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Rodda SN, Merkouris SS, Dowling NA. Current approaches to the identification and management of gambling disorder: a narrative review to inform clinical practice in Australia and New Zealand. Med J Aust 2024. [PMID: 39364624 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.52471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
Gambling disorder is a recognised psychiatric disorder in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) and is classified as an addiction alongside alcohol and substance use disorders. The DSM-5 describes a past-year timeframe, episodic or persistent specifiers, early or sustained remission specifiers, and three gambling disorder severity specifiers (mild, moderate and severe). Although anyone can develop gambling disorder, there are known risk factors. In studies involving general adult populations, the likelihood of developing the disorder varies with the type of gambling, and is particularly high for internet gambling, casino table games and poker machines. Australia and New Zealand have shifted the focus of gambling disorder to the identification of gambling harm, in recognition that efforts targeting the prevention of harm may be more effective as they potentially influence a larger segment of the population. Temporal categories of gambling harm (crisis harms versus legacy harms) affect help-seeking and need for treatment. Crisis harms often motivate people to change their behaviour or seek help, whereas treatment addresses legacy harms, which emerge or continue to occur after gambling behaviour ceases. The evidence base and clinical guidelines recommend cognitive behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing but there are many gaps in our understanding of treatment for gambling disorder, including an absence of high quality evaluations that assess treatment effectiveness over the longer term, especially for treatment delivered in community settings. There is also an urgent need to understand how, why and for whom treatment works so that interventions can be optimised to individual needs, thereby facilitating client engagement. Because of limited access to health care and poor retention in treatment, in recent years there has been an increase in treatment choices in the form of internet therapies and smartphone applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone N Rodda
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC
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García-Pérez Á, Krotter A, Aonso-Diego G. The impact of gambling advertising and marketing on online gambling behavior: an analysis based on Spanish data. Public Health 2024; 234:170-177. [PMID: 39018681 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Online platforms have transformed gambling into a daily activity for many, raising concerns about its potential harm. Notably, marketing strategies play a crucial role in influencing gambling behaviors and normalizing gambling. This study aims to explore the relationship between monthly marketing expenditure by the gambling industry, the online amount of money bet, and the number of online accounts (active and new) in Spain. A secondary goal is to assess the impact of marketing restrictions under the Spanish Royal Decree 958/2020 on the relationship between marketing and online gambling behavior. STUDY DESIGN Longitudinal study. METHODS Data covering January 2013 to December 2023. Dependent variables included: new accounts, active accounts, gambler deposits, and the total money bet. Independent variables included: expenditure on advertising, bonuses, affiliate marketing, and sponsorship. A Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) model was employed to assess marketing's impact on online gambling behavior. RESULTS Findings show that investment in advertising (P ≤ 0.025), promotions (P < 0.001), and sponsorships (P ≤ 0.004) significantly increase the number of new and active accounts, deposits, and total money bet. For instance, it has been estimated that, for every €1 invested in bonuses and sponsorship, gamblers deposit €1.6 and €4 into their accounts, respectively. Moreover, the Spanish law regulating gambling advertising has seemingly weakened the link between marketing expenditure and gambling behavior, with the notable exception of bonuses, where the impact has intensified. CONCLUSIONS These results underline the importance of ongoing monitoring and regulation of gambling behavior in Spain, emphasizing the need for strict adherence to regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Á García-Pérez
- Department of Psychology, Sociology and Philosophy, University of Leon, Facultad de Educación, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, Leon 24071, Spain
| | - A Krotter
- Department of Psychology, Addictive Behaviors Research Group, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo, s/n, Oviedo 33003, Spain
| | - G Aonso-Diego
- Department of Psychology, University of Deusto, Spain.
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Tran LT, Wardle H, Colledge-Frisby S, Taylor S, Lynch M, Rehm J, Volberg R, Marionneau V, Saxena S, Bunn C, Farrell M, Degenhardt L. The prevalence of gambling and problematic gambling: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Public Health 2024; 9:e594-e613. [PMID: 39025095 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-2667(24)00126-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling behaviours have become of increased public health interest, but data on prevalence remain scarce. In this study, we aimed to estimate for adults and adolescents the prevalence of any gambling activity, the prevalence of engaging in specific gambling activities, the prevalence of any risk gambling and problematic gambling, and the prevalence of any risk and problematic gambling by gambling activity. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis. We systematically searched for peer-reviewed literature (on MEDLINE, Embase, and PsycInfo) and grey literature to identify papers published between Jan 1, 2010, and March 4, 2024. We searched for any gambling, including engagement with individual gambling activities, and problematic gambling data among adults and adolescents. We included papers that reported the prevalence or proportion of a gambling outcome of interest. We excluded papers of non-original data or based on a biased sample. Data were extracted into a bespoke Microsoft Access database, with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tool used to identify the risk of bias for each sample. Representative population survey estimates were firstly meta-analysed into country-level prevalence estimates, using metaprop, of any gambling, any risk gambling, problematic gambling, and by gambling activity. Secondly, population-weighted regional-level and global estimates were generated for any gambling, any risk gambling, problematic gambling, and specific gambling activity. This review is registered on PROSPERO (CRD42021251835). FINDINGS We screened 3692 reports, with 380 representative unique samples, in 68 countries and territories. Overall, the included samples consisted of slightly more men or male individuals, with a mean age of 29·72 years, and most samples identified were from high-income countries. Of these samples, 366 were included in the meta-analysis. Globally, 46·2% (95% CI 41·7-50·8) of adults and 17·9% (14·8-21·2) of adolescents had gambled in the past 12 months. Rates of gambling were higher among men (49·1%; 45·5-52·6) than women (37·4%; 32·0-42·5). Among adults, 8·7% (6·6-11·3) were classified as engaging in any risk gambling, and 1·41% (1·06-1·84) were engaging in problematic gambling. Among adults, rates of problematic gambling were greatest among online casino or slots gambling (15·8%; 10·7-21·6). There were few data reported on any risk and problematic gambling among adolescent samples. INTERPRETATION Existing evidence suggests that gambling is prevalent globally, that a substantial proportion of the population engage in problematic gambling, and that rates of problematic gambling are greatest among those gambling on online formats. Given the growth of the online gambling industry and the association between gambling and a range of public health harms, governments need to give greater attention to the strict regulation and monitoring of gambling globally. FUNDING Australian National Health and Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy T Tran
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Heather Wardle
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Samantha Colledge-Frisby
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia; National Drug Research Institute Melbourne, Curtin University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sophia Taylor
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michelle Lynch
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Volberg
- School of Public Health and Health Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Virve Marionneau
- Centre for Research on Addiction, Control, and Governance, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shekhar Saxena
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher Bunn
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - Michael Farrell
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Louisa Degenhardt
- National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Girone N, Limosani I, Ciliberti C, Turco M, Longo L, Colletti MA, Cocchi M, Zita G, Fiocchi MI, Benatti B, Viganò C, Percudani M, Dell’Osso B. Gender Differences in Gambling Disorder: Results from an Italian Multicentric Study. CLINICAL NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2024; 21:313-322. [PMID: 39309026 PMCID: PMC11411508 DOI: 10.36131/cnfioritieditore20240407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
Objective Although gender-specific evidence on Gambling Disorder (GD) is still limited, some studies reported specific differences, mainly in psychopathological profiles, gambling behavior patterns, and pathogenesis. In order to further examine the role of gender in GD, we conducted a multicenter investigation in a sample of Italian outpatients. Method One hundred-four outpatients with a diagnosis of GD based on DSM-5 criteria were consecutively recruited at two clinics based in Milan. Socio-demographic and clinical variables were collected for the whole sample and analyzed for the effect of gender. The severity of illness was assessed using the Canadian Problem Gambling Index and the Gambling Attitudes and Beliefs (GABS). Results Among females, a significantly higher mean age (52.23 ± 10.95 vs. 40.96 ± 15.76; p=0.005) and older age at illness onset emerged (43.5 ± 11.92 vs. 29.22 ± 14.26; p<0.001). Females showed a significantly higher rate of psychiatric comorbidities, lifetime suicide ideation, stressful events at GD onset, and positive family history for GD compared to males. A predictive effect of male gender was found for the GABS questionnaires by performing a linear regression model, with males showing a higher risk to reach higher scores compared to females (B= 11.833; t=2.177; p=0.034). Conclusions Our study seems to confirm the hypotheses that gender in GD may influence psychopathological profiles, course, and comorbidity. GD in female gender is frequently a comorbid condition with other specific clinical characteristics compared to males. Identifying specific clinical factors by gender may prompt more focus on the public health of women in relation to gambling, while still recognizing that males are at-risk of earlier gambling problems. These findings should be considered in therapeutic perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaja Girone
- University of Milan, Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivan Limosani
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Ciliberti
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Turco
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Longo
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Adele Colletti
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Cocchi
- University of Milan, Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Zita
- University of Milan, Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Ida Fiocchi
- University of Milan, Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Beatrice Benatti
- University of Milan, Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Viganò
- University of Milan, Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Percudani
- Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services, Niguarda Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell’Osso
- University of Milan, Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Milan, Italy
- “Aldo Ravelli” Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, CA, USA
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Mosconi G, Bertuccio P, Albertin I, Esposito M, Polgatti A, Taverna F, Turcinovich D, Russo S, Gaggi S, Barello S, Amerio A, Molinaro S, Gallus S, Cecconami L, Feder S, Vecchi T, Odone A. P.A.V.I.A. Study: Pervasiveness and Associated Factors of Video Slot Machine Use in a Large Sample of Italian Adolescents. J Gambl Stud 2024:10.1007/s10899-024-10334-2. [PMID: 39037539 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-024-10334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Video slot machines (VSM) are considered a particularly harmful gambling format; however, scant data is available on their use among underage Italian individuals. Two surveys were conducted in 2018 and 2022 involving 7,959 underage high school students (57.8% female) in Pavia, Northern Italy. We estimated adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for lifetime experience and current regular (at least monthly) use of VSM, according to family, educational and behavioral factors. Overall, participants reporting lifetime VSM experience were 13.2% (95% CI: 12.5 - 13.9), 15.2% (95% CI: 14.0-16.4%) in 2018, and 12.0% (95% CI: 11.1-13.0%) in 2022. Current regular VSM users were 1.4% (95% CI: 1.1-1.7) in total, 1.2% (95% CI: 0.8-1.6%) in 2018 and 1.5% (95% CI: 1.1-1.8%) in 2022. VSM lifetime experience and current regular use were significantly more frequent in males (aORs: 1.55 and 4.81, respectively), students who failed a year (aORs: 2.07 and 3.44), or with daily gambling parents/siblings (aORs: 2.83 and 4.86). Lifetime use of alcohol, tobacco, or illicit substances was significantly directly associated with lifetime VSM use (aORs between 2.64 and 4.75); monthly alcohol, tobacco, or illicit substances use was significantly directly associated with current regular VSM use (aORs between 4.47 and 18.21). Sexting and voluntary self-injury were significantly more frequent among VSM lifetime/current regular users. VSM use, which is directly associated with other risky behaviors, may be pervasive among Italian minors. Such public health concern calls for legislative enforcements and integrated multidisciplinary health promotion and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giansanto Mosconi
- School of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Paola Bertuccio
- School of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Ilaria Albertin
- Semi di Melo - Centre for Childhood and Adolescence Education and Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Marcello Esposito
- Semi di Melo - Centre for Childhood and Adolescence Education and Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Polgatti
- Semi di Melo - Centre for Childhood and Adolescence Education and Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Franco Taverna
- Semi di Melo - Centre for Childhood and Adolescence Education and Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Diego Turcinovich
- Semi di Melo - Centre for Childhood and Adolescence Education and Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Russo
- School of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy
| | - Silvia Gaggi
- Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Serena Barello
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Amerio
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), Section of Psychiatry, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sabrina Molinaro
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council of Italy, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvano Gallus
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Simone Feder
- Semi di Melo - Centre for Childhood and Adolescence Education and Research, Milan, Italy
| | - Tomaso Vecchi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anna Odone
- School of Public Health, Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Via Forlanini 2, Pavia, 27100, Italy.
- Medical Direction, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
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Andersson MJ, Kapetanovic S, Håkansson A, Claesdotter-Knutsson E. Concussion history associated with adolescent psychological distress but not hazardous gambling: a cross-sectional study. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:329. [PMID: 38840182 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-024-01830-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustaining multiple concussions over one's lifetime may be associated with behavioral and mood changes beyond the acute phase of injury. The present cross-sectional study examined the relationship between concussion history, the incidence of current moderate-severe psychological distress, and lifetime adolescent hazardous gambling in high school students. METHODS Four-hundred fifty-nine high school students from southern Sweden (age: 16.81 ± 0.83, 58.2% male) completed a survey assessing concussion history (0,1,2…>8), psychological distress using the Kessler-6 scale, and lifetime hazardous gambling using the NODS-CLiP scale. RESULTS Participants who self-reported three or more concussions were more likely to endorse moderate-severe symptoms of psychological distress than those with no concussion history while controlling for covariates, OR = 2.71, 95% CI [1.19, 6.18]. In contrast, concussion history was not associated with hazardous gambling after controlling for confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS Self-reporting three or more concussions was associated with increased current psychological distress beyond the acute phase of injury among high school students. Adolescents who have sustained multiple concussions should undergo mental health evaluations beyond the acute phase of injury to identify and treat psychological distress, but probing for hazardous gambling may not be clinically relevant in this previously concussed adolescent population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell J Andersson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden.
| | - Sabina Kapetanovic
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Sports and Mental Health Unit, Malmö Addiction Center, Region Skåne, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Emma Claesdotter-Knutsson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic, Region Skåne, Lund, Sweden
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Donati MA, Vehkalahti K, Capitanucci D, Primi C. A Structural Equation Model to Explain Gambling Problem Severity in Adolescents with an Integrated Perspective. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:971-983. [PMID: 37980690 PMCID: PMC11272714 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10266-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
To be effective in the prevention of adolescent problem gambling, it is fundamental to enhance knowledge about the antecedents of gambling problem severity and the mechanisms through which these dimensions are related to problematic gambling behavior. This study aimed at testing how selected cognitive (correct knowledge of gambling and gambling-related cognitive distortions) and affective (positive economic perception of gambling and expectation and enjoyment and arousal towards gambling) variables are related to gambling frequency and gambling problem severity. Problem gambling was conceptualized as Gambling Disorder symptoms according to the last edition of the DSM. Participants were 447 Italian high school students (68% males, mean age = 16.8, SD = 0.84). Structural Equation Models (SEMs) conducted with adolescent gamblers attested two indirect effects from knowledge to problem gambling: One through gambling-related cognitive distortions and one through gambling frequency. Overall, results confirmed that adolescent problem gambling is a complex phenomenon explained by multiple and different factors. Practical implications for preventive efforts are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Donati
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12 - Padiglione 26, 50135, Florence, Italy.
| | - Kimmo Vehkalahti
- Centre for Social Data Science, CSDS, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Caterina Primi
- NEUROFARBA Department, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi 12 - Padiglione 26, 50135, Florence, Italy
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Tan GSL, Tam CL. Impulsivity, Gambling-Related Cognitions, Cognitive Reappraisal and Gambling Behaviour in a Malaysian Sample. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:475-492. [PMID: 37544960 PMCID: PMC11272694 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10246-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
The relationships between cognitive reappraisal and problem gambling have been widely studied in different contexts. However, previous research findings remain inconsistent. This discrepancy might be attributed to the effects of interactions between cognitive reappraisal and other risk factors for problem gambling. Using moderation models, this study examined the association between impulsivity, gambling-related cognitive distortions, cognitive reappraisal and problem gambling in a sample of Malaysian gamblers. A total of 149 community gamblers (103 males, 46 females; mean age = 32.18) completed an online questionnaire. Problem gambling was measured with the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS); cognitive reappraisal was measured using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Cognitive Reappraisal Subscale (ERQ-CR); impulsivity was measured with the Short-UPPS-P Impulsive Behaviour Scale (SUPPS-P); and gambling-related cognitive distortions were measured using the Gambling Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS). The results revealed impulsivity and gambling-related cognitive distortions as significant predictors of problem gambling. At high levels, impulsivity and cognitive distortions are significant moderator variables that strengthen the association between cognitive reappraisal and problem gambling. These findings demonstrate that reappraisal skills could exacerbate problem gambling severity amongst impulsive or self-deceptive gamblers. Future research with larger and more representative samples is needed to validate and generalise these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Shu Lin Tan
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia.
| | - Cai Lian Tam
- Department of Psychology, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
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Calado F, Vernon M, Nuyens F, Alexandre J, Griffiths MD. How Does Religiosity Influence Gambling? A Cross-Cultural Study Between Portuguese and English Youth. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:1005-1019. [PMID: 38070070 PMCID: PMC11272725 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10269-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2024]
Abstract
Research has shown that religion can play a protective role in diverse risky behaviors among young people. However, very little is known about the effect of religion in gambling, especially among young problem gamblers. A strong moral belief regarding gambling may prevent adolescents and young adults engaging in gambling and developing problems. Nevertheless, some evidence suggests that religion might have an influence on gambling cognitive distortions (i.e., some religious beliefs might influence the conceptions of chance and luck, which may contribute to an increase in gambling participation). The present study examined the different effects that religion can have on gambling behavior, in two different cultural contexts (i.e., Portugal and England), characterized by different religious affiliations. A sample (n = 725) comprising Portuguese (n = 312) and English (n = 413) adolescents and young adults completed an online survey. The findings indicated that Portuguese youth were more religious than their English counterparts. Moreover, religiosity was associated with lower gambling engagement among participants in both samples. Mediation analyses also showed that the cognitive distortion of illusion of control mediated the relationship between religiosity and problem gambling among the Portuguese participants, and the interpretative bias was a significant mediator in the English sample. The study's findings suggest that religion can have a protective role on gambling behaviors. However, further research is needed to explore the interactive role of religion and cognitive distortions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Calado
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.
- ISCTE - CIS/IUL - Lisbon University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Mike Vernon
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Filip Nuyens
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Joana Alexandre
- ISCTE - CIS/IUL - Lisbon University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Department of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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10
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Mangat HS, Griffiths MD, Yu SM, Felvinczi K, Ngetich RK, Demetrovics Z, Czakó A. Understanding Esports-related Betting and Gambling: A Systematic Review of the Literature. J Gambl Stud 2024; 40:893-914. [PMID: 37740076 PMCID: PMC11272673 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10256-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Esports gambling has steadily grown in popularity alongside esports itself. While research has been increasing in the field of esports-related gambling, no study has yet reviewed the relevant literature on esports gambling. The present study aimed to comprehensively review all empirical research conducted in the wider field of esports gambling. A systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines was undertaken using PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Only empirical studies were included and were also assessed for potential biases using the ROBUST guidelines. A total of 30 studies from eight countries were included in the review. Esports gamblers were found more likely to be young males, likely to score high on problematic gambling scales, and likely to belong to households speaking a non-English language at home in English speaking countries. Esports gamblers are a unique type of gambling population, with rare characteristics and behaviors compared to other types of gamblers. Given the limited number of studies, there is a need for further research in this field to understand these populations, as well as the need for longitudinal research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshdeep S Mangat
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar, GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Shu M Yu
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar, GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
| | - Katalin Felvinczi
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ronald K Ngetich
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar, GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar, GX11 1AA, Gibraltar.
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Czakó
- Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Europa Point Campus, Gibraltar, GX11 1AA, Gibraltar
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Columb D, Keegan E, Griffiths MD, O'Gara C. A descriptive pilot survey of behavioural addictions in an adolescent secondary school population in Ireland. Ir J Psychol Med 2024; 41:189-201. [PMID: 34057059 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2021.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the present study was to evaluate the levels of possible internet addiction, gaming addiction, gambling addiction and associated mental health difficulties in a secondary school population in Ireland. METHODS An online survey containing questions related to internet addiction, gaming addiction, gambling addiction and associated mental health difficulties was administered to secondary school adolescents in Ireland. Participants were self-selecting and answered questions on the characteristics of each topic and screening questionnaires for addiction to each behaviour, as well as their respective effects on mental health. RESULTS A total of 234 children participated in the survey (156 males; aged 12-18 years; average age of 14.2 years; S.D. 1.60). Internet addiction as assessed using the Chen Internet Addiction Scale was present for between 11.5% and 22.6% and levels of gaming addiction as assessed using by the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale-Short Form was present for between 0.5% and 1.6%. Weak positive correlations were found between time spent on the internet and time spent gaming with internet addiction and gaming addiction, respectively. There were weak positive correlations between higher internet addiction scores, higher gaming addiction scores, and increased depression and anxiety scores. Using the South Oaks Gambling Screen-Revised for Adolescents, two participants were classed as 'at-risk' for gambling addiction and one participant was classed as a problem gambler. CONCLUSIONS The present study examined behavioural addictions and their effects on mental health on a self-selecting sample of schoolchildren at two schools in Ireland. A low number were identified as being at risk or problem gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Columb
- Addictions Department, St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Eoghan Keegan
- Addictions Department, St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Colin O'Gara
- Addictions Department, St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD School of Medicine and Medical Specialties, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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12
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Hing N, Thorne H, Lole L, Sproston K, Hodge N, Rockloff M. 'Getting addicted to it and losing a lot of money… it's just like a hole.' A grounded theory model of how social determinants shape adolescents' choices to not gamble. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1270. [PMID: 38724892 PMCID: PMC11084133 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling abstinence when underage lowers the risk of harmful gambling in later life. However, little research has examined why many young people refrain from gambling, even though this knowledge can inform protective strategies and lower risk factors to reduce underage gambling and subsequent harm. This study draws on the lived experience of adolescent non-gamblers to explore how social determinants while growing up have shaped their reasons and choices to not gamble. METHODS Fourteen Australian non-gamblers, aged 12-17 years, participated in an in-depth individual interview (4 girls, 3 boys) or online community (4 girls, 3 boys). Questions in each condition differed, but both explored participants' gambling-related experiences while growing up, including exposure, attitudes and behaviours of parents and peers, advertising, simulated gambling and motivations for not gambling. The analysis used adaptive grounded theory methods. RESULTS The grounded theory model identifies several reasons for not gambling, including not being interested, being below the legal gambling age, discouragement from parent and peers, concern about gambling addiction and harm, not wanting to risk money on a low chance of winning, and moral objections. These reasons were underpinned by several social determinants, including individual, parental, peer and environmental factors that can interact to deter young people from underage gambling. Key protective factors were parental role modelling and guidance, friendship groups who avoided gambling, critical thinking, rational gambling beliefs, financial literacy and having other hobbies and interests. CONCLUSIONS Choices to not gamble emanated from multiple layers of influence, implying that multi-layered interventions, aligned with a public health response, are needed to deter underage gambling. At the environmental level, better age-gating for monetary and simulated gambling, countering cultural pressures, and less exposure to promotional gambling messages, may assist young people to resist these influences. Interventions that support parents to provide appropriate role modelling and guidance for their children are also important. Youth education could include cautionary tales from people with lived experience of gambling harm, and education to increase young people's financial literacy, ability to recognise marketing tactics, awareness of the risks and harms of gambling, and how to resist peer and other normalising gambling influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerilee Hing
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, University Drive, 4670, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia.
| | - Hannah Thorne
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa Lole
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, University Drive, 4670, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
| | | | | | - Matthew Rockloff
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, University Drive, 4670, Bundaberg, QLD, Australia
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13
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Zhou J, Ho HW, Chan C. Effect of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Gambling Behavior in Mainland Chinese Gamblers in Macau: Cross-Sectional Survey Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e45700. [PMID: 38648630 PMCID: PMC11037453 DOI: 10.2196/45700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gambling behavior of individuals who were already actively engaged in such pursuits. We aimed to uncover the intricate consequences of the pandemic on this specific demographic, emphasizing the importance of understanding the complex connection between public health concerns such as the COVID-19 pandemic and gambling behavior from a public health perspective. In addition to identifying immediate impacts, this study holds significance in assessing potential long-term public health implications for the broader gambling industry. OBJECTIVE This study investigated how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the gambling behavior of Mainland Chinese tourists in Macau from a public health perspective. We aimed to understand the changing patterns of gambling habits within this specific demographic by comparing their behavior before and during the pandemic, with a particular emphasis on the evolving dynamics of gambling and their public health consequences. This study provides a detailed exploration of the impact and implications of global health emergencies on this particular demographic's gambling behaviors and preferences. METHODS This study used a robust cross-sectional analysis involving a sample of 334 Mainland Chinese gamblers with prior experiences in casinos in Macau. The sample deliberately encompassed individuals involved in gambling before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were collected through carefully designed questionnaires to gather information on gambling habits, preferences, and observed behavioral changes in the sample. RESULTS This study unveiled a notable shift in Mainland Chinese gamblers' behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic. A considerable number of participants opted for web-based platforms over traditional land-based casinos, resulting in reduced budgets, less time spent on gambling, and decreased participation in social gambling. Remarkably, there was a notable surge in online gambling, indicating a noteworthy adaptability of gamblers to changing circumstances. These findings emphasize the dynamic nature of gambling habits during global public health emergencies, revealing the resilient and evolving preferences of Mainland Chinese gamblers in response to the challenges posed by the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on casino gambling, notably evident in a significant decline in Mainland Chinese tourists visiting Macau for gambling. There is a noticeable shift from traditional gambling to web-based alternatives, with individuals seeking options within the pandemic constraints. Furthermore, the findings point out an increase in gambling among the younger generation and behavioral changes in individuals with mood disorders. The findings of this study emphasize the critical need for proactive measures to address evolving gambling preferences and associated risks during public health crises; furthermore, these findings underscore the importance of adaptive strategies within the gambling industry, as well as the necessity for effective public health interventions and regulatory frameworks to respond to unprecedented challenges with efficacy and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong-Wai Ho
- Centre for Gaming and Tourism Studies, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
| | - ChiBiu Chan
- Faculty of Business, Macao Polytechnic University, Macao, China
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Yockey RA. Psychosocial Factors Associated With Past Month Gambling Among Adolescents: Results From the 2016-2020 PRIDE Survey. Health Promot Pract 2024; 25:213-219. [PMID: 36367292 DOI: 10.1177/15248399221135101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The present study sought to identify psychosocial factors associated with recent gambling (gambling within the past 30 days). The 2016, 2018, and 2020 Parents' Institute for Drug Education (PRIDE) data sets were pooled and analyzed, consisting of 108,690 adolescents in 13 local public schools. A sizable percentage (13.1%) of adolescents reported gambling in the past 30 days. Multiple logistic regression analyses found differences based on demographic factors, previous substance use, and psychosocial factors. Adolescents at highest risk were male, non-White, in high school; sold drugs; and participated in violent activities in the past 30 days. The study also found worrying rates of substance use. Findings from the present study can inform harm reduction efforts, prevention messaging, and clinical interventions related to adolescent gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Yockey
- The University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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15
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Sohn YS, Son H. Online Gambling Patterns and Predictors of Problem Gambling Among Korean Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-sectional Study. Asian Nurs Res (Korean Soc Nurs Sci) 2024; 18:20-27. [PMID: 38244980 DOI: 10.1016/j.anr.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined online gambling patterns among Korean adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and identified predictors of problem gambling based on a socio-ecological model. METHODS It used nationally representative data from the 2020 National Survey on Youth Gambling Problems conducted by the Korea Center on Gambling Problems. This study selected a sample of 780 adolescents aged 13-18 years who reported having gambled online at least once in the last three months from the raw data of respondents. They were classified as the non-problem group and problem group according to the Gambling Problems Severity Scale (GPSS) of the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI). The predictive factors of problem gambling were analyzed by logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of problem gambling was 24.6 %. Its predictors included intrapersonal [male (odds ratios, OR = 1.67); gambling prior to COVID-19 (OR = 2.08)] and interpersonal factors [frequent gamblers in peers (OR = 4.34); peer pressure (OR = 2.34)]. Social factors, such as gambling in online community (OR = 5.60), sports betting (OR = 53.24), and lotteries (OR = 17.03) were associated with problem gambling. CONCLUSIONS The major predictors of problem gambling among adolescent online gamblers included peer gambling and specific types of gambling. To prevent problem gambling, strategies targeting peer groups are essential. In addition, nurses need to share with families, schools, communities, and policymakers that online gambling, such as lotteries and sports betting, are high-risk of adolescent problem gambling, and recommend them to collaborate for stricter regulatory measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Sil Sohn
- College of Nursing, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunmi Son
- College of Nursing, Research Institute of Nursing Science, Pusan National University, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Donati MA, Gori C, Primi C. How can we measure gambling craving among adolescent gamblers? Psychometric properties of the Gambling Craving Scale. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:208-215. [PMID: 37890536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Craving plays an important role in behavioural addictions such as Gambling Disorder (GD). However, it has only been included as a diagnostic criterion for substance addiction. Moreover, research on craving has focused mainly on adults, leaving out adolescents who can also be heavily involved in gambling behaviour. The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the most widely used craving assessment scale, the Gambling Craving Scale (GACS), in adolescent gamblers. METHOD For the current study, 1246 adolescent gamblers attending secondary school were recruited to complete a self-report questionnaire online. The psychometric properties of the GACS were examined: Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted; reliability was examined using the internal consistency method; in terms of validity, the relationship between the GACS total and subscale scores with some risk factors for problem gambling, gambling frequency and gambling problem severity was analyzed. RESULTS The factor analysis supported the three-factor structure, and good internal consistency was found for the GACS total scale and its three subscales. As regards validity, the GACS subscales resulted to be significantly and positively associated with economic perception of gambling and outcome expectancy, gambling-related cognitive distortions, gambling frequency, and problem gambling. LIMITATIONS The findings of this study were based on self-report data and only criterion validity was analyzed. CONCLUSIONS The GACS is a valid and rapid self-report measure of gambling craving in adolescent gamblers. In terms of prevention, the multidimensionality of the GACS is important for interventions. Clinical samples of adolescents are needed to confirm the validity of the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Anna Donati
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug, and Child's Health, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
| | - Costanza Gori
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug, and Child's Health, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Caterina Primi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug, and Child's Health, Section of Psychology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Fekih-Romdhane F, Ghrissi F, Stambouli M, Hakiri A, Loch AA, Cheour M, Hallit S. Moderating effect of alexithymia between problem gambling and psychotic experiences in university students. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:19. [PMID: 38172817 PMCID: PMC10765704 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05472-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most of the young individuals with problem gambling (PG) or psychotic experiences (PEs) are less prone to seek medical help. Therefore, community-based studies investigating the relationship between these entities in non-clinical young people across a continuum of severity are warranted. To this end, the present study proposes to advance knowledge on the mechanisms that potentially underlie the association between PG and PEs, by examining the role of a potential moderator, i.e. alexithymia, in this relationship. METHODS A total of 399 participants enrolled in this study (mean age = 21.58 ± 3.20 years) participated in an online cross-sectional survey. The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS), the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B), and the Toronto alexithymia scale (TAS-20) were used. RESULTS Thirty-three (8.3%) participants had problem-gambling, whereas 13 (3.3%) were probable pathological gamblers. Moderation analysis results adjusted over confounders (age, household crowding index, marital status, personal history of mental disorder, other illegal drug use) showed that the interaction PG by alexithymia (p = .018) was significantly associated with PEs scores. At moderate (Beta = 1.93) and high (Beta = 3.38) levels of alexithymia, more PG was significantly associated with more PEs scores. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that GP may have a different impact on PEs depending on the individual's level of alexithymia. As such, both alexithymia and gambling behavior should be considered in the clinical assessment of young people who present with PEs, which can help in implementing more tailored and individualized treatment plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feten Fekih-Romdhane
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia.
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Farah Ghrissi
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Manel Stambouli
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Abir Hakiri
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Alexandre Andrade Loch
- Laboratorio de Neurociencias (LIM 27), Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Biomarcadores em Neuropsiquiatria (INBION), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnológico, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Majda Cheour
- The Tunisian Center of Early Intervention in Psychosis, Department of Psychiatry "Ibn Omrane", Razi hospital, 2010, Manouba, Tunisia
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheil Hallit
- School of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik, Jounieh, P.O. Box 446, Lebanon.
- Psychology Department, College of Humanities, Effat University, 21478, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
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18
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Koç Ş, Kocakaya R, Türkmen AS, Çakıcı AB. University Students' Gaming and Gambling Behaviors, Related Factors, and the Relationship Between Gaming and Gambling. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1661-1674. [PMID: 37115422 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate university students' gaming and gambling behaviors, the factors that relate to these behaviors, and the connection between gaming and gambling behaviors. The study was designed as survey research, which is one of the quantitative research methods. The sample for the study consists of 232 students who are continuing their education at a state university in Turkey. The data of the research were collected through the Student Information Form, the Game Addiction Scale, and the South Oaks Gambling Screen. While the rate of students with problematic gambling behavior was 9.1% (n = 21), the rate of students with problematic gambling behavior was 14.2% (n = 33). Gaming behavior showed significant differences according to gender, age, the feeling of success, leisure time sufficiency, sleep proficiency, smoking, and alcohol use. Gambling behavior showed significant differences according to gender, family type, family income, the feeling of success, level of happiness, the experience of psychological distress, social relationship satisfaction, smoking, and alcohol use, and the presence of an addicted person in the social environment. Gender, perception of success, leisure proficiency, and alcohol use were variables associated with both gambling and gaming. There was a positive and significant relationship between gaming and gambling behavior (r = .264, p < .001). As a result, it is seen that the variables related to gaming and gambling behavior differ rather than partnership. Considering the weak relationship between gaming and gambling behavior, it is difficult to put forward sharp views on the relationship between gaming and gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şerife Koç
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Türkiye.
| | - Ramazan Kocakaya
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Türkiye
| | - Ayse Sonay Türkmen
- Department of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Burhan Çakıcı
- Department of Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, Karaman, Türkiye
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Rossi R, Reda F, Federico I, Jannini TB, Socci V, D'Aurizio G, Pettorruso M, Pacitti F, Rossi A, Martinotti G, Di Lorenzo G. The association between traumatic experiences and substance and behavioral addictions in late adolescence: A role for PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:82-90. [PMID: 37897840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM Traumatic experiences (TEs) are a risk factor for behavioral and substance addictions (SBAs). However, the role of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (cPTSD) deserves further elucidation. The present study assesses the association between different types of TEs on cannabis, alcohol, gambling, and problematic internet use in late adolescents. Furthermore, this study aims at evaluating the role of PTSD and cPTSD as potential mediators. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study was conducted on one thousand ten late adolescents (510 males, 498 females; age: mean = 18.7, SD = 0.65). Data regarding intentional (iTEs) and unintentional TEs (uTEs), cannabis, alcohol, gambling and problematic use of the internet (PIU), PTSD, and cPTSD were collected. Association between TEs, SBAs, and PTSD/cPTSD symptoms were explored by means of logistic regressions. Mediation was assessed using a path analysis. RESULTS uTEs were associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.34 [1.13,1.59]) and alcohol use (OR = 1.21 [1.10,1.35]), iTEs were associated with cannabis use (OR = 1.15 [1.06,1.25]), alcohol use (OR = 1.08 [1.02,1.13]), and PIU (OR = 1.17 [1.10,1.24]). PTSD was associated with alcohol use (OR = 1.59 [1.03,2.46]) and PIU (OR = 1.92 [1.18,3.13]). cPTSD was associated with cannabis use (OR = 3.54 [1.56,8.04]) and PIU (OR = 5.13 [2.71,9.70]). cPTSD mediated 58.75% of the total effect of iTEs on cannabis. Regarding PIU, PTSD mediated 68.18% of the effect of uTEs; the effect of iTEs on PIU was mediated by 65.5% via cPTSD and 34.45% via PTSD. CONCLUSION cPTSD and SBAs show a complex pattern of association. A thorough assessment of stress-related conditions, including cPTSD, is of pivotal importance in treating SBAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo Rossi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Flaminia Reda
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Isabella Federico
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Tommaso B Jannini
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Socci
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giulia D'Aurizio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Mauro Pettorruso
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Francesca Pacitti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Rossi
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Martinotti
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy; Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK.
| | - Giorgio Di Lorenzo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Vinberg M, Durbeej N, Rosendahl I. Young male athletes at risk for problem gambling: Findings from a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:766-775. [PMID: 37283029 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that male athletes at the elite level in Sweden have a higher proportion of gambling problems than the average male population in the country. However, there is a knowledge gap in the prevalence of gambling problems among young athletes. To address this gap, this study aimed to explore gambling behavior among young athletes and to examine the associations between individual and environmental factors and problem gambling. The cross-sectional survey comprised questions from the Problem Gambling Severity Index and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, in addition to self-constructed items on individual and environmental factors. The data were derived from a sample of 1,636 students from the National Sports Education Program (NIU) and 816 grassroots athletes of the same age (16-20 years old). The results showed that male athletes had a higher prevalence of problem gambling compared to female athletes, and that a large proportion of male athletes had gambled during school hours. The prevalence of problem gambling was almost zero for women. The prevalence of problem gambling among male athletes over 18 years of age was 9% in NIU athletes and 3.6% in grassroots athletes, while for men under 18 years of age, the prevalence was 4.9% in NIU athletes and 1.3% in grassroots athletes. The study highlights the importance of considering contextual factors such as the school and team environment in preventing problem gambling among young male athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalie Durbeej
- Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Rosendahl
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm County Council, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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Wahlström J, Olsson G. Poor school performance and gambling among adolescents: Can the association be moderated by conditions in school? Addict Behav Rep 2023; 18:100508. [PMID: 37519858 PMCID: PMC10372366 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2023.100508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Protective factors of adolescent gambling at the school level and their buffering potential are scarcely explored in prior research. This study aims to examine the protective possibility of low student-teacher ratio on youth gambling, both directly and by moderating the effect of low school performance. Methods Data were derived from the 2016 Stockholm school survey, collected among 5,221 grade 11 students (∼17-18 years) in 46 schools, with information on schools' composition and student-teacher ratio obtained through registers. Gambling and risk gambling were coded as binary variables. School performance was captured by self-reported marks in three core subjects, dichotomised into average/above average and below average, respectively. Student-teacher ratio was used both as a continuous and trichotomised variable. Two-level binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Results A below average school performance was associated with gambling and risk gambling but the association with gambling was only statistically significant at the 10%-level in the fully adjusted model. Student-teacher ratio was not directly associated with gambling and risk gambling but moderated the associations between school performance and both gambling and risk gambling, as these relationships were less pronounced in schools with a low student-teacher ratio. Conclusions In sum, a low student-teacher ratio may protect students from gambling and risk gambling by buffering against the adverse effects of other risk factors, such as poor school performance. These findings suggest that a higher teacher density in upper secondary schools can be beneficial beyond school matters by positively influencing student behaviour outside of school.
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Zeng S, McLaughlin EFB, Ramesh A, Morrison SE. Propensity for risky choices despite lower cue reactivity in adolescent rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1297293. [PMID: 38053922 PMCID: PMC10694209 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1297293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of heightened risk-taking across species. Salient audiovisual cues associated with rewards are a common feature of gambling environments and have been connected to increased risky decision-making. We have previously shown that, in adult male rats, sign tracking - a behavioral measure of cue reactivity - predicts an individual's propensity for suboptimal risky choices in a rodent gambling task (rGT) with win-paired cues. However, adolescents perform less sign tracking than adult animals, suggesting that they are less cue-reactive than adults in some circumstances. Therefore, we investigated the performance of adolescent male rats on the rGT with win cues and examined its relationship with their sign-tracking behavior. We found that adolescents make more risky choices and fewer optimal choices on the rGT compared with adults, evidence of the validity of the rGT as a model of adolescent gambling behavior. We also confirmed that adolescents perform less sign tracking than adults, and we found that, unlike in adults, adolescents' sign tracking was unrelated to their risk-taking in the rGT. This implies that adolescent risk-taking is less likely than that of adults to be driven by reward-related cues. Finally, we found that adults trained on the rGT as adolescents retained an adolescent-like propensity toward risky choices, suggesting that early exposure to a gambling environment may have a long-lasting impact on risk-taking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sara E. Morrison
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Koumantakis E, Comoretto RI, Dalmasso P, Bersia M, Lemma P, Lazzeri G, Nardone P, Vieno A, Galeotti T, Berchialla P, Charrier L. Risk Behaviors among Migrant Adolescents in Italy. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:1816. [PMID: 38002907 PMCID: PMC10670227 DOI: 10.3390/children10111816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for engaging in health risk behaviors. Migrant adolescents may face unique challenges due to acculturation stress. This study aims to monitor substance use and problem gambling among migrant adolescents living in Italy. Data from the 2017/18 Health Behavior in School-Aged Children survey in Italy were analyzed. The 18,794 participants included 15-year-olds, categorized as native or migrants, with ethnic backgrounds from Western, Eastern European, or non-Western/non-European countries. Girls had higher smoking rates, while boys exhibited higher prevalence of alcohol-related risk behaviors, cannabis use, and gambling. Boys from Eastern European countries displayed a greater risk of drunkenness (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.06-2.37), particularly in the first generation, while those from Western countries showed a higher risk of multiple substance use (OR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.05-1.96). Girls from Eastern European and non-Western/non-European countries had a lower risk of alcohol consumption (OR: 0.50, 95% CI: 0.29-0.85; OR: 0.55, 95% CI: 0.33-0.91, respectively). Finally, boys, especially those from Eastern European and non-Western/non-European countries, had a significantly higher risk of problem gambling (OR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.04-3.22; OR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.29-3.42, respectively). This disparity was more pronounced in the first generation, possibly due to acculturation challenges and socio-economic factors. Risk behaviors in adolescents are influenced by complex interplays of gender, cultural factors, and migration generation. Preventive strategies should consider these factors to effectively address substance use and gambling in this heterogeneous population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Koumantakis
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Medical Statistics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paola Dalmasso
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Michela Bersia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Medical Statistics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Patrizia Lemma
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzeri
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Paola Nardone
- National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (National Institute of Health), 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Tommaso Galeotti
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialisation, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Berchialla
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Lorena Charrier
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
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Vieira C, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD. Early maladaptive schemas and behavioural addictions: A systematic literature review. Clin Psychol Rev 2023; 105:102340. [PMID: 37776578 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2023.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
As observed in other mental health difficulties, behavioural addiction is a complex construct with several potential predisposing factors, which include biological factors (e.g., genetic predispositions), psychological factors (e.g., personality traits), and social factors (e.g., family, and social history). One factor that may play a significant role in both developing and perpetuating behavioural addiction is the activation of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs). The aim of the present review was to synthesize the evidence concerning the relationship between behavioural addiction and EMSs. A comprehensive literature search using keywords and subject headings was performed with three electronic databases, resulting in 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In relation to specific behavioural addiction, the 20 studies examined: binge-eating/food addiction (n = 6), sexual addiction/compulsive sexual behaviours (n = 3), multiple addictive behaviours (n = 2), internet addiction (n = 2), smartphone addiction (n = 2), social networking/Facebook addiction (n = 2), exercise dependence (n = 1), gambling (n = 1), and videogame addiction (n = 1). The patterns of association between EMS and behavioural addiction were examined in both clinical and non-clinical population. The 'Disconnection and Rejection' domain was the most strongly related schema domain across all addictive behaviours, followed by 'Impaired Limits'. The present review suggests a positive relationship between schema activation and several addictive behaviours, including addictions to gambling, gaming, social media use sex, exercise, and food. The clinical implications of the findings are discussed, but further research is needed to inform treatment plans and interventions for those who struggle with behavioural addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vieira
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Daria J Kuss
- Psychology, Cyberpsychology Research Group, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Behavioural Addiction, International Gaming Research Unit Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK.
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Bastiani O, Russell AMT, Newall P. Childhood Use of Coin Pusher and Crane Grab Machines, and Adult Gambling: Robustness to Subjective Confidence in a Young Adult USA Sample. J Gambl Stud 2023:10.1007/s10899-023-10261-8. [PMID: 37878231 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-023-10261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Gambling as a youth is a risk factor for experiencing gambling-related harm as an adult. Most youth gambling research focuses on illegal engagement with age-restricted products, but youth can also gamble legally, by for example betting with friends, or via coin pusher and crane grab machines. Research has associated recollected rates of usage of these machines as a child with adult gambling participation and problems, but only in the UK and Australia, and has not tested for robustness to subjective confidence. The present study conceptually replicated these prior studies by investigating the association between recollected childhood use of coin push and crane grab machines, and adult gambling behavior, in a young adult USA sample. Participants rated their subjective confidence to test if individual differences in recollection biases provided a better account for any observed associations. Results found high recollected engagement rates for both coin pusher (87.2%) and crane grab machines (97.0%), and 5 of the 6 tested associations between youth machine usage and adult gambling engagement and problems were significant and in the hypothesized direction. Rates of subjective confidence were on average high (83.3 and 89.2 on a 0 to 100 scale), and generally did not interact with participants' recollected rates of machine use. These findings extend prior research on potential public health concerns around children's legal engagement with coin pusher and crane grab machines to a new country, the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Bastiani
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Alex M T Russell
- Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, 400 Kent St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, Australia
| | - Philip Newall
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK.
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Macía L, Jauregui P, Estevez A. Emotional dependence as a predictor of emotional symptoms and substance abuse in individuals with gambling disorder: differential analysis by sex. Public Health 2023; 223:24-32. [PMID: 37597461 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emotional dependence, anxious-depressive symptoms and substance use have been associated with gambling disorder (GD). Although anxiety and depression have been predominantly related to female gamblers and substance abuse to male gamblers, the role of emotional dependence in GD is unknown. Moreover, sex differences remain underexplored. OBJECTIVES First, to explore possible differences in emotional dependence, anxious-depressive symptoms and substance abuse by group (GD and non-GD) and sex (women vs men). Second, to analyse the predictive role of emotional dependence in alcohol and drug abuse and anxious-depressive symptoms in patients with GD as a function of sex. METHODS Instruments to measure gambling (SOGS), emotional dependence (CDE), anxious-depressive symptoms (SCL-90-R) and substance abuse (MULTICAGE CAD-4) were administered to 108 people with GD diagnosis (60 women and 48 men) and 429 without GD (342 women and 87 men). STUDY DESIGN The research is an analytical cross-sectional study. RESULTS The results showed that the group with GD scored significantly higher than the non-GD group on alcohol abuse, symptoms of depression and anxiety, and emotional dependence, but not on drug abuse. In the group with GD, emotional dependence predicted alcohol and drug abuse in women, and emotional dependence predicted anxiety and depressive symptoms in men. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that women with GD who consume alcohol or drugs would benefit from therapies addressing loneliness, borderline expression, attention-seeking and affective expression. Men with GD who report anxious-depressive symptomatology would benefit from therapeutic strategies to deal with separation anxiety and attention-seeking.
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Esparza-Reig J, Martí-Vilar M, González-Sala F, Merino-Soto C, Hernández-Salinas G, Toledano-Toledano F. Health-Related, Social and Cognitive Factors Explaining Gambling Addiction. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2657. [PMID: 37830694 PMCID: PMC10572556 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11192657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling addiction was the first addictive behavior not related to substance use that was recognized by the DSM-5. It shares diagnostics and comorbidity with other addictions. Extensive studies have investigated the clinical variables involved, but there have been fewer studies of related cognitive and social variables. In this research, an integrative model was developed to advance the understanding of gambling addiction, and an explanatory model was created based on the concept of cognitive distortions. METHODS The sample comprised 258 university students (59.5% women) with a mean age of 20.95 years (SD = 2.19). A series of questionnaires were administered to measure gambling addiction, depression, coping with stress, prosocial behavior, susceptibility to priming and cognitive distortions about gambling. In addition, correlations, multiple linear regressions and a simple mediation model of these variables were analyzed. RESULTS The results indicated that gambling addiction was correlated with a variety of clinical, social and cognitive factors. These factors contributed to a model that predicted 16.8% of the variance in gambling addiction and another model using cognitive distortions as a predictor and the maximum bet as a mediator that predicted 34.5% of the variance. CONCLUSIONS The study represents an advance by developing a theoretical model from an integrative perspective and providing a new explanatory model. The findings of this research are of great importance in the development of prevention and intervention programs for gambling addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Esparza-Reig
- Department of Psychology, Universidad Europea de Valencia, Passeig de l'Albereda, 7, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Manuel Martí-Vilar
- Department of Basic Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco González-Sala
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Facultad de Psicología y Logopedia, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - César Merino-Soto
- Instituto de Investigación de Psicología, Universidad de San Martín de Porres, Av. Tomás Marsano 232, Lima 34, Peru
| | - Gregorio Hernández-Salinas
- Zongolica-Extensión Tezonapa, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Km. 4 Carr. a La Compañia S/N, Tepetitlanapa, Veracruz 95005, Mexico
| | - Filiberto Toledano-Toledano
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Basada en Evidencias, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Dr. Márquez 162, Doctores, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria en Salud, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, México-Xochimilco 289, Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
- Dirección de Investigación y Diseminación del Conocimiento, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias e Innovación para la Formación de Comunidad Científica, INDEHUS, Periférico Sur 4860, Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
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28
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Azevedo NP, Santos P, Sá L. Gambling Disorder among Porto's University Students. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2527. [PMID: 37761724 PMCID: PMC10530893 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11182527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambling disorder is an emerging problem among young adults and must be researched to provide the necessary support. This study aims to characterise gambling disorders in Porto's university students. METHODS A cross-sectional study distributed an online questionnaire to Porto's university students. The authors developed a self-administered questionnaire that included the South Oaks Gambling Screen questionnaire-Portuguese Version (SOGS-PV). RESULTS A total of 1123 responses were included. The participants' average age was 22.4 years (SD = 6.2), and 60.9% were women. Gambling activities were performed by 66.4% of the students, most commonly online or video games, "scratch card" games, skill games, lotteries, and sports bets. The final scores of the SOGS-PV suggested 19.7% (95% CI: 17.4-22.0) of students may have a gambling disorder, with 16.6% (95% CI: 14.4-18.8) being "probable pathological gamblers" and 3.1% (95% CI: 2.1-4.1) being "problem gamblers". Gambling in the stocks/commodities market/virtual coins, sports bets, playing cards for money, and the numbers or betting on lotteries presents a higher risk of gambling disorder. The age (OR: 0.953; 95% CI: 0.922-0.986), being male (OR: 2.756; 95% CI: 1.899-4.000), the highest daily gambling amount (OR: 3.938; 95% CI: 2.580-6.012), the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic (OR: 0.129; 95% CI: 0.087-0.191), a mother with gambling disorder (OR: 5.284; 95% CI: 1.038-26.902), the personal services education area (OR: 2.858; 95% CI: 1.179-6.929), and the linguistics education area (OR: 2.984; 95% CI: 1.538-5.788) stand out as contributing factors to the development of this disorder. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals a high level of possible gambling disorder among university students and emphasises the importance of this problem in the academic community. Physician awareness and prevention programmes are needed in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Pais Azevedo
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (L.S.)
| | - Paulo Santos
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (L.S.)
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE), Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luísa Sá
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal; (P.S.); (L.S.)
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS@RISE), Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS), Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, 4200-393 Porto, Portugal
- Nova Via Health Unit, ACesS Espinho-Gaia, 4405-535 Valadares, Portugal
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Sirola A, Nyrhinen J, Wilska TA. Psychosocial Perspective on Problem Gambling: The role of Social Relationships, Resilience, and COVID-19 Worry. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1467-1485. [PMID: 36622471 PMCID: PMC9827443 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10185-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has amplified several psychosocial risks and problem behaviors among vulnerable individuals. Given that gambling has high addictive potential, it is important to consider the underlying mechanisms of problem gambling. This study examined psychosocial factors associated with pandemic-time problem gambling.Cross-sectional data were gathered via an online survey of 18-75-year-old Finnish, Swedish, and British respondents (n = 2,022) who reported having gambled at least occasionally during the pandemic. Measures included problem gambling, loneliness, COVID-19 worry, social support, and psychological resilience. Control variables included gender, age, and education. Structural equation modeling was used as an analytical technique.Loneliness was found to be associated with problem gambling. While COVID-19 worry was not directly associated with problem gambling, it predicted higher loneliness, which in turn was associated with problem gambling. Evidence was not found regarding the protective role of resilience or social support in problem gambling. However, social support was found to be associated with higher problem gambling severity. Male gender and younger age were associated with problem gambling.The results bring insight into underlying vulnerabilities regarding problem gambling during the pandemic. More focus should be placed on the quality and sources of social support, as well as on how psychosocial risk and protective factors might work differently among different populations of gamblers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Sirola
- Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Jussi Nyrhinen
- Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Terhi-Anna Wilska
- Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Estévez A, Macía L, López-González H, Momeñe J, Jauregui P, Etxaburu N, Granero R, Fernández-Aranda F, Mestre-Bach G, Vintró-Alcaraz C, Munguía L, Baenas I, Mena-Moreno T, Mora-Maltas B, Valenciano-Mendoza E, Jiménez-Murcia S. Cyberbullying and Gambling Disorder: Associations with Emotion Regulation and Coping Strategies. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:1399-1416. [PMID: 36181619 PMCID: PMC10397144 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022]
Abstract
The presence of unsuitable coping and emotion regulation strategies in young populations with gambling disorder (GD) and in those who have experienced cyberbullying victimization has been suggested. However, this association has not been explored in depth. In this study, our aim was to analyze individual differences in emotion regulation, coping strategies, and substance abuse in a clinical sample of adolescents and young adult patients with GD (n = 31) and in a community sample (n = 250). Furthermore, we aimed to examine the association between cyberbullying and GD. Participants were evaluated using the Cyberbullying Questionnaire-Victimization, the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory, the Coping Strategies Inventory, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test. Structural Equation Modeling was used to explore associations between these factors in a community sample and in a clinical group. In both groups, exposure to cyberbullying behaviors was positively associated with higher emotion dysregulation and the use of maladaptative coping styles. Our findings uphold that adolescents and young adults who were victims of cyberbullying show difficulties in emotion regulation and maladaptive coping strategies when trying to solve problems. The specific contribution of sex, age, gambling severity, emotion regulation, and coping strategies on cyberbullying severity is also discussed. Populations at vulnerable ages could potentially benefit from public prevention policies that target these risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Laura Macía
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Hibai López-González
- Departament of Library, Information Science, and Communication, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Janire Momeñe
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula Jauregui
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Nerea Etxaburu
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Roser Granero
- Departament de Psicobiologia I Metodologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Fernández-Aranda
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Vintró-Alcaraz
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucero Munguía
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Baenas
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Mena-Moreno
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bernat Mora-Maltas
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduardo Valenciano-Mendoza
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Jiménez-Murcia
- Ciber Fisiopatologia Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain.
- Psychoneurobiology of Eating and Addictive Behaviors Group, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Psychiatry, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL and CIBERObn, C/Feixa Llarga S/N, 08907, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Koncz P, Demetrovics Z, Griffiths MD, Király O. The Potential Harm of Gambling Streams to Minors. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 62:713-715. [PMID: 36868454 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Video games are designed to attract the attention of a potentially diverse audience. One of the most popular video game-related content distributor sites is Twitch, which provides daylong access to all kinds of gaming-related content through independent content creators. This platform, compared with YouTube (the world's popular video-based content distributor), has one important difference. Namely, it dominantly provides real-time video content sharing (ie, streaming). The total audience of gaming live streaming in 2021 was approximately 810 million gamers worldwide, expected to grow to 921 million in 2022. While most of the viewers are adults, 17% of male viewers and 11% of female viewers are minors, between 10 and 20 years of age.1 Risk assessment in this field is still missing, while some dangers are presumably related to the type of content shared. As gambling-related videos draw more and more viewers, the possible risk of age-inappropriate content access has appeared. Future research and policy making should consider exploring this area to protect young consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Koncz
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Doctoral School of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre of Excellence in Responsible Gaming, University of Gibraltar, Gibraltar.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Orsolya Király
- Institute of Psychology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Stefanovics EA, Gueorguieva R, Zhai ZW, Potenza MN. Gambling participation among Connecticut adolescents from 2007 to 2019: Potential risk and protective factors. J Behav Addict 2023; 12:490-499. [PMID: 37335777 PMCID: PMC10316163 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2023.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Gambling in adolescents is a public health concern. This study sought to examine patterns of gambling among Connecticut high-school students using seven representative samples covering a 12-year period. Methods Data were analyzed from N = 14,401 participants in cross-sectional surveys conducted every two years based on random sampling from schools in the state of Connecticut. Anonymous self-completed questionnaires included socio-demographic data, current substance use, social support, and traumatic experiences at school. Chi-square tests were used to compare socio-demographic characteristics between gambling and non-gambling groups. Logistic regressions were used to assess changes in the prevalence of gambling over time and effects of potential risk factors on the prevalence, adjusted for age, sex, and race. Results Overall, the prevalence of gambling largely decreased from 2007 to 2019, although the pattern was not linear. After steadily declining from 2007 to 2017, 2019 was associated with increased rates of gambling participation. Consistent statistical predictors of gambling were male gender, older age, alcohol and marijuana use, higher levels of traumatic experiences at school, depression, and low levels of social support. Discussion and conclusion Among adolescents, older males may be particularly vulnerable to gambling that relates importantly to substance use, trauma, affective concerns, and poor support. Although gambling participation appears to have declined, the recent increase in 2019 that coincides with increased sports gambling advertisements, media coverage and availability warrants further study. Our findings suggest the importance of developing school-based social support programs that may help reduce adolescent gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina A. Stefanovics
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs New England, Mental Illness Research and Education Clinical Center (MIRECC), West Haven, CT, USA
- National Center on Homelessness among Veterans, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ralitza Gueorguieva
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zu Wei Zhai
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Marc N. Potenza
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, Middlebury College, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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Ghinassi S, Casale S. The Role of Attachment in Gambling Behaviors and Gambling Disorder: A Systematic Review. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:713-749. [PMID: 36322300 PMCID: PMC10175436 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10163-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a growing number of attachment-based studies have contributed to the understanding of both substance and behavioral addictions. Although gambling is a form of addictive behavior widespread all over the world, both among young people and adults, the evidence on the association between attachment-related phenomena and gambling has not yet been systematized in literature. The aim of the present study, therefore, is to provide a systematic literature review aimed at summarizing the empirical evidence on this topic. Following the updated 2020 PRISMA guidelines, a systematic search in four electronic scientific databases (Scopus, PubMed, PsycInfo and Web of Science) was conducted. After removing duplicates, 146 records were double-screened, with 12 articles meeting the inclusion criteria. Additionally, by means of a backward search a further article was selected. Altogether, 13 articles were selected for the present systematic review. With few exceptions, the results underline the significant role played by attachment-related phenomena in gambling behaviors, highlighting that specific attachment contexts have a different influence on gambling, also depending on whether gamblers are youths or adults. In particular, while secure attachment has proven to be a protective factor for the onset of gambling behavior, insecure attachment has emerged to be a vulnerability factor in two ways. On the one hand, it directly favors gambling behaviors; on the other, it affects coping strategies and the individual's ability to identify and regulate emotions, which in turn predict gambling. Limitations, strengths, and implications of the present systematic review are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Ghinassi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Largo Brambilla, 3, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Casale
- Department of Health Sciences, Psychology Unit, University of Florence, Via di San Salvi, 12, 50135, Florence, Italy.
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Parrado-González A, Fernández-Calderón F, Newall PWS, León-Jariego JC. Peer and Parental Social Norms as Determinants of Gambling Initiation: A Prospective Study. J Adolesc Health 2023:S1054-139X(23)00143-X. [PMID: 37061904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the potential consequences of gambling during adolescence, the factors involved in the initiation of this behavior are relatively understudied. Using a longitudinal design, the present study analyzed the contribution of parental and peer norms to adolescent gambling initiation. METHODS A sample of 440 adolescent non-gamblers (50.9% males, meanage = 14.85 [standard deviation = 1.41]) completed a baseline survey and a 1-year follow-up questionnaire. The baseline survey included assessments of perceived descriptive and injunctive norms from parents and peers, perceived parent and peer gambling severity, and susceptibility to peer pressure. A multivariate hierarchical logistic regression model was used to assess the contribution of baseline measures to adolescent gambling initiation at follow-up. RESULTS Of the 440 non-gamblers assessed at baseline, 160 (36.4%) reported initiating gambling at follow-up. All the peer factors were prospectively associated with gambling initiation, while only the perceived injunctive norms of parents were associated with initiation. Higher susceptibility to peer pressure, perceived gambling by peers, and peer and parental approval of gambling at baseline were associated with higher odds of adolescent gambling initiation at follow-up. In contrast, the likelihood of gambling initiation among adolescents decreased as the perception of peer gambling severity increased. DISCUSSION The identification of parental and peer factors associated with adolescent gambling initiation may provide support for relevant preventative interventions aimed at avoiding or delaying gambling initiation among adolescents. Specifically, to reduce the initiation of gambling, preventative programs should focus on helping adolescents to find strategies for resisting peer influences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fermín Fernández-Calderón
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; Research Center on Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | - Philip W S Newall
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; Experimental Gambling Research Laboratory, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, CQUniversity, Sydney, Australia
| | - José C León-Jariego
- Department of Social, Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Huelva, Spain
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Richard J, King SM. Annual Research Review: Emergence of problem gambling from childhood to emerging adulthood: a systematic review. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:645-688. [PMID: 36347261 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk for problematic gambling and associated high-risk behaviors is elevated during adolescence and emerging adulthood. Activities with gambling-like features and novel forms of gambling may place youth at an increased risk for problem gambling. AIM AND METHOD The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the association between both activities with gambling-like features and novel gambling activities and problem gambling among youth while examining the role of psychopathology and cognitive processes. Six databases (PsychINFO, MEDLINE, PubMed, Social Work Abstracts, Technology Collection, and Scopus) were searched in November 2021 for peer-reviewed articles investigating the association between the aforementioned variables among youth up to the age of 25 years. Risk of bias was assessed using the Observational Study Quality Evaluation. FINDINGS Forty-five articles were included in the review. Positive associations were observed between engagement in activities with gambling-like features (e.g., video games, social casino games, loot boxes) and problem gambling. Increased involvement with novel forms of gambling (e.g., online sports betting, fantasy sports, and esports betting) were also associated with a greater risk for problematic gambling. Males reported higher rates of engagement in these activities and a greater risk of problem gambling than females. Impulsivity, risk taking, cognitive distortions, and specific emotional vulnerabilities were associated with an increased risk of problem gambling. CONCLUSIONS Despite the need for additional longitudinal research controlling for relevant confounders, these findings underline how engagement in activities with gambling-like features are relevant in the developmental trajectory toward problem gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Richard
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Serena M King
- Department of Psychology, Hamline University, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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Oh Y, Joung YS, Baek JH. The Core Symptoms of Adolescents Online and Offline Gambling in South Korea Using Network Analysis. Psychiatry Investig 2023; 20:228-235. [PMID: 36990666 PMCID: PMC10064209 DOI: 10.30773/pi.2022.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adolescent gambling is rapidly increasing recently. However, little is known about the core feature of adolescent gambling that should be the treatment target for adolescents. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the core symptom of adolescent gambling using network analysis with large-scale data targeting community indwelling adolescents. METHODS We used dataset of the 2018 national survey on youth gambling problems collected by the Korea Center on Gambling Problems to explore symptom networks of gambling in adolescents. Of 17,520 respondents in the dataset of the 2018 national survey on youth gambling problems collected by the Korea Center on Gambling Problems, 5,619 adolescents with experience of gambling were included in the analysis. We computed an association network, a graphical least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, and a directed acyclic graph to model symptom interactions. RESULTS In each network of online, offline, and all gambling, stealing money or other valuable things in order to gamble or pay off gambling debts was the most centrally situated and skipping practice followed by dropping out of activities. Especially strong connections emerged between stealing money or other valuable things in order to gamble or pay off gambling debts and academic performance degradation due to gambling. Feeling bad due to gamble and skipping hanging out with friends who do not gamble emerged as a highly central node that might be distinctive to adolescents with online gambling. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate central features of adolescent gambling. Different associations among specific network nodes suggest the existence of distinctive psychopathological constructs between online and offline gambling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhye Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sook Joung
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Baek
- Department of Psychiatry, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Adolescent Problem Gambling and Gaming in the Hierarchical Structure of Psychopathology. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-023-01032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
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Parental gambling frequency and adolescent gambling: A cross-sectional path model involving adolescents and parents. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280996. [PMID: 36780466 PMCID: PMC9925005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nowadays, most of the research studies in the field of adolescent gambling are focused on individual factors related to problem gambling. The aim of this study was to test an integrated model to explain adolescent problem gambling involving both individual (i.e., correct gambling knowledge, superstitious thinking, and gambling-related cognitive distortions) and environmental factors (i.e., parental gambling frequency). In detail, the aim was to better understand the role of parental gambling behavior on adolescents' gambling frequency and problem gambling severity, to draw indications for prevention. METHODS Participants were 680 parents (36% men; Mage = 48.32, SD = 6.14 years) of 680 high school students (51% boys; Mage = 15.51, SD = .55 years) attending the second year of different high schools in Tuscany (Italy). Data collection occurred within the school prevention program PRIZE (Prevention of gambling risk among adolescents). RESULTS A path model showed was conducted to detect direct and indirect effects from individual and environmental factors to gambling problem severity. Analyses showed that correct gambling knowledge and superstitious thinking were directly related-respectively in a negative and a positive direction-both to gambling-related cognitive distortions and adolescents' gambling frequency. Parental gambling frequency was directly associated with adolescents' gambling frequency. Correct gambling knowledge and superstitious thinking were indirectly related to adolescents' gambling problem severity through the mediational role of gambling-related cognitive distortions and gambling frequency. Parental gambling frequency was indirectly linked to gambling problem severity by passing through adolescents' gambling frequency. CONCLUSIONS The current cross-sectional results confirm that parental gambling behavior has an important role for adolescents' gambling behavior and severity. Thus, results highlight the need for innovative prevention programs which involve adolescents' adult reference figures and integrate the individual risk and protective factors with the environmental ones.
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Macía L, Momeñe López J, Macía P, Herrero M, Jauregui P, Iruarrizaga I, Estévez A. Latent classes of eating disorders and addictions by sex: Implication of alexithymia and stressful life events in youths. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1088595. [PMID: 36844334 PMCID: PMC9950640 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1088595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Eating disorders (EDs) and behavioural addictions show common psychological vulnerability factors such as alexithymia and stressful life events (SLE). This study aims, firstly, to explore the prevalence and latent profiles of participants based on their risk of suffering EDs, gambling disorder (GD), alcohol and/or drug abuse, and compulsive buying (CB) by sex. Secondly, it aimed to test whether alexithymia and having experienced SLE are associated with group membership. Methods The sample was predominantly drawn from university students and social networks. It was composed of 352 young adults between 18 and 35 years old, of whom 77.8% were women and 22.2% men. Results The results showed that the most prevalent disorders of the sample were alcohol, EDs, CB, drugs and GD, respectively. Moreover, latent class analyses were conducted based on the risk of suffering EDs or addictions by sex. Three main profiles were found: 'Men with addictions', 'Healthy women' and 'Women with EDs'. Finally, differences in SLE and alexithymia levels were tested by latent classes. "Men with addictions" and "Women with EDs" had higher scores on alexithymia and SLE than the group of "Healthy women". However, the group of "Women with EDs" (class 3) reported significantly higher levels of SLE and alexithymia than the other two groups. Discussion and conclusion In conclusion, we discuss the possibility that some vulnerability factors operate generally and transdiagnostically in EDs and addictive disorders. The identification of clinical phenotypes could complement and deepen prediction, prevention and treatment research in clinical settings. The need to take sex and gender differences into account is reinforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Macía
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Janire Momeñe López
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Patricia Macía
- Department of Basic Psychological Processes and their Development, University of the Basque Country/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU), Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Marta Herrero
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Paula Jauregui
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iciar Iruarrizaga
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy, Faculty of Social Work, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Estévez
- Psychology Department, School of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, Bilbao, Spain,*Correspondence: Ana Estévez, ✉
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Delfabbro P, King D. The evolution of young gambling studies: digital convergence of gaming, gambling and cryptocurrency technologies. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2023.2171469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Delfabbro
- School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Daniel King
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Underlying Mechanisms Involved in Gambling Disorder Severity: A Pathway Analysis Considering Genetic, Psychosocial, and Clinical Variables. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15020418. [PMID: 36678289 PMCID: PMC9864492 DOI: 10.3390/nu15020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Gambling Disorder (GD) has a complex etiology that involves biological and environmental aspects. From a genetic perspective, neurotrophic factors (NTFs) polymorphisms have been associated with the risk of developing GD. The aim of this study was to assess the underlying mechanisms implicated in GD severity by considering the direct and mediational relationship between different variables including genetic, psychological, socio-demographic, and clinical factors. To do so, we used genetic variants that were significantly associated with an increased risk for GD and evaluated its relationship with GD severity through pathway analysis. We found that the interaction between these genetic variants and other different biopsychological features predicted a higher severity of GD. On the one hand, the presence of haplotype block 2, interrelated with haplotype block 3, was linked to a more dysfunctional personality profile and a worse psychopathological state, which, in turn, had a direct link with GD severity. On the other hand, having rs3763614 predicted higher general psychopathology and therefore, higher GD severity. The current study described the presence of complex interactions between biopsychosocial variables previously associated with the etiopathogenesis and severity of GD, while also supporting the involvement of genetic variants from the NTF family.
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Macía L, Estévez A, Jáuregui P. Gambling: Exploring the Role of Gambling Motives, Attachment and Addictive Behaviours Among Adolescents and Young Women. J Gambl Stud 2023; 39:183-201. [PMID: 35579778 PMCID: PMC9981506 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing body of research that seeks to understand the aetiology, consequences and risk factors associated with addictive behaviours in youths. However, research examining the specific profile of adolescent females is very limited. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were, firstly, to explore the differences between attachment, gambling motives (social enhancement and coping), positive and negative affect, and addictive behaviours (gambling, drugs, spending, alcohol and video games) in female adolescents with and without risk of gambling problems. Secondly, the relationships between attachment, gambling motives, positive and negative affect and addictive behaviours were analysed in the subsample of female adolescents with problem gambling Thirdly, we examine the predictive role of positive and negative affect, gambling motives, and attachment in the aforementioned addictive behaviours. The sample was composed of 351 adolescents and young women, of which 312 had no risk of gambling and 39 had gambling problems. The results obtained revealed higher scores in drugs, spending, maternal attachment, and all gambling motives in the group of gambling problems. Likewise, analyses showed that the relevance of the predictor variables (attachment, gambling motives, and affect) varied according to the addiction that was taken as a reference point (i.e., gambling, drugs, spending, alcohol and video games).Consequently, the identification of the possible vulnerability factors for each addiction could be useful in the design of prevention and treatment approaches. In addition, the need for integrated and holistic health- and social- care programmes are suggested in terms of sex and age.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Macía
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A. Estévez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - P. Jáuregui
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Psychology Department, University of Deusto, Apartado 1, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Richard J, Temcheff C, Fletcher É, Lemieux A, Derevensky J, Déry M. Externalizing and internalizing trajectories to adolescent gambling: a longitudinal study. INTERNATIONAL GAMBLING STUDIES 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/14459795.2022.2154378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Richard
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Caroline Temcheff
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Émilie Fletcher
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Annie Lemieux
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jeffrey Derevensky
- International Centre for Youth Gambling Problems and High-Risk Behaviors, Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Educational and Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Michèle Déry
- Groupe de recherche et d’intervention sur les adaptations sociales de l’enfance, Département de Psychoéducation, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
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Scandroglio F, Ferrazzi G, Giacobazzi A, Vinci V, Marchi M, Galeazzi GM, Musetti A, Pingani L. Prevalence and Possible Predictors of Gambling Disorder in a Sample of Students in the Healthcare Professions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 20:452. [PMID: 36612781 PMCID: PMC9819379 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Italian version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen questionnaire (SOGS) and a socio-demographic questionnaire were administered to a sample of 275 healthcare professions students aged 19 to 58 years (mean age = 22.17; females = 81.1%) to address the research objectives: to examine the prevalence and correlates of problem gambling in a population of university healthcare professions students in Italy. Among the sample, 8.7% (n = 24) of participants showed problem gambling and 1.5% (n = 4) pathologic gambling. Lottery and scratch cards were the most frequent type of gambling in the sample, followed by cards and bingo. Compared to females, males tend to be more involved in problem gambling and pathological gambling. Males tend to be more involved than females in different types of gambling (such as cards, sports bets, gambling at the casino). Pathological gambling is positively associated with gender, being students lagging behind the regular schedule of exams and parents' level of education. These findings have important implications in terms of prevention and intervention on gambling and pathological gambling. Universities should make available educational programs and counselling services to address this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Scandroglio
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferrazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessia Giacobazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Vera Vinci
- Dipartimento ad attività integrata di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze Patologiche, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Mattia Marchi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento ad attività integrata di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze Patologiche, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Gian Maria Galeazzi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento ad attività integrata di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze Patologiche, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, 43121 Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Pingani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Dipartimento ad attività integrata di Salute Mentale e Dipendenze Patologiche, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
- Direzione delle Professioni Sanitarie, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42122 Reggio Emilia, Italy
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A Longitudinal Examination of Young People's Gambling Behaviours and Participation in Team Sports. J Gambl Stud 2022; 39:541-557. [PMID: 36527539 PMCID: PMC9758668 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-022-10175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper develops and expands upon social identity theory as an explanation for gambling among youth engaged in team sport. Analysing longitudinal data for over 4500 20-year-olds from the Growing Up in Ireland study, reveals that online gambling increased from 2.6 to 9.3% between 17 and 20 years in the cohort, with the increase driven by males. A statistically significant positive association is uncovered between playing team sports and regularly gambling, as well as online gambling behaviour, independent of socio-demographic and other risk factors for males but not for females. The findings provide support for a dose-response like effect for males, where a longer period of participation in team sports is associated with a higher likelihood of engaging in gambling behaviour compared to shorter periods. Implications of the findings for policy and practice are discussed.
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Akbari M, Bahadori MH, Khanbabaei S, Milan BB, Horvath Z, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. Psychological predictors of the co-occurrence of problematic gaming, gambling, and social media use among adolescents. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2022.107589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Noble N, Freund M, Hill D, White V, Leigh L, Lambkin D, Scully M, Sanson-Fisher R. Exposure to gambling promotions and gambling behaviours in Australian secondary school students. Addict Behav Rep 2022; 16:100439. [PMID: 35769234 PMCID: PMC9234071 DOI: 10.1016/j.abrep.2022.100439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Young people's gambling behaviours are associated with a range of individual, interpersonal and community factors. This study explored the association between exposure to types of gambling advertising and promotions and adolescent gambling behaviours. Methods Students from two states answered gambling questions as part of the 2017 Australian Secondary Students' Alcohol and Drug (ASSAD) Survey. Students reported gambling behaviours (gambling in the last month, types of gambling activities), exposure to gambling promotions during the last 30 days (e.g. ads for gambling on TV, online, live studio crosses), and were assessed for problem gambling. Principal Component Analysis suggested four groups of gambling promotion exposure. Logistic regression analyses examined the association between gambling promotion exposure and student gambling, engagement in hard gambling activities in the last month, and problem or at risk gambling, controlling for a range of student characteristics. Results Most students (81%) had been exposed to some form of gambling promotion or advertisement in the last month, most commonly TV, social media and sporting event advertisements. Exposure to online gambling ads (including websites, pop-ups on websites, and social media) in the last month was significantly associated with gambling in the last month, and being classified as an at risk or problem gambler; but not with participating in hard gambling activities. After adjusting for exposure to gambling advertising across categories, no other advertising exposure types were associated with adolescent gambling behaviours. Conclusions Study findings point to the need to impose restrictions on gambling advertisements and promotions, particularly those presented online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Noble
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Megan Freund
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - David Hill
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Victoria White
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Lucy Leigh
- Clinical Research Design, Information and Statistical Support, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - David Lambkin
- Clinical Research Design, Information and Statistical Support, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
| | - Robert Sanson-Fisher
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales 2305, Australia
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Freund M, Noble N, Hill D, White V, Evans T, Oldmeadow C, Guerin N, Sanson-Fisher R. The Prevalence and Correlates of Gambling in Australian Secondary School Students. J Gambl Stud 2022; 38:1173-1194. [PMID: 35059933 PMCID: PMC9653348 DOI: 10.1007/s10899-021-10098-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Youth gambling is associated with a range of harms. This study aimed to examine, among Australian adolescents, the prevalence of gambling (ever, in the last month, at-risk and problem), the most frequent gambling types and modalities, and to explore the student characteristics associated with gambling in the last month and with at-risk or problem gambling. Students aged 12-17 years from Victoria and Queensland answered gambling questions as part of the Australian Secondary School Alcohol and Drug (ASSAD) Survey in 2017. The ASSAD also included a series of questions about smoking, alcohol and other drug use, and mental health. A total of 6377 students from 93 schools were included in analysis. The prevalence of ever gambling and gambling in the last month was 31% and 6% respectively. Of students who had gambled in the last month, 34% were classified as at-risk and 15% were classified as problem gamblers. The most frequent types of gambling in the last month were horse or dog race and sports betting. Students who gambled in the last month did so most frequently via a parent or guardian purchasing or playing for them, at home or at a friends' house, and online or using an app. Regression analysis indicated that male gender, having money available to spend on self, alcohol consumption in the last seven days, the number of types of advertisements seen in the last month, and the number of peer or family members who gambled in the last month, were significantly associated with the likelihood of students gambling in the last month. Male gender, some age categories, and exposure to more types of gambling advertising were also significant predictors of being classified as an at-risk or problem gambler. This large study of youth gambling provides data on gambling behaviours and related variables from a large sample of Australian secondary school students. Student characteristics, including male gender and exposure to more types of gambling advertising, were associated with an increased likelihood of gambling in the last month and of being classified as an at-risk or problem gambler. Further implications of the study findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Freund
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia.
| | - Natasha Noble
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
| | - David Hill
- School of Medicine and Public Health, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Psychological Sciences and School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Victoria White
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3220, Australia
| | - Tiffany Evans
- Clinical Research Design, Information and Statistical Support, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Christopher Oldmeadow
- Clinical Research Design, Information and Statistical Support, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Nicola Guerin
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, 3004, Australia
| | - Robert Sanson-Fisher
- Health Behaviour Research Collaborative, School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Priority Research Centre for Health Behaviour, Faculty of Health and Medicine, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, 2305, Australia
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Estévez A, Momeñe J, Jauregui P, Etxaburu N. Shame and Blame in Gambling: Relationship with Emotion Regulation and Gambling Motives. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00970-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Gambling disorder is a problem that is affecting increasingly more people. It is associated with difficulties in emotion regulation, gambling motives, blame, and shame. This study aims to study the relationship between gambling severity, blame, and shame, independently and together with emotion regulation and gambling motives; to analyse the mediating role of emotion regulation in the relationship between gambling severity and shame; and to compare mean differences in the study variables according to the sample group. For this purpose, a clinical and non-clinical sample of 158 individuals (119 males and 39 females) ranging in age from 12 to 30 years (M = 19.70, SD = 5.35) was divided into three groups. The questionnaires were administered online and on paper. The results showed that blame and shame are related to the severity of gambling. In the case of shame, this relationship was found to be partially mediated by the emotion regulation strategy of self-blame. Gambling severity, blame and shame were also found to be related to various gambling motives and different emotion regulation strategies. All this information can be of great use in the prevention and treatment of gambling problems.
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Moñino-García M, Ballesta M, Huerta JM, Correa-Rodríguez JF, Cabrera-Castro N, Llorens N, Chirlaque-López MD. The Adolescent Problem Gambling Prevalence Associated with Leisure-Time Activities and Risky Behaviors in Southern Spain. Int J Ment Health Addict 2022:1-15. [PMID: 36440256 PMCID: PMC9676736 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00950-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambling addiction is increasing and is becoming a public health concern due to the rise of gambling-related harms affecting the youth. Previous studies suggest a strong link between problem gambling (PG) and substance use and psychosocial and familial factors. Our main objective was to analyze the association between PG and factors like sport, leisure-time activities, and risk-taking behaviors in adolescents. A survey on substance use and addictive behaviors was performed in 2019 on a representative sample of 2240 subjects (14-18 years) from the Southern Spain Region. Data variables like socio-demographic characteristics, sport, leisure and free time activities, family environment, PG (Lie-Bet Scale), compulsive internet use (CIUS Scale), and consumption of alcohol and cannabis were collected using a standardized questionnaire. Weighted PG prevalence was estimated in either sex, as well as the differences between various levels of PG using chi-square tests. Crude and adjusted weighted logistic regression models were used to identify predictors associated with PG. The prevalence of PG was associated with shopping frequency, compulsive internet use, cannabis use in the previous month, higher family economic status, and having a homemaker father which increased the likelihood of PG. On the contrary, cultural hobbies such as playing an instrument, painting, singing, and writing, and having a working mother were inversely associated with PG. Our results suggest that encouraging participation in creative activities along with supervised shopping and monitoring compulsive internet use and cannabis consumption may contribute some protection against adolescent PG. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11469-022-00950-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Moñino-García
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council of Murcia, Ronda de Levante 11, 30008 Murcia, Spain
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Ballesta
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council of Murcia, Ronda de Levante 11, 30008 Murcia, Spain
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - JM. Huerta
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council of Murcia, Ronda de Levante 11, 30008 Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - JF. Correa-Rodríguez
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council of Murcia, Ronda de Levante 11, 30008 Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - N. Cabrera-Castro
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council of Murcia, Ronda de Levante 11, 30008 Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
| | - N. Llorens
- Spanish Observatory On Drugs, Government Delegation for the National Plan On Drugs, Ministry of Health, Plaza de España, 17, 28008 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Valencian International University, C/Pintor Sorolla, 21, 46002 Valencia, Spain
| | - MD. Chirlaque-López
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council of Murcia, Ronda de Levante 11, 30008 Murcia, Spain
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30120 El Palmar, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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