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Blum K, Ashford JW, Kateb B, Sipple D, Braverman E, Dennen CA, Baron D, Badgaiyan R, Elman I, Cadet JL, Thanos PK, Hanna C, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Yamamoto V, Gupta A, McLaughlin T, Makale M, Gold MS. Dopaminergic dysfunction: Role for genetic & epigenetic testing in the new psychiatry. J Neurol Sci 2023; 453:120809. [PMID: 37774561 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2023.120809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS), particularly linked to addictive disorders, costs billions of dollars globally and has resulted in over one million deaths in the United States (US). Illicit substance use has been steadily rising and in 2021 approximately 21.9% (61.2 million) of individuals living in the US aged 12 or older had used illicit drugs in the past year. However, only 1.5% (4.1 million) of these individuals had received any substance use treatment. This increase in use and failure to adequately treat or provide treatment to these individuals resulted in 106,699 overdose deaths in 2021 and increased in 2022. This article presents an alternative non-pharmaceutical treatment approach tied to gene-guided therapy, the subject of many decades of research. The cornerstone of this paradigm shift is the brain reward circuitry, brain stem physiology, and neurotransmitter deficits due to the effects of genetic and epigenetic insults on the interrelated cascade of neurotransmission and the net release of dopamine at the Ventral Tegmental Area -Nucleus Accumbens (VTA-NAc) reward site. The Genetic Addiction Risk Severity (GARS) test and pro-dopamine regulator nutraceutical KB220 were combined to induce "dopamine homeostasis" across the brain reward circuitry. This article aims to encourage four future actionable items: 1) the neurophysiologically accurate designation of, for example, "Hyperdopameism /Hyperdopameism" to replace the blaming nomenclature like alcoholism; 2) encouraging continued research into the nature of dysfunctional brainstem neurotransmitters across the brain reward circuitry; 3) early identification of people at risk for all RDS behaviors as a brain check (cognitive testing); 4) induction of dopamine homeostasis using "precision behavioral management" along with the coupling of GARS and precision Kb220 variants; 5) utilization of promising potential treatments include neuromodulating modalities such as Transmagnetic stimulation (TMS) and Deep Brain Stimulation(DBS), which target different areas of the neural circuitry involved in addiction and even neuroimmune agents like N-acetyl-cysteine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA; The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel.
| | - J Wesson Ashford
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA; War Related Illness & Injury Study Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Babak Kateb
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Eric Braverman
- The Kenneth Blum Behavioral & Neurogenetic Institute, LLC., Austin, TX, USA
| | - Catherine A Dennen
- Department of Family Medicine, Jefferson Health Northeast, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Exercise, Sports and Mental Health, Western University Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Rajendra Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, San Antonio, TX, USA; Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Waltham, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, NIH National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Hanna
- Department of Psychology & Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions (BNNLA), Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology and Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | | | - Vicky Yamamoto
- Brain Mapping Foundation, Los Angeles, CA, USA; National Center for Nanobioelectronic, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Brain Technology and Innovation Park, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Society for Brain Mapping and Therapeutics, Los Angeles, CA, USA; USC-Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas McLaughlin
- Division of Reward Deficiency Research, Reward Deficiency Syndrome Clinics of America, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Mlan Makale
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark S Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington College of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Blum K, McLaughlin T, Bowirrat A, Modestino EJ, Baron D, Gomez LL, Ceccanti M, Braverman ER, Thanos PK, Cadet JL, Elman I, Badgaiyan RD, Jalali R, Green R, Simpatico TA, Gupta A, Gold MS. Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) Surprisingly Is Evolutionary and Found Everywhere: Is It "Blowin' in the Wind"? J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12020321. [PMID: 35207809 PMCID: PMC8875142 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12020321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) encompasses many mental health disorders, including a wide range of addictions and compulsive and impulsive behaviors. Described as an octopus of behavioral dysfunction, RDS refers to abnormal behavior caused by a breakdown of the cascade of reward in neurotransmission due to genetic and epigenetic influences. The resultant reward neurotransmission deficiencies interfere with the pleasure derived from satisfying powerful human physiological drives. Epigenetic repair may be possible with precision gene-guided therapy using formulations of KB220, a nutraceutical that has demonstrated pro-dopamine regulatory function in animal and human neuroimaging and clinical trials. Recently, large GWAS studies have revealed a significant dopaminergic gene risk polymorphic allele overlap between depressed and schizophrenic cohorts. A large volume of literature has also identified ADHD, PTSD, and spectrum disorders as having the known neurogenetic and psychological underpinnings of RDS. The hypothesis is that the true phenotype is RDS, and behavioral disorders are endophenotypes. Is it logical to wonder if RDS exists everywhere? Although complex, “the answer is blowin’ in the wind,” and rather than intangible, RDS may be foundational in species evolution and survival, with an array of many neurotransmitters and polymorphic loci influencing behavioral functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Graduate College, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1075 Budapest, Hungary
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Wright University Boonshoff School of Medicine, Dayton, OH 45324, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-619-890-2167
| | | | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel;
| | | | - David Baron
- Division of Addiction Research & Education, Center for Psychiatry, Medicine, & Primary Care (Office of the Provost), Graduate College, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | - Luis Llanos Gomez
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Mauro Ceccanti
- Alcohol Addiction Program, Latium Region Referral Center, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Roma, Italy;
| | - Eric R. Braverman
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Jean Lud Cadet
- Molecular Neuropsychiatry Research Branch, DHHS/NIH/NIDA Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA;
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain (PAIN Group), Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care & Pain Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rajendra D. Badgaiyan
- Department of Psychiatry, South Texas Veteran Health Care System, Audie L. Murphy Memorial VA Hospital, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, MT. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Rehan Jalali
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | - Richard Green
- Division of Nutrigenomics, The Kenneth Blum Behavioral Neurogenetic Institute, (Ivitalize, Inc.), Austin, TX 78701, USA; (L.L.G.); (E.R.B.); (R.J.); (R.G.)
| | | | - Ashim Gupta
- Future Biologics, Lawrenceville, GA 30043, USA;
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
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Exploring dopaminergic transmission in gambling addiction: A systematic translational review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:481-511. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pearce E, Wlodarski R, Machin A, Dunbar RIM. The Influence of Genetic Variation on Social Disposition, Romantic Relationships and Social Networks: a Replication Study. ADAPTIVE HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 4:400-422. [PMID: 30393594 PMCID: PMC6190642 DOI: 10.1007/s40750-018-0101-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sociality is underpinned by a variety of neurochemicals. We previously showed, in a large healthy Caucasian sample, that genes for different neurochemicals are typically associated with differing social domains (disposition, romantic relationships and networks). Here we seek to confirm the validity of these findings by asking whether they replicate in other population samples. METHODS We test for associations between the same 24 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and measures of sociality as previously, in two smaller independent samples: Caucasian individuals with histories of mental illness (subclinical sample) (N = 140), and non-Caucasian individuals (N = 66). We also combined the relevant SNPs and social measures into 18 distinct neurochemical/social domain categories to examine the distribution of significant associations across these. RESULTS In the subclinical Caucasian sample, we confirm previous associations between (i) specific oxytocin and dopamine receptor gene SNPs and sexual attitudes and behavior, and (ii) two SNPs associated with dopamine receptor 2 and feelings of inclusion in the local community. In the non-Caucasian sample, we replicate the previous association between an oxytocin receptor SNP and anxious attachment. More generally, chi-squared tests indicated that the distribution of significant associations for each neurochemical across the three social domains did not differ significantly between the original sample and either of the new samples, except for oxytocin in the non-Caucasian sample. CONCLUSIONS These results corroborate both the SNP-specific and broader neurochemical associations with particular facets of sociality in two new populations, thereby confirming the validity of the previous findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiluned Pearce
- Social & Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory, Woodstock Rd, Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Rafael Wlodarski
- Social & Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory, Woodstock Rd, Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Anna Machin
- Social & Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory, Woodstock Rd, Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
| | - Robin I. M. Dunbar
- Social & Evolutionary Neuroscience Research Group, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Anna Watts Building, Radcliffe Observatory, Woodstock Rd, Quarter, Oxford, OX2 6GG UK
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Ledonne A, Mercuri NB. Current Concepts on the Physiopathological Relevance of Dopaminergic Receptors. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:27. [PMID: 28228718 PMCID: PMC5296367 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a key neurotransmitter modulating essential functions of the central nervous system (CNS), like voluntary movement, reward, several cognitive functions and goal-oriented behaviors. The factual relevance of DAergic transmission can be well appreciated by considering that its dysfunction is recognized as a core alteration in several devastating neurological and psychiatric disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD) and associated movement disorders, as well as, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and addiction. Here we present an overview of the current knowledge on the involvement of DAergic receptors in the regulation of key physiological brain activities, and the consequences of their dysfunctions in brain disorders such as PD, schizophrenia and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Ledonne
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola B Mercuri
- Department of Experimental Neuroscience, Santa Lucia FoundationRome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata"Rome, Italy
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Biochemical Diagnosis in Substance and Non-substance Addiction. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1010:169-202. [PMID: 29098673 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5562-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An optimal biochemical marker for addiction would be some easily traced molecules in body specimens, which indicates indulgent addictive behaviors, or susceptibility to certain addictive stimuli. In this chapter, we discussed existing literature about possible biomarkers, and classified them into three categories: origin forms and metabolites of substances, markers from biochemical responses to certain addiction, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers suggesting susceptibility to addiction. In every category, we examined studies concerning certain type of addiction one by one, with focuses mainly on opiates, psychostimulants, and pathological gambling. Several promising molecules were highlighted, including those of neurotrophic factors, inflammatory factors, and indicators of vascular injury, and genetic and epigenetic biomarkers such as serum miRNAs. DNA methylation signatures and signal nucleotide polymorphism of candidate gene underlying the addiction.
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Edman J, Berndt J. From Boredom to Dependence: The Medicalisation of the Swedish Gambling Problem. NORDIC STUDIES ON ALCOHOL AND DRUGS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/nsad-2016-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims The aim of this study is to investigate the medicalising of gambling problems by comparing the political discussions on gambling in the Swedish Parliament in the early 1970s and the early 2010s. Design Against a theoretical background on medicalising processes in general, and medicalisation of gambling problems in particular, we have analysed discussion protocols and parliamentary bills in the Swedish Parliament from the years 1970–1975 and 2012–2013. Results The problem descriptions of the 1970s and 2010s are, in certain respects, strikingly similar, identifying proactive operators such as the gambling companies and highlighting an inadequate legal framework. But where the MPs of the 1970s put some effort into describing the drab society which fed the need for gambling, the elected representatives of the 2010s shortcut to individual dependence. Conclusions EU membership and the development of the Internet have made effective control and regulation impossible in the early 2010s and the political handling of the Swedish gambling problem is therefore a clear example of how market liberalisation can pave the way for individualisation, medicalisation and depoliticisation of social problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Edman
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD) Stockholm University
| | - Josefine Berndt
- Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs (SoRAD) Stockholm University
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Lobo DSS, Aleksandrova L, Knight J, Casey DM, el-Guebaly N, Nobrega JN, Kennedy JL. Addiction-related genes in gambling disorders: new insights from parallel human and pre-clinical models. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1002-10. [PMID: 25266122 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurobiological research supports the characterization of disordered gambling (DG) as a behavioral addiction. Recently, an animal model of gambling behavior was developed (rat gambling task, rGT), expanding the available tools to investigate DG neurobiology. We investigated whether rGT performance and associated risk gene expression in the rat's brain could provide cross-translational understanding of the neuromolecular mechanisms of addiction in DG. We genotyped tagSNPs (single-nucleotide polymorphisms) in 38 addiction-related genes in 400 DG and 345 non-DG subjects. Genes with P<0.1 in the human association analyses were selected to be investigated in the animal arm to determine whether their mRNA expression in rats was associated with the rat's performance on the rGT. In humans, DG was significantly associated with tagSNPs in DRD3 (rs167771) and CAMK2D (rs3815072). Our results suggest that age and gender might moderate the association between CAMK2D and DG. Moderation effects could not be investigated due to sample power. In the animal arm, only the association between rGT performance and Drd3 expression remained significant after Bonferroni correction for 59 brain regions. As male rats were used, gender effects could not be investigated. Our results corroborate previous findings reporting the involvement of DRD3 receptor in addictions. To our knowledge, the use of human genetics, pre-clinical models and gene expression as a cross-translation paradigm has not previously been attempted in the field of addictions. The cross-validation of human findings in animal models is crucial for improving the translation of basic research into clinical treatments, which could accelerate neurobiological and pharmacological investigations in addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S S Lobo
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - L Aleksandrova
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J Knight
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - D M Casey
- Mental Health Commission of Canada, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - N el-Guebaly
- Division of Addiction, Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - J N Nobrega
- 1] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - J L Kennedy
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada [2] Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Zainal Abidin S, Tan EL, Chan SC, Jaafar A, Lee AX, Abd Hamid MHN, Abdul Murad NA, Pakarul Razy NF, Azmin S, Ahmad Annuar A, Lim SY, Cheah PS, Ling KH, Mohamed Ibrahim N. DRD and GRIN2B polymorphisms and their association with the development of impulse control behaviour among Malaysian Parkinson's disease patients. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:59. [PMID: 25896831 PMCID: PMC4417293 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Impulse control disorder (ICD) and behaviours (ICB) represent a group of behavioural disorders that have become increasingly recognised in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients who previously used dopaminergic medications, particularly dopamine agonists and levodopa. It has been suggested that these medications can lead to the development of ICB through the abnormal modulation of dopaminergic transmission and signalling in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system. Several studies have reported an association between polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor (DRD) and N-methyl-D-aspartate 2B (GRIN2B) genes with the development of ICB in PD (PD-ICB) patients. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association of selected polymorphisms within the DRD and GRIN2B genes with the development of ICB among PD patients using high resolution melt (HRM) analysis. Method We used high resolution melt (HRM) analysis to genotype 11 polymorphisms in 5 DRD genes [DRD1 (rs4532, rs4867798 and rs265981), DRD2 (ANKK1 rs1800497, rs104894220 and rs144999500), DRD3 (rs3732783 and rs6280), DRD4 (rs1800443), and DRD5 (rs144132215)] and 1 polymorphism in GRIN2B (rs7301328) in PD patients with (cases, n = 52) and without (controls, n = 39) ICB. Cases were obtained from two tertiary movement disorder centres [UKMMC (n = 9) and UMMC (n = 43)]. At both centres, the diagnosis of ICB was made using the QUIP questionnaire. Controls were recruited from PD patients who attended UKMMC and were found to be negative for ICB using the QUIP questionnaire. Results The HRM analysis showed that 7 of 11 polymorphisms [DRD1 (rs4532, rs4867798, and rs265981), DRD2 (ANKK1 rs1800497), DRD3 (rs3732783 and rs6280), and GRIN2B (rs7301328)] exhibited a clear distinction between wild-type and variant alleles. Variants of DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497 (OR = 3.77; 95% CI, 1.38-10.30; p = 0.0044), DRD1 rs4867798 (OR = 24.53; 95% CI, 1.68-357.28; p = 0.0054), DRD1 rs4532 (OR = 21.33; 95% CI, 1.97-230.64; p = 0.0024), and GRIN2B rs7301328 (OR = 25.07; 95% CI, 1.30-483.41; p = 0.0097) were found to be associated with an increased risk of developing ICB among PD patients. Conclusion Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in dopamine [DRD1 (rs4532 and rs4867798) and DRD2/ANKK1 rs1800497] and glutamate (GRIN2B rs7301328) receptor genes confer increased risk of ICB development among PD patients. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12883-015-0316-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahidee Zainal Abidin
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Eng Liang Tan
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Soon-Choy Chan
- Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Perdana University, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Ameerah Jaafar
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Alex Xuen Lee
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Hamdi Noor Abd Hamid
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Nor Azian Abdul Murad
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Fadlina Pakarul Razy
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute, UKM Medical Center, Jalan Ya'acob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shahrul Azmin
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Azlina Ahmad Annuar
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Shen Yang Lim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Neurobiology and Genetics Group, Genetic and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Medical Genetics Laboratory, Clinical Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim
- Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Bandar Tun Razak Cheras, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Tavares H. Gambling in Brazil: a call for an open debate. Addiction 2014; 109:1972-6. [PMID: 24851676 DOI: 10.1111/add.12560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To provide an overview of gambling in Brazil, including historical background, past and current legislation, gamblers' profile, treatment and research initiatives. METHODS Review of the published literature and research reports. RESULTS Gambling is deeply rooted in Brazilian history and culture, but gambling regulation historically alternates between legalization and banning. Currently, only state lotteries, horse betting and poker-playing are allowed. There is pressure to widen the games repertoire, but efforts at full legalization and commercial exploration of gambling have receded. Despite the barriers to gambling access, Brazil has prevalence rates similar to other countries: 1.0 and 1.3% life-time prevalence for pathological and problem gambling. A faster progression from regular to problem gambling was found among middle-aged women in clinical samples and for adolescent male gamblers in a population-based sample. Youth gambling is associated with severe forms of gambling and other risk-taking behaviours. Treatment options are scarce, and the public health system is unprepared to support gambling patients. Ongoing incipient efforts are being made to establish a treatment model combining psychotherapy and psychiatric comorbidity treatment with promotion of quality of life. CONCLUSION Life-time incidence of pathological gambling in Brazil appears similar to many other countries, at approximately 1%. Arguably, there is a need to develop a more coherent regulatory and treatment response to this societal problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermano Tavares
- Gambling Outpatient Unit, Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Džoljić E, Novaković I, Krajinovic M, Grbatinić I, Kostić V. Pharmacogenetics of drug response in Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci 2014; 125:635-44. [PMID: 25226559 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2014.963851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating, demoralizing and financially devastating condition affecting 1% of population at the age of 60 years. Thus, very important issue to address is individual therapy optimization. Recent results have shown evidence that variable efficacy of treatment and risk of motor and mental complications could have genetic origin. Significant roles in that process play (pharmaco)genomic/genetic studies of PD. Variability in genes coding for drug-metabolizing enzymes, drug receptors and proteins involved in drug pathway signaling is an important factor determining inter-individual variability in drug responses. Interpersonal differences in drug responses are clearly documented although individualized treatment of PD is not widely known. Treatment with antiparkinsonian drugs is associated with the development of complications, such as L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID), hallucinations and excessive daytime sleepiness. Carriers of specific genetic polymorphisms are particularly susceptible to development of some of these drug adverse effects. Pharmacogenomics aims to understand the relationship between genetic factors and inter-individual variations in drug responses, and to translate this information in therapy tailored to individual patient genetics. Relatively few efforts have been made to investigate the role of pharmacogenetics in the individual response to anti-PD drugs. Thus, many genetic variations and polymorphisms in myriad of different proteins can influence individual response to anti-PD drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Džoljić
- 1Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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DRD2-related TaqIA genotype is associated with dopamine release during a gambling task. J Addict Med 2014; 8:294-5. [PMID: 25089954 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Lobo D, Quilty L, Martins S, Tavares H, Vallada H, Kennedy J, Bagby R. Pathological gambling subtypes: A comparison of treatment-seeking and non-treatment-seeking samples from Brazil and Canada. Addict Behav 2014; 39:1172-5. [PMID: 24727115 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathological gambling (PG) is a heterogeneous disorder. The identification and characterization of PG subtypes could lead to tailored treatment approaches, which may, in turn, improve treatment outcomes. OBJECTIVE To investigate PG subtypes based on personality traits across two different cultural and clinical settings. Consistent with the Pathways Model, we hypothesized the presence of three subtypes (behaviorally conditioned - BC, emotionally vulnerable - EV, and antisocial impulsivist - AI). METHODS 140 PG adults from São Paulo, Brazil (SP sample) and 352 adults with PG (n=214) or sub-clinical PG (n=138) from Toronto, Canada (TO sample) completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Latent-class analysis was used to investigate subtypes. RESULTS A 2-class solution was the best model for the pooled SP and TO samples. Class 1 presented a normative personality profile and was composed exclusively of participants from Toronto (BC subtype). Class 2 was characterized by high novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, and low self-directedness, and included participants from both SP and TO (EV subtype). When sub-clinical PGs were excluded from the analysis, a single-class solution better characterized the SP and TO samples. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PG severity, rather than community or clinical settings, may have an effect on PG subtypes. The generalizability of the results is limited by the demographic and clinical features of the selected samples. Future neurobiological studies may contribute to the categorization of subjects into PG subtypes based on different underlying biological pathways.
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Identifying interacting genetic variations by fish-swarm logic regression. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2013:574735. [PMID: 23984382 PMCID: PMC3747618 DOI: 10.1155/2013/574735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding associations between genotypes and complex traits is a fundamental problem in human genetics. A major open problem in mapping phenotypes is that of identifying a set of interacting genetic variants, which might contribute to complex traits. Logic regression (LR) is a powerful multivariant association tool. Several LR-based approaches have been successfully applied to different datasets. However, these approaches are not adequate with regard to accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we propose a new LR-based approach, called fish-swarm logic regression (FSLR), which improves the logic regression process by incorporating swarm optimization. In our approach, a school of fish agents are conducted in parallel. Each fish agent holds a regression model, while the school searches for better models through various preset behaviors. A swarm algorithm improves the accuracy and the efficiency by speeding up the convergence and preventing it from dropping into local optimums. We apply our approach on a real screening dataset and a series of simulation scenarios. Compared to three existing LR-based approaches, our approach outperforms them by having lower type I and type II error rates, being able to identify more preset causal sites, and performing at faster speeds.
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Zhu F, Yan CX, Wen YC, Wang J, Bi J, Zhao YL, Wei L, Gao CG, Jia W, Li SB. Dopamine D1 receptor gene variation modulates opioid dependence risk by affecting transition to addiction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70805. [PMID: 23976958 PMCID: PMC3745389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopamine D1 receptor (DRD1) modulates opioid reinforcement, reward, and opioid-induced neuroadaptation. We propose that DRD1 polymorphism affects susceptibility to opioid dependence (OD), the efficiency of transition to OD, and opioid-induced pleasure response. We analyzed potential association between seven DRD1 polymorphisms with the following traits: duration of transition from the first use to dependence (DTFUD), subjective pleasure responses to opioid on first use and post-dependence use, and OD risk in 425 Chinese with OD and 514 healthy controls. DTFUD and level of pleasure responses were examined using a semi-structured interview. The DTFUD of opioid addicts ranged from 5 days to 11 years. Most addicts (64.0%) reported non-comfortable response upon first opioid use, while after dependence, most addicts (53.0%) felt strong opioid-induced pleasure. Survival analysis revealed a correlation of prolonged DTFUD with the minor allele-carrying genotypes of DRD1 rs4532 (hazard ratios (HR) = 0.694; p = 0.001) and rs686 (HR = 0.681, p = 0.0003). Binary logistic regression indicated that rs10063995 GT genotype (vs. GG+TT, OR = 0.261) could predict decreased pleasure response to first-time use and the minor alleles of rs686 (OR = 0.535) and rs4532 (OR = 0.537) could predict decreased post-dependence pleasure. Moreover, rs686 minor allele was associated with a decreased risk for rapid transition from initial use to dependence (DTFUD≤30 days; OR = 0.603) or post-dependence euphoria (OR = 0.603) relative to major allele. In conclusion, DRD1 rs686 minor allele decreases the OD risk by prolonging the transition to dependence and attenuating opioid-induced pleasure in Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-xia Yan
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-chong Wen
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayin Wang
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jinbo Bi
- The Genome Institute, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Community Medicine and Health Care, School of Medicine University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Ya-ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lai Wei
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-ge Gao
- Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Jia
- Methadone Maintenance Therapy Clinic, Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-bin Li
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Health Ministry for Forensic Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of the Education Ministry for Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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17
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Santangelo G, Barone P, Trojano L, Vitale C. Pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease. A comprehensive review. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2013; 19:645-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Leeman RF, Potenza MN. A targeted review of the neurobiology and genetics of behavioural addictions: an emerging area of research. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. REVUE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE 2013; 58:260-73. [PMID: 23756286 PMCID: PMC3762982 DOI: 10.1177/070674371305800503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes neurobiological and genetic findings in behavioural addictions, draws parallels with findings pertaining to substance use disorders, and offers suggestions for future research. Articles concerning brain function, neurotransmitter activity, and family history and (or) genetic findings for behavioural addictions involving gambling, Internet use, video game playing, shopping, kleptomania, and sexual activity were reviewed. Behavioural addictions involve dysfunction in several brain regions, particularly the frontal cortex and striatum. Findings from imaging studies incorporating cognitive tasks have arguably been more consistent than cue-induction studies. Early results suggest white and grey matter differences. Neurochemical findings suggest roles for dopaminergic and serotonergic systems, but results from clinical trials seem more equivocal. While limited, family history and genetic data support heritability for pathological gambling and that people with behavioural addictions are more likely to have a close family member with some form of psychopathology. Parallels exist between neurobiological and genetic and family history findings in substance and nonsubstance addictions, suggesting that compulsive engagement in these behaviours may constitute addictions. To date, findings are limited, particularly for shopping, kleptomania, and sexual behaviour. Genetic understandings are at an early stage. Future research directions are offered.
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MESH Headings
- Behavior, Addictive/classification
- Behavior, Addictive/genetics
- Behavior, Addictive/metabolism
- Behavior, Addictive/physiopathology
- Behavioral Research/methods
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/classification
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/diagnosis
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/genetics
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/metabolism
- Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders/psychology
- Functional Neuroimaging/methods
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genetics, Behavioral/methods
- Humans
- Neurobiology/methods
- Neuropsychology/methods
- Neurotransmitter Agents/classification
- Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism
- Substance-Related Disorders/metabolism
- Substance-Related Disorders/physiopathology
- Substance-Related Disorders/psychology
- Synaptic Transmission/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert F Leeman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Boileau I, Payer D, Chugani B, Lobo D, Behzadi A, Rusjan PM, Houle S, Wilson AA, Warsh J, Kish SJ, Zack M. The D2/3 dopamine receptor in pathological gambling: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]-(+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin and [11C]raclopride. Addiction 2013; 108:953-63. [PMID: 23167711 DOI: 10.1111/add.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pathological gambling (PG) shares diagnostic features with substance use disorder (SUD), but the neurochemical mechanisms underlying PG are poorly understood. Because dopamine (DA), a neurotransmitter implicated in reward and reinforcement, is probably involved, we used positron emission tomography (PET) to test whether PG is associated with abnormalities in D2 and D3 receptor levels, as observed in SUD. DESIGN Case-control study comparing PG to healthy control (HC) subjects. SETTING Academic research imaging centre. PARTICIPANTS Thirteen non-treatment-seeking males meeting DSM-IV criteria for PG, and 12 matched HC (11 of whom completed PET). MEASUREMENTS Two PET scans (one with the D3 receptor preferring agonist [11C]-(+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin (PHNO) and the other with [11C]raclopride) to assess D(2/3) DA receptor availability, and behavioural measures (self-report questionnaires and slot-machine game) to assess subjective effects and relationships to PET measures. FINDINGS Binding of both radiotracers did not differ between groups in striatum or substantia nigra (SN) (all P > 0.1). Across PG, [11C]-(+)-PHNO binding in SN, where the signal is attributable primarily to D3 receptors, correlated with gambling severity (r = 0.57, P = 0.04) and impulsiveness (r = 0.65, P = 0.03). In HC, [11C]raclopride binding in dorsal striatum correlated inversely with subjective effects of gambling (r = -0.70, P = 0.03) and impulsiveness (r = -0.70, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Unlike with substance use disorder, there appear to be no marked differences in D2 /D3 levels between healthy subjects and pathological gamblers, suggesting that low receptor availability may not be a necessary feature of addiction. However, relationships between [11C]-(+)-PHNO binding and gambling severity/impulsiveness suggests involvement of the D3 receptor in impulsive/compulsive behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Cormier F, Muellner J, Corvol JC. Genetics of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2012; 120:665-71. [PMID: 23232665 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-012-0934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Impulse control disorders (ICD) have been recognised in Parkinson's disease (PD) as adverse effects of dopamine replacement therapy, particularly with dopamine agonists. Although virtually all PD patients are treated with dopaminergic drugs, only a minority will develop hyperdopaminergic states, suggesting predisposing and/or protecting factors. The age at onset, the sex and the dose or type of dopaminergic drugs have been identified as clinical predictive factors. Recent genetic studies have investigated associations between ICD and polymorphisms of genes involved in the dopamine metabolism pathway (COMT, DAT), dopamine receptors (DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4), serotonin receptors and its transporter (HTR2A, 5HTT), and glutamate receptors (GRIN2B). Although validation in larger and independent cohorts is needed, the results from these studies give us some insights into the pathophysiology of hyperdopaminergic states and may be useful, at term, in personalising antiparkinsonian treatment in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Cormier
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Neurology, INSERM, CIC-9503, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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21
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Association study on pathological gambling and polymorphisms of dopamine D1, D2, D3, and D4 receptor genes in a Korean population. J Gambl Stud 2012; 28:481-91. [PMID: 21853233 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-011-9261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported that some dopaminergic receptor polymorphisms are associated with pathological gambling (PG). Considering that there are major race and ethnic group difference in dopaminergic polymorphisms, the result of genetic association studies should be confirmed in more homogeneous population to avoid problems of population stratification. The present study aimed to investigate whether selected polymorphisms in the dopamine receptors genes (DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, and DRD4) are associated with PG in Korean population which is consisted of only Korean ancestry. Subjects were 104 men with a diagnosis of PG and 114 unrelated age-matched normal control men. Genotyping was performed for the DRD1 gene -48 A/G, DRD2 gene TaqI A, DRD3 gene Ser9Gly, and DRD4 gene exon III variable number tandem repeat polymorphisms. The method of multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to analyze gene-gene interactions. There were no differences in the frequencies of any studied polymorphisms between patients with PG and normal controls. MDR analysis did not show a significant effect of the 4 dopamine receptor gene polymorphisms on susceptibility to PG (P > 0.05). The present study suggests that the analyzed polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor genes might not be associated with PG in a Korean population.
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Agrawal A, Verweij KJH, Gillespie NA, Heath AC, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Martin NG, Nelson EC, Slutske WS, Whitfield JB, Lynskey MT. The genetics of addiction-a translational perspective. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e140. [PMID: 22806211 PMCID: PMC3410620 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Addictions are serious and common psychiatric disorders, and are among the leading contributors to preventable death. This selective review outlines and highlights the need for a multi-method translational approach to genetic studies of these important conditions, including both licit (alcohol, nicotine) and illicit (cannabis, cocaine, opiates) drug addictions and the behavioral addiction of disordered gambling. First, we review existing knowledge from twin studies that indicates both the substantial heritability of substance-specific addictions and the genetic overlap across addiction to different substances. Next, we discuss the limited number of candidate genes which have shown consistent replication, and the implications of emerging genomewide association findings for the genetic architecture of addictions. Finally, we review the utility of extensions to existing methods such as novel phenotyping, including the use of endophenotypes, biomarkers and neuroimaging outcomes; emerging methods for identifying alternative sources of genetic variation and accompanying statistical methodologies to interpret them; the role of gene-environment interplay; and importantly, the potential role of genetic variation in suggesting new alternatives for treatment of addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wilson D, da Silva Lobo DS, Tavares H, Gentil V, Vallada H. Family-based association analysis of serotonin genes in pathological gambling disorder: evidence of vulnerability risk in the 5HT-2A receptor gene. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 49:550-3. [PMID: 22740152 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9846-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) has become a growing public health problem in many countries around the world. PG is an impulse control disorder and its behavior and psychopathology present similarities with substance abuse disorders. Evidence from twin studies supports a significant genetic predisposition to PG, but the precise genetic loci still remain unclear. The present study investigates the allele and genotype distribution of polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter, serotonin receptor 1B and 2A genes in 140 sib-pairs discordant for the diagnosis of PG. A significant association of the C/C genotype of the serotonin receptor 2A T102C (rs 6313) polymorphism and the PG phenotype was observed [OR = 1.7 (1.1-3.4)]. This preliminary result is consistent with the hypothesis that the serotonin system is associated with addiction behavior and similar results have been reported for nicotine and alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wilson
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry (LIM 23), University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Rua Dr Ovídio Pires de Campos 785, 05403-010, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Nussbaum D, Honarmand K, Govoni R, Kalahani-Bargis M, Bass S, Ni X, Laforge K, Burden A, Romero K, Basarke S, Courbasson C, Deamond W. An eight component decision-making model for problem gambling: a systems approach to stimulate integrative research. J Gambl Stud 2012; 27:523-63. [PMID: 21191637 PMCID: PMC3215875 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-010-9219-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Problem Gambling (PG) represents a serious problem for affected individuals, their families and society in general. Previous approaches to understanding PG have been confined to only a subset of the psychobiological factors influencing PG. We present a model that attempts to integrate potential causal factors across levels of organization, providing empirical evidence from the vast literature on PG and complimentary literatures in decision-making and addiction. The model posits that components are arranged systematically to bias decisions in favor of either immediately approaching or avoiding targets affording the opportunity for immediate reward. Dopamine, Testosterone and Endogenous Opioids favor immediate approach, while Serotonin and Cortisol favor inhibition. Glutamate is involved in associative learning between stimuli and promotes the approach response through its link to the DA reward system. GABA functions to monitor performance and curb impulsive decision-making. Finally, while very high levels of Norepinephrine can induce arousal to an extent that is detrimental to sound decision-making, the reactivity of the Norepinephrine system and its effects of Cortisol levels can shift the focus towards long-term consequences, thereby inhibiting impulsive decisions. Empirical evidence is provided showing the effects of each component on PG and decision-making across behavioural, neuropsychological, functional neuroimaging and genetic levels. Last, an effect size analysis of the growing pharmacotherapy literature is presented. It is hoped that this model will stimulate multi-level research to solidify our comprehension of biased decision-making in PG and suggest pharmacological and psychological approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Nussbaum
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, SW414 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada.
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25
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Genetics of dopamine receptors and drug addiction. Hum Genet 2012; 131:803-22. [PMID: 22350797 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1145-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine plays a key role in reward behavior, yet the association of drug dependence as a chronic, relapsing disorder with the genes encoding the various dopaminergic receptor subtypes remains difficult to delineate. In the context of subsequent genome-wide association (GWAS) research and post-GWAS investigations, we summarize the novel data that link genes encoding molecules involved in the dopaminergic system (dopamine receptors, transporter and enzymes in charge of its metabolism) to drug addiction. Recent reports indicate that the heritability of drug addiction should be high enough to allow a significant role for a specific set of genes, and the available genetic studies, which might not be already conclusive because of the heterogeneity of designs, methods and recruited samples, should support the idea of a significant role of at least one gene related to dopaminergic system. Evolutionary changes in primates and non-primate animals of genes coding for molecules involved in dopaminergic system highlight why addictive disorders are mainly limited to humans. Restricting the analyses to more specific intermediate phenotypes (or endophenotypes) such as attention allocation, stress reactivity, novelty seeking, behavioral disinhibition and impulsivity, instead of the broad addictive disorder concept can be instrumental to identify novel genes associated with these traits in the context of genome-wide studies.
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26
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Blum K, Chen TJH, Bailey J, Bowirrat A, Femino J, Chen ALC, Simpatico T, Morse S, Giordano J, Damle U, Kerner M, Braverman ER, Fornari F, Downs BW, Rector C, Barh D, Oscar-Berman M. Can the chronic administration of the combination of buprenorphine and naloxone block dopaminergic activity causing anti-reward and relapse potential? Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:250-68. [PMID: 21948099 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8206-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Opiate addiction is associated with many adverse health and social harms, fatal overdose, infectious disease transmission, elevated health care costs, public disorder, and crime. Although community-based addiction treatment programs continue to reduce the harms of opiate addiction with narcotic substitution therapy such as methadone maintenance, there remains a need to find a substance that not only blocks opiate-type receptors (mu, delta, etc.) but also provides agonistic activity; hence, the impetus arose for the development of a combination of narcotic antagonism and mu receptor agonist therapy. After three decades of extensive research, the federal Drug Abuse Treatment Act 2000 (DATA) opened a window of opportunity for patients with addiction disorders by providing increased access to options for treatment. DATA allows physicians who complete a brief specialty-training course to become certified to prescribe buprenorphine and buprenorphine/naloxone (Subutex, Suboxone) for treatment of patients with opioid dependence. Clinical studies indicate that buprenorphine maintenance is as effective as methadone maintenance in retaining patients in substance abuse treatment and in reducing illicit opioid use. With that stated, we must consider the long-term benefits or potential toxicity attributed to Subutex or Suboxone. We describe a mechanism whereby chronic blockade of opiate receptors, in spite of only partial opiate agonist action, may ultimately block dopaminergic activity causing anti-reward and relapse potential. While the direct comparison is not as yet available, toxicity to buprenorphine can be found in the scientific literature. In considering our cautionary note in this commentary, we are cognizant that, to date, this is what we have available, and until such a time when the real magic bullet is discovered, we will have to endure. However, more than anything else this commentary should at least encourage the development of thoughtful new strategies to target the specific brain regions responsible for relapse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Psychiatry and McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Djamshidian A, Cardoso F, Grosset D, Bowden-Jones H, Lees AJ. Pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease--a review of the literature. Mov Disord 2011; 26:1976-84. [PMID: 21661054 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of pathological gambling is 3.4% to 6% in treated Parkinson's disease, which is higher than the background population rate. In this review we discuss current evidence to indicate that dopamine agonists are much more likely to trigger this behavior than either L-dopa or selective monoamine oxidase B inhibitor monotherapy. New insights from recent behavioral and functional imaging studies and possible treatment approaches are also covered. A PubMed literature search using the terms "gambling" and "Parkinson's disease," "impulse control disorder," "impulsive compulsive behaviour," "dopamine agonist," of individual dopamine agonists, and of ongoing drug trials, using http://www.clinicaltrials.gov, was carried out for the period up to January 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Institute for Neurological Studies, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease: seeking a roadmap toward a better understanding. Brain Struct Funct 2011; 216:289-99. [PMID: 21541715 PMCID: PMC3197927 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-011-0314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The development of an impulse control disorder (ICD) is now recognized as a potential nonmotor adverse effect of dopamine replacement therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). Here, recent epidemiological, neurophysiological and genetic advances are summarized to outline potential mechanisms involved. It is safe to say that dopaminergic drugs, particularly dopamine agonists, are able to induce ICDs only in a minority of patients, while the majority are somehow protected from this adverse effect. While it seems clear that men with early-onset PD are more vulnerable, other predisposing factors, such as various current or pre-PD personality traits, are a matter of debate. In terms of neurophysiological advances, one may find striking analogies to the addiction literature suggesting a causal chain beginning with certain predisposing conditions of striatal dopamine synapses, an "unnatural" increase of dopamine stimulation and a characteristic pattern of resulting functional changes in remote networks of appetitive drive and impulse control. Future prospects include potential add-on medications and the possible identification of genetic predispositions at a genome-wide scale. Functional imaging of pharmacogenetic interactions (imaging pharmacogenomics) may be an important tool on that road.
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Association of functional variants in the dopamine D2-like receptors with risk for gambling behaviour in healthy Caucasian subjects. Biol Psychol 2010; 85:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Slutske WS, Piasecki TM, Ellingson JM, Martin NG. The family history method in disordered gambling research: a comparison of reports obtained from discordant twin pairs. Twin Res Hum Genet 2010; 13:340-6. [PMID: 20707704 DOI: 10.1375/twin.13.4.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine potential biases in family history reports of problem gambling and gambling frequency. Same-sex twin pairs discordant for a history of problem (n = 230 pairs) and pathological gambling (n = 48 pairs) and for three indexes of gambling frequency (ever gambling, monthly gambling, and weekly gambling; n = 44-517 pairs) were identified from a large Australian national twin study. The problem gambling affected twin was significantly more likely to endorse paternal problem gambling than the problem gambling unaffected cotwin (OR = 5.5), and similar findings were obtained for family history reports of gambling frequency (OR = 2.0-2.8). These results could not be explained by differences between the discordant pairs in whether they had spent time gambling with the parents; there was no association between a history of problem, monthly or weekly gambling and having gambled with the parents among discordant twin pairs. The results of this study suggest that relying solely on family history assessments of disordered gambling and gambling involvement can lead to incorrect estimates of the strength of the family history effect.
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Slutske WS, Zhu G, Meier MH, Martin NG. Genetic and environmental influences on disordered gambling in men and women. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:624-30. [PMID: 20530012 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Women now represent nearly half of all individuals in treatment for pathological gambling (PG), but relatively little is known about the causes of PG among women or potential sex differences in the causes of PG. OBJECTIVES To (1) investigate the role of genetic and environmental risk factors in the development of disordered gambling (DG) among women and (2) determine the extent to which the genetic and environmental risk of DG among women differs quantitatively or qualitatively from the risk of DG among men. (Disordered gambling refers to the full continuum of gambling-related problems that includes PG disorder.) DESIGN Twin study. SETTING The national community-based Australian Twin Registry. PARTICIPANTS Four thousand seven hundred sixty-four individuals from 2889 twin pairs; twins were aged 32 to 43 years and 57% were women. Main Outcome Measure Disordered gambling was defined based on lifetime DSM-IV PG symptom counts. RESULTS The estimate of the proportion of variation in liability for DG due to genetic influences was 49.2% (95% confidence interval, 26.7-60.9). There was no evidence for shared environmental influences contributing to variation in DG liability. There was no evidence for quantitative or qualitative sex differences in the causes of variation in DG liability. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes for the first time that genes are as important in the etiology of DG in women as they are in men and that the susceptibility genes contributing to variation in liability for DG are likely to overlap considerably in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy S Slutske
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Clark L. Decision-making during gambling: an integration of cognitive and psychobiological approaches. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:319-30. [PMID: 20026469 PMCID: PMC2827449 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2009.0147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling is a widespread form of entertainment that may afford unique insights into the interaction between cognition and emotion in human decision-making. It is also a behaviour that can become harmful, and potentially addictive, in a minority of individuals. This article considers the status of two dominant approaches to gambling behaviour. The cognitive approach has identified a number of erroneous beliefs held by gamblers, which cause them to over-estimate their chances of winning. The psychobiological approach has examined case-control differences between groups of pathological gamblers and healthy controls, and has identified dysregulation of brain areas linked to reward and emotion, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and striatum, as well as alterations in dopamine neurotransmission. In integrating these two approaches, recent data are discussed that reveal anomalous recruitment of the brain reward system (including the vmPFC and ventral striatum) during two common cognitive distortions in gambling games: the near-miss effect and the effect of personal control. In games of chance, near-misses and the presence of control have no objective influence on the likelihood of winning. These manipulations appear to harness a reward system that evolved to learn skill-oriented behaviours, and by modulating activity in this system, these cognitive distortions may promote continued, and potentially excessive, gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Clark
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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Abstract
Obesity and binge eating disorder are detrimental health conditions that are associated with lower qualities of life. Individuals with obesity often face societal discrimination and frequently experience related medical disorders such as diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Current research suggests neurobiological similarities between obesity, binge eating disorder, and substance dependence. In addition, behavioral similarities link the two conditions; obese and substance dependent individuals often report similar features such as loss of control towards food or substances, respectively, and cravings. Treatment options for obesity have begun to use this information to formulate pharmacological and therapeutic interventions that may provide greater results for weight loss and decreased binge frequency. Similarly, treatment approaches to substance addictions should consider aspects of weight management. Findings from research and treatment studies are presented with the aim of reviewing the current literature of obesity within the context of an addiction framework and providing information on empirically supported approaches to the treatment of co-occurring obesity and substance addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A. VanBuskirk
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 2 Church Street South, Suite 215, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT, 06519, USA
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Frascella J, Potenza MN, Brown LL, Childress AR. Shared brain vulnerabilities open the way for nonsubstance addictions: carving addiction at a new joint? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1187:294-315. [PMID: 20201859 PMCID: PMC3671907 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05420.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For more than half a century, since the beginning of formal diagnostics, our psychiatric nosology has compartmentalized the compulsive pursuit of substance (e.g., alcohol, cocaine, heroin, nicotine) from nonsubstance (e.g., gambling, food, sex) rewards. Emerging brain, behavioral, and genetic findings challenge this diagnostic boundary, pointing to shared vulnerabilities underlying the pathological pursuit of substance and nonsubstance rewards. Working groups for the fifth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V), are thus considering whether the nosologic boundaries of addiction should be redrawn to include nonsubstance disorders, such as gambling. This review discusses how neurobiological data from problem gambling, obesity, and "normal" states of attachment (romantic infatuation, sexual attraction, maternal bonds) may help us in the task of carving addictions "at a new joint." Diagnostic recarving may have a positive effect on addiction research, stimulating discovery of "crossover" pharmacotherapies with benefit for both substance and nonsubstance addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Frascella
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience and Behavioral Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Pathological gambling (PG) is categorized as an impulse control disorder (ICD). Phenomenological, neurobiological and pharmacological data suggest similarities in the pathophysiologies of substance use disorders (SUDs) and PG. Both behavioral and pharmacological approaches, including those that have been empirically validated for SUDs, have shown promise in the treatment of PG. Findings from biological studies of PG are reviewed, and treatment approaches based on controlled studies are summarized.
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Lobo DSS, Kennedy JL. Genetic aspects of pathological gambling: a complex disorder with shared genetic vulnerabilities. Addiction 2009; 104:1454-65. [PMID: 19686516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To summarize and discuss findings from genetic studies conducted on pathological gambling (PG). METHODS Searches were conducted on PubMed and PsychInfo databases using the keywords: 'gambling and genes', 'gambling and family' and 'gambling and genetics', yielding 18 original research articles investigating the genetics of PG. RESULTS Twin studies using the Vietnam Era Twin Registry have found that: (i) the heritability of PG is estimated to be 50-60%; (ii) PG and subclinical PG are a continuum of the same disorder; (iii) PG shares genetic vulnerability factors with antisocial behaviours, alcohol dependence and major depressive disorder; (iv) genetic factors underlie the association between exposure to traumatic life-events and PG. Molecular genetic investigations on PG are at an early stage and published studies have reported associations with genes involved in the brain's reward and impulse control systems. CONCLUSIONS Despite the paucity of studies in this area, published studies have provided considerable evidence of the influence of genetic factors on PG and its complex interaction with other psychiatric disorders and environmental factors. The next step would be to investigate the association and interaction of these variables in larger molecular genetic studies with subphenotypes that underlie PG. Results from family and genetic investigations corroborate further the importance of understanding the biological underpinnings of PG in the development of more specific treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela S S Lobo
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Neurogenetics Laboratory, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, R 30, Toronto, ON M5T1R8, Canada.
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Cordeiro Q, Souza BR, Correa H, Guindalini C, Hutz MH, Vallada H, Romano-Silva MA. A review of psychiatric genetics research in the Brazilian population. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2009; 31:154-62. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-44462009000200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND METHOD: A large increase in the number of Brazilian studies on psychiatric genetics has been observed in the 1970's since the first publications conducted by a group of researchers in Brazil. Here we reviewed the literature and evaluated the advantages and difficulties of psychiatric genetic studies in the Brazilian population. CONCLUSION: The Brazilian population is one of the most heterogeneous populations in the world, formed mainly by the admixture between European, African and Native American populations. Although the admixture process is not a particularity of the Brazilian population, much of the history and social development in Brazil underlies the ethnic melting pot we observe nowadays. Such ethnical heterogeneity of the Brazilian population obviously brings some problems when performing genetic studies. However, the Brazilian population offers a number of particular characteristics that are of major interest when genetic studies are carried out, such as the presence of isolated populations. Thus, differences in the genetic profile and in the exposure to environmental risks may result in different interactions and pathways to psychopathology.
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Impulse Control Disorder Behaviors Associated with Pramipexole Used to Treat Fibromyalgia. J Gambl Stud 2009; 25:425-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-009-9123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Potenza MN. Review. The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: an overview and new findings. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 363:3181-9. [PMID: 18640909 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling is a prevalent recreational behaviour. Approximately 5% of adults have been estimated to experience problems with gambling. The most severe form of gambling, pathological gambling (PG), is recognized as a mental health condition. Two alternate non-mutually exclusive conceptualizations of PG have considered it as an obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder and a 'behavioural' addiction. The most appropriate conceptualization of PG has important theoretical and practical implications. Data suggest a closer relationship between PG and substance use disorders than exists between PG and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This paper will review data on the neurobiology of PG, consider its conceptualization as a behavioural addiction, discuss impulsivity as an underlying construct, and present new brain imaging findings investigating the neural correlates of craving states in PG as compared to those in cocaine dependence. Implications for prevention and treatment strategies will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc N Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, Connecticut Mental Health Center, Room S-104, 34 Park Street, New Haven, CT 06519, USA.
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Blum K, Chen ALC, Chen TJH, Braverman ER, Reinking J, Blum SH, Cassel K, Downs BW, Waite RL, Williams L, Prihoda TJ, Kerner MM, Palomo T, Comings DE, Tung H, Rhoades P, Oscar-Berman M. Activation instead of blocking mesolimbic dopaminergic reward circuitry is a preferred modality in the long term treatment of reward deficiency syndrome (RDS): a commentary. Theor Biol Med Model 2008; 5:24. [PMID: 19014506 PMCID: PMC2615745 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-5-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and hypothesis Based on neurochemical and genetic evidence, we suggest that both prevention and treatment of multiple addictions, such as dependence to alcohol, nicotine and glucose, should involve a biphasic approach. Thus, acute treatment should consist of preferential blocking of postsynaptic Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) dopamine receptors (D1-D5), whereas long term activation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system should involve activation and/or release of Dopamine (DA) at the NAc site. Failure to do so will result in abnormal mood, behavior and potential suicide ideation. Individuals possessing a paucity of serotonergic and/or dopaminergic receptors, and an increased rate of synaptic DA catabolism due to high catabolic genotype of the COMT gene, are predisposed to self-medicating any substance or behavior that will activate DA release, including alcohol, opiates, psychostimulants, nicotine, gambling, sex, and even excessive internet gaming. Acute utilization of these substances and/or stimulatory behaviors induces a feeling of well being. Unfortunately, sustained and prolonged abuse leads to a toxic" pseudo feeling" of well being resulting in tolerance and disease or discomfort. Thus, a reduced number of DA receptors, due to carrying the DRD2 A1 allelic genotype, results in excessive craving behavior; whereas a normal or sufficient amount of DA receptors results in low craving behavior. In terms of preventing substance abuse, one goal would be to induce a proliferation of DA D2 receptors in genetically prone individuals. While in vivo experiments using a typical D2 receptor agonist induce down regulation, experiments in vitro have shown that constant stimulation of the DA receptor system via a known D2 agonist results in significant proliferation of D2 receptors in spite of genetic antecedents. In essence, D2 receptor stimulation signals negative feedback mechanisms in the mesolimbic system to induce mRNA expression causing proliferation of D2 receptors. Proposal and conclusion The authors propose that D2 receptor stimulation can be accomplished via the use of Synapatmine™, a natural but therapeutic nutraceutical formulation that potentially induces DA release, causing the same induction of D2-directed mRNA and thus proliferation of D2 receptors in the human. This proliferation of D2 receptors in turn will induce the attenuation of craving behavior. In fact as mentioned earlier, this model has been proven in research showing DNA-directed compensatory overexpression (a form of gene therapy) of the DRD2 receptors, resulting in a significant reduction in alcohol craving behavior in alcohol preferring rodents. Utilizing natural dopaminergic repletion therapy to promote long term dopaminergic activation will ultimately lead to a common, safe and effective modality to treat Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS) behaviors including Substance Use Disorders (SUD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Obesity and other reward deficient aberrant behaviors. This concept is further supported by the more comprehensive understanding of the role of dopamine in the NAc as a "wanting" messenger in the meso-limbic DA system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Blum
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA .
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