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Rasmussen AJ, Pedersen M, Griffin BT, Holm R, Nielsen CU. Digestion of surfactants does not affect their ability to inhibit P-gp-mediated transport in vitro. Int J Pharm 2024; 656:124120. [PMID: 38621613 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
While various non-ionic surfactants at low concentrations have been shown to increase the transport of P-gp substrates in vitro, in vivo studies in rats have shown that a higher surfactant concentration is needed to increase the oral absorption of e.g. the P-gp substrates digoxin and etoposide. The aim of the present study was to investigate if intestinal digestion of surfactants could be the reason for this deviation between in vitro and in vivo data. Therefore, Kolliphor EL, Brij-L23, Labrasol and polysorbate 20 were investigated for their ability to inhibit P-gp and increase digoxin absorption in vitro. Transport studies were performed in Caco-2 cells, while P-gp inhibition and cell viability assays were performed in MDCKII-MDR1 cells. Polysorbate 20, Kolliphor EL and Brij-L23 increased absorptive transport and decreased secretory digoxin transport in Caco-2 cells, whereas only polysorbate 20 and Brij-L23 showed P-gp inhibiting properties in the MDCKII-MDR1 cells. Polysorbate 20 and Brij-L23 were chosen for in vitro digestion prior to transport- or P-gp inhibiting assays. Brij-L23 was not digestible, whereas polysorbate 20 reached a degree of digestion around 40%. Neither of the two surfactants showed any significant difference in their ability to affect absorptive or secretory transport of digoxin after pre-digestion. Furthermore, the P-gp inhibiting effects of polysorbate 20 were not decreased significantly. In conclusion, the mechanism behind the non-ionic surfactant mediated in vitro P-gp inhibition seemed independent of the intestinal digestion and the results presented here did not suggest it to be the cause of the observed discrepancy between in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørn Jaensch Rasmussen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55 DK-5230, Odense M, Denmark.
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2
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Paudwal G, Dolkar R, Perveen S, Sharma R, Singh PP, Gupta PN. Third Generation Solid Dispersion-Based Formulation of Novel Anti-Tubercular Agent Exhibited Improvement in Solubility, Dissolution and Biological Activity. AAPS J 2024; 26:52. [PMID: 38649550 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-024-00922-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The long treatment period and development of drug resistance in tuberculosis (TB) necessitates the discovery of new anti-tubercular agents. The drug discovery program of the institute leads to the development of an anti-tubercular lead (IIIM-019), which is an analogue of nitrodihydroimidazooxazole and exhibited promising anti-tubercular action. However, IIIM-019 displays poor aqueous solubility (1.2 µg/mL), which demands suitable dosage form for its efficient oral administration. In the present study, third generation solid dispersion-based formulation was developed to increase the solubility and dissolution of IIIM-019. The solubility profile of IIIM-019 using various polymeric carriers was determined and subsequently, PVP K-30 and P-407 were selected for preparation of binary and ternary solid dispersion. The third-generation ternary solid dispersion comprising PVP K-30 and P-407 revealed a remarkable enhancement in the aqueous solubility of IIIM-019. Physicochemical characterization of the developed formulations was done by employing FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and dynamic light scattering analysis. The dissolution study indicated an impressive release profile with the optimized formulation. The optimized formulation was further examined for cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, and hemolytic activity. The results indicated that the formulation had no apparent cytotoxicity on Caco-2 cells and was non-hemolytic in nature. Moreover, the optimized formulation showed significantly improved anti-tubercular activity compared to the native molecule. These findings showed that the developed third generation ternary solid dispersion could be a promising option for the oral delivery of investigated anti-tubercular molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gourav Paudwal
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rigzin Dolkar
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Summaya Perveen
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rashmi Sharma
- Infectious Diseases Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Natural Products & Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Prem N Gupta
- PK-PD Tox & Formulation Section, Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Ejskjær L, O'Dwyer PJ, Ryan CD, Holm R, Kuentz M, Box KJ, Griffin BT. Developing an in vitro lipolysis model for real-time analysis of drug concentrations during digestion of lipid-based formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2024; 194:106681. [PMID: 38128839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the effect of digestion on oral lipid-based drug formulations is a critical step in assessing the impact of the digestive process in the intestine on intraluminal drug concentrations. The classical pH-stat in vitro lipolysis technique has traditionally been applied, however, there is a need to explore the establishment of higher throughput small-scale methods. This study explores the use of alternative lipases with the aim of selecting digestion conditions that permit in-line UV detection for the determination of real-time drug concentrations. A range of immobilised and pre-dissolved lipases were assessed for digestion of lipid-based formulations and compared to digestion with the classical source of lipase, porcine pancreatin. Palatase® 20000 L, a purified liquid lipase, displayed comparable digestion kinetics to porcine pancreatin and drug concentration determined during digestion of a fenofibrate lipid-based formulation were similar between methods. In-line UV analysis using the MicroDISS ProfilerTM demonstrated that drug concentration could be monitored during one hour of dispersion and three hours of digestion for both a medium- and long-chain lipid-based formulations with corresponding results to that obtained from the classical lipolysis method. This method offers opportunities exploring the real-time dynamic drug concentration during dispersion and digestion of lipid-based formulations in a small-scale setup avoiding artifacts as a result of extensive sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotte Ejskjær
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Patrick J O'Dwyer
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - Callum D Ryan
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - René Holm
- University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense, Denmark
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstr. 30, Muttenz 4132, Switzerland
| | - Karl J Box
- Pion Inc (UK), Forest Row, East Sussex, UK
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, College Road, Cork, Ireland.
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4
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Maher S, Geoghegan C, Brayden DJ. Safety of surfactant excipients in oral drug formulations. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 202:115086. [PMID: 37739041 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are a diverse group of compounds that share the capacity to adsorb at the boundary between distinct phases of matter. They are used as pharmaceutical excipients, food additives, emulsifiers in cosmetics, and as household/industrial detergents. This review outlines the interaction of surfactant-type excipients present in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms with the intestinal epithelium of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Many surfactants permitted for human consumption in oral products reduce intestinal epithelial cell viability in vitro and alter barrier integrity in epithelial cell monolayers, isolated GI tissue mucosae, and in animal models. This suggests a degree of mis-match for predicting safety issues in humans from such models. Recent controversial preclinical research also infers that some widely used emulsifiers used in oral products may be linked to ulcerative colitis, some metabolic disorders, and cancers. We review a wide range of surfactant excipients in oral dosage forms regarding their interactions with the GI tract. Safety data is reviewed across in vitro, ex vivo, pre-clinical animal, and human studies. The factors that may mitigate against some of the potentially abrasive effects of surfactants on GI epithelia observed in pre-clinical studies are summarised. We conclude with a perspective on the overall safety of surfactants in oral pharmaceutical dosage forms, which has relevance for delivery system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Maher
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Caroline Geoghegan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, St. Stephen's Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - David J Brayden
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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5
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Zupančič O, Kushwah V, Paudel A. Pancreatic lipase digestion: The forgotten barrier in oral administration of lipid-based delivery systems? J Control Release 2023; 362:381-395. [PMID: 37579977 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights the importance of controlling the digestion process of orally administered lipid-based delivery systems (LBDS) and their performance. Oral LBDS are prone to digestion via pancreatic lipase in the small intestine. Rapid or uncontrolled digestion may cause the loss of delivery system integrity, its structural changes, reduced solubilization capacity and physical stability issues. All these events can lead to uncontrolled drug release from the digested LBDS into the gastrointestinal environment, exposing the incorporated drug to precipitation or degradation by luminal proteases. To prevent this, the digestion rate of orally administered LBDS can be estimated by appropriate choice of the formulation type, excipient combinations and their ratios. In addition, in vitro digestion models like pH-stat are useful tools to evaluate the formulation digestion rate. Controlling digestion can be achieved by conventional lipase inhibitors like orlistat, sterically hindering of lipase adsorption on the delivery system surface with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains, lipase desorption or saturation of the interface with surfactants as well as formulating LBDS with ester-free excipients. Recent in vivo studies demonstrated that digestion inhibition lead to altered pharmacokinetic profiles, where Cmax and Tmax were reduced in spite of same AUC compared to control or even improved oral bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ožbej Zupančič
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Varun Kushwah
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria; Graz University of Technology, Institute of Process and Particle Engineering, Inffeldgasse 13/3, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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6
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Andreadis II, Schulzen A, Quodbach J, Bergström CAS. Exploring the use of modified in vitro digestion assays for the evaluation of ritonavir loaded solid lipid-based formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 189:106524. [PMID: 37433412 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Solid lipid-based formulations (sLBFs) have the potential to increase the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor solubility in water, while counteracting some of the disadvantages of liquid LBFs. The most common experimental set-up to study the performance of LBFs in vitro is the lipolysis assay, during which the LBFs are digested by lipases in an environment mimicking the human small intestine. However, this assay has failed in many cases to correctly predict the performance of LBFs in vivo, highlighting the need for new and improved in vitro assays to evaluate LBFs at the preclinical stage. In this study, the suitability of three different in vitro digestion assays for the evaluation of sLBFs was assessed; the classic one-step intestinal digestion assay, a two-step gastrointestinal digestion assay and a bicompartmental assay permitting the simultaneous monitoring of digestion and permeation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) across an artificial membrane (Lecithin in Dodecane - LiDo). Three sLBFs (M1-M3) with varied composition and ritonavir as model drug were prepared and examined. When comparing the ability of these formulations to keep the drug solubilized in the aqueous phase, all three assays show that M1 performs better, while M3 presents poor performance. However, the classic in vitro intestinal digestion assay fails to provide a clear ranking of the three formulations, something that is more evident when using the two modified and more physiologically relevant assays. Also, the two modified assays provide additional information about the performance of the formulations including the performance in the gastric environment and intestinal flux of the drug. These modified in vitro digestion assays are valuable tools for the development and evaluation of sLBFs to make better informed decisions of which formulations to pursue for in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis I Andreadis
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden; Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Arne Schulzen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, DE-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julian Quodbach
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Młynek M, Trzciński JW, Ciach T. Recent Advances in the Polish Research on Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles in the Context of Various Administration Routes. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051307. [PMID: 37238978 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are the most abundant polymers in nature. They exhibit robust biocompatibility, reliable non-toxicity, and biodegradable character; thus, they are employed in multiple biomedical applications. The presence of chemically accessible functional groups on the backbone of biopolymers (amine, carboxyl, hydroxyl, etc.) makes them suitable materials for chemical modification or drug immobilisation. Among different drug delivery systems (DDSs), nanoparticles have been of great interest in scientific research in the last decades. In the following review, we want to address the issue of rational design of nanoparticle (NP)-based drug delivery systems in reference to the specificity of the medication administration route and resulting requirements. In the following sections, readers can find a comprehensive analysis of the articles published by authors with Polish affiliations in the last few years (2016-2023). The article emphasises NP administration routes and synthetic approaches, followed by in vitro and in vivo attempts toward pharmacokinetic (PK) studies. The 'Future Prospects' section was constructed to address the critical observations and gaps found in the screened studies, as well as to indicate good practices for polysaccharide-based nanoparticle preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Młynek
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Waldemar Trzciński
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Technologies CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, Poleczki 19, 02-822 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ciach
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Waryńskiego 1, 00-645 Warsaw, Poland
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8
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Visigalli R, Rotoli BM, Ferrari F, Di Lascia M, Riccardi B, Puccini P, Dall’Asta V, Barilli A. Expression and Function of ABC Transporters in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091260. [PMID: 36139099 PMCID: PMC9496151 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a large superfamily of membrane transporters that facilitate the translocation of different substrates. While ABC transporters are clearly expressed in various tumor cells where they can play a role in drug extrusion, the presence of these transporters in normal lung tissues is still controversial. Here, we performed an analysis of ABC transporters in EpiAlveolarTM, a recently developed model of human alveoli, by defining the expression and activity of MDR1, BCRP, and MRPs. Immortalized primary epithelial cells hAELVi (human alveolar epithelial lentivirus-immortalized cells) were employed for comparison. Our data underline a close homology between these two models, where none of the ABC transporters here studied are expressed on the apical membrane and only MRP1 is clearly detectable and functional at the basolateral side. According to these findings, we can conclude that other thus-far-unidentified transporter/s involved in drug efflux from alveolar epithelium deserve investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Visigalli
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Rotoli
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Maria Di Lascia
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry & Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Benedetta Riccardi
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry & Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Puccini
- Preclinical Pharmacokinetics, Biochemistry & Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Dall’Asta
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
| | - Amelia Barilli
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43125 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Li C, Nyaruaba R, Zhao X, Xue H, Li Y, Yang H, Wei H. Thermosensitive Hydrogel Wound Dressing Loaded with Bacteriophage Lysin LysP53. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091956. [PMID: 36146767 PMCID: PMC9502541 DOI: 10.3390/v14091956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wound infections are prone to attacks from infectious pathogens, including multidrug resistant bacteria that render conventional antimicrobials ineffective. Recently, lysins have been proposed as alternatives to conventional antimicrobials to tackle the menace of multidrug resistance pathogens. The coupling of lysins with a material that will cover the wound may prove beneficial in both protecting and treating wound infections. Hence, in this study, a Gram-negative lysin, LysP53, was coupled with a thermosensitive hydrogel, poloxamer P407, and its efficacy to treat wound infection was tested. In vitro, the addition of LysP53 to the poloxamer did not affect its thermosensitive characteristics, nor did it affect the hydrogel structure. Moreover, the lysin hydrogel could hydrolyze the peptidoglycan, demonstrating that it may have bactericidal activity. Up to 10.4% of LysP53 was released from the hydrogel gradually within 24 h, which led to a 4-log reduction of stationary phase Acinetobacter baumannii. Lastly, the lysin hydrogel was found safe with no cytotoxic effects observed in cells. Ex vivo, LysP53 hydrogel could inhibit bacterial growth on a pig skin decolonization model, with 3-log differences compared to non-treated groups. Overall, our results suggest that lysin-loaded hydrogels may provide a novel solution to treat wound infections caused by resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Raphael Nyaruaba
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Heng Xue
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongping Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-51861077
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10
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Timur B, Usta DY, Teksin ZS. Investigation of the effect of colloidal structures formed during lipolysis of lipid-based formulation on exemestane permeability using the in vitro lipolysis-permeation model. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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11
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Veider F, Akkuş-Dağdeviren ZB, Knoll P, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Design of nanostructured lipid carriers and solid lipid nanoparticles for enhanced cellular uptake. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:122014. [PMID: 35850184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study PEG-free and zeta potential changing lipid-based nanocarriers providing enhanced cellular uptake were developed. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC), consisting of paraffin wax, caprylic/ capric triglyceride, cetyltrimethylammoniumchloride and either soy lecithin or polyglycerol-4 laurate and solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) with the same composition but without the liquid lipid content were developed. All formulations exposed a positive surface charge and were then coated with the polyphosphate Graham's salt. Phosphate release from these formulations was evaluated by incubation with intestinal alkaline phosphatase as well as on a Caco-2 monolayer and zeta potentials were measured. Additionally, cellular uptake studies were performed. Within 5 h, a remarkable amount of phosphate was released from all formulations incubated with intestinal alkaline phosphatase. Enzymatically induced phosphate release with intestinal alkaline phosphatase led to a zeta potential shift up to Δ 26 mV. Results of phosphate release and zeta potential change were confirmed on Caco-2 cells. Cellular uptake studies on Caco-2 cells showed an up to 5.6-times higher uptake compared to cells with inhibited phosphatase. According to these results, polyphosphate coating is a powerful tool to obtain lipid-based nanocarriers for enhanced cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Veider
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Zeynep Burcu Akkuş-Dağdeviren
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Knoll
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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12
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Zhao Y, Lin S, Fang R, Shi Y, Wu W, Zhang W, Chen H. Mechanism of Enhanced Oral Absorption of a Nano-Drug Delivery System Loaded with Trimethyl Chitosan Derivatives. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3313-3324. [PMID: 35937081 PMCID: PMC9346306 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s358832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the previous study, nanoparticles coated with trimethyl chitosan (TMC) derivatives (PPTT-NPs) could promote the oral bioavailability of panax notoginseng saponins (PNS). Herein, we chose PPTT-NPs as a model drug to study the property and mechanism of intestinal absorption in vitro and in vivo. Methods The stability of PPTT-NPs was evaluated using simulated gastric fluid and simulated intestinal fluid. The uptake and transport of PPTT-NPs were investigated in Caco-2 and Caco-2&HT29 co-culture cells. The biosafety, intestinal permeability, adhesion, and absorption mechanism of PPTT-NPs were investigated using SD rats in vivo. The live imaging and biodistribution of PPTT-NPs were observed by IVIS. Furthermore, the effects on CYP3A4 of PPTT-NPs were investigated using testosterone as the probe substrate. Results The results of the stability assay showed that PPTT-NPs had a strong tolerance to the pH and digestive enzymes in the gastrointestinal environment. In vitro cell experiments showed that the uptake of drugs exhibited a time-dependent. When the ratio of TMC-VB12 and TMC-Cys was 1:3, the uptake capacity of PPTT-NPs was the highest. PPTT-NPs could enhance the paracellular transport of drugs by reversibly opening a tight junction. Animal experiments demonstrated that PPTT-NPs have good biological safety. PPTT-NPs had good adhesion and permeability to small intestinal mucosa. Meanwhile, PPTT-NPs needed energy and various protein to participate in the uptake of drugs. The live imaging of NPs illustrated that PPTT-NPs could prolong the residence time in the intestine. Moreover, TMC-VB12 and TMC-Cys could reduce the metabolism of drugs by inhibiting CYP3A4 to a certain extent. Conclusion The results show that TMC-VB12 and TMC-Cys are effective in the transport of PPTT-NPs. PPTT-NPs can increase the intestinal adhesion of drugs and exert high permeation by intestinal enterocytes which demonstrate significant and efficient potential for oral delivery of the BCS III drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiyuan Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People’s Republic of China
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510405, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiyue Fang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yaling Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Hui Chen; Wei Zhang, College of Pharmacy, Guilin Medical University, No. 1 Zhiyuan Road, Guilin, 541199, People’s Republic of China, Email ;
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13
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Jakobsen S, Gaenaelle Gé L, Pedersen M, Griffin BT, Holm R, Uhd Nielsen C. P-glycoprotein-mediated transport in a mucus-supplemented Caco-2 cell model in the presence of different surfactants. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121885. [PMID: 35690306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate if mucus applied to Caco-2 cell monolayers protects cells from high concentrations of surfactants, while still allowing for an identification of the surfactant's inhibitory effects on P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Two types of porcine mucin and six surfactants (Polysorbate 20 (PS20) and 80 (PS80), Kolliphor EL (Kol. EL) and RH40 (Kol. RH40), Labrafil M 2125 CS (L.fil) and Labrasol (L.sol)) were applied to Caco-2 cells, and TEER, paracellular transport and P-gp mediated digoxin transport was measured. The results showed that 15% porcine mucin type II was incompatible with Caco-2 cell monolayer integrity, resulting in a dramatic drop in monolayer TEER and increased mannitol transport. In contrast, mucin type III was compatible with Caco-2 cell monolayers in the concentration range of 2.5-15% without substantially disturbing barrier properties. The highest concentration of mucin type III impaired the ability of all six surfactants to decrease P-gp mediated digoxin transport. Subsequently lowering the mucin concentration to 5% facilitated adequate protection of cells and enabled e.g., 5% PS20 to inhibit P-gp mediated digoxin transport. Overall, the present work is useful for early-stage permeability investigations on how mucus affects P-gp mediated transport in the presence of formulation excipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jakobsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Lorraine Gaenaelle Gé
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Maria Pedersen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Brendan T Griffin
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - René Holm
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Carsten Uhd Nielsen
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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14
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Ma JY, Bao XC, Tian W, Cui DL, Zhang MY, Yang J, Xiang P, Ma LQ. Effects of soil-extractable metals Cd and Ni from an e-waste dismantling site on human colonic epithelial cells Caco-2: Mechanisms and implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133361. [PMID: 34929273 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
E-wastes release toxic metals including Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn into nearby soils during dismantling process. However, their adverse effects and the associated mechanisms on human intestinal epithelium are poorly understood. In this study, their toxic effects on human colonic epithelial cells Caco-2 and the underlying mechanisms were assessed basing on three soils from Wenling e-waste dismantling site. Since soil-extractable metals are more available for gastrointestinal absorption, we used phosphate buffer saline solution to extract metals at solid to liquid ratio of 1:2. Among metals, total Cd and Ni exceeded the risk screening values in three soils, being 3.8-8.8 and 42.4-155 mg/kg. Furthermore, high extractable-metals at 5.9, 1.9, and 0.87 mg/kg Cd (20-67%) and 4.6, 6.4, and 12.4 mg/kg Ni (3.6-29%) were observed for Soil-1, -2 and -3, respectively. All three extracts triggered cytotoxicity, with Soil-2 showing the strongest inhibition of cell viability. Higher production of reactive oxygen species and stronger inhibition of antioxidant enzymes SOD1 and CAT were observed in Soil-2 and -3. Upregulation of proinflammatory mediators (IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α) and apoptosis-regulatory genes (GADD45α, Caspase-3, and Caspase-8) were observed. Our data suggest that soil extracts induced cytotoxicity, oxidative damage, inflammatory response, and cell apoptosis in Caco-2 cells, indicating soil ingestion from e-waste dismantling site may adversely impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Yang Ma
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Xin-Chen Bao
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Wen Tian
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Dao-Lei Cui
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Meng-Yan Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Juan Yang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Institute of Environmental Remediation and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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15
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Ye D, López Mármol Á, Lenz V, Muschong P, Wilhelm-Alkubaisi A, Weinheimer M, Koziolek M, Sauer KA, Laplanche L, Mezler M. Mucin-Protected Caco-2 Assay to Study Drug Permeation in the Presence of Complex Biorelevant Media. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14040699. [PMID: 35456533 PMCID: PMC9032137 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14040699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor solubility and permeability of compounds beyond Lipinski’s Rule of Five (bRo5) are major challenges for cell-based permeability assays. Due to their incompatibility with gastrointestinal components in biorelevant media, the exploration of important questions addressing food effects is limited. Thus, we established a robust mucin-protected Caco-2 assay to allow the assessment of drug permeation in complex biorelevant media. To do that, the assay conditions were first optimized with dependence of the concentration of porcine mucin added to the cells. Mucin-specific effects on drug permeability were evaluated by analyzing cell permeability values for 15 reference drugs (BCS class I–IV). Secondly, a sigmoidal relationship between mucin-dependent permeability and fraction absorbed in human (fa) was established. A case study with venetoclax (BCS class IV) was performed to investigate the impact of medium complexity and the prandial state on drug permeation. Luminal fluids obtained from the tiny-TIM system showed a higher solubilization capacity for venetoclax, and a better read-out for the drug permeability, as compared to FaSSIF or FeSSIF media. In conclusion, the mucin-protected Caco-2 assay combined with biorelevant media improves the mechanistic understanding of drug permeation and addresses complex biopharmaceutical questions, such as food effects on oral drug absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Ye
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Álvaro López Mármol
- NCE Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (Á.L.M.); (V.L.); (M.K.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Verena Lenz
- NCE Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (Á.L.M.); (V.L.); (M.K.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Patricia Muschong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Anita Wilhelm-Alkubaisi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Manuel Weinheimer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Mirko Koziolek
- NCE Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (Á.L.M.); (V.L.); (M.K.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Kerstin A. Sauer
- NCE Formulation Sciences, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (Á.L.M.); (V.L.); (M.K.); (K.A.S.)
| | - Loic Laplanche
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
| | - Mario Mezler
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics—Bioanalytical Research, AbbVie Deutschland GmbH & Co. KG, 67061 Ludwigshafen, Germany; (D.Y.); (P.M.); (A.W.-A.); (M.W.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Jiang L, Xiong Y, Tu Y, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Nie P, Yan X, Liu H, Liu R, Xu G. Elucidation of the Transport Mechanism of Puerarin and Gastrodin and Their Interaction on the Absorption in a Caco-2 Cell Monolayer Model. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041230. [PMID: 35209020 PMCID: PMC8875129 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Puerarin (PUR) and gastrodin (GAS) are often used in combined way for treating diseases caused by microcirculation disorders. The current study aimed to investigate the absorption and transportation mechanism of PUR and GAS and their interaction via Caco-2 monolayer cell model. In this work, the concentration in Caco-2 cell of PUR and GAS was determined by HPLC method. The bidirectional transport of PUR and GAS and the inhibition of drug efflux including verapamil and cyclosporine on the transport of these two components were studied. The mutual influence between PUR and GAS, especially the effect of the latter on the former of the bidirectional transport were also investigated. The transport of 50 μg·mL−1 PUR in Caco-2 cells has no obvious directionality. While the transport of 100 and 200 μg·mL−1 PUR presents a strong directionality, and this directionality can be inhibited by verapamil and cyclosporine. When PUR and GAS were used in combination, GAS could increase the absorption of PUR while PUR had no obvious influence on GAS. Therefore, the compatibility of PUR and GAS is reasonable, and GAS can promote the transmembrane transport of PUR, the effect of which is similar to that of verapamil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Yanling Xiong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China;
| | - Yu Tu
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Wentong Zhang
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
| | - Qiyun Zhang
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Hongning Liu
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China;
| | - Guoliang Xu
- Center for Differentiation and Development of TCM Basic Theory, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China; (L.J.); (Y.T.); (W.Z.); (Q.Z.); (P.N.); (X.Y.); (H.L.)
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of TCM Etiopathogenesis, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Jiangxi, Nanchang 330004, China
- Correspondence:
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17
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WANG S, YU D, SHI Y, JIANG L, YANG F, YU G. Investigation into the bioavailability of synthesized phytosterol esters in vitro and in vivo using Caco-2 cell model and Wistar rats. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.68620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shirang WANG
- Northeast Agricultural University, China; Heilongjiang Communications Polytechnic, China
| | - Dianyu YU
- Northeast Agricultural University, China
| | - Yongge SHI
- Jiusan Grains and Oils Industrial Group Co., China
| | | | | | - Guoping YU
- Northeast Agricultural University, China
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18
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Rahman S, Ghiboub M, Donkers JM, van de Steeg E, van Tol EAF, Hakvoort TBM, de Jonge WJ. The Progress of Intestinal Epithelial Models from Cell Lines to Gut-On-Chip. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413472. [PMID: 34948271 PMCID: PMC8709104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past years, several preclinical in vitro and ex vivo models have been developed that helped to understand some of the critical aspects of intestinal functions in health and disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the translation to the human in vivo situation remains problematic. The main reason for this is that these approaches fail to fully reflect the multifactorial and complex in vivo environment (e.g., including microbiota, nutrition, and immune response) in the gut system. Although conventional models such as cell lines, Ussing chamber, and the everted sac are still used, increasingly more sophisticated intestinal models have been developed over the past years including organoids, InTESTine™ and microfluidic gut-on-chip. In this review, we gathered the most recent insights on the setup, advantages, limitations, and future perspectives of most frequently used in vitro and ex vivo models to study intestinal physiology and functions in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafaque Rahman
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
| | - Mohammed Ghiboub
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joanne M. Donkers
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Eric A. F. van Tol
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), 3704 HE Zeist, The Netherlands; (J.M.D.); (E.v.d.S.); (E.A.F.v.T.)
| | - Theodorus B. M. Hakvoort
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
| | - Wouter J. de Jonge
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, 1105 BK Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (S.R.); (M.G.); (T.B.M.H.)
- Department of Surgery, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Keemink J, Hedge OJ, Bianco V, Hubert M, Bergström CAS. Comparison of Cellular Monolayers and an Artificial Membrane as Absorptive Membranes in the in vitro Lipolysis-permeation Assay. J Pharm Sci 2021; 111:175-184. [PMID: 34516987 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Permeation across Caco-2 cells in lipolysis-permeation setups can predict the rank order of in vivo drug exposure obtained with lipid-based formulations (LBFs). However, Caco-2 cells require a long differentiation period and do not capture all characteristics of the human small intestine. We therefore evaluated two in vitro assays with artificial lecithin-in-dodecane (LiDo) membranes and MDCK cells as absorptive membranes in the lipolysis-permeation setup. Fenofibrate-loaded LBFs were used and the results from the two assays compared to literature plasma concentrations in landrace pigs administered orally with the same formulations. Aqueous drug concentrations, supersaturation, and precipitation were determined in the digestion chamber and drug permeation in the receiver chamber. Auxiliary in vitro parameters were assessed, such as permeation of the taurocholate, present in the simulated intestinal fluid used in the assay, and size of colloidal structures in the digestion medium over time. The LiDo membrane gave a similar drug distribution as the Caco-2 cells and accurately reproduced the equivalent rank-order of fenofibrate exposure in plasma. Permeation of fenofibrate across MDCK monolayers did not, however, reflect the in vivo exposure rankings. Taurocholate flux was negligible through either membrane. This process was therefore not considered to significantly affect the in vitro distribution of fenofibrate. We conclude that the artificial LiDo membrane is a promising tool for lipolysis-permeation assays to evaluate LBF performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Keemink
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver J Hedge
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Madlen Hubert
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden; The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Huang Y, Yu Q, Chen Z, Wu W, Zhu Q, Lu Y. In vitro and in vivo correlation for lipid-based formulations: Current status and future perspectives. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:2469-2487. [PMID: 34522595 PMCID: PMC8424225 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) have demonstrated a great potential in enhancing the oral absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, construction of in vitro and in vivo correlations (IVIVCs) for LBFs is quite challenging, owing to a complex in vivo processing of these formulations. In this paper, we start with a brief introduction on the gastrointestinal digestion of lipid/LBFs and its relation to enhanced oral drug absorption; based on the concept of IVIVCs, the current status of in vitro models to establish IVIVCs for LBFs is reviewed, while future perspectives in this field are discussed. In vitro tests, which facilitate the understanding and prediction of the in vivo performance of solid dosage forms, frequently fail to mimic the in vivo processing of LBFs, leading to inconsistent results. In vitro digestion models, which more closely simulate gastrointestinal physiology, are a more promising option. Despite some successes in IVIVC modeling, the accuracy and consistency of these models are yet to be validated, particularly for human data. A reliable IVIVC model can not only reduce the risk, time, and cost of formulation development but can also contribute to the formulation design and optimization, thus promoting the clinical translation of LBFs.
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Key Words
- ANN, artificial neural network
- AUC, area under the curve
- Absorption
- BCS, biopharmaceutics classification system
- BE, bioequivalence
- CETP, cholesterol ester transfer protein
- Cmax, peak plasma concentration
- DDS, drug delivery system
- FDA, US Food and Drug Administration
- GI, gastrointestinal
- HLB, hydrophilic–lipophilic balance
- IVIVC, in vitro and in vivo correlation
- IVIVR, in vitro and in vivo relationship
- In silico prediction
- In vitro and in vivo correlations
- LBF, lipid-based formulation
- LCT, long-chain triglyceride
- Lipid-based formulation
- Lipolysis
- MCT, medium-chain triglyceride
- Model
- Oral delivery
- PBPK, physiologically based pharmacokinetic
- PK, pharmacokinetic
- Perspectives
- SCT, short-chain triglyceride
- SEDDS, self-emulsifying drug delivery system
- SGF, simulated gastric fluid
- SIF, simulated intestinal fluid
- SLS, sodium lauryl sulfate
- SMEDDS, self-microemulsifying drug delivery system
- SNEDDS, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system
- TIM, TNO gastrointestinal model
- TNO, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research
- Tmax, time to reach the peak plasma concentration
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Ashkar A, Sosnik A, Davidovich-Pinhas M. Structured edible lipid-based particle systems for oral drug-delivery. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107789. [PMID: 34186162 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral administration is the most popular and patient-compliant route for drug delivery, though it raises great challenges due to the involvement of the gastro-intestine (GI) system and the drug bioavailability. Drug bioavailability is directly related to its ability to dissolve, transport and/or absorb through the physiological environment. A great number of drugs are characterized with low water solubility due to their hydrophobic nature, thus limiting their oral bioavailability and clinical use. Therefore, new strategies aiming to provide a protective shell through the GI system and improve drug solubility and permeability in the intestine were developed to overcome this limitation. Lipid-based systems have been proposed as good candidates for such a task owing to their hydrophobic nature which allows high drug loading, drug micellization ability during intestinal digestion due to the lipid content, and the vehicle physical protective environment. The use of edible lipids with high biocompatibility paves the bench-to-bedside translation. Four main types of structured lipid-based drug delivery systems differing in the physical state of the lipid phase have been described in the literature, namely emulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, and oleogel-based particles. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the different structured edible lipid-based oral delivery systems investigated up to date and emphasizes the contribution of each system component to the delivery performance, and the oral delivery path of lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areen Ashkar
- Laboratory of Lipids and Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Maya Davidovich-Pinhas
- Laboratory of Lipids and Soft Matter, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel; Russell-Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel..
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22
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Cirri M, Maestrelli F, Nerli G, Mennini N, D’Ambrosio M, Luceri C, Mura PA. Development of a Cyclodextrin-Based Mucoadhesive-Thermosensitive In Situ Gel for Clonazepam Intranasal Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13070969. [PMID: 34206967 PMCID: PMC8309035 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13070969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermosensitive, mucoadhesive in-situ gel for clonazepam (CLZ) intranasal delivery was developed, which aimed to achieve prolonged in-situ residence and controlled drug release, overcoming problems associated with its oral or parenteral administration. Poloxamer was selected as a thermosensitive polymer and chitosan glutamate and sodium hyaluronate as mucoadhesive and permeation enhancer. Moreover, randomly methylated β-Cyclodextrin (RAMEB) was used to improve the low drug solubility. A screening DoE was applied for a systematic examination of the effect of varying the formulation components proportions on gelation temperature, gelation time and pH. Drug-loaded gels at different clonazepam-RAMEB concentrations were then prepared and characterized for gelation temperature, gelation time, gel strength, mucoadhesive strength, mucoadhesion time, and drug release properties. All formulations showed suitable gelation temperature (29-30.5 °C) and time (50-65 s), but the one with the highest drug-RAMEB concentration showed the best mucoadhesive strength, longest mucoadhesion time (6 h), and greatest release rate. Therefore, it was selected for cytotoxicity and permeation studies through Caco-2 cells, compared with an analogous formulation without RAMEB and a drug solution. Both gels were significantly more effective than the solution. However, RAMEB was essential not only to promote drug release, but also to reduce drug cytotoxicity and further improve its permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Cirri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (G.N.); (N.M.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Francesca Maestrelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (G.N.); (N.M.); (P.A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-(0)5-5457-3711
| | - Giulia Nerli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (G.N.); (N.M.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Natascia Mennini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (G.N.); (N.M.); (P.A.M.)
| | - Mario D’Ambrosio
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children’s Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Cristina Luceri
- NEUROFARBA, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Children’s Health, Section of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Paola Angela Mura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via Schiff 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy; (M.C.); (G.N.); (N.M.); (P.A.M.)
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23
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Pham AC, Clulow AJ, Boyd BJ. Formation of Self-Assembled Mesophases During Lipid Digestion. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:657886. [PMID: 34178984 PMCID: PMC8231029 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.657886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids play an important role in regulating bodily functions and providing a source of energy. Lipids enter the body primarily in the form of triglycerides in our diet. The gastrointestinal digestion of certain types of lipids has been shown to promote the self-assembly of lipid digestion products into highly ordered colloidal structures. The formation of these ordered colloidal structures, which often possess well-recognized liquid crystalline morphologies (or “mesophases”), is currently understood to impact the way nutrients are transported in the gut and absorbed. The formation of these liquid crystalline structures has also been of interest within the field of drug delivery, as it enables the encapsulation or solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs in the aqueous environment of the gut enabling a means of absorption. This review summarizes the evidence for structure formation during the digestion of different lipid systems associated with foods, the techniques used to characterize them and provides areas of focus for advancing our understanding of this emerging field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Pham
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew J Clulow
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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24
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Akkuş-Dağdeviren ZB, Wolf JD, Kurpiers M, Shahzadi I, Steinbring C, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Charge reversal self-emulsifying drug delivery systems: A comparative study among various phosphorylated surfactants. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 589:532-544. [PMID: 33493863 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Phosphorylated surfactants having ethoxylate spacer arms are promising excipients for charge reversal self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). EXPERIMENTS 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidic acid disodium salt (PA), 2-((2,3-bis(oleoyloxy)propyl)dimethylammonio)ethyl hydrogen phosphate (DOCP), nonylphenol monophosphate ester (PNPP), C12-15 alcohol 3 ethoxylate phosphate ester (PME) and polyoxyethylene (9) dioctanoyl glycerol pyrophosphate (DGPP) loaded SEDDS were developed and characterized. Zeta potential of SEDDS was measured before and after incubation with intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP). Phosphate release was monitored by incubation of SEDDS with isolated as well as cell-associated IAP. Primary amine content on the surface of SEDDS was determined in parallel. Cytotoxicity was evaluated on Caco-2 cells and in vitro hemolysis test was performed. Cellular uptake studies were performed by confocal scanning microscopy. FINDINGS SEDDS formulations exhibited a size in the range of 17 and 193 nm and a polydispersity index (PDI) ≤ 0.5. Charge reversal from negative to positive values could be achieved in case of PNPP and PME loaded SEDDS with a zeta potential changing from -13 mV to +9 mV and from -7 to +2 mV, respectively, within 6 h. Significant amounts of phosphate were released from PNPP and PME loaded SEDDS incubated with isolated IAP and from all formulations incubated with cell-associated IAP in accordance with an increase in primary amines on the surface of oily droplets. SEDDS exhibited a concentration and time-dependent cytotoxicity. PNPP and PME SEDDS displayed an increased cellular uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Burcu Akkuş-Dağdeviren
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julian Dominik Wolf
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Kurpiers
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Iram Shahzadi
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Steinbring
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Thiomatrix Forschungs-und Beratungs GmbH, Trientlgasse 65, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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25
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Klitgaard M, Müllertz A, Berthelsen R. Estimating the Oral Absorption from Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery Systems Using an In Vitro Lipolysis-Permeation Method. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040489. [PMID: 33918449 PMCID: PMC8065752 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to design an in vitro lipolysis-permeation method to estimate drug absorption following the oral administration of self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs). The method was evaluated by testing five oral formulations containing cinnarizine (four SNEDDSs and one aqueous suspension) from a previously published pharmacokinetic study in rats. In that study, the pharmacokinetic profiles of the five formulations did not correlate with the drug solubilization profiles obtained during in vitro intestinal lipolysis. Using the designed lipolysis-permeation method, in vitro lipolysis of the five formulations was followed by in vitro drug permeation in Franz diffusion cells equipped with PermeaPad® barriers. A linear in vivo–in vitro correlation was obtained when comparing the area under the in vitro drug permeation–time curve (AUC0–3h), to the AUC0–3h of the plasma concentration–time profile obtained from the in vivo study. Based on these results, the evaluated lipolysis-permeation method was found to be a promising tool for estimating the in vivo performance of SNEDDSs, but more studies are needed to evaluate the method further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Klitgaard
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Bioneer: FARMA, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-35-33-65-13
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26
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Vinarov Z, Abrahamsson B, Artursson P, Batchelor H, Berben P, Bernkop-Schnürch A, Butler J, Ceulemans J, Davies N, Dupont D, Flaten GE, Fotaki N, Griffin BT, Jannin V, Keemink J, Kesisoglou F, Koziolek M, Kuentz M, Mackie A, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, McAllister M, Müllertz A, O'Driscoll CM, Parrott N, Paszkowska J, Pavek P, Porter CJH, Reppas C, Stillhart C, Sugano K, Toader E, Valentová K, Vertzoni M, De Wildt SN, Wilson CG, Augustijns P. Current challenges and future perspectives in oral absorption research: An opinion of the UNGAP network. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 171:289-331. [PMID: 33610694 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although oral drug delivery is the preferred administration route and has been used for centuries, modern drug discovery and development pipelines challenge conventional formulation approaches and highlight the insufficient mechanistic understanding of processes critical to oral drug absorption. This review presents the opinion of UNGAP scientists on four key themes across the oral absorption landscape: (1) specific patient populations, (2) regional differences in the gastrointestinal tract, (3) advanced formulations and (4) food-drug interactions. The differences of oral absorption in pediatric and geriatric populations, the specific issues in colonic absorption, the formulation approaches for poorly water-soluble (small molecules) and poorly permeable (peptides, RNA etc.) drugs, as well as the vast realm of food effects, are some of the topics discussed in detail. The identified controversies and gaps in the current understanding of gastrointestinal absorption-related processes are used to create a roadmap for the future of oral drug absorption research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahari Vinarov
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Sofia University, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Bertil Abrahamsson
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Hannah Batchelor
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Philippe Berben
- Pharmaceutical Development, UCB Pharma SA, Braine- l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - James Butler
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Ware, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Nikoletta Fotaki
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alan Mackie
- School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anette Müllertz
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Petr Pavek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | | | - Christos Reppas
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Kiyohiko Sugano
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Elena Toader
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
| | - Kateřina Valentová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Maria Vertzoni
- Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Saskia N De Wildt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Clive G Wilson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Augustijns
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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27
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Zhu YT, Yuan YZ, Feng QP, Hu MY, Li WJ, Wu X, Xiang SY, Yu SQ. Food emulsifier polysorbate 80 promotes the intestinal absorption of mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate by disturbing intestinal barrier. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 414:115411. [PMID: 33476678 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Di-2-ethylhexyl phosphate (DEHP) and its main toxic metabolite mono-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) are the typical endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and widely affect human health. Our previous research reported that synthetic nonionic dietary emulsifier polysorbate 80 (P80, E433) had the promotional effect on the oral absorption of DEHP in rats. The aim of this study was to explore its mechanism of promoting oral absorption, focusing on the mucus barrier and mucosal barrier of the small intestine. A small molecule fluorescent probe 5-aminofluorescein-MEHP (MEHP-AF) was used as a tracker of MEHP in vivo and in vitro. First of all, we verified that P80 promoted the bioavailability of MEHP-AF in the long-term and low-dose exposure of MEHP-AF with P80 as a result of increasing the intestinal absorption of MEHP-AF. Afterwards, experimental results from Western blot, qPCR, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence showed that P80 decreased the expression of proteins (mucus protein mucin-2, tight junction proteins claudin-1 and occludin) related to mucus barrier and mucosal barrier in the intestine, changed the integrity of intestinal epithelial cell, and increased the permeability of intestinal epithelial mucosa. These results indicated that P80 promoted the oral absorption of MEHP-AF by altering the intestinal mucus barrier and mucosal barrier. These findings are of great importance for assessing the safety risks of some food emulsifiers and clarifying the absorption mechanism of chemical pollutants in food, especially for EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Zhu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhen Yuan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Ping Feng
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yuan Hu
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Jie Li
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu Wu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Su-Yun Xiang
- College of Food Sciences and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shu-Qin Yu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Falavigna M, Brurok S, Klitgaard M, Flaten GE. Simultaneous assessment of in vitro lipolysis and permeation in the mucus-PVPA model to predict oral absorption of a poorly water soluble drug in SNEDDSs. Int J Pharm 2021; 596:120258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Preparation of Biological Scaffolds and Primary Intestinal Epithelial Cells to Efficiently 3D Model the Fish Intestinal Mucosa. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33604860 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1246-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is an elegant tool to create organs in vitro, that can help obviate the lack of organ donors in transplantation medicine and provide the opportunity of studying complex biological systems in vitro, thereby reducing the need for animal experiments. Artificial intestine models are at the core of Fish-AI, an EU FET-Open research project dedicated to the development of a 3D in vitro platform that is intended to enable the aquaculture feed industry to predict the nutritional and health value of alternative feed sources accurately and efficiently.At present, it is impossible to infer the health and nutrition value through the chemical characterization of any given feed. Therefore, each new feed must be tested through in vivo growth trials. The procedure is lengthy, expensive and requires the use of many animals. Furthermore, although this process allows for a precise evaluation of the final effect of each feed, it does not improve our basic knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms determining such end-results. In turn, this lack of mechanistic knowledge severely limits the capacity to understand and predict the biological value of a single raw material and of their different combinations.The protocol described herein allows to develop the two main components essential to produce a functional platform for the efficient and reliable screening of feeds that the feed industry is currently developing for improving their health and nutritional value. It is here applied to the Rainbow Trout, but it can be fruitfully used to many other fish species.
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30
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Suys EJA, Brundel DHS, Chalmers DK, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Interaction with biliary and pancreatic fluids drives supersaturation and drug absorption from lipid-based formulations of low (saquinavir) and high (fenofibrate) permeability poorly soluble drugs. J Control Release 2021; 331:45-61. [PMID: 33450318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drug absorption from lipid-based formulations (LBFs) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the result of a series of processes, including formulation dispersion, interaction with biliary and pancreatic secretions, drug solubilisation and supersaturation, and finally intestinal permeability. Optimal formulation design is dependent on a good understanding of the limitations to, and drivers of, absorption, but for LBFs the complexity of these processes makes data interpretation complex. The current study has re-examined a previous in vitro digestion-in situ perfusion model to increase physiological relevance and has used this model to examine drug absorption from LBFs. The composition of rat bile and jejunal fluid was also characterised to identify in vivo-relevant conditions. Digestion was initiated using rat bile/pancreatic fluid and the formulation and digestive enzymes mixed immediately prior to entry into the jejunum (allowing dilution/digestion to occur at the absorptive site). These conditions were employed to study drug absorption from LBFs of high (fenofibrate, FFB) and low (saquinavir, SQV) permeability compounds. The impact of polymeric precipitation inhibitors (PPIs) was also evaluated. For FFB, supersaturation, initiated by formulation interaction with biliary/pancreatic fluids, appeared to drive absorption and the addition of the PPIs poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PPGAE) and hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC), reduced drug precipitation, increased FFB supersaturation and increased absorption from a Type IV LBF of FFB. For a Type IIIB LBF however, PPIs were ineffective at increasing absorption. The impact of PPIs on the absorption of a less permeable drug, SQV, was similarly evaluated and again drug absorption appeared to be related to the extent of supersaturation, although in this case PPI were unable to promote absorption. For both FFB and SQV, drug absorption patterns obtained with the in vitro digestion-in situ perfusion mode, correlated well with in vitro supersaturation data and in vivo drug exposure data from oral bioavailability studies. The data are consistent with a mode of drug absorption where rapid dilution of LBFs with biliary and pancreatic secretions at the absorptive site in the upper small intestine drives transient supersaturation, that supersaturation is a significant driver of drug absorption for both low and high permeability drugs, and that PPIs delay drug precipitation, enhance supersaturation and promote drug absorption in a drug and formulation specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estelle J A Suys
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Daniel H S Brundel
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David K Chalmers
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Pde Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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31
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Lewińska A, Domżał-Kędzia M, Jaromin A, Łukaszewicz M. Nanoemulsion Stabilized by Safe Surfactin from Bacillus Subtilis as a Multifunctional, Custom-Designed Smart Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E953. [PMID: 33050380 PMCID: PMC7601209 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The developing field of bio-nanotechnology aims to advance colloidal research via the introduction of multifunctional nanoparticles to augment the dermal effectiveness of active substances. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS)-isotropic mixtures of oils, surfactants, solvents and co-solvents or surfactants-are attracting interest in the cosmeceutical field. As part of this study, SEDDS systems containing vitamin C or vitamin E and curcumin were developed, whereby the bioavailability of the active compounds increased by enhancing their permeability to deeper layers of the skin. A composition consisting of 50% surfactin from Bacillus subtilis, 30% Transcutol and 20% oil phase was designed to encapsulate the active substances, i.e., vitamin C or vitamin E and curcumin, contained in the oil phase. The developed carriers were characterized by average particle sizes of 69-183 nm. The formulations with the vitamins were found to be physically and chemically stable for 6 months. Transdermal tests were carried out, showing that the carriers enable the transport of active substances deep into the skin, stopping at the dermis border. The formulations with vitamin C and vitamin E reduced the discoloration, the vascular lesions, and the depth of the wrinkles on the tested skin, which can be useful in cosmetics in the treatment of problem skin, including capillary and sensitive skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lewińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marta Domżał-Kędzia
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Jaromin
- Department of Lipids and Liposomes, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marcin Łukaszewicz
- Department of Biotransformation, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14a, 50-383 Wroclaw, Poland;
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32
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Falavigna M, Klitgaard M, Berthelsen R, Müllertz A, Flaten GE. Predicting Oral Absorption of fenofibrate in Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems by Combining In Vitro Lipolysis with the Mucus-PVPA Permeability Model. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:208-216. [PMID: 32916137 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to develop a new in vitro lipolysis-permeation model to predict the in vivo absorption of fenofibrate in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDSs). More specifically, the in vitro intestinal lipolysis model was combined with the mucus-PVPA (Phospholipid Vesicle-based Permeation Assay) in vitro permeability model. Biosimilar mucus (BM) was added to the surface of the PVPA barriers to closer simulate the intestinal mucosa. SNEDDSs for which pharmacokinetic data after oral dosing to rats was available in the literature were prepared, and the ability of the SNEDDSs to maintain fenofibrate solubilized during in vitro lipolysis was determined, followed by the assessment of drug permeation across the mucus-PVPA barriers. The amount of drug solubilized over time during in vitro lipolysis did not correlate with the AUC (area under the curve) of the plasma drug concentration curve. However, the AUC of the drug permeated after in vitro lipolysis displayed a good correlation with the in vivo AUC (R2 > 0.9). Thus, it was concluded that the in vitro lipolysis-mucus-PVPA permeation model, simulating the physiological digestion and absorption processes, was able to predict in vivo absorption data, exhibiting great potential for further prediction of in vivo performance of SNEDDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Falavigna
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mette Klitgaard
- Physiological Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2-4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ragna Berthelsen
- Physiological Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2-4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anette Müllertz
- Physiological Pharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2-4, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gøril Eide Flaten
- Drug Transport and Delivery Research Group, Department of Pharmacy, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Universitetsveien 57, 9037 Tromsø, Norway.
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33
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Ismail R, Phan TNQ, Laffleur F, Csóka I, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Hydrophobic ion pairing of a GLP-1 analogue for incorporating into lipid nanocarriers designed for oral delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 152:10-17. [PMID: 32371152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The lipophilic character of peptides can be tremendously improved by hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) with counterions to be efficiently incorporated into lipid-based nanocarriers (NCs). Herein, HIPs of exenatide with the cationic surfactant tetraheptylammonium bromide (THA) and the anionic surfactant sodium docusate (DOC) were formed to increase its lipophilicity. These HIPs were incorporated into lipid based NCs comprising 41% Capmul MCM, 15% Captex 355, 40% Cremophor RH and 4% propylene glycol. Exenatide-THA NCs showed a log Dlipophilic phase (LPh)/release medium (RM) of 2.29 and 1.92, whereas the log DLPh/RM of exenatide-DOC was 1.2 and -0.9 in simulated intestinal fluid and Hanks' balanced salts buffer (HBSS), respectively. No significant hemolytic activity was induced at a concentration of 0.25% (m/v) of both blank and loaded NCs. Exenatide-THA NCs and exenatide-DOC NCs showed a 10-fold and 3-fold enhancement in intestinal apparent membrane permeability compared to free exenatide, respectively. Furthermore, orally administered exenatide-THA and exenatide-DOC NCs in healthy rats resulted in a relative bioavailability of 27.96 ± 5.24% and 16.29 ± 6.63%, respectively, confirming the comparatively higher potential of the cationic surfactant over the anionic surfactant. Findings of this work highlight the potential of the type of counterion used for HIP as key to successful design of lipid-based NCs for oral exenatide delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruba Ismail
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thi Nhu Quynh Phan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue University, Thua Thien Hue, Viet Nam
| | - Flavia Laffleur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ildikó Csóka
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Interdisciplinary Centre of Excellence, University of Szeged, Eötvös u. 6, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Hedge OJ, Bergström CAS. Suitability of Artificial Membranes in Lipolysis-Permeation Assays of Oral Lipid-Based Formulations. Pharm Res 2020; 37:99. [PMID: 32435855 PMCID: PMC7239831 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the performance of artificial membranes in in vitro lipolysis-permeation assays useful for absorption studies of drugs loaded in lipid-based formulations (LBFs). METHODS Polycarbonate as well as PVDF filters were treated with hexadecane, or lecithin in n-dodecane solution (LiDo) to form artificial membranes. They were thereafter used as absorption membranes separating two compartments mimicking the luminal and serosal side of the intestine in vitro. Membranes were subjected to dispersions of an LBF that had been digested by porcine pancreatin and spiked with the membrane integrity marker Lucifer Yellow (LY). Three fenofibrate-loaded LBFs were used to explore the in vivo relevance of the assay. RESULTS Of the explored artificial membranes, only LiDo applied to PVDF was compatible with lipolysis by porcine pancreatin. Formulation ranking based on mass transfer in the LiDo model exposed was the same as drug release in single-compartment lipolysis. Ranking based on observed apparent permeability coefficients of fenofibrate with different LBFs were the same as those obtained in a cell-based model. CONCLUSIONS The LiDo membrane was able to withstand lipolysis for a sufficient assay period. However, the assay with porcine pancreatin as digestive agent did not predict the in vivo ranking of the assayed formulations better than existing methods. Comparison with a Caco-2 based assay method nonetheless indicates that the in vitro in vivo relationship of this cell-free model could be improved with alternative digestive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J Hedge
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 580, SE-75123, Uppsala, Sweden. .,The Swedish Drug Delivery Center, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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35
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In Vitro Performance and Chemical Stability of Lipid-Based Formulations Encapsulated in a Mesoporous Magnesium Carbonate Carrier. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050426. [PMID: 32384752 PMCID: PMC7284621 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations can circumvent the low aqueous solubility of problematic drug compounds and increase their oral absorption. As these formulations are often physically unstable and costly to manufacture, solidification has been suggested as a way to minimize these issues. This study evaluated the physicochemical stability and in vitro performance of lipid-loaded mesoporous magnesium carbonate (MMC) particles with an average pore size of 20 nm. A medium chain lipid was loaded onto the MMC carrier via physical adsorption. A modified in vitro lipolysis setup was then used to study lipid release and digestion with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The lipid loading efficiency with different solidification techniques was also evaluated. The MMC, unlike more commonly used porous silicate carriers, dissolved during the lipolysis assay, providing a rapid release of encapsulated lipids into solution. The digestion of the dispersed lipid-loaded MMC therefore resembled that of a coarse dispersion of the lipid. The stability data demonstrated minor degradation of the lipid within the pores of the MMC particles, but storage for three months did not reveal extensive degradation. To conclude, lipids can be adsorbed onto MMC, creating a solid powder from which the lipid is readily released into the solution during in vitro digestion. The chemical stability of the formulation does however merit further attention.
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Lafontaine GMF, Fish NM, Connerton IF. In Vitro Evaluation of the Effects of Commercial Prebiotic GOS and FOS Products on Human Colonic Caco-2 Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051281. [PMID: 32366023 PMCID: PMC7282019 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotic oligosaccharides are widely used as human and animal feed additives for their beneficial effects on the gut microbiota. However, there are limited data to assess the direct effect of such functional foods on the transcriptome of intestinal epithelial cells. The purpose of this study is to describe the differential transcriptomes and cellular pathways of colonic cells directly exposed to galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) and fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS). We have examined the differential gene expression of polarized Caco–2 cells treated with GOS or FOS products and their respective mock-treated cells using mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq). A total of 89 significant differentially expressed genes were identified between GOS and mock-treated groups. For FOS treatment, a reduced number of 12 significant genes were observed to be differentially expressed relative to the control group. KEGG and gene ontology functional analysis revealed that genes up-regulated in the presence of GOS were involved in digestion and absorption processes, fatty acids and steroids metabolism, potential antimicrobial proteins, energy-dependent and -independent transmembrane trafficking of solutes and amino acids. Using our data, we have established complementary non-prebiotic modes of action for these frequently used dietary fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M. Flaujac Lafontaine
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
| | - Neville M. Fish
- Saputo Dairy UK, Innovation Centre, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK;
| | - Ian F. Connerton
- Division of Microbiology, Brewing and Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK;
- Correspondence:
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Hempt C, Gontsarik M, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Hirsch C, Salentinig S. Nanostructure generation during milk digestion in presence of a cell culture model simulating the small intestine. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 574:430-440. [PMID: 32344233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The development of advanced oral delivery systems for bioactive compounds requires the fundamental understanding of the digestion process within the gastrointestinal tract. Towards this goal, dynamic invitro digestion models, capable of characterising the molecular as well as colloidal aspects of food, together with their biological interactions with relevant invitro cell culture models, are essential. EXPERIMENTS In this study, we demonstrate a novel digestion model that combines flow-through time resolved small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with an invitro Caco-2/HT-29 cell co-culture model that also contained a mucus layer. This set-up allows the dynamic insitu characterisation of colloidal structures and their transport across a viable intestinal cell layer during simulated digestion. FINDINGS An integrated online SAXS - invitro cell co-culture model was developed and applied to study the digestion of nature's own emulsion, milk. The impact of the invitro cell culture on the digestion-triggered formation and evolution of highly ordered nanostructures in milk is demonstrated. Reported is also the crucial role of the mucus layer on top of the cell layer, protecting the cells from degradation by digestive juice components such as lipase. The novel model can open unique possibilities for the dynamic investigation of colloidal structure formation during lipid digestion and their effect on the uptake of bioactive molecules by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hempt
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mark Gontsarik
- Laboratory for Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cordula Hirsch
- Laboratory for Particles-Biology Interactions, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Salentinig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Iftikhar M, Iftikhar A, Zhang H, Gong L, Wang J. Transport, metabolism and remedial potential of functional food extracts (FFEs) in Caco-2 cells monolayer: A review. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109240. [PMID: 32846508 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caco-2, a human intestinal carcinoma cell line, has been used to test the absorption and transport mechanism of functional foods and drugs across the intestinal epithelium in order to study their antioxidant, anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. Caco-2 cells represent the morphological and functional characteristics of small intestinal cells and capable of expressing brush borders, tight junctions, intestinal efflux and uptake transporters which regulate permeation of drugs and functional food extracts from intestinal lumen to systemic circulation. The integrity of the Caco-2 monolayer is controlled by establishing the TEER between 200 and 1000 O per cm2. FFEs affect intestinal permeability by adjusting the tight junction proteins between the cells in order to maintain the epithelial barrier function. Because of the side effects of medicines, there is an increased interest in functional food extracts (FFEs) as drug substitutes. Functional foods undergo intricate transport processes and biotransformation after oral administration. Metabolism and transport studies of FFEs in Caco-2 cells are very important for determining their bioavailability. Functional foods and their constituents produce anti-proliferative and anti-cancer effects through apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and inhibition of various signal transduction pathways across Caco-2 cell lines. The current review has summarized the anti-inflammation, anticancer, antioxidant and cholesterol lowering potential of FFEs using Caco-2 cells through reducing local inflammatory signals, production of ROS and lipid accumulation. The transport, bioavailability, metabolism, mechanisms of actions, cellular pathways adopted by FFEs across Caco-2 cell lines are predominantly affected by their molecular weight, structures and physicochemical properties. These studies are beneficial for investigating the different mechanisms of action of FFEs in the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Iftikhar
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Asra Iftikhar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Faisalabad (TUF), Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Lingxiao Gong
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Nutrition and Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Alvebratt C, Keemink J, Edueng K, Cheung O, Strømme M, Bergström CA. An in vitro dissolution–digestion–permeation assay for the study of advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 149:21-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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40
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Desai HH, Bu P, Shah AV, Cheng X, Serajuddin ATM. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Self-Emulsifying Formulations Containing Long-Chain Lipids Using Caco-2 Cell Model: Superior Safety Profile Compared to Medium-Chain Lipids. J Pharm Sci 2020; 109:1752-1764. [PMID: 32035926 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medium-chain (MC) and long-chain (LC) lipids are used for development of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). MC lipids are often preferred because of their ability to form stable microemulsions with relatively high drug solubilization capacity. On the other hand, LC lipids could be more biocompatible as most endogenous and dietary lipids are LC glycerides. They also maintain high drug solubilization capacity after digestion. The present study was undertaken to determine the cytotoxicity of LC lipids and their formulations on Caco-2 cells of 1-day, 5-day, and 21-day maturity. The results were compared with the cytotoxicity profiles of MC lipids reported previously from our laboratory. The cell viability and cell membrane integrity were, respectively, determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the lactate dehydrogenase assay. The cytotoxicity was partially due to lipid surfactant-induced membrane rupture, and it was influenced by cell maturity and formulation composition. The lipid-surfactant combinations showed greater tolerance than surfactants alone, and LC-SEDDS were well-tolerated at almost 10-fold higher concentration than corresponding MC-SEDDS. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of digestion end products of both LC and MC triglycerides in the presence of 3 mM sodium taurocholate was compared on 21-day Caco-2 cultures by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The LC lipid formulations showed better tolerance than MC lipid formulations after digestion. Thus, although MC and LC lipids are well-tolerated at doses normally administered to humans, LC lipids show much better safety than MC lipids in a cell-culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heta H Desai
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Pengli Bu
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Ankita V Shah
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Xingguo Cheng
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens, New York 11439
| | - Abu T M Serajuddin
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Pkwy, Queens, New York 11439.
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Nanostructured clay particles supplement orlistat action in inhibiting lipid digestion: An in vitro evaluation for the treatment of obesity. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 135:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Successful oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs both depends on the intraluminal behavior of drugs and of appropriate advanced drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 137:104967. [PMID: 31252052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.104967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs continue to be a problematic, yet important class of pharmaceutical compounds for treatment of a wide range of diseases. Their prevalence in discovery is still high, and their development is usually limited by our lack of a complete understanding of how the complex chemical, physiological and biochemical processes that occur between administration and absorption individually and together impact on bioavailability. This review defines the challenge presented by these drugs, outlines contemporary strategies to solve this challenge, and consequent in silico and in vitro evaluation of the delivery technologies for poorly water-soluble drugs. The next steps and unmet needs are proposed to present a roadmap for future studies for the field to consider enabling progress in delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds.
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Alskär LC, Parrow A, Keemink J, Johansson P, Abrahamsson B, Bergström CAS. Effect of lipids on absorption of carvedilol in dogs: Is coadministration of lipids as efficient as a lipid-based formulation? J Control Release 2019; 304:90-100. [PMID: 31047962 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) is a formulation strategy for enabling oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. However, current use of this strategy is limited to a few percent of the marketed products. Reasons for that are linked to the complexity of LBFs, chemical instability of pre-dissolved drug and a limited understanding of the influence of LBF intestinal digestion on drug absorption. The aim of this study was to explore intestinal drug solubilization from a long-chain LBF, and evaluate whether coadministration of LBF is as efficient as a lipid-based drug formulation containing the pre-dissolved model drug carvedilol. Thus, solubility studies of this weak base were performed in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) and aspirated dog intestinal fluid (DIF). DIF was collected from duodenal stomas after dosing of water and two levels (1 g and 2 g) of LBF. Similarly, the in vitro SIF solubility studies were conducted prior to, and after addition of, undigested or digested LBF. The DIF fluid was further characterized for lipid digestion products (free fatty acids) and bile salts. Subsequently, carvedilol was orally administered to dogs in a lipid-based drug formulation and coadministered with LBF, and drug plasma exposure was assessed. In addition to these studies, in vitro drug absorption from the different formulation approaches were evaluated in a lipolysis-permeation device, and the obtained data was used to evaluate the in vitro in vivo correlation. The results showed elevated concentrations of free fatty acids and bile salts in the DIF when 2 g of LBF was administered, compared to only water. As expected, the SIF and DIF solubility data revealed that carvedilol solubilization increased by the presence of lipids and lipid digestion products. Moreover, coadministration of LBF and drug demonstrated equal plasma exposure to the lipid-based drug formulation. Furthermore, evaluation of in vitro absorption resulted in the same rank order for the LBFs as in the in vivo dog study. In conclusion, this study demonstrated increased intestinal solubilization from a small amount of LBF, caused by lipid digestion products and bile secretion. The outcomes also support the use of coadministration of LBF as a potential dosing regimen in cases where it is beneficial to have the drug in the solid form, e.g. due to chemical instability in the lipid vehicle. Finally, the in vitro lipolysis-permeation used herein established IVIVC for carvedilol in the presence of LBFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Alskär
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Albin Parrow
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Janneke Keemink
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Bunchongprasert K, Shao J. Cytotoxicity and permeability enhancement of Capmul®MCM in nanoemulsion formulation. Int J Pharm 2019; 561:289-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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45
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Berthelsen R, Klitgaard M, Rades T, Müllertz A. In vitro digestion models to evaluate lipid based drug delivery systems; present status and current trends. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:35-49. [PMID: 31265861 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
During the past two decades, a range of in vitro models simulating the digestion processes occurring in the stomach and small intestine have been developed to characterize lipid based drug delivery systems (LbDDSs). This review describes the presently existing range of in vitro digestion models and their use in the field of oral drug delivery. The models are evaluated in terms of their suitability to assess LbDDSs, and their ability to produce in vitro - in vivo correlations (IVIVCs). While the pH-stat lipolysis model is by far the most commonly utilized in vitro digestion model in relation to characterizing LbDDSs, a series of recent studies have shown a lack of IVIVCs limiting its future use. Presently, no single in vitro digestion model exists which is able to predict the in vivo performance of various LbDDSs. However, recent research has shown the potential of combined digestion-permeation models as well as species specific digestion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragna Berthelsen
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mette Klitgaard
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Rades
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Anette Müllertz
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Pharmacy, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Kuentz M. Drug supersaturation during formulation digestion, including real-time analytical approaches. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 142:50-61. [PMID: 30445096 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying and other lipid-based drug delivery systems have drawn considerable interest from pharmaceutical scientists for managing oral delivery of poorly water-soluble compounds. Following administration, self-emulsifying systems exhibit complex aqueous dispersion and digestion in the gastro-intestinal tract. These processes generally result in drug supersaturation, which leads to enhanced absorption or the high drug concentrations may cause precipitation with erratic and variable oral bioavailability. This review briefly outlines drug supersaturation obtained from self-emulsifying and other lipid-based formulations; recent advancements of in vitro lipolysis testing are also discussed. Further, a main focus is mechanisms by which supersaturation is triggered from gastro-intestinal processes, as well as analytical techniques that are promising from a research and development perspective. Comparatively simple approaches are presented together with more sophisticated process analytics to enable direct examination of kinetic changes. The analytical methods together with their sensor probes are discussed in detail to clarify opportunities as well as technical limitations. Some of the more sophisticated methods, including those based on synchrotron radiation, are primarily research oriented despite interesting experimental findings from an industrial viewpoint. The availability of kinetic data further opens the door to mathematical modeling of supersaturation and precipitation versus permeation, which lays the groundwork for better in vitro to in vivo correlations as well as for physiologically-based modeling of lipid-based systems.
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Keemink J, Mårtensson E, Bergström CAS. Lipolysis-Permeation Setup for Simultaneous Study of Digestion and Absorption in Vitro. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:921-930. [PMID: 30628771 PMCID: PMC6437649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) are
a delivery strategy to enhance
intestinal absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs. LBF performance
is typically evaluated by in vitro lipolysis studies, but these do
not accurately predict the in vivo performance. One possible reason
is the absence of an absorptive membrane driving sink conditions in
the serosal compartment. To explore the impact of absorption under
sink conditions on the performance evaluation, we developed a lipolysis-permeation
setup that allows simultaneous investigation of intestinal digestion
of an LBF and drug absorption. The setup consists of two chambers,
an upper one for digestion (luminal), and a lower, receiving one (serosal),
separated by a Caco-2 monolayer. Digestions were performed with immobilized
lipase, instead of the pancreatic extract typically used during lipolysis,
since the latter has proven incompatible with Caco-2 cells. Danazol-loaded
LBFs were used to develop the setup, and fenofibrate-loaded LBFs were
used to establish an in vitro in vivo correlation. As in regular lipolysis
studies, our setup allows for the evaluation of (i) the extent of
digestion and (ii) drug distribution in different phases present during
lipolysis of drug-loaded LBFs (i.e., oil, aqueous, and solid phase).
In addition, our setup can determine drug permeation across Caco-2
monolayers and hence, the absorptive flux of the compound. The presence
of the absorptive monolayer and sink conditions tended to reduce aqueous
drug concentrations and supersaturation in the digestion chamber.
The drug transfer across the Caco-2 membrane accurately reflected
in vivo drug exposure upon administration of three different LBFs
loaded with fenofibrate, where the traditional lipolysis setup failed
to predict in vivo performance. As the new setup reflects the dynamic
processes occurring in the gastrointestinal tract, it is a valuable
tool that can be used in the development of LBFs prior to in vivo
studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Keemink
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center , P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Elin Mårtensson
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center , P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center , P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
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Alskär LC, Keemink J, Johannesson J, Porter CJH, Bergström CAS. Impact of Drug Physicochemical Properties on Lipolysis-Triggered Drug Supersaturation and Precipitation from Lipid-Based Formulations. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:4733-4744. [PMID: 30142268 PMCID: PMC6209313 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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In
this study we investigated lipolysis-triggered supersaturation
and precipitation of a set of model compounds formulated in lipid-based
formulations (LBFs). The purpose was to explore the relationship between
precipitated solid form and inherent physicochemical properties of
the drug. Eight drugs were studied after formulation in three LBFs,
representing lipid-rich (extensively digestible) to surfactant-rich
(less digestible) formulations. In vitro lipolysis
of drug-loaded LBFs were conducted, and the amount of dissolved and
precipitated drug was quantified. Solid form of the precipitated drug
was characterized with polarized light microscopy (PLM) and Raman
spectroscopy. A significant solubility increase for the weak bases
in the presence of digestion products was observed, in contrast to
the neutral and acidic compounds for which the solubility decreased.
The fold-increase in solubility was linked to the degree of ionization
of the weak bases and thus their attraction to free fatty acids. A
high level of supersaturation was needed to cause precipitation. For
the weak bases, the dose number indicated that precipitation would
not occur during lipolysis; hence, these compounds were not included
in further studies. The solid state analysis proved that danazol and
griseofulvin precipitated in a crystalline form, while niclosamide
precipitated as a hydrate. Felodipine and indomethacin crystals were
visible in the PLM, whereas the Raman spectra showed presence
of amorphous drug, indicating amorphous precipitation that quickly
crystallized. The solid state analysis was combined with literature
data to allow analysis of the relationship between solid form and
the physicochemical properties of the drug. It was found that low
molecular weight and high melting temperature increases the probability
of crystalline precipitation, whereas precipitation in an amorphous
form was favored by high molecular weight, low melting temperature,
and positive charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Alskär
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Janneke Keemink
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Jenny Johannesson
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy , Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala , Sweden.,Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics , Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade , Parkville , Victoria 3052 , Australia
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