital Health Lab, Centre for Digital Health and Wellbeing, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-334-2799698
| | - Jian-Bin Li
- Department of Early Childhood Education, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Adriana Lis
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Silvia Salcuni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy; (A.L.); (S.S.)
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Schorr MT, Quadors Dos Santos BTM, Feiten JG, Sordi AO, Pessi C, Von Diemen L, Passos IC, Telles LEDB, Hauck S. Association between childhood trauma, parental bonding and antisocial personality disorder in adulthood: A machine learning approach. Psychiatry Res 2021; 304:114082. [PMID: 34303948 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Childhood trauma (CT) and parental bonding (PB) have been correlated with later antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Aiming to better understand this complex interaction we analyzed the data from a cross-sectional study that evaluated 346 male inpatient cocaine users, using both traditional statistical analysis and machine learning (ML) approaches. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), and Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) were applied. We found a markedly higher prevalence of mental illness in the ASPD group. The ML method and the traditional analysis showed that emotional and physical abuse were the factors with the strongest relationship with ASPD. Also, there were discrepancies between the findings of both methods regarding physical neglect and paternal care. Although this study does not allow definitive answers in this matter, we do propose that these two methods can aid in better comprehending how multiple variables interact with each other in the development of psychological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Teixeira Schorr
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry(,) Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Barbara Tietbohl Martins Quadors Dos Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry(,) Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jacson Gabriel Feiten
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Anne Orgler Sordi
- Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristina Pessi
- Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisia Von Diemen
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Center for Drug and Alcohol Research (CPAD), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ives Cavalcante Passos
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental (CPE) and Centro de Pesquisa Clínica (CPC), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lisieux Elaine de Borba Telles
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Forensic Psychiatric Institute 'Doutor Maurício Cardoso', Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Simone Hauck
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Department of Psychiatry(,) Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Lamari-Fisher A, Bond MA. Protective factors in preventing delinquency: Caregiver support, caregiver monitoring, and school engagement. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 49:2818-2837. [PMID: 33784409 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Youth who are potential victims of maltreatment are more likely to commit delinquent acts, which may lead to incarceration. Applying a resiliency framework may shift the focus to positive adaptation. For instance, protective mechanisms promote social, academic, and conduct competencies for at-risk youth. This analysis estimated the protective effects of caregiver perceived support, and caregiver monitoring, and school engagement. It used delinquency as a measure of conduct competence. A latent variable structural equation model was developed using a sample of 1054 youth aged 11-17 who were involved with Child Protective Services. Participants were drawn from the second National Survey for Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Results indicated that perceived support and school engagement reduced minor offenses, and the latter additionally reduced crimes against persons and property. Perceived caregiver monitoring, in contrast, increased minor offenses and crimes against persons. Generally, delinquent acts were associated with lower levels of the protective mechanisms, which, in turn, led to future delinquent acts. Results highlight the important role schools play as a resource for at-risk youth. Additionally, caregiver monitoring may better serve as a protective mechanism when youth voluntarily offer information. Strengths and limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark A Bond
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA
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Kim S, Lee Y. Examining the profiles of school violence and their association with individual and relational covariates among South Korean children. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 118:105155. [PMID: 34119850 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to identify the profiles of children who experience perpetration and victimization in school violence and to test whether individual- and relational factors may differentiate the identified profiles. METHOD This study targeted 4328 children in the 6 th -grade (47.8% female) extracted from the Seoul Education Longitudinal Study (SELS). Items used to measure school violence includes verbal violence, social exclusion, physical violence, spreading malicious rumors, extortion, coercion/threat. Those experiences were captured on the basis of frequency. Individual factors cover self-esteem and self-control, and relationship factors contain parent-child relationship and teacher-student relationship. Gender was introduced as a control variable. Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) was utilized to classify profiles, and a modified three-step procedure was used to verify individual and relational factors in created profiles of school violence. RESULT A three-profile solution was obtained: Exchanging rare verbal violence (90.20%), interpersonal victimization (7.50%), and inflicting violence (2.30%). First, higher levels of self-esteem made children less likely to belong to the interpersonal victimization group than exchanging rare verbal violence group. Second, greater selfcontrol made children less likely to belong to the inflicting violence group than the exchanging rare verbal violence group. Higher levels of self-control also increased the likelihood of children being placed in interpersonal victimization group rather than inflicting violence group. Third, cohesive and close parent-child relationship made children have a lower likelihood to be affiliated with the interpersonal victimization group than exchanging rare verbal violence group. Lastly, a cohesive and close teacher-student relationship made children less likely to belong to the inflicting violence group or interpersonal victimization group than exchanging rare verbal violence group. CONCLUSION The findings can guide how school-based violence prevention can be designed, including enhancing individual competencies (i.e., self-esteem and selfcontrol), by establishing regular training programs in school settings. In addition, findings that relationships with parents and teachers affect children's experiences of school violence suggest focusing not only on affected children but also on taking an approach that encompasses the organically connected relationships surrounding children. This could be achieved by developing and distributing relevant materials or various training programs for the purpose of building their cohesive and supportive relationship with children. Practical implications are discussed according to the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Kim
- Family Translational Research Group, New York University, 137 East 25th Street, 6th Floor, New York, NY 10010
| | - Yanghee Lee
- Department of Child Psychology and Education, Department of Convergence for social innovation (joint appointment), Sungkyunkwan University, 25-2, Sungkyunkwan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Chan HCO. Violent Offending, Nonviolent Offending, and General Delinquency: Exploring the Criminogenic Risk Factors of Hong Kong Male and Female Adolescents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 65:975-998. [PMID: 31602999 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x19881917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Limited information is known about the offending phenomenon of Hong Kong adolescents, specifically from a theoretical standpoint. Using a sample of 892 secondary school students, this study aims to explore the criminogenic risk factors of juvenile delinquency in Hong Kong adolescents. Grounded in the theoretical propositions of mainstream criminological theories (i.e., self-control, social control, social learning, general strain, and routine activity), the adolescents' types of delinquent behavior (i.e., violent, nonviolent, and general delinquency) are examined. Findings indicate that male adolescents reported significantly higher levels of violent, nonviolent, and general delinquency than female adolescents. Relative to females, males are also reported significantly higher levels of pro-violence attitudes, deviant peer influence, alcohol and drug use, and perceived neighborhood disorganization. However, female adolescents are found to have higher levels of self-control, social bonding, and negative temperament than their male counterparts. Multivariate analyses demonstrate that deviant peer influence in addition to alcohol and drug use is found to be general risk factors for engaging in all sorts of delinquent activity. A high level of pro-violence attitudes is significantly associated with violent offending, while low self-control is a significant predictor of nonviolent offending and general delinquency. Social bonding, negative temperament, and perceived neighborhood disorganization are found to be important factors associated with general delinquency. Implications of the findings are offered to address the adolescents' criminogenic risk factors and prevent their propensity to engage in violent, nonviolent, and general delinquency.
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Knight RA, Du R. The Structure, Covariates, and Etiology of Hypersexuality: Implications for Sexual Offending. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2021; 23:50. [PMID: 34196843 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-021-01260-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW A substantial increase in research on the structure, covariates, and etiology of hypersexuality has emerged during the last decade. It is the goal of this review to summarize and integrate this research and to indicate some practical implications for clinical and forensic practice, especially as applied to those who have sexually offended. RECENT FINDINGS Studies from the last half-decade converge on the conclusion that hypersexuality has both problematic and high sexual drive components. Both aspects have consistently been found to be distributed dimensionally and not categorically. Each subdimension covaries differentially with specific types of impulsivity. In addition to sexual abuse, psychological or emotional abuse has emerged to be a potent developmental antecedent of hypersexuality. Current research has focused on the problematic dimension of hypersexuality and has neglected to specify the criteria for high sexual drive. Lacking are large-scale representative and clinical samples that provide determination of optimal cutoffs for treatment and dispositional decisions for both dimensions of hypersexuality. Research on the etiology of both aspects of hypersexuality is in its infancy, and more differentiated assessments of developmental abuse histories are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Knight
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, MS 062, Waltham, MA, 02454-9110, USA.
| | - Rui Du
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, MS 062, Waltham, MA, 02454-9110, USA
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The Relation Between Attachment and Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2021; 23:54-69. [PMID: 31392452 PMCID: PMC7000490 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-019-00299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insecure attachment to primary caregivers is associated with the development of depression symptoms in children and youth. This association has been shown by individual studies testing the relation between attachment and depression and by meta-analyses focusing on broad internalizing problems instead of depression or adult samples only. We therefore meta-analytically examined the associations between attachment security and depression in children and adolescents, using a multilevel approach. In total, 643 effect sizes were extracted from 123 independent samples. A significant moderate overall effect size was found (r = .31), indicating that insecure attachment to primary caregivers is associated with depression. Multivariate analysis of the significant moderators that impacted on the strength of the association between attachment security and depression showed that country of the study, study design, gender, the type of attachment, and the type of instrument to assess attachment uniquely contributed to the explanation of variance. This study suggests that insecure attachment may be a predictor of the development of depression in children and adolescents. When treating depression in children, attachment should therefore be addressed.
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Chen JK, Pan Z, Wang LC. Parental Beliefs and Actual Use of Corporal Punishment, School Violence and Bullying, and Depression in Early Adolescence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126270. [PMID: 34200552 PMCID: PMC8296137 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies on adverse outcomes of parental corporal punishment on children have focused on examining one of two broad domains of parental corporal punishment: parental beliefs or actual use. Recently, researchers have argued that parental belief and actual use of corporal punishment should work jointly to contribute to children's depression and involvement in school violence. Yet, studies supporting this proposition are lacking. This study examined the indirect link from parental attitudes towards corporal punishment to children's depression and school violence involvement through actual use of corporal punishment. Four hundred and thirty-three elementary school students and their parents in Taiwan participated in this study. The results indicate that positive parental attitudes towards corporal punishment do not predict children's depression and involvement in school violence. However, parental attitudes towards corporal punishment had significant indirect relationships with depression and involvement in school violence through the actual use of corporal punishment. These findings applied to both genders. This study supports the proposition that parental attitudes and the actual use of corporal punishment could work together to predict children's depression and school violence. Future intervention programs for decreasing children's depressive symptoms and involvement in school violence might need to tackle corporal punishment in the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Kang Chen
- Department of Social Work, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
- Correspondence:
| | - Zixin Pan
- Department of Social Work, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong;
| | - Li-Chih Wang
- Department of Special Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan;
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Michelini G, Palumbo IM, DeYoung CG, Latzman RD, Kotov R. Linking RDoC and HiTOP: A new interface for advancing psychiatric nosology and neuroscience. Clin Psychol Rev 2021; 86:102025. [PMID: 33798996 PMCID: PMC8165014 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) represent major dimensional frameworks proposing two alternative approaches to accelerate progress in the way psychopathology is studied, classified, and treated. RDoC is a research framework rooted in neuroscience aiming to further the understanding of transdiagnostic biobehavioral systems underlying psychopathology and ultimately inform future classifications. HiTOP is a dimensional classification system, derived from the observed covariation among symptoms of psychopathology and maladaptive traits, which seeks to provide more informative research and treatment targets (i.e., dimensional constructs and clinical assessments) than traditional diagnostic categories. This article argues that the complementary strengths of RDoC and HiTOP can be leveraged in order to achieve their respective goals. RDoC's biobehavioral framework may help elucidate the underpinnings of the clinical dimensions included in HiTOP, whereas HiTOP may provide psychometrically robust clinical targets for RDoC-informed research. We present a comprehensive mapping between dimensions included in RDoC (constructs and subconstructs) and HiTOP (spectra and subfactors) based on narrative review of the empirical literature. The resulting RDoC-HiTOP interface sheds light on the biobehavioral correlates of clinical dimensions and provides a broad set of dimensional clinical targets for etiological and neuroscientific research. We conclude with future directions and practical recommendations for using this interface to advance clinical neuroscience and psychiatric nosology. Ultimately, we envision that this RDoC-HiTOP interface has the potential to inform the development of a unified, dimensional, and biobehaviorally-grounded psychiatric nosology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Michelini
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States of America.
| | - Isabella M Palumbo
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Colin G DeYoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Robert D Latzman
- Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Health, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11790, United States of America
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Connolly EJ, Jackson DB, Semenza DC. Quality over quantity? Using sibling comparisons to examine relations between sleep quality, sleep duration, and delinquency. Soc Sci Med 2021; 280:114053. [PMID: 34051556 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A growing body of research suggests that adolescents with problematic sleep patterns are more likely to engage in externalizing and delinquent behaviors. Few studies, however, have examined the role of between- and within-family effects on this association to establish whether poor sleep is related to delinquency after controlling for familial confounding. OBJECTIVE The current study examines the relationship between self-reported restless sleep, sleep duration, and delinquency from ages 16-19 in a population-based sample of U.S. youth. METHODS Data from full siblings from the Children and Young Adult sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979) (CNLSY) are analyzed. Negative binomial regression models and sibling comparisons are estimated to assess between- and within-family effects of sleep on delinquency during ages 16-17. Sibling comparison cross-lagged models are then fitted to the data to examine whether sibling differences in sleep are related to sibling differences in changes in delinquency from ages 16-19. RESULTS Siblings with higher levels of self-reported restless sleep were more likely to report higher levels of delinquency at ages 16-17, net of observable covariates and unobservable familial confounders. Sibling differences in restless sleep at ages 16-17 were also associated with increases in delinquency at ages 18-19 after controlling for familial confounding and temporal stability in both sleep and delinquent behavior. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that perhaps sleep quality, rather than sleep duration, should be the primary target for intervention/prevention programming efforts for adolescent delinquency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Connolly
- Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology Sam Houston State University Huntsville, TX, 77340, USA.
| | - Dylan B Jackson
- Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Daniel C Semenza
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology, And Criminal Justice Rutgers University Camden, NJ, 08102, USA
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Duindam HM, Creemers HE, Hoeve M, Asscher JJ. A Quasi-Experimental Study on the Effectiveness of Dutch Cell Dogs in Incarcerated Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2021; 65:644-666. [PMID: 33423576 PMCID: PMC7970211 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x20983748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of Dutch Cell Dogs (DCD), a prison-based dog training program that aims to improve socioemotional functioning of incarcerated youth by giving them the opportunity to train a shelter dog. Primary (aggression and institutional infractions) and secondary (wellbeing and therapeutic functioning) outcomes were assessed for the intervention (n = 61) and comparison group (n = 77) before the start of DCD, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks at posttest. Overall, DCD participation was not effective. Compared to the comparison group, institutional infractions decreased in DCD participants with an immigrant background and increased in DCD participants with a native Dutch background. In addition, DCD participation reduced the quality of the therapeutic alliance for younger participants and those in secure residential facilities. The current study demonstrated heterogeneity in DTP responsiveness. Future research with robust designs and sufficiently large samples is needed to further identify who benefits from DTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica J. Asscher
- University of Amsterdam, the
Netherlands
- Utrecht University, the
Netherlands
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Hahlbeck SM, Vito AG. Adolescent Marijuana Dependence: The Role of Social Bonds and Social Learning Theory. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 54:43-53. [PMID: 33775242 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1903122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Using the 2017 National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) data, this research examines the extent to which social bonds and social learning theory predict adolescent marijuana dependence. Full information maximum likelihood (FIML) for logistic regression analyses were conducted in four models to test the competing theories. The results revealed partial support for both theories, such that adolescents with stronger parental bonds and negative definitions of substance use were less likely to be dependent on marijuana, while adolescents who associated with substance using peers were more likely to be dependent on marijuana. The multi-theoretical model suggested that only the social learning theory concepts of differential association and negative definitions were significant theoretical predictors of adolescent marijuana dependence. Additional analyses revealed that first using marijuana at 14 or 15 years old was also significantly related to adolescent marijuana dependence. Implications for future research and risk prevention programs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney M Hahlbeck
- Department of Psychological Science, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Anthony G Vito
- Department of Criminal Justice & Criminology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
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34
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Parental attachment and dispositional gratitude: The mediating role of adaptive narcissism. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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35
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Mitic M, Woodcock KA, Amering M, Krammer I, Stiehl KAM, Zehetmayer S, Schrank B. Toward an Integrated Model of Supportive Peer Relationships in Early Adolescence: A Systematic Review and Exploratory Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:589403. [PMID: 33716860 PMCID: PMC7947339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.589403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Supportive peer relationships (SPR) are crucial for mental and physical health. Early adolescence is an especially important period in which peer influence and school environment strongly shape psychological development and maturation of core social-emotional regulatory functions. Yet, there is no integrated evidence based model of SPR in this age group to inform future research and practice. The current meta-analysis synthetizes evidence from 364 studies into an integrated model of potential determinants of SPR in early adolescence. The model encompasses links with 93 variables referring to individual (identity, skills/strengths, affect/well-being, and behavior/health) and environmental (peer group, school, family, community, and internet/technology) potential influences on SPR based on cross-sectional correlational data. Findings suggest the central importance of identity and social-emotional skills in SPR. School environment stands out as a compelling setting for future prevention programs. Finally, we underscore an alarming gap of research on the influence of the virtual and online environment on youth's social realm given its unquestionable importance as a globally expanding social interaction setting. Hence, we propose an integrated model that can serve as organizational framework, which may ultimately lead to the adoption of a more structured and integrated approach to understanding peer relationship processes in youth and contribute to overcoming marked fragmentation in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mitic
- D.O.T. Research Group for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Ludwig Boltzmann Society at Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems on the Danube, Austria
| | - Kate A. Woodcock
- Centre for Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Amering
- Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ina Krammer
- D.O.T. Research Group for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Ludwig Boltzmann Society at Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems on the Danube, Austria
| | - Katharina A. M. Stiehl
- D.O.T. Research Group for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Ludwig Boltzmann Society at Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems on the Danube, Austria
| | - Sonja Zehetmayer
- Centre for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Beate Schrank
- D.O.T. Research Group for Mental Health of Children and Adolescents, Ludwig Boltzmann Society at Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems on the Danube, Austria
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tulln, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Tulln, Austria
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Spruit A, Colonnesi C, Wissink I, Uittenbogaard R, Willems L, Stams GJ, Noom M. Development and validation of the Attachment Relationship Inventory-Caregiver Perception 2-5 years (ARI-CP 2-5): Psychometric structure, external validity, and norms. Infant Ment Health J 2021; 42:188-205. [PMID: 33455023 PMCID: PMC8048982 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a lack of instruments assessing child–caregiver attachment relationships in early childhood to be used in attachment‐based practice, in particular from a caregiver's perception, which is an important factor of clinical importance to take into account in parenting interventions targeting young children. Therefore, the 48‐item Attachment Relationship Inventory—Caregiver Perception 2–5 years (ARI‐CP 2–5) was developed. Survey data of 446 caregivers of 2‐ to 5‐year‐old children were collected, and a subsample of 83 caregivers participated in an observation study. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed a four‐factor structure of secure, avoidant, ambivalent, and disorganized attachment relationship. Indications of configural, metric, and scalar invariance were found for caregivers’ and children's sex, children's age, and population (clinical vs. general population). The four scales showed sufficient internal consistency and significant associations with children's psychopathology, caregivers’ general attachment representations, caregivers’ mind‐mindedness, and population type. Moreover, preliminary evidence for convergent validity with observational attachment measures was found. It is concluded that the ARI‐CP 2–5 is a valid instrument that can be used as part of the screening and assessment of insecure attachment relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk Spruit
- Research Institute of, Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Basic Trust, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cristina Colonnesi
- Research Institute of, Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Wissink
- Research Institute of, Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lucia Willems
- Research Institute of, Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan Stams
- Research Institute of, Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Noom
- Research Institute of, Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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37
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Augustyn MB, Fulco CJ, Agkebe D, Henry KL. Maternal Substance Abuse and the Mother-Child Relationship in Late Childhood. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:2106-2114. [PMID: 34514950 PMCID: PMC8734208 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1972313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This study examines the relationship between maternal substance abuse and various aspects of the mother-child relationship in late childhood while accounting for mental health and comorbid substance abuse and mental health among a predominantly racial minority sample. Using 369 mother-child dyads from the Rochester Intergenerational Study (64% Black, 17% Hispanic, and 8% mixed race/ethnicity), multilevel generalized linear models examined the effects of a maternal substance abuse history, a history of clinical depression, and comorbid substance abuse and depression histories on both maternal and child reports of five aspects of the mother-child relationship (i.e. warmth, consistent discipline, maternal knowledge, involvement, and conflict). RESULTS A maternal substance abuse history alone was unrelated to each aspect of the mother-child relationship as perceived by the mother or child, with the exception of child perceptions of maternal knowledge of behavior. Alternatively, a history of depression or comorbid histories of substance abuse and depression was negatively related to warmth, consistent discipline, involvement, and conflict but only as perceived by the mother. CONCLUSIONS This study reinforces the need for integrated treatment programs for women with substance use problems, particularly programs that incorporate mental health and parenting components. Moreover, it highlights specific targets for intervention that can reduce subsequent maternal substance abuse and improve offspring outcomes. The divergence in observed effects across reporter also suggests that future research should use multiple reporters to examine the interpersonal consequences associated maternal substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Bears Augustyn
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Celia J Fulco
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Della Agkebe
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Kimberly L Henry
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Colorado School of Public Health, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Jin X, Chen W, Sun IY, Liu L. Physical health, school performance and delinquency: A comparative study of left-behind and non-left-behind children in rural China. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 109:104707. [PMID: 32932062 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND China's rapid economic development since the late 1970s has resulted in a large-scale migrant population from rural to urban areas, with millions of Chinese children being left behind at home by their parents who migrated to city for work. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this study is to test the effects of family, school and background characteristics on left-behind children's (LBC) and non-left-behind children's (NLBC) physical health, school performance, and delinquent behavior. PARTICIPANTS A total of 765 LBC and 468 NLBC in elementary and middle schools participated in the study. SETTING Survey data were collected from three middle schools and seven elementary schools in Wuhan, China. METHODS The dependent variables included three measures of child development: physical health, school performance and delinquent behavior. The independent and control variables were divided into four groups: school and community attachment, parental attachment, parental and children commitment, and background characteristics. Mean comparisons and regression analyses were conducted to assess whether LBC and NLBC differ in their physical health, academic performance and delinquent behavior. RESULTS LBC's physical health is significantly lower than that of NLBC. Being a LBC decreases the odds of being healthy by 51 percent. LBC and NLBC do not differ in their school performance and delinquent behavior. CONCLUSIONS Being left behind without proper parental care appears to be detrimental to child physical wellbeing. The damaging impact of left-behind is limited to physical health as LBC and NLBC reported similar levels of educational performance and delinquent acts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Jin
- School of Sociology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- School of Philosophy, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law, Wuhan, Hubei, 430073, China.
| | - Ivan Y Sun
- Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19702, United States.
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida International University, Miami, FL, 33199, United States.
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39
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Prevention of Instability in Foster Care: A Case File Review Study. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10566-020-09584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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40
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Determining the probability of juvenile delinquency by using support vector machines and designing a clinical decision support system. Med Hypotheses 2020; 143:110118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Huang L, Wang Q, Zhou Q, Ma L, Wu Y, Liu Q, Wang S, Feng Y. Cadmium uptake from soil and transport by leafy vegetables: A meta-analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114677. [PMID: 32388299 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) pollution in soil is a serious problem affecting environmental safety and human health, and the majority of Cd in human body comes from edible vegetables, especially leafy vegetables. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the absorption and transport of Cd soil by leafy vegetables. In this study, the meta-analysis method was firstly employed to study the relationship of Cd in leafy vegetables and soil systems. The results showed that different kinds of leafy vegetables have different abilities of Cd accumulation (measured by bioconcentration factor (BCF)) and transportation (measured by translocation factor (TF)): Brassica juncea (BCF = 5.10) and Brassica pekinensis (BCF = 1.90) had significantly higher ability to absorb cadmium in soil among the 19 studied species, Brassica pekinensis (TF = 2.52), Coriandrum sativum (TF = 2.18) had significantly higher cadmium transport capacity than other 11 species. To further clarify the influence of the three main factors of soil pH, Cd content and leafy vegetable species on the Cd enrichment ability of leafy vegetables, the regression equation was obtained by meta-regression analysis. BCF is affected by species, soil pH, soil cadmium content in the order from high to low. It was found that the estimated range of SOM for safe production of leafy vegetables is 20-30 g/kg. It could also be observed that soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) had a negative correlation with BCF, while soil salinity had a strong positive correlation with BCF. This study can provide a reliable reference for leafy vegetable security production in the Cd polluted field and aids in selecting species suitable for avoiding the absorption of heavy metals from polluted soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukuan Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Qiyao Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Luyao Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Qizhen Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Sheng Wang
- Laboratory of Pomology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ying Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environment Remediation and Ecological Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Schorr MT, Tietbohl-Santos B, de Oliveira LM, Terra L, de Borba Telles LE, Hauck S. Association between different types of childhood trauma and parental bonding with antisocial traits in adulthood: A systematic review. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 107:104621. [PMID: 32603957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ASPD describes individuals with a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others that begins in childhood and continues into adulthood. The relationship between parental bonding, trauma, and ASPD is well established, however, it remains unclear what types of trauma or which patterns of bonding are more associated with ASPD. OBJECTIVES Review the literature regarding what types of trauma and bonding characteristics were related to antisocial personality traits. METHOD Systematic searches of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scielo for studies about the relationship between antisocial personality traits and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and/or the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI). RESULTS 357 abstracts were selected, and 18 studies met the inclusion criteria. Regarding CTQ, the most consistent finding was the association between physical abuse and neglect to antisocial traits. Sexual abuse was the variable least related to antisocial traits. Regarding PBI, the most consistent finding was the inverse relationship between maternal and paternal care and antisocial traits. Concerning overprotection, the data is less consistent. Also, there was a considerable heterogenity between studies. CONCLUSIONS The literature little explores how these variables interact with each other. Thus, more studies are important to aidpolitical,educational, and public health programs to create preventive initiatives for ASPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Teixeira Schorr
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Bárbara Tietbohl-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Mendes de Oliveira
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Terra
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.
| | - Lisieux Elaine de Borba Telles
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil; Forensic Psychiatric Institute 'Doutor Maurício Cardoso', Bento Gonçalves Av., 2850, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90650-003, Brazil.
| | - Simone Hauck
- Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil; Research Laboratory in Psychodynamic Psychiatry, Post-Graduation Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2350, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-003, Brazil.
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Attachment to Parents and Peers and Adolescent Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Alexithymia. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:894-905. [PMID: 31960177 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The current research aims to study the mediating role of alexithymia on the relationship between attachment to parents and peers and mental health problems in a sample of 242 non-referred adolescents. Participants completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale, and the Symptom Check List-90-R. Mediation analysis shows that alexithymia fully mediates the relations between attachment to peers and mental health problems in both adolescent males and females. Findings suggest the importance to identify promptly vulnerabilities and risks in order to create prevention and intervention programs aimed to foster positive attachment experiences and to support emotional regulation.
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Munir A, Malik JA. Mediating role of religious orientation and moral character for the relationship between parent and peer attachment and delinquency. COGENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/23311908.2020.1761042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aasma Munir
- National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-e-azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Jamil A. Malik
- National Institute of Psychology, Quaid-e-azam University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Kuppens S, Moore SC, Gross V, Lowthian E, Siddaway AP. The Enduring Effects of Parental Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drug Use on Child Well-being: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:765-778. [PMID: 31274064 PMCID: PMC7525110 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The effects of psychoactive substance abuse are not limited to the user, but extend to the entire family system, with children of substance abusers being particularly at risk. This meta-analysis attempted to quantify the longitudinal relationship between parental alcohol, tobacco, and drug use and child well-being, investigating variation across a range of substance and well-being indices and other potential moderators. We performed a literature search of peer-reviewed, English language, longitudinal observational studies that reported outcomes for children aged 0 to 18 years. In total, 56 studies, yielding 220 dependent effect sizes, met inclusion criteria. A multilevel random-effects model revealed a statistically significant, small detriment to child well-being for parental substance abuse over time (r = .15). Moderator analyses demonstrated that the effect was more pronounced for parental drug use (r = .25), compared with alcohol use (r = .13), tobacco use (r = .13), and alcohol use disorder (r = .14). Results highlight a need for future studies that better capture the effect of parental psychoactive substance abuse on the full breadth of childhood well-being outcomes and to integrate substance abuse into models that specify the precise conditions under which parental behavior determines child well-being.Registration: PROSPERO CRD42017076088.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Kuppens
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, Centre for Environment and Health, Leuven, Belgium
- Karel de Grote University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Simon C. Moore
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
- Crime and Security Research Institute Friary House, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Vanessa Gross
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Emily Lowthian
- DECIPHer, Cardiff School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Andy P. Siddaway
- Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire, Scotland, UK
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Ward KP, Lee SJ, Pace GT, Grogan-Kaylor A, Ma J. Attachment Style and the Association of Spanking and Child Externalizing Behavior. Acad Pediatr 2020; 20:501-507. [PMID: 31279159 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2019.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the longitudinal associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior are moderated by attachment style. METHODS This study used data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (n = 2211), a large cohort sample of low-income urban families. Multiple-group autoregressive cross-lagged models examined the associations between maternal spanking and child externalizing behavior when children were ages 1, 3, and 5. Moderation by attachment style was examined using structural invariance testing. RESULTS For children with an insecure mother-child attachment style, spanking at age 1 was associated with externalizing behavior at age 3. However, for children with a secure mother-child attachment style, the association between maternal spanking at age 1 and child externalizing behavior at age 3 was absent. Attachment style did not moderate the association between maternal spanking at age 3 and externalizing behavior at age 5, suggesting that spanking at age 3 is associated with deleterious outcomes at age 5, regardless of attachment style. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that even in the context of a secure attachment style, spanking is associated with adverse outcomes in early childhood. Findings support the American Academy of Pediatrics 2018 policy statement, which encourages parents to avoid spanking when disciplining children. Results suggest that children, regardless of attachment style, may benefit from policies and services that promote non-violent forms of discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin P Ward
- School of Social Work, Department of Psychology, University of Michigan (KP Ward), Ann Arbor, Mich.
| | - Shawna J Lee
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan (SJ Lee, A Grogan-Kaylor), Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Garrett T Pace
- School of Social Work, Department of Sociology, University of Michigan (GT Pace), Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Andrew Grogan-Kaylor
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan (SJ Lee, A Grogan-Kaylor), Ann Arbor, Mich
| | - Julie Ma
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan-Flint (J Ma), Flint, Mich
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Protic S, Wittmann L, Taubner S, Dimitrijevic A. Differences in attachment dimensions and reflective functioning between traumatized juvenile offenders and maltreated non-delinquent adolescents from care services. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 103:104420. [PMID: 32146268 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences, especially maltreatment, are regarded as significant risk factors for the development of antisocial behavior in adolescence. However, possible correlates are still to be investigated after considering the history of criminal records and the experience of institutionalization. OBJECTIVE In this study, differences in attachment anxiety and avoidance, and reflective functioning (RF) between traumatized incarcerated juvenile offenders and non-delinquent adolescents institutionalized in child services because of domestic violence were examined. PARTICIPANTS, SETTING AND METHOD Forty-two juvenile offenders (Nfemale = 19) and 43 inmates of institutions for adolescents without parental care (Nfemale = 20) with the history of trauma filled in the childhood trauma and attachment dimensions questionnaires, and were scored on the Reflective Functioning Scale. Groups were matched on age and education. RESULTS Results indicate that both groups reported equally high levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance. Male juvenile offenders had lower scores on reflective functioning than both female convicted minors (B = 1.06; Odds Ratio = 2.88; Nagelkerkes R2 = 45) and non-delinquent adolescents of both genders (B = -.65; Odds Ratio = .52; Nagelkerkes R2 = 42). In comparison to non-convicted males, male offenders also had higher scores on the control scale of idealization (B = .35; Odds Ratio = 1.42; Nagelkerkes R2 = 42). No differences between females with and without a history of crimes were found. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a need for building RF in both traumatized samples, especially in male delinquents, and encourage further research in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Protic
- Institute of Criminological and Sociological Research, Belgrade, Serbia, Gracanicka 18, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; International Psychoanalytic University Berlin gGmbH, Stromstr. 1, D - 10555, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lutz Wittmann
- International Psychoanalytic University Berlin gGmbH, Stromstr. 1, D - 10555, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Svenja Taubner
- Institute for Psychosocial Prevention, University of Heidelberg, Bergheimerstr. 54, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Aleksandar Dimitrijevic
- International Psychoanalytic University Berlin gGmbH, Stromstr. 1, D - 10555, Berlin, Germany.
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Fathering Through Change (FTC) intervention for single fathers: Preventing coercive parenting and child problem behaviors. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 31:1801-1811. [PMID: 31489831 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579419001019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dishion and Patterson's work on the unique role of fathers in the coercive family process showed that fathers' coercion explained twice the variance of mothers' in predicting children's antisocial behavior and how treatment and prevention of coercion and promotion of prosocial parenting can mitigate children's problem behaviors. Using these ideas, we employed a sample of 426 divorced or separated fathers randomly assigned to Fathering Through Change (FTC), an interactive online behavioral parent training program or to a waitlist control. Participating fathers had been separated or divorced within the past 24 months with children ages 4 to 12 years. We tested an intent to treat (ITT) mediation hypothesis positing that intervention-induced changes in child problem behaviors would be mediated by changes in fathers' coercive parenting. We also tested complier average causal effects (CACE) models to estimate intervention effects, accounting for compliers and noncompliers in the treatment group and would-be compliers in the controls. Mediation was supported. ITT analyses showed the FTC obtained a small direct effect on father-reported pre-post changes in child adjustment problems (d = .20), a medium effect on pre-post changes in fathers' coercive parenting (d = .61), and a moderate indirect effect to changes in child adjustment (d = .30). Larger effects were observed in CACE analyses.
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Juan SC, Washington HM, Kurlychek MC. Breaking the Intergenerational Cycle: Partner Violence, Child-Parent Attachment, and Children's Aggressive Behaviors. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:1158-1181. [PMID: 29294659 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517692996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The link between exposure to violence in the home and children's later exhibition of violent behaviors is well documented in the criminological literature. To date, most research on partner violence (PV) and children's welfare has focused on adolescent outcomes. As such, we know little about how PV affects the behavior of the youngest, and perhaps most vulnerable population of children who have been exposed to PV. Our understanding of the PV-child behavior association is also limited because extant research has focused less attention on identifying risk factors that explain and modify the link between exposure to PV and children's behavior. We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a five-wave longitudinal study of U.S.-born children (N = 2,896) and structural equation modeling (SEM), to explore the impact of PV exposure on later aggressive behaviors. We extend the literature on PV exposure and childhood aggression in three ways: (a) We focus on young children's behavioral outcomes; (b) we identify child-parent attachment as a potential moderator of the PV-childhood aggression relationship; and (c) we investigate variation in the effect of PV exposure on children's aggressive behavior by children's attachment to parents. Findings support our hypotheses that exposure to PV during first 3 years of life is associated with increased aggression at age 5 and age 9. We find that the effect of PV on aggression at age 9 is fully mediated through the parent-child attachment. Contrary to our expectations, we do not find evidence of a strong parent-child attachment moderating the impact of PV exposure on children's aggressive behavior.
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