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Cobo-Simón I, Maloof JN, Li R, Amini H, Méndez-Cea B, García-García I, Gómez-Garrido J, Esteve-Codina A, Dabad M, Alioto T, Wegrzyn JL, Seco JI, Linares JC, Gallego FJ. Contrasting transcriptomic patterns reveal a genomic basis for drought resilience in the relict fir Abies pinsapo Boiss. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 43:315-334. [PMID: 36210755 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change challenges the adaptive capacity of several forest tree species in the face of increasing drought and rising temperatures. Therefore, understanding the mechanistic connections between genetic diversity and drought resilience is highly valuable for conserving drought-sensitive forests. Nonetheless, the post-drought recovery in trees from a transcriptomic perspective has not yet been studied by comparing contrasting phenotypes. Here, experimental drought treatments, gas-exchange dynamics and transcriptomic analysis (RNA-seq) were performed in the relict and drought-sensitive fir Abies pinsapo Boiss. to identify gene expression differences over immediate (24 h) and extended drought (20 days). Post-drought responses were investigated to define resilient and sensitive phenotypes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were also studied to characterize the genomic basis of A. pinsapo drought resilience. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis showed an activation of stomatal closing and an inhibition of plant growth-related genes during the immediate drought, consistent with an isohydric dynamic. During the extended drought, transcription factors, as well as cellular damage and homeostasis protection-related genes prevailed. Resilient individuals activate photosynthesis-related genes and inhibit aerial growth-related genes, suggesting a shifting shoot/root biomass allocation to improve water uptake and whole-plant carbon balance. About, 152 fixed SNPs were found between resilient and sensitive seedlings, which were mostly located in RNA-activity-related genes, including epigenetic regulation. Contrasting gene expression and SNPs were found between different post-drought resilience phenotypes for the first time in a forest tree, suggesting a transcriptomic and genomic basis for drought resilience. The obtained drought-related transcriptomic profile and drought-resilience candidate genes may guide conservation programs for this threatened tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cobo-Simón
- Dpto Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
- Dpto Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Julin N Maloof
- University of California at Davis, Department of Plant Biology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Ruijuan Li
- University of California at Davis, Department of Plant Biology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hajar Amini
- University of California at Davis, Department of Plant Biology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Belén Méndez-Cea
- Dpto Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Isabel García-García
- Dpto Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jèssica Gómez-Garrido
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marc Dabad
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Tyler Alioto
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Jill L Wegrzyn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - José Ignacio Seco
- Dpto Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Linares
- Dpto Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Univ. Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gallego
- Dpto Genética, Fisiología y Microbiología, Unidad de Genética, Facultad de CC Biológicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid 28040, Spain
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Fu S, Yang Y, Wang P, Ying Z, Xu W, Zhou Z. Comparative transcriptomic analysis of normal and abnormal in vitro flowers in Cymbidium nanulum Y. S. Wu et S. C. Chen identifies differentially expressed genes and candidate genes involved in flower formation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007913. [PMID: 36352857 PMCID: PMC9638074 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is beneficial for breeding and boosting the flower value of ornamental plants such as orchids, which can take several years of growth before blooming. Over the past few years, in vitro flowering of Cymbidium nanulum Y. S. Wu et S. C. Chen has been successfully induced; nevertheless, the production of many abnormal flowers has considerably limited the efficiency of this technique. We carried out transcriptomic analysis between normal and abnormal in vitro flowers, each with four organs, to investigate key genes and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and to gain a comprehensive perspective on the formation of abnormal flowers. Thirty-six DEGs significantly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, and photosynthesis-antenna proteins pathways were identified as key genes. Their broad upregulation and several altered transcription factors (TFs), including 11 MADS-box genes, may contribute to the deformity of in vitro flowers. By the use of weighted geneco-expression network analysis (WGCNA), three hub genes, including one unknown gene, mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) and harpin-induced gene 1/nonrace-specific disease resistance gene 1 (NDR1/HIN1-Like) were identified that might play important roles in floral organ formation. The data presented in our study may serve as a comprehensive resource for understanding the regulatory mechanisms underlying flower and floral organ formation of C. nanulum Y. S. Wu et S. C. Chen in vitro.
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Hemelíková N, Žukauskaitė A, Pospíšil T, Strnad M, Doležal K, Mik V. Caged Phytohormones: From Chemical Inactivation to Controlled Physiological Response. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12111-12125. [PMID: 34610745 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones, also called phytohormones, are small signaling molecules regulating a wide range of growth and developmental processes. These unique compounds respond to both external (light, temperature, water, nutrition, or pathogen attack) and internal factors (e.g., age) and mediate signal transduction leading to gene expression with the aim of allowing plants to adapt to constantly changing environmental conditions. Within the regulation of biological processes, individual groups of phytohormones act mostly through a web of interconnected responses rather than linear pathways, making elucidation of their mode of action in living organisms quite challenging. To further progress with our knowledge, the development of novel tools for phytohormone research is required. Although plenty of small molecules targeting phytohormone metabolic or signaling pathways (agonists, antagonists, and inhibitors) and labeled or tagged (fluorescently, isotopically, or biotinylated) compounds have been produced, the control over them in vivo is lost at the time of their administration. Caged compounds, on the other hand, represent a new approach to the development of small organic substances for phytohormone research. The term "caged compounds" refers to light-sensitive probes with latent biological activity, where the active molecule can be freed using a light beam in a highly spatio/temporal-, amplitude-, or frequency-defined manner. This review summarizes the up-to-date development in the field of caged plant hormones. Research progress is arranged in chronological order for each phytohormone regardless of the cage compound formulation and bacterial/plant/animal cell applications. Several known drawbacks and possible directions for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Hemelíková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Asta Žukauskaitė
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Mik
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc CZ-78371, Czech Republic
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Wang L, Hart BE, Khan GA, Cruz ER, Persson S, Wallace IS. Associations between phytohormones and cellulose biosynthesis in land plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2020; 126:807-824. [PMID: 32619216 PMCID: PMC7539351 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcaa121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones are small molecules that regulate virtually every aspect of plant growth and development, from basic cellular processes, such as cell expansion and division, to whole plant environmental responses. While the phytohormone levels and distribution thus tell the plant how to adjust itself, the corresponding growth alterations are actuated by cell wall modification/synthesis and internal turgor. Plant cell walls are complex polysaccharide-rich extracellular matrixes that surround all plant cells. Among the cell wall components, cellulose is typically the major polysaccharide, and is the load-bearing structure of the walls. Hence, the cell wall distribution of cellulose, which is synthesized by large Cellulose Synthase protein complexes at the cell surface, directs plant growth. SCOPE Here, we review the relationships between key phytohormone classes and cellulose deposition in plant systems. We present the core signalling pathways associated with each phytohormone and discuss the current understanding of how these signalling pathways impact cellulose biosynthesis with a particular focus on transcriptional and post-translational regulation. Because cortical microtubules underlying the plasma membrane significantly impact the trajectories of Cellulose Synthase Complexes, we also discuss the current understanding of how phytohormone signalling impacts the cortical microtubule array. CONCLUSION Given the importance of cellulose deposition and phytohormone signalling in plant growth and development, one would expect that there is substantial cross-talk between these processes; however, mechanisms for many of these relationships remain unclear and should be considered as the target of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Wang
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bret E Hart
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | | | - Edward R Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian S Wallace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA
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Maurya R, Srivastava D, Singh M, Sawant SV. Envisioning the immune interactome in Arabidopsis. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2020; 47:486-507. [PMID: 32345431 DOI: 10.1071/fp19188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interaction, immune targets were regulated by protein-protein interaction events such as ligand-receptor/co-receptor, kinase-substrate, protein sequestration, activation or repression via post-translational modification and homo/oligo/hetro-dimerisation of proteins. A judicious use of molecular machinery requires coordinated protein interaction among defence components. Immune signalling in Arabidopsis can be broadly represented in successive or simultaneous steps; pathogen recognition at cell surface, Ca2+ and reactive oxygen species signalling, MAPK signalling, post-translational modification, transcriptional regulation and phyto-hormone signalling. Proteome wide interaction studies have shown the existence of interaction hubs associated with physiological function. So far, a number of protein interaction events regulating immune targets have been identified, but their understanding in an interactome view is lacking. We focussed specifically on the integration of protein interaction signalling in context to plant-pathogenesis and identified the key targets. The present review focuses towards a comprehensive view of the plant immune interactome including signal perception, progression, integration and physiological response during plant pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Maurya
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. 226001; and Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. 226007
| | - Deepti Srivastava
- Integral Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology (IIAST) Integral University, Kursi Road, Dashauli, Uttar Pradesh. 226026
| | - Munna Singh
- Department of Botany, Lucknow University, Lucknow. 226007
| | - Samir V Sawant
- Plant Molecular Biology Lab, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow. 226001; and Corresponding author.
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Basso A, Barcaccia G, Galla G. Annotation and Expression of IDN2-like and FDM-like Genes in Sexual and Aposporous Hypericum perforatum L. accessions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 8:E158. [PMID: 31181659 PMCID: PMC6631971 DOI: 10.3390/plants8060158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The protein IDN2, together with the highly similar interactors FDM1 and FDM2, is required for RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and siRNA production. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression is required to restrict cell fate determination in A. thaliana ovules. Recently, three transcripts sharing high similarity with the A. thaliana IDN2 and FDM1-2 were found to be differentially expressed in ovules of apomictic Hypericum perforatum L. accessions. To gain further insight into the expression and regulation of these genes in the context of apomixis, we investigated genomic, transcriptional and functional aspects of the gene family in this species. The H. perforatum genome encodes for two IDN2-like and 7 FDM-like genes. Differential and heterochronic expression of FDM4-like genes was found in H. perforatum pistils. The involvement of these genes in reproduction and seed development is consistent with the observed reduction of the seed set and high variability in seed size in A. thaliana IDN2 and FDM-like knockout lines. Differential expression of IDN2-like and FDM-like genes in H. perforatum was predicted to affect the network of potential interactions between these proteins. Furthermore, pistil transcript levels are modulated by cytokinin and auxin but the effect operated by the two hormones depends on the reproductive phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Basso
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Campus of Agripolis, Viale dell' Università, 1635020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Gianni Barcaccia
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Campus of Agripolis, Viale dell' Università, 1635020 Legnaro, Italy.
| | - Giulio Galla
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, DAFNAE, University of Padova, Campus of Agripolis, Viale dell' Università, 1635020 Legnaro, Italy.
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High-throughput quantitative analysis of phytohormones in sorghum leaf and root tissue by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4839-4848. [PMID: 30879116 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Plant development, growth, and adaptation to stress are regulated by phytohormones, which can influence physiology even at low concentrations. Phytohormones are chemically grouped according to both structure and function as auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, jasmonates, salicylates, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids, among others. This chemical diversity and requirement for highly sensitive detection in complex matrices create unique challenges for comprehensive phytohormone analysis. Here, we present a robust and efficient quantitative UPLC-MS/MS assay for 17 phytohormones, including jasmonates, salicylates, abscisic acid, gibberellins, cytokinins, and auxins. Using this assay, 12 phytohormones were detected and quantified in sorghum plant tissue without the need for solid phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction. Variation of phytohormone profiles was explored in both root and leaf tissues between three genotypes, harvested at two different developmental time points. The results highlight the importance of tissue type, sampling time, and genetic factors when designing experiments that involve phytohormone analysis of sorghum. This research lays the groundwork for future studies, which can combine phytohormone profiling with other datasets such as transcriptome, soil microbiome, genome, and metabolome data, to provide important functional information about adaptation to stress and other environmental variables.
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Cao W, Luo L, Yi M, Jia Y. A theoretical study on the cross-talk of stress regulatory pathways in root cells. Biophys Chem 2018; 240:82-87. [PMID: 29945014 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The plants developed more dedicated regulatory pathways than the animals did to response various environment stresses, since they could not run away. The cross-talk among the pathways generally introduce non-trivial regulatory behaviors, from which the plants may benefit. For better understanding the regulatory mechanism due to cross-talk, we study in this work two entangled stress regulatory pathways in root cells. A quantitative model of the regulatory network is constructed in the simplest fashion. An analytic parameter-free approach is then employed to analyse the response tendencies. It leads us to a simple constraint on the non-linear regulatory exponents. Under the constraint, a transition to the non-monotonic growth inhibition happens at finite concentration of ABA, due to which the plants could survive from cold/heat stress. The parameter-free tendency analysis would also be applied to further experiments, especially in the case of insufficient data for multi-parameter fitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cao
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biophysics, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China; Department of Physics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Liang Luo
- Department of Physics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Physics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; Institute of Applied Physics, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ya Jia
- Department of Physics, Institute of Biophysics, Huazhong Normal University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Pérez Quiñones J, Brüggemann O, Kjems J, Shahavi MH, Peniche Covas C. Novel Brassinosteroid-Modified Polyethylene Glycol Micelles for Controlled Release of Agrochemicals. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:1612-1619. [PMID: 29378135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two synthetic analogues of brassinosteroids (DI31 and S7) exhibit good plant growth enhancer activity. However, their hydrophobicity and quick metabolism in plants have limited their application and benefits in agriculture. Our objective was to prepare novel brassinosteroid-modified polyethylene glycol (PEG) micelles to achieve controlled release with extended stability while retaining agrochemical activity. Spectroscopic studies confirmed quantitative disubstitution of studied PEGs with the brassinosteroids, while elemental analysis assessed purity of the synthesized conjugates. Conjugates were also characterized by X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. Dynamic and static light scattering showed stable and homogeneous approximately spherical micelles with average hydrodynamic diameters of 22-120 nm and almost neutral ζ potential. Spherical 30-140 nm micelles were observed by electron microscopy. Sustained in vitro releases at pH 5.5 were extended up to 96 h. Prepared PEG micelles showed good agrochemical activity in the radish seed bioassay and no cytotoxicity to the human microvascular endothelial cell line in the MTS test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez Quiñones
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Oliver Brüggemann
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz , 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Jørgen Kjems
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Hassan Shahavi
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO) and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus , 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Faculty of Engineering Modern Technologies, Amol University of Special Modern Technologies (AUSMT) , Amol, Iran
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Bielach A, Hrtyan M, Tognetti VB. Plants under Stress: Involvement of Auxin and Cytokinin. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E1427. [PMID: 28677656 PMCID: PMC5535918 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant growth and development are critically influenced by unpredictable abiotic factors. To survive fluctuating changes in their environments, plants have had to develop robust adaptive mechanisms. The dynamic and complementary actions of the auxin and cytokinin pathways regulate a plethora of developmental processes, and their ability to crosstalk makes them ideal candidates for mediating stress-adaptation responses. Other crucial signaling molecules responsible for the tremendous plasticity observed in plant morphology and in response to abiotic stress are reactive oxygen species (ROS). Proper temporal and spatial distribution of ROS and hormone gradients is crucial for plant survival in response to unfavorable environments. In this regard, the convergence of ROS with phytohormone pathways acts as an integrator of external and developmental signals into systemic responses organized to adapt plants to their environments. Auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways have been studied extensively. Nevertheless, we do not yet understand the impact on plant stress tolerance of the sophisticated crosstalk between the two hormones. Here, we review current knowledge on the function of auxin and cytokinin in redirecting growth induced by abiotic stress in order to deduce their potential points of crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bielach
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Monika Hrtyan
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Vanesa B Tognetti
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Czech 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
Phytohormones are key signaling molecules that coordinate plant growth and development through a range of complex interactions. Since the vast majority of plant responses to given stimuli result, amongst other factors, from a crosstalk between hormones, simultaneous analysis of multiple hormones is vital to improve our understanding of these interactions. This chapter describes a sensitive, reliable, and inexpensive method for quantification of multiple phytohormones by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
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12
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Abstract
Hormones are chemical substances that can affect many cellular and developmental processes at low concentrations. Plant hormones co-ordinate growth and development at almost all stages of the plant's life cycle by integrating endogenous signals and environmental cues. Much debate in hormone biology revolves around specificity and redundancy of hormone signalling. Genetic and molecular studies have shown that these small molecules can affect a given process through a signalling pathway that is specific for each hormone. However, classical physiological and genetic studies have also demonstrated that the same biological process can be regulated by many hormones through independent pathways (co-regulation) or shared pathways (cross-talk or cross-regulation). Interactions between hormone pathways are spatiotemporally controlled and thus can vary depending on the stage of development or the organ being considered. In this chapter we discuss interactions between abscisic acid, gibberellic acid and ethylene in the regulation of seed germination as an example of hormone cross-talk. We also consider hormone interactions in response to environmental signals, in particular light and temperature. We focus our discussion on the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Davière JM, Achard P. A Pivotal Role of DELLAs in Regulating Multiple Hormone Signals. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:10-20. [PMID: 26415696 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotypic plasticity is controlled by diverse hormone pathways, which integrate and convey information from multiple developmental and environmental signals. Moreover, in plants many processes such as growth, development, and defense are regulated in similar ways by multiple hormones. Among them, gibberellins (GAs) are phytohormones with pleiotropic actions, regulating various growth processes throughout the plant life cycle. Previous work has revealed extensive interplay between GAs and other hormones, but the molecular mechanism became apparent only recently. Molecular and physiological studies have demonstrated that DELLA proteins, considered as master negative regulators of GA signaling, integrate multiple hormone signaling pathways through physical interactions with transcription factors or regulatory proteins from different families. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in GA signaling and its direct crosstalk with the main phytohormone signaling, emphasizing the multifaceted role of DELLA proteins with key components of major hormone signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Davière
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357, associé avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France.
| | - Patrick Achard
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes (IBMP), UPR2357, associé avec l'Université de Strasbourg, 12, rue Général Zimmer, 67084 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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14
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Cai WJ, Ye TT, Wang Q, Cai BD, Feng YQ. A rapid approach to investigate spatiotemporal distribution of phytohormones in rice. PLANT METHODS 2016; 12:47. [PMID: 27891171 PMCID: PMC5112728 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-016-0147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytohormones play crucial roles in almost all stages of plant growth and development. Accurate and simultaneous determination of multiple phytohormones enabled us to better understand the physiological functions and the regulatory networks of phytohormones. However, simultaneous determination of multiple phytohormones in plant is still a challenge due to their low concentrations, structural and chemical diversity, and complex matrix of plant tissues. Therefore, development of a simple and selective method for the simultaneous determination of multiple phytohormones is highly needed. RESULTS We developed a clean-up strategy for profiling of multiple phytohormones, which can overcome the challenge of structural and chemical diversity. By using a one-step dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) combined with UPLC-MS/MS, 54 phytohormones including auxins, ABA, SA, JA, GAs and CKs were simultaneously analyzed from a single rice sample extract. Using the developed method, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of phytohormones in rice. The profiling of various tissues of rice at different growth stages revealed the complexity of metabolic regulation and allocations of phytohormone species. CONCLUSION A rapid one-step method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of six groups of phytohormones, including cytokinins, auxins, salicylic acid, jasmonates, abscisic acid and gibberellins in a single run, using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The proposed method was successfully applied to investigate spatiotemporal distribution of multiple phytohormones in rice. The spatiotemporal information obtained may be helpful for better understanding of phytohormones functions throughout life cycle of rice when integrated into transcriptome and other omics data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian-Tian Ye
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Bao-Dong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 People’s Republic of China
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Abd_Allah EF, Hashem A, Alqarawi AA, Bahkali AH, Alwhibi MS. Enhancing growth performance and systemic acquired resistance of medicinal plant Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi under salt stress. Saudi J Biol Sci 2015; 22:274-83. [PMID: 25972748 PMCID: PMC4423721 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the damaging effects of salinity on Sesbania sesban plants in the presence and absence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The selected morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of S. sesban were measured. Salinity reduced growth and chlorophyll content drastically while as AMF inoculated plants improved growth. A decrease in the number of nodules, nodule weight and nitrogenase activity was also evident due to salinity stress causing reduction in nitrogen fixation and assimilation potential. AMF inoculation increased these parameters and also ameliorated the salinity stress to some extent. Antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR) as well as non enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid and glutathione) also exhibited great variation with salinity treatment. Salinity caused great alterations in the endogenous levels of growth hormones with abscisic acid showing increment. AMF inoculated plants maintained higher levels of growth hormones and also allayed the negative impact of salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed Fathi Abd_Allah
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Abdullah Alqarawi
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hassan Bahkali
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona S. Alwhibi
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Chandler JW, Werr W. Cytokinin-auxin crosstalk in cell type specification. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:291-300. [PMID: 25805047 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Auxin and cytokinin affect cell fate specification transcriptionally and non-transcriptionally, and their roles have been characterised in several founder cell specification and activation contexts. Similarly to auxin, local cytokinin synthesis and response gradients are instructive, and the roles of ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATOR 7/15 (ARR7/15) and the negative cytokinin response regulator ARABIDOPSIS HISTIDINE PHOSPHOTRANSFER PROTEIN 6, as well as auxin signalling via MONOPTEROS/BODENLOS, are functionally conserved across different developmental processes. Auxin and cytokinin crosstalk is tissue- and context-specific, and may be synergistic in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) but antagonistic in the root. We review recent advances in understanding the interactions between auxin and cytokinin in pivotal developmental processes, and show that feedback complexity and the multistep nature of specification processes argue against a single morphogenetic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- John William Chandler
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Werr
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Cologne Biocenter, Zülpicher Strasse 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany
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Pérez AC, Goossens A. Jasmonate signalling: a copycat of auxin signalling? PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2013; 36:2071-84. [PMID: 23611666 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormones regulate almost all aspects of plant growth and development. The past decade has provided breakthrough discoveries in phytohormone sensing and signal transduction, and highlighted the striking mechanistic similarities between the auxin and jasmonate (JA) signalling pathways. Perception of auxin and JA involves the formation of co-receptor complexes in which hormone-specific E3-ubiquitin ligases of the SKP1-Cullin-F-box protein (SCF) type interact with specific repressor proteins. Across the plant kingdom, the Aux/IAA and the JASMONATE-ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins correspond to the auxin- and JA-specific repressors, respectively. In the absence of the hormones, these repressors form a complex with transcription factors (TFs) specific for both pathways. They also recruit several proteins, among which the general co-repressor TOPLESS, and thereby prevent the TFs from activating gene expression. The hormone-mediated interaction between the SCF and the repressors targets the latter for 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, which, in turn, releases the TFs to allow modulating hormone-dependent gene expression. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences in the auxin and JA signalling cascades with respect to the protein families and the protein domains involved in the formation of the pathway-specific complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cuéllar Pérez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052, Gent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052, Gent, Belgium
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Péret B, Middleton AM, French AP, Larrieu A, Bishopp A, Njo M, Wells DM, Porco S, Mellor N, Band LR, Casimiro I, Kleine-Vehn J, Vanneste S, Sairanen I, Mallet R, Sandberg G, Ljung K, Beeckman T, Benkova E, Friml J, Kramer E, King JR, De Smet I, Pridmore T, Owen M, Bennett MJ. Sequential induction of auxin efflux and influx carriers regulates lateral root emergence. Mol Syst Biol 2013; 9:699. [PMID: 24150423 PMCID: PMC3817398 DOI: 10.1038/msb.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of a new lateral root primordium through the outer layers of the parental root requires the sequential auxin-mediated induction of two auxin transporters. This positive feedback regulatory loop coordinates patterned gene expression in outer tissues. ![]()
The emergence of lateral roots through several tissues requires the precise regulation of gene expression in overlaying cells to trigger cell separation. Auxin derived from new lateral root primordia induces a positive feedback loop in the outer tissues by promoting the expression of the auxin influx transporter LAX3. A mathematical model based on realistic 3D geometries predicted the involvement of an auxin efflux carrier that was later identified to be PIN3. The model also revealed that PIN3 must be expressed before LAX3 to ensure a ‘robust' pattern of LAX3 induction in just two overlaying cortical cell files, thereby delimiting cell separation.
In Arabidopsis, lateral roots originate from pericycle cells deep within the primary root. New lateral root primordia (LRP) have to emerge through several overlaying tissues. Here, we report that auxin produced in new LRP is transported towards the outer tissues where it triggers cell separation by inducing both the auxin influx carrier LAX3 and cell-wall enzymes. LAX3 is expressed in just two cell files overlaying new LRP. To understand how this striking pattern of LAX3 expression is regulated, we developed a mathematical model that captures the network regulating its expression and auxin transport within realistic three-dimensional cell and tissue geometries. Our model revealed that, for the LAX3 spatial expression to be robust to natural variations in root tissue geometry, an efflux carrier is required—later identified to be PIN3. To prevent LAX3 from being transiently expressed in multiple cell files, PIN3 and LAX3 must be induced consecutively, which we later demonstrated to be the case. Our study exemplifies how mathematical models can be used to direct experiments to elucidate complex developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Péret
- 1] Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK [2] Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, UK [3] Unité Mixte de Recherche 7265, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Aix-Marseille Université, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement des Plantes, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
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19
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de Saint Germain A, Ligerot Y, Dun EA, Pillot JP, Ross JJ, Beveridge CA, Rameau C. Strigolactones stimulate internode elongation independently of gibberellins. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:1012-25. [PMID: 23943865 PMCID: PMC3793021 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.220541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactone (SL) mutants in diverse species show reduced stature in addition to their extensive branching. Here, we show that this dwarfism in pea (Pisum sativum) is not attributable to the strong branching of the mutants. The continuous supply of the synthetic SL GR24 via the root system using hydroponics can restore internode length of the SL-deficient rms1 mutant but not of the SL-response rms4 mutant, indicating that SLs stimulate internode elongation via RMS4. Cytological analysis of internode epidermal cells indicates that SLs control cell number but not cell length, suggesting that SL may affect stem elongation by stimulating cell division. Consequently, SLs can repress (in axillary buds) or promote (in the stem) cell division in a tissue-dependent manner. Because gibberellins (GAs) increase internode length by affecting both cell division and cell length, we tested if SLs stimulate internode elongation by affecting GA metabolism or signaling. Genetic analyses using SL-deficient and GA-deficient or DELLA-deficient double mutants, together with molecular and physiological approaches, suggest that SLs act independently from GAs to stimulate internode elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Dun
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, F–78000 Versailles, France (A.d.S.G., Y.L., J-P.P., C.R.)
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia (E.A.D., C.A.B.); and
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia (J.J.R.)
| | - Jean-Paul Pillot
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, F–78000 Versailles, France (A.d.S.G., Y.L., J-P.P., C.R.)
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia (E.A.D., C.A.B.); and
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia (J.J.R.)
| | - John J. Ross
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, F–78000 Versailles, France (A.d.S.G., Y.L., J-P.P., C.R.)
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia (E.A.D., C.A.B.); and
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia (J.J.R.)
| | - Christine A. Beveridge
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA UMR1318, INRA-AgroParisTech, F–78000 Versailles, France (A.d.S.G., Y.L., J-P.P., C.R.)
- University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072 Australia (E.A.D., C.A.B.); and
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Sandy Bay, Tasmania 7005 Australia (J.J.R.)
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de Bossoreille de Ribou S, Douam F, Hamant O, Frohlich MW, Negrutiu I. Plant science and agricultural productivity: why are we hitting the yield ceiling? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 210:159-76. [PMID: 23849123 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Trends in conventional plant breeding and in biotechnology research are analyzed with a focus on production and productivity of individual organisms. Our growing understanding of the productive/adaptive potential of (crop) plants is a prerequisite to increasing this potential and also its expression under environmental constraints. This review concentrates on growth rate, ribosome activity, and photosynthetic rate to link these key cellular processes to plant productivity. Examples of how they may be integrated in heterosis, organ growth control, and responses to abiotic stresses are presented. The yield components in rice are presented as a model. The ultimate goal of research programs, that concentrate on yield and productivity and integrating the panoply of systems biology tools, is to achieve "low input, high output" agriculture, i.e. shifting from a conventional "productivist" agriculture to an efficient sustainable agriculture. This is of critical, strategic importance, because the extent to which we, both locally and globally, secure and manage the long-term productive potential of plant resources will determine the future of humanity.
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Wasternack C, Hause B. Jasmonates: biosynthesis, perception, signal transduction and action in plant stress response, growth and development. An update to the 2007 review in Annals of Botany. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2013; 111:1021-58. [PMID: 23558912 PMCID: PMC3662512 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mct067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1416] [Impact Index Per Article: 128.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Jasmonates are important regulators in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses as well as in development. Synthesized from lipid-constituents, the initially formed jasmonic acid is converted to different metabolites including the conjugate with isoleucine. Important new components of jasmonate signalling including its receptor were identified, providing deeper insight into the role of jasmonate signalling pathways in stress responses and development. SCOPE The present review is an update of the review on jasmonates published in this journal in 2007. New data of the last five years are described with emphasis on metabolites of jasmonates, on jasmonate perception and signalling, on cross-talk to other plant hormones and on jasmonate signalling in response to herbivores and pathogens, in symbiotic interactions, in flower development, in root growth and in light perception. CONCLUSIONS The last few years have seen breakthroughs in the identification of JASMONATE ZIM DOMAIN (JAZ) proteins and their interactors such as transcription factors and co-repressors, and the crystallization of the jasmonate receptor as well as of the enzyme conjugating jasmonate to amino acids. Now, the complex nature of networks of jasmonate signalling in stress responses and development including hormone cross-talk can be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wasternack
- Department of Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg, 3, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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22
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Rathore MS, Shekhawat NS. In vitro regeneration in Sarcostemma acidum (Roxb.) -an important medicinal plant of semi-arid ecosystem of Rajasthan, India. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 19:269-275. [PMID: 24431495 PMCID: PMC3656190 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-012-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An efficient regeneration protocol for Sarcostemma acidum - an important medicinal plant has been established. Callus initiated from nodal explant on MS medium with 2.0 mg L(-1) of NAA + additives. Callus initiated was subcultured on MS medium containing various concentrations of NAA or 2,4-D. Out of these combinations, MS medium +1.0 mg L(-1) of NAA + additives was found to be effective for the multiplication of callus. Subculture was done after an interval of 20-22 days. For differentiation of callus BAP or Kinetin alone was found to be less effective. Maximum frequency of shoot regeneration recorded on MS medium +1.0 mg L(-1) of BAP + 0.5 mg L(-1) of Kinetin and 0.1 mg L(-1) of NAA + additives. The in vitro differentiated shoots were excised and inoculated on 1/4 strength MS medium +2.0 mg L(-1) of IBA + 0.02 % activated charcoal for in vitro rooting. Maximum response (90 %) was recorded on this medium. In vitro differentiated shoots were inoculated on autoclaved soilrite® after treatment with root inducing auxins. Ex vitro rooting in this plant species has been reported for the first time. Eighty five percent of the shoots rooted under ex vitro conditions. Both in vitro and ex vitro rooted plantlets were hardened in a green house.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahender S. Rathore
- />Biotechnology Unit, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, 342033 Rajasthan India
- />CSR&TI, Central Silk Board, Pampore, 192121 Kashmir, J&K India
| | - Narpat S. Shekhawat
- />Biotechnology Unit, Jai Narain Vyas University, Jodhpur, 342033 Rajasthan India
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Schaffer RJ, Ireland HS, Ross JJ, Ling TJ, David KM. SEPALLATA1/2-suppressed mature apples have low ethylene, high auxin and reduced transcription of ripening-related genes. AOB PLANTS 2013; 5:pls047. [PMID: 23346344 PMCID: PMC3551604 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Fruit ripening is an important developmental trait in fleshy fruits, making the fruit palatable for seed dispersers. In some fruit species, there is a strong association between auxin concentrations and fruit ripening. We investigated the relationship between auxin concentrations and the onset of ethylene-related ripening in Malus × domestica (apples) at both the hormone and transcriptome levels. METHODOLOGY Transgenic apples suppressed for the SEPALLATA1/2 (SEP1/2) class of gene (MADS8/9) that showed severely reduced ripening were compared with untransformed control apples. In each apple type, free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) concentrations were measured during early ripening. The changes observed in auxin were assessed in light of global changes in gene expression. PRINCIPAL RESULTS It was found that mature MADS8/9-suppressed apples had a higher concentration of free IAA. This was associated with increased expression of the auxin biosynthetic genes in the indole-3-acetamide pathway. Additionally, in the MADS8/9-suppressed apples, there was less expression of the GH3 auxin-conjugating enzymes. A number of genes involved in the auxin-regulated transcription (AUX/IAA and ARF classes of genes) were also observed to change in expression, suggesting a mechanism for signal transduction at the start of ripening. CONCLUSIONS The delay in ripening observed in MADS8/9-suppressed apples may be partly due to high auxin concentrations. We propose that, to achieve low auxin associated with fruit maturation, the auxin homeostasis is controlled in a two-pronged manner: (i) by the reduction in biosynthesis and (ii) by an increase in auxin conjugation. This is associated with the change in expression of auxin-signalling genes and the up-regulation of ripening-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Schaffer
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
| | - Hilary S. Ireland
- The New Zealand Institute of Plant and Food Research, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - John J. Ross
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Toby J. Ling
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, GPO Box 252-55, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Karine M. David
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Molecular mechanism for the interaction between gibberellin and brassinosteroid signaling pathways in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:13446-51. [PMID: 22847438 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1119992109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant development is modulated by the convergence of multiple environmental and endogenous signals, and the mechanisms that allow the integration of different signaling pathways is currently being unveiled. A paradigmatic case is the concurrence of brassinosteroid (BR) and gibberellin (GA) signaling in the control of cell expansion during photomorphogenesis, which is supported by physiological observations in several plants but for which no molecular mechanism has been proposed. In this work, we show that the integration of these two signaling pathways occurs through the physical interaction between the DELLA protein GAI, which is a major negative regulator of the GA pathway, and BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1), a transcription factor that broadly regulates gene expression in response to BRs. We provide biochemical evidence, both in vitro and in vivo, indicating that GAI inactivates the transcriptional regulatory activity of BZR1 upon their interaction by inhibiting the ability of BZR1 to bind to target promoters. The physiological relevance of this interaction was confirmed by the observation that the dominant gai-1 allele interferes with BR-regulated gene expression, whereas the bzr1-1D allele displays enhanced resistance to DELLA accumulation during hypocotyl elongation. Because DELLA proteins mediate the response to multiple environmental signals, our results provide an initial molecular framework for the integration with BRs of additional pathways that control plant development.
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Abstract
Plants exhibit a unique developmental flexibility to ever-changing environmental conditions. To achieve their profound adaptability, plants are able to maintain permanent stem cell populations and form new organs during the entire plant life cycle. Signaling substances, called plant hormones, such as auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, gibberellin, jasmonic acid, and strigolactone, govern and coordinate these developmental processes. Physiological and genetic studies have dissected the molecular components of signal perception and transduction of the individual hormonal pathways. However, over recent years it has become evident that hormones do not act only in a linear pathway. Hormonal pathways are interconnected by a complex network of interactions and feedback circuits that determines the final outcome of the individual hormone actions. This raises questions about the molecular mechanisms underlying hormonal cross talk and about how these hormonal networks are established, maintained, and modulated throughout plant development.
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The transcriptomes of columnar and standard type apple trees (Malus x domestica) - a comparative study. Gene 2012; 498:223-30. [PMID: 22353365 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Columnar apple trees (Malus x domestica) provide several economic advantages due to their specific growth habit. The columnar phenotype is the result of the dominant allele of the gene Co and is characterized by thick stems with short internodes and reduced lateral branching. Co is located on chromosome 10 and often appears in a heterozygous state (Co/co). The molecular explanation of columnar growth is not well established. Therefore, we studied the transcriptomes of columnar and standard type apple trees using 454 and Illumina next generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. We analyzed the transcriptomes of shoot apical meristems (SAMs) because we expect that these organs are involved in forming the columnar growth phenotype. The results of the comparative transcriptome analysis show significant differences in expression levels of hundreds of genes. Many of the differentially expressed genes are associated with membrane and cell wall growth or modification and can be brought in line with the columnar phenotype. Additionally, earlier findings on the hormonal state of shoots of columnar apples could be affirmed. Our study resulted in a large number of genes differentially expressed in columnar vs. standard type apple tree SAMs. Although we have not unraveled the nature of the Co gene, we could show that the modified expression of these genes, most likely due to the presence of Co, can determine the columnar phenotype. Furthermore, the usefulness of NGS for the analysis of the molecular basis of complex phenotypes is discussed.
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27
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Liu H, Li X, Xiao J, Wang S. A convenient method for simultaneous quantification of multiple phytohormones and metabolites: application in study of rice-bacterium interaction. PLANT METHODS 2012; 8:2. [PMID: 22243810 PMCID: PMC3274484 DOI: 10.1186/1746-4811-8-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 01/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Simultaneous analysis of multiple functional-related phytohormones and their metabolites will improve our understanding of interactions among different hormones in the same biologic process. RESULTS A method was developed for simultaneous quantification of multiple phytohormones, abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid, hormone conjugates, IAA-aspartic acid, JA-isoleucine, and methyl JA, and phytoalexins, momilactone A, naringenin, and sakuranetin. This method combines a convenient procedure for preparing filtrated crude extracted samples and a sensitive quantification assay using ultra fast liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-ESI-MS). With this method, we determined the dynamic profiles of defense-related phytohormones, hormone metabolites, and phytoalexins in the interaction of rice with Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), which causes bacterial blight, one of the most devastating diseases of rice worldwide. CONCLUSION This UFLC-ESI-MS method is convenient, sensitive, reliable, and inexpensive for quantification of multiple phytohormones and metabolites compared to current methods. The results obtained by application of this method in studying rice-bacterial interaction provide a basis for understanding the molecular mechanisms of rice defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xianghua Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jinghua Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Shiping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, National Center of Plant Gene Research (Wuhan), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Shakirova FM, Avalbaev AM, Bezrukova MV, Fatkhutdinova RA, Maslennikova DR, Yuldashev RA, Allagulova CR, Lastochkina OV. Hormonal Intermediates in the Protective Action of Exogenous Phytohormones in Wheat Plants Under Salinity. PHYTOHORMONES AND ABIOTIC STRESS TOLERANCE IN PLANTS 2012:185-228. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-25829-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
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Gallego-Bartolomé J, Alabadí D, Blázquez MA. DELLA-induced early transcriptional changes during etiolated development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23918. [PMID: 21904598 PMCID: PMC3164146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormones gibberellins (GAs) control a wide variety of processes in plants, including stress and developmental responses. This task largely relies on the activity of the DELLA proteins, nuclear-localized transcriptional regulators that do not seem to have DNA binding capacity. The identification of early target genes of DELLA action is key not only to understand how GAs regulate physiological responses, but also to get clues about the molecular mechanisms by which DELLAs regulate gene expression. Here, we have investigated the global, early transcriptional response triggered by the Arabidopsis DELLA protein GAI during skotomorphogenesis, a developmental program tightly regulated by GAs. Our results show that the induction of GAI activity has an almost immediate effect on gene expression. Although this transcriptional regulation is largely mediated by the PIFs and HY5 transcription factors based on target meta-analysis, additional evidence points to other transcription factors that would be directly involved in DELLA regulation of gene expression. First, we have identified cis elements recognized by Dofs and type-B ARRs among the sequences enriched in the promoters of GAI targets; and second, an enrichment in additional cis elements appeared when this analysis was extended to a dataset of early targets of the DELLA protein RGA: CArG boxes, bound by MADS-box proteins, and the E-box CACATG that links the activity of DELLAs to circadian transcriptional regulation. Finally, Gene Ontology analysis highlights the impact of DELLA regulation upon the homeostasis of the GA, auxin, and ethylene pathways, as well as upon pre-existing transcriptional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Gallego-Bartolomé
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (CSIC-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Valencia, Spain
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Zhang Y, Zhang B, Yan D, Dong W, Yang W, Li Q, Zeng L, Wang J, Wang L, Hicks LM, He Z. Two Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, CYP714A1 and CYP714A2, function redundantly in plant development through gibberellin deactivation. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 67:342-53. [PMID: 21457373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04596.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The rice gene ELONGATED UPPERMOST INTERNODE1 (EUI1) encodes a P450 monooxygenase that epoxidizes gibberellins (GAs) in a deactivation reaction. The Arabidopsis genome contains a tandemly duplicated gene pair ELA1 (CYP714A1) and ELA2 (CYP714A2) that encode EUI homologs. In this work, we dissected the functions of the two proteins. ELA1 and ELA2 exhibited overlapping yet distinct gene expression patterns. We showed that while single mutants of ELA1 or ELA2 exhibited no obvious morphological phenotype, simultaneous elimination of ELA1 and ELA2 expression in ELA1-RNAi/ela2 resulted in increased biomass and enlarged organs. By contrast, transgenic plants constitutively expressing either ELA1 or ELA2 were dwarfed, similar to those overexpressing the rice EUI gene. We also discovered that overexpression of ELA1 resulted in a severe dwarf phenotype, while overexpression of ELA2 gave rise to a breeding-favored semi-dwarf phenotype in rice. Consistent with the phenotypes, we found that the ELA1-RNAi/ela2 plants increased amounts of biologically active GAs that were decreased in the internodes of transgenic rice with ELA1 and ELA2 overexpression. In contrast, the precursor GA(12) slightly accumulated in the transgenic rice, and GA(19) highly accumulated in the ELA2 overexpression rice. Taken together, our study strongly suggests that the two Arabidopsis EUI homologs subtly regulate plant growth most likely through catalyzing deactivation of bioactive GAs similar to rice EUI. The two P450s may also function in early stages of the GA biosynthetic pathway. Our results also suggest that ELA2 could be an excellent tool for molecular breeding for high yield potential in cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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31
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Lackman P, González-Guzmán M, Tilleman S, Carqueijeiro I, Pérez AC, Moses T, Seo M, Kanno Y, Häkkinen ST, Van Montagu MCE, Thevelein JM, Maaheimo H, Oksman-Caldentey KM, Rodriguez PL, Rischer H, Goossens A. Jasmonate signaling involves the abscisic acid receptor PYL4 to regulate metabolic reprogramming in Arabidopsis and tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:5891-6. [PMID: 21436041 PMCID: PMC3078376 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1103010108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytohormones jasmonates (JAs) constitute an important class of elicitors for many plant secondary metabolic pathways. However, JAs do not act independently but operate in complex networks with crosstalk to several other phytohormonal signaling pathways. Here, crosstalk was detected between the JA and abscisic acid (ABA) signaling pathways in the regulation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) alkaloid biosynthesis. A tobacco gene from the PYR/PYL/RCAR family, NtPYL4, the expression of which is regulated by JAs, was found to encode a functional ABA receptor. NtPYL4 inhibited the type-2C protein phosphatases known to be key negative regulators of ABA signaling in an ABA-dependent manner. Overexpression of NtPYL4 in tobacco hairy roots caused a reprogramming of the cellular metabolism that resulted in a decreased alkaloid accumulation and conferred ABA sensitivity to the production of alkaloids. In contrast, the alkaloid biosynthetic pathway was not responsive to ABA in control tobacco roots. Functional analysis of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) homologs of NtPYL4, PYL4 and PYL5, indicated that also in Arabidopsis altered PYL expression affected the JA response, both in terms of biomass and anthocyanin production. These findings define a connection between a component of the core ABA signaling pathway and the JA responses and contribute to the understanding of the role of JAs in balancing tradeoffs between growth and defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petri Lackman
- VTTTechnical Research Center of Finland, FIN-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Miguel González-Guzmán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Sofie Tilleman
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Inês Carqueijeiro
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular and Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amparo Cuéllar Pérez
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tessa Moses
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium; and
| | - Mitsunori Seo
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuri Kanno
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Suvi T. Häkkinen
- VTTTechnical Research Center of Finland, FIN-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Johan M. Thevelein
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, VIB, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, B-3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium; and
| | - Hannu Maaheimo
- VTTTechnical Research Center of Finland, FIN-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | | | - Pedro L. Rodriguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, E-46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Heiko Rischer
- VTTTechnical Research Center of Finland, FIN-02044 VTT, Espoo, Finland
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Sankar M, Osmont KS, Rolcik J, Gujas B, Tarkowska D, Strnad M, Xenarios I, Hardtke CS. A qualitative continuous model of cellular auxin and brassinosteroid signaling and their crosstalk. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 27:1404-12. [PMID: 21450717 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btr158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Hormone pathway interactions are crucial in shaping plant development, such as synergism between the auxin and brassinosteroid pathways in cell elongation. Both hormone pathways have been characterized in detail, revealing several feedback loops. The complexity of this network, combined with a shortage of kinetic data, renders its quantitative analysis virtually impossible at present. RESULTS As a first step towards overcoming these obstacles, we analyzed the network using a Boolean logic approach to build models of auxin and brassinosteroid signaling, and their interaction. To compare these discrete dynamic models across conditions, we transformed them into qualitative continuous systems, which predict network component states more accurately and can accommodate kinetic data as they become available. To this end, we developed an extension for the SQUAD software, allowing semi-quantitative analysis of network states. Contrasting the developmental output depending on cell type-specific modulators enabled us to identify a most parsimonious model, which explains initially paradoxical mutant phenotypes and revealed a novel physiological feature. AVAILABILITY The package SQUADD is freely available via the Bioconductor repository at http://www.bioconductor.org/help/bioc-views/release/bioc/html/SQUADD.html.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martial Sankar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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33
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Alcázar R, Bitrián M, Bartels D, Koncz C, Altabella T, Tiburcio AF. Polyamine metabolic canalization in response to drought stress in Arabidopsis and the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:243-50. [PMID: 21330782 PMCID: PMC3121985 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.2.14317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we have studied the transcriptional profiles of polyamine biosynthetic genes and analyzed polyamine metabolic fluxes during a gradual drought acclimation response in Arabidopsis thaliana and the resurrection plant Craterostigma plantagineum. The analysis of free putrescine, spermidine and spermine titers in Arabidopsis arginine decarboxylase (adc1-3, adc2-3), spermidine synthase (spds1-2, spds2-3) and spermine synthase (spms-2) mutants during drought stress, combined with the quantitative expression of the entire polyamine biosynthetic pathway in the wild-type, has revealed a strong metabolic canalization of putrescine to spermine induced by drought. Such canalization requires spermidine synthase 1 (SPDS1) and spermine synthase (SPMS) activities and, intriguingly, does not lead to spermine accumulation but to a progressive reduction in spermidine and spermine pools in the wild-type. Our results suggest the participation of the polyamine back-conversion pathway during the drought stress response rather than the terminal catabolism of spermine. The putrescine to spermine canalization coupled to the spermine to putrescine back-conversion confers an effective polyamine recycling-loop during drought acclimation. Putrescine to spermine canalization has also been revealed in the desiccation tolerant plant C. plantagineum, which conversely to Arabidopsis, accumulates high spermine levels which associate with drought tolerance. Our results provide a new insight to the polyamine homeostasis mechanisms during drought stress acclimation in Arabidopsis and resurrection plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Alcázar
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
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34
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Koltai H, Kapulnik Y. Strigolactones as mediators of plant growth responses to environmental conditions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:37-41. [PMID: 21248472 PMCID: PMC3122003 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.1.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) have been recently identified as a new group of plant hormones or their derivatives thereof, shown to play a role in plant development. Evolutionary forces have driven the development of mechanisms in plants that allow adaptive adjustments to a variety of different habitats by employing plasticity in shoot and root growth and development. The ability of SLs to regulate both shoot and root development suggests a role in the plant's response to its growth environment. To play this role, SL pathways need to be responsive to plant growth conditions, and affect plant growth toward increased adaptive adjustment. Here, the effects of SLs on shoot and root development are presented, and possible feedback loops between SLs and two environmental cues, light and nutrient status, are discussed; these might suggest a role for SLs in plants' adaptive adjustment to growth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel.
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35
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Domagalska MA, Sarnowska E, Nagy F, Davis SJ. Genetic analyses of interactions among gibberellin, abscisic acid, and brassinosteroids in the control of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14012. [PMID: 21103336 PMCID: PMC2984439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic interactions between phytohormones in the control of flowering time in Arabidopsis thaliana have not been extensively studied. Three phytohormones have been individually connected to the floral-timing program. The inductive function of gibberellins (GAs) is the most documented. Abscisic acid (ABA) has been demonstrated to delay flowering. Finally, the promotive role of brassinosteroids (BRs) has been established. It has been reported that for many physiological processes, hormone pathways interact to ensure an appropriate biological response. Methodology We tested possible genetic interactions between GA-, ABA-, and BR-dependent pathways in the control of the transition to flowering. For this, single and double mutants deficient in the biosynthesis of GAs, ABA, and BRs were used to assess the effect of hormone deficiency on the timing of floral transition. Also, plants that over-express genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes in each biosynthetic pathway were generated and the flowering time of these lines was investigated. Conclusions Loss-of-function studies revealed a complex relationship between GAs and ABA, and between ABA and BRs, and suggested a cross-regulatory relation between GAs to BRs. Gain-of-function studies revealed that GAs were clearly limiting in their sufficiency of action, whereas increases in BRs and ABA led to a more modest phenotypic effect on floral timing. We conclude from our genetic tests that the effects of GA, ABA, and BR on timing of floral induction are only in partially coordinated action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ferenc Nagy
- Institute of Plant Biology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Science, Szeged, Hungary
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute of Molecular Plant Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Seth J. Davis
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
- * E-mail:
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36
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Kiliç NK, Duygu E, Dönmez G. Triacontanol hormone stimulates population, growth and Brilliant Blue R dye removal by common duckweed from culture media. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 182:525-530. [PMID: 20633998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work is focussed on assessing the potentialities of Lemna minor (L.) for the treatment of reactive dyes polluted wastewaters and investigating the possibility of bioremoval performance stimulation by adding triacontanol hormone to the cultures. In the vast literature describing removal of reactive dyes, considering the lack of reports using of common duckweed in wastewater treatment apparently due to the inadequate efficiency. In the present study, the experiments showed that 1 mg l(-1) triacontanol stimulated duckweed growth. The effect of different dye types (Reactive Orange 14, Reactive Red 120, Reactive Black 5, Brilliant Blue R, and Reactive Brilliant Blue R) onto duckweed growth was tested. Plants grew at most in media with Brilliant Blue R. The highest biomass, in terms of frond number (87+/-1.5) were accompanied with 59.6% maximum dye removal were found in samples containing 2.5 mg l(-1) initial Brilliant Blue R and 1 mg l(-1) triacontanol, indicating hormonal stimulation of both activities. The results presented here that L. minor (L.) could be used effectively to treat wastewaters containing dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Koçberber Kiliç
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Ankara, 06100, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
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37
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Beuchat J, Scacchi E, Tarkowska D, Ragni L, Strnad M, Hardtke CS. BRX promotes Arabidopsis shoot growth. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2010; 188:23-9. [PMID: 20649916 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03387.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
• BREVIS RADIX (BRX) has been identified through a loss-of-function allele in the Umkirch-1 accession in a natural variation screen for Arabidopsis root growth vigor. Physiological and gene expression analyses have suggested that BRX is rate limiting for auxin-responsive gene expression by mediating cross-talk with the brassinosteroid pathway, as impaired root growth and reduced auxin perception of brx can be (partially) rescued by external brassinosteroid application. • Using genetic tools, we show that brx mutants also display significantly reduced cotyledon and leaf growth. • Similar to the root, the amplitude and penetrance of this phenotype depends on genetic background and shares the physiological features, reduced auxin perception and brassinosteroid rescue. Furthermore, reciprocal grafting experiments between mutant and complemented brx shoot scions and root stocks suggest that the shoot phenotypes are not an indirect consequence of the root phenotype. Finally, BRX gain-of-function lines display epinastic leaf growth and, in the case of dominant negative interference, increased epidermal cell size. Consistent with an impact of BRX on brassinosteroid biosynthesis, this phenotype is accompanied by increased brassinosteroid levels. • In summary, our results demonstrate a ubiquitous, although quantitatively variable role of BRX in modulating the growth rate in both the root and shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Beuchat
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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38
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Abstract
A plant's roots system determines both the capacity of a sessile organism to acquire nutrients and water, as well as providing a means to monitor the soil for a range of environmental conditions. Since auxins were first described, there has been a tight connection between this class of hormones and root development. Here we review some of the latest genetic, molecular, and cellular experiments that demonstrate the importance of generating and maintaining auxin gradients during root development. Refinements in the ability to monitor and measure auxin levels in root cells coupled with advances in our understanding of the sources of auxin that contribute to these pools represent important contributions to our understanding of how this class of hormones participates in the control of root development. In addition, we review the role of identified molecular components that convert auxin gradients into local differentiation events, which ultimately defines the root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Overvoorde
- Department of Biology, Macalester College, St. Paul, MN 55105, USA
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39
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Alcázar R, Altabella T, Marco F, Bortolotti C, Reymond M, Koncz C, Carrasco P, Tiburcio AF. Polyamines: molecules with regulatory functions in plant abiotic stress tolerance. PLANTA 2010; 231:1237-49. [PMID: 20221631 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-010-1130-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 500] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Early studies on plant polyamine research pointed to their involvement in responses to different environmental stresses. During the last few years, genetic, transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches have unravelled key functions of different polyamines in the regulation of abiotic stress tolerance. Nevertheless, the precise molecular mechanism(s) by which polyamines control plant responses to stress stimuli are largely unknown. Recent studies indicate that polyamine signalling is involved in direct interactions with different metabolic routes and intricate hormonal cross-talks. Here we discuss the integration of polyamines with other metabolic pathways by focusing on molecular mechanisms of their action in abiotic stress tolerance. Recent advances in the cross talk between polyamines and abscisic acid are discussed and integrated with processes of reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, generation of nitric oxide, modulation of ion channel activities and Ca(2+) homeostasis, amongst others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Alcázar
- Max-Planck Institut für Züchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Cologne, Germany
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40
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Chandler JW. Auxin as compère in plant hormone crosstalk. PLANTA 2009; 231:1-12. [PMID: 19888599 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-009-1036-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of many hormone perceptions and signalling pathways has been recently well established, together with an awareness that plant hormone responses are the product of networks of interactions involving multiple hormones. As growth is quantitative, so are hormone responses, which underlie a systems approach to development and response. Auxin is arguably one of the best characterised hormones in plant development, and despite many excellent reviews on auxin perception, polar transport, and signal transduction, too little attention has been given to auxin crosstalk. This review, therefore, gives a précis of recent developments in hormone crosstalk involving auxin. For decades, the literature has described the involvement of multiple hormones in particular processes, although the mechanistic bases underlying points of crosstalk have been harder to pinpoint. Crosstalk falls into different categories, such as direct, indirect, or co-regulation. One conclusion for auxin crosstalk is that crosstalk operates extensively via the metabolism of other hormones, however, microarray approaches are increasingly identifying co-regulated genes and nodes of crosstalk at shared signalling components. Auxin crosstalk is often local, and is spatially and temporally regulated to provide adaptive value to environmental conditions and fine-tuning of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Chandler
- Department of Developmental Biology, Cologne University, Gyrhofstrasse 17, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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41
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Wong CE, Singh MB, Bhalla PL. Floral initiation process at the soybean shoot apical meristem may involve multiple hormonal pathways. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2009. [PMID: 19820354 PMCID: PMC2710565 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.7.8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Flowering and seed set underpin most of the agriculture production. In the 57 Issue of The Plant Journal, we analysed the gene expression changes in the shoot apical meristem (SAM) during the transition from vegetative to flowering phase in soybean, an important legume crop. We identified a number of genes that are actively transcribed or repressed during the transition to flowering and the annotation of which have allowed us to infer the involvement of at least three hormonal pathways: those that involve abscisic acid (ABA), auxin and jasmonic acid (JA) in the regulation of floral initiation process in soybean. Intriguingly, the induction of known floral homeiotic transcript that includes APETALA1 in the SAM occurred after the induction of these hormonal transcripts adding a likely novel biochemical dimension to the current understanding of floral regulatory pathways. In view of recent studies, a cross-regulatory mechanism involving these hormones is proposed to operate at the SAM to initiate flowering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui E Wong
- Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology laboratory, Australian Research Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research, Faculty of Land and Food Resources, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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42
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Scacchi E, Osmont KS, Beuchat J, Salinas P, Navarrete-Gómez M, Trigueros M, Ferrándiz C, Hardtke CS. Dynamic, auxin-responsive plasma membrane-to-nucleus movement of Arabidopsis BRX. Development 2009; 136:2059-67. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.035444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, interplay between nuclear auxin perception and trans-cellular polar auxin transport determines the transcriptional auxin response. In brevis radix (brx) mutants, this response is impaired, probably indirectly because of disturbed crosstalk between the auxin and brassinosteroid pathways. Here we provide evidence that BRX protein is plasma membrane-associated, but translocates to the nucleus upon auxin treatment to modulate cellular growth, possibly in conjunction with NGATHA class B3 domain-type transcription factors. Application of the polar auxin transport inhibitor naphthalene phthalamic acid (NPA) resulted in increased BRX abundance at the plasma membrane. Thus, nuclear translocation of BRX could depend on cellular auxin concentration or on auxin flux. Supporting this idea,NPA treatment of wild-type roots phenocopied the brx root meristem phenotype. Moreover, BRX is constitutively turned over by the proteasome pathway in the nucleus. However, a stabilized C-terminal BRX fragment significantly rescued the brx root growth phenotype and triggered a hypocotyl gain-of-function phenotype, similar to strong overexpressors of full length BRX. Therefore, although BRX activity is required in the nucleus,excess activity interferes with normal development. Finally, similar to the PIN-FORMED 1 (PIN1) auxin efflux carrier, BRX is polarly localized in vascular cells and subject to endocytic recycling. Expression of BRX under control of the PIN1 promoter fully rescued the brx short root phenotype, suggesting that the two genes act in the same tissues. Collectively, our results suggest that BRX might provide a contextual readout to synchronize cellular growth with the auxin concentration gradient across the root tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Scacchi
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Karen S. Osmont
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Beuchat
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paula Salinas
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Marina Trigueros
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, UPV-CSIC, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Ferrándiz
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, UPV-CSIC, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Christian S. Hardtke
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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