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Guo C, Chen L, Wang Y. Substance abuse and neurodegenerative diseases: focus on ferroptosis. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1519-1528. [PMID: 37100932 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03505-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Psychostimulants and alcohol are widely abused substances with the adverse effects on global public health. Substance abuse seriously harms people's health and causes various diseases, especially neurodegenerative diseases. Neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is complex and diverse, usually involving oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, metal homeostasis disorder, and neuro-inflammation. The precise molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration remain unclear, which is a major obstacle to therapeutic approaches. Therefore, it is urgent to improve the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative processes and to identify the therapeutic targets for treatment and prevention. Ferroptosis is a regulatory cell necrosis caused by iron ion catalysis and lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS), which is thought to be associated with nervous system diseases, particularly neurodegenerative diseases. This review overviewed the ferroptosis process and explored the relationship of ferroptosis with substance abuse and neurodegenerative diseases, which provides a new way to study the molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases induced by alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine (MA), and also provides the potential therapeutic targets for substance abuse-induced neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Guo
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Chen
- International Education School, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, 110122, Liaoning, China.
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2
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Machado da Silva MC, Iglesias LP, Candelario-Jalil E, Khoshbouei H, Moreira FA, de Oliveira ACP. Role of Microglia in Psychostimulant Addiction. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:235-259. [PMID: 36503452 PMCID: PMC10190137 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221208142151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of psychostimulant drugs can modify brain function by inducing changes in the reward system, mainly due to alterations in dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmissions in the mesocorticolimbic pathway. However, the etiopathogenesis of addiction is a much more complex process. Previous data have suggested that microglia and other immune cells are involved in events associated with neuroplasticity and memory, which are phenomena that also occur in addiction. Nevertheless, how dependent is the development of addiction on the activity of these cells? Although the mechanisms are not known, some pathways may be involved. Recent data have shown psychoactive substances may act directly on immune cells, alter their functions and induce various inflammatory mediators that modulate synaptic activity. These could, in turn, be involved in the pathological alterations that occur in substance use disorder. Here, we extensively review the studies demonstrating how cocaine and amphetamines modulate microglial number, morphology, and function. We also describe the effect of these substances in the production of inflammatory mediators and a possible involvement of some molecular signaling pathways, such as the toll-like receptor 4. Although the literature in this field is scarce, this review compiles the knowledge on the neuroimmune axis that is involved in the pathogenesis of addiction, and suggests some pharmacological targets for the development of pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Machado da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil;
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lia Parada Iglesias
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Habibeh Khoshbouei
- Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Fabrício Araujo Moreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Neuropsychopharmacology Laboratory, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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3
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Webb SM, Sacramento AD, McCloskey MA, Wroten MG, Ploense KL, Kippin TE, Ben-Shahar O, Szumlinski KK. The incubation of cocaine craving is dissociated from changes in glial cell markers within prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens of rats. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 3:100030. [PMID: 36034166 PMCID: PMC9410194 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2022.100030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sierra M. Webb
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
| | - Arianne D. Sacramento
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
| | - Megan A. McCloskey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
| | - Melissa G. Wroten
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
| | - Kyle L. Ploense
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
| | - Tod E. Kippin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
| | - Osnat Ben-Shahar
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
| | - Karen K. Szumlinski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9660, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9625, USA
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4
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The role of mitochondria in cocaine addiction. Biochem J 2021; 478:749-764. [PMID: 33626141 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of cocaine abuse is increasing especially in the U.K. where the rates are among the highest in Europe. In addition to its role as a psychostimulant, cocaine has profound effect on brain metabolism, impacting glycolysis and impairing oxidative phosphorylation. Cocaine exposure alters metabolic gene expression and protein networks in brain regions including the prefrontal cortex, the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, the principal nuclei of the brain reward system. Here, we focus on how cocaine impacts mitochondrial function, in particular through alterations in electron transport chain function, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress (OS), mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Finally, we describe the impact of cocaine on brain energy metabolism in the developing brain following prenatal exposure. The plethora of mitochondrial functions altered following cocaine exposure suggest that therapies maintaining mitochondrial functional integrity may hold promise in mitigating cocaine pathology and addiction.
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Sil S, Niu F, Chivero ET, Singh S, Periyasamy P, Buch S. Role of Inflammasomes in HIV-1 and Drug Abuse Mediated Neuroinflammaging. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081857. [PMID: 32784383 PMCID: PMC7464640 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing virus replication, chronic inflammation remains one of the cardinal features intersecting HIV-1, cART, drug abuse, and likely contributes to the accelerated neurocognitive decline and aging in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) that abuse drugs. It is also estimated that ~30–60% of PLWH on cART develop cognitive deficits associated with HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), with symptomatology ranging from asymptomatic to mild, neurocognitive impairments. Adding further complexity to HAND is the comorbidity of drug abuse in PLWH involving activated immune responses and the release of neurotoxins, which, in turn, mediate neuroinflammation. Premature or accelerated aging is another feature of drug abusing PLWH on cART regimes. Emerging studies implicate the role of HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and abused drugs in altering the inflammasome signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) cells. It is thus likely that exposure of these cells to HIV-1/HIV-1 proteins, cART, and/or abused drugs could have synergistic/additive effects on the activation of inflammasomes, in turn, leading to exacerbated neuroinflammation, ultimately resulting in premature aging referred to as “inflammaging” In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of inflammasome activation, neuroinflammation, and aging in central nervous system (CNS) cells such as microglia, astrocytes, and neurons in the context of HIV-1 and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Shilpa Buch
- Correspondence: (P.P.); (S.B.); Tel.: +1-402-559-3165 (S.B.)
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6
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Abstract
The pervasive and devastating nature of substance use disorders underlies the need for the continued development of novel pharmacotherapies. We now know that glia play a much greater role in neuronal processes than once believed. The various types of glial cells (e.g., astrocytes, microglial, oligodendrocytes) participate in numerous functions that are crucial to healthy central nervous system function. Drugs of abuse have been shown to interact with glia in ways that directly contribute to the pharmacodynamic effects responsible for their abuse potential. Through their effect upon glia, drugs of abuse also alter brain function resulting in behavioral changes associated with substance use disorders. Therefore, drug-induced changes in glia and inflammation within the central nervous system (neuroinflammation) have been investigated to treat various aspects of drug abuse and dependence. This article presents a brief overview of the effects of each of the major classes of addictive drugs on glia. Next, the paper reviews the pre-clinical and clinical studies assessing the effects that glial modulators have on abuse-related behavioral effects, such as pleasure, withdrawal, and motivation. There is a strong body of pre-clinical literature demonstrating the general effectiveness of several glia-modulating drugs in models of reward and relapse. Clinical studies have also yielded promising results, though not as robust. There is still much to disentangle regarding the integration between addictive drugs and glial cells. Improved understanding of the relationship between glia and the pathophysiology of drug abuse should allow for more precise exploration in the development and testing of glial-directed treatments for substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, New York State Psychiatric Institute and Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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7
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Korchynska S, Krassnitzer M, Malenczyk K, Prasad RB, Tretiakov EO, Rehman S, Cinquina V, Gernedl V, Farlik M, Petersen J, Hannes S, Schachenhofer J, Reisinger SN, Zambon A, Asplund O, Artner I, Keimpema E, Lubec G, Mulder J, Bock C, Pollak DD, Romanov RA, Pifl C, Groop L, Hökfelt TGM, Harkany T. Life-long impairment of glucose homeostasis upon prenatal exposure to psychostimulants. EMBO J 2020; 39:e100882. [PMID: 31750562 PMCID: PMC6939201 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal drug abuse during pregnancy is a rapidly escalating societal problem. Psychostimulants, including amphetamine, cocaine, and methamphetamine, are amongst the illicit drugs most commonly consumed by pregnant women. Neuropharmacology concepts posit that psychostimulants affect monoamine signaling in the nervous system by their affinities to neurotransmitter reuptake and vesicular transporters to heighten neurotransmitter availability extracellularly. Exacerbated dopamine signaling is particularly considered as a key determinant of psychostimulant action. Much less is known about possible adverse effects of these drugs on peripheral organs, and if in utero exposure induces lifelong pathologies. Here, we addressed this question by combining human RNA-seq data with cellular and mouse models of neuroendocrine development. We show that episodic maternal exposure to psychostimulants during pregnancy coincident with the intrauterine specification of pancreatic β cells permanently impairs their ability of insulin production, leading to glucose intolerance in adult female but not male offspring. We link psychostimulant action specifically to serotonin signaling and implicate the sex-specific epigenetic reprogramming of serotonin-related gene regulatory networks upstream from the transcription factor Pet1/Fev as determinants of reduced insulin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomiia Korchynska
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Maria Krassnitzer
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Katarzyna Malenczyk
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Rashmi B Prasad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology CRCSkåne University Hospital MalmöMalmöSweden
| | - Evgenii O Tretiakov
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sabah Rehman
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Valentina Cinquina
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Victoria Gernedl
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Matthias Farlik
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Julian Petersen
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sophia Hannes
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Julia Schachenhofer
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Sonali N Reisinger
- Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyCenter for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alice Zambon
- Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyCenter for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Olof Asplund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology CRCSkåne University Hospital MalmöMalmöSweden
| | - Isabella Artner
- Stem Cell CenterLund UniversityLundSweden
- Endocrine Cell Differentiation and FunctionLund University Diabetes CenterLund UniversityMalmöSweden
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Gert Lubec
- Paracelsus Medical UniversitySalzburgAustria
| | - Jan Mulder
- Science for Life LaboratoryKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
| | - Christoph Bock
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of SciencesViennaAustria
| | - Daniela D Pollak
- Department of Neurophysiology and NeuropharmacologyCenter for Physiology and PharmacologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Roman A Romanov
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Christian Pifl
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes and Endocrinology CRCSkåne University Hospital MalmöMalmöSweden
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM)Helsinki UniversityHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular NeurosciencesCenter for Brain ResearchMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Department of NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetSolnaSweden
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8
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Tsai SY, Bendriem RM, Lee CTD. The cellular basis of fetal endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress in drug-induced neurodevelopmental deficits. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 10:100145. [PMID: 30937351 PMCID: PMC6430408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal substance exposure is a growing public health concern worldwide. Although the opioid crisis remains one of the most prevalent addiction problems in our society, abuse of cocaine, methamphetamines, and other illicit drugs, particularly amongst pregnant women, are nonetheless significant and widespread. Evidence demonstrates prenatal drug exposure can affect fetal brain development and thus can have long-lasting impact on neurobehavioral and cognitive performance later in life. In this review, we highlight research examining the most prevalent drugs of abuse and their effects on brain development with a focus on endoplasmic reticulum stress and oxidative stress signaling pathways. A thorough exploration of drug-induced cellular stress mechanisms during prenatal brain development may provide insight into therapeutic interventions to combat effects of prenatal drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y.A. Tsai
- Integrative Neuroscience Branch, Division of Neuroscience and Behavior, National Institute on Drug Abuse, The National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Raphael M. Bendriem
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Chun-Ting D. Lee
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, USA
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9
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Cotto B, Li H, Tuma RF, Ward SJ, Langford D. Cocaine-mediated activation of microglia and microglial MeCP2 and BDNF production. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 117:28-41. [PMID: 29859319 PMCID: PMC6051925 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular substrates underlying cocaine reinforcement and addiction have been studied for decades, with a primary focus on signaling molecules involved in modulation of neuronal communication. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important signaling molecule involved in neuronal dendrite and spine modulation. Methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) binds to the promoter region of BDNF to negatively regulate its expression and cocaine can recruit MeCP2 to alter the expression of genes such as BDNF that are involved in synaptic plasticity. For several decades, BDNF has been implicated in mediating synaptic plasticity associated with cocaine abuse, and most studies report that neurons are the primary source for BDNF production in the brain. The current study assessed the effects of intravenous cocaine self-administration on microglial activation, and MeCP2 and BDNF expression in reward regions of the brain in vivo, as well as determined specific effects of cocaine exposure on MeCP2 and BDNF expression in human primary neurons and microglia. The results from this study highlight a distinct molecular pathway in microglia through which cocaine increases BDNF, including the phosphorylation of MeCP2 its subsequent translocation from the nucleus to the cytosol, which frees the BDNF promoter and permits its transcriptional activation. Results from these studies show for the first time that cocaine self-administration increases microglial activation, and that microglial MeCP2 is a sensitive target of cocaine resulting in increased release of BDNF from microglia, and possibly contributing to cocaine-induced synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Cotto
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hongbo Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ronald F Tuma
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Sara Jane Ward
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Dianne Langford
- Department of Neuroscience, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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10
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Xu E, Liu J, Wang X, Xiong H. Inflammasome in drug abuse. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 9:165-177. [PMID: 29348793 PMCID: PMC5770513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug abuse disorders refer to a set of related negative health implications associated with compulsive drug seeking and use. Because almost all addictive drugs act on the brain, many of them cause neurological impairments after long-term abuse. Neuropathological studies have revealed a widespread impairment of the cellular elements. As the key components to limit the damage of neural cells, CNS immune system is also found affected by these drugs, directly or indirectly. It has been shown that drugs of abuse alter neuroimmune gene expression and signaling. Growing studies on neuroimmune factors further demonstrate their indispensable role in drugs-induced neurotoxicity. As an important proinflammatory intracellular receptor, inflammasome is activated in many neurodegenerative diseases in response to a broad range of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) signals. In the cases of drug abuse, especially in those with comorbid of HIV infection and sustained pain, inflammasome activation significantly promotes the neuroinflammation-associated toxicities. To understand inflammasome in drug-associated neurotoxic activity, we reviewed the role played by inflammasome in drug abuse-induced microglial neurotoxicity and evaluated the potential of imflammasone as a therapeutic target for drug abuse disorders based on recent development of various selective small-molecular inflammasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enquan Xu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Jianuo Liu
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
| | - Xiaobei Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE 68198-6125, USA
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical CenterOmaha, NE 68198-5880, USA
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Glial and Neuroimmune Mechanisms as Critical Modulators of Drug Use and Abuse. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:156-177. [PMID: 27402494 PMCID: PMC5143481 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse cause persistent alterations in synaptic plasticity that may underlie addiction behaviors. Evidence suggests glial cells have an essential and underappreciated role in the development and maintenance of drug abuse by influencing neuronal and synaptic functions in multifaceted ways. Microglia and astrocytes perform critical functions in synapse formation and refinement in the developing brain, and there is growing evidence that disruptions in glial function may be implicated in numerous neurological disorders throughout the lifespan. Linking evidence of function in health and under pathological conditions, this review will outline the glial and neuroimmune mechanisms that may contribute to drug-abuse liability, exploring evidence from opioids, alcohol, and psychostimulants. Drugs of abuse can activate microglia and astrocytes through signaling at innate immune receptors, which in turn influence neuronal function not only through secretion of soluble factors (eg, cytokines and chemokines) but also potentially through direct remodeling of the synapses. In sum, this review will argue that neural-glial interactions represent an important avenue for advancing our understanding of substance abuse disorders.
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12
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McDonald L, Liu B, Taraboletti A, Whiddon K, Shriver LP, Konopka M, Liu Q, Pang Y. Fluorescent flavonoids for endoplasmic reticulum cell imaging. J Mater Chem B 2016. [PMID: 28626582 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02456d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Visualization of subcellular organelles in vivo is critical for basic biomedical research and clinical applications. Two new flavonoids with an amide substituent were synthesized and characterized. The flavonoids were nearly non-fluorescent in aqueous environment, but exhibited two emission peaks (one λem at 495-536 nm and the other at 570-587 nm) in organic solvents, which were assigned to the excited normal (N*) and tautomer (T*) emission. When the dyes were examined on oligodendrocyte cells, they were found to selectively accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a eukaryotic organelle involved in lipid and protein synthesis, giving fluorescence turn-on. The ER-selective flavonoids could be a valuable tool due to its low molecular mass (<500), large Stokes' shift, low toxicity, and biocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | | | - Kyle Whiddon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Leah P Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA.,Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Michael Konopka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Qin Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
| | - Yi Pang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, USA
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13
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Periyasamy P, Guo ML, Buch S. Cocaine induces astrocytosis through ER stress-mediated activation of autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 12:1310-29. [PMID: 27337297 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1183844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine is known to induce inflammation, thereby contributing in part, to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. A recent study from our lab has revealed a link between macroautophagy/autophagy and microglial activation. The current study was aimed at investigating whether cocaine could also mediate activation of astrocytes and, whether this process involved induction of autophagy. Our findings demonstrated that cocaine mediated the activation of astrocytes by altering the levels of autophagy markers, such as BECN1, ATG5, MAP1LC3B-II, and SQSTM1 in both human A172 astrocytoma cells and primary human astrocytes. Furthermore, cocaine treatment resulted in increased formation of endogenous MAP1LC3B puncta in human astrocytes. Additionally, astrocytes transfected with the GFP-MAP1LC3B plasmid also demonstrated cocaine-mediated upregulation of the green fluorescent MAP1LC3B puncta. Cocaine-mediated induction of autophagy involved upstream activation of ER stress proteins such as EIF2AK3, ERN1, ATF6 since blockage of autophagy using either pharmacological or gene-silencing approaches, had no effect on cocaine-mediated induction of ER stress. Using both pharmacological and gene-silencing approaches to block either ER stress or autophagy, our findings demonstrated that cocaine-induced activation of astrocytes (measured by increased levels of GFAP) involved sequential activation of ER stress and autophagy. Cocaine-mediated-increased upregulation of GFAP correlated with increased expression of proinflammatory mediators such as TNF, IL1B, and IL6. In conclusion, these findings reveal an association between ER stress-mediated autophagy and astrogliosis in cocaine-treated astrocytes. Intervention of ER stress and/or autophagy signaling would thus be promising therapeutic targets for abrogating cocaine-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palsamy Periyasamy
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Ming-Lei Guo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience , University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha , NE , USA
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14
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Go BS, Kim J, Yang JH, Choe ES. Psychostimulant-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:4041-4048. [PMID: 27314686 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9969-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a subcellular organelle that ensures proper protein folding process. The ER stress is defined as cellular conditions that disturb the ER homeostasis, resulting in accumulation of unfolded and/or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the ER. The presence of these proteins within the ER activates the ER stress response, known as unfolded protein response (UPR), to restore normal functions of the ER. However, under the severe and/or prolonged ER stress, UPR initiates apoptotic cell death. Psychostimulants such as cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine cause the ER stress and/or apoptotic cell death in regions of the brain related to drug addiction. Recent studies have shown that the ER stress in response to psychostimulants is linked to behavioral sensitization and that the psychostimulant-induced ER stress signaling cascades are closely associated with the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, this review was conducted to improve understanding of the functional role of the ER stress in the addiction as well as neurodegenerative diseases. This would be helpful to facilitate development of new therapeutic strategies for the drug addiction and/or neurodegenerative diseases caused or exacerbated by exposure to psychostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bok Soon Go
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea.,Department of Psychology, Washington State University, 100 Dairy Road, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA
| | - Jieun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Ju Hwan Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University, 63-2 Pusandaehak-ro, Kumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Korea.
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Guo ML, Liao K, Periyasamy P, Yang L, Cai Y, Callen SE, Buch S. Cocaine-mediated microglial activation involves the ER stress-autophagy axis. Autophagy 2016; 11:995-1009. [PMID: 26043790 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1052205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocaine abuse leads to neuroinflammation, which, in turn, contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration associated with advanced HIV-1 infection. Autophagy plays important roles in both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the possible functional link between cocaine and autophagy has not been explored before. Herein, we demonstrate that cocaine exposure induced autophagy in both BV-2 and primary rat microglial cells as demonstrated by a dose- and time-dependent induction of autophagy-signature proteins such as BECN1/Beclin 1, ATG5, and MAP1LC3B. These findings were validated wherein cocaine treatment of BV-2 cells resulted in increased formation of puncta in cells expressing either endogenous MAP1LC3B or overexpressing GFP-MAP1LC3B. Specificity of cocaine-induced autophagy was confirmed by treating cells with inhibitors of autophagy (3-MA and wortmannin). Intriguingly, cocaine-mediated induction of autophagy involved upstream activation of 2 ER stress pathways (EIF2AK3- and ERN1-dependent), as evidenced by the ability of the ER stress inhibitor salubrinal to ameliorate cocaine-induced autophagy. In vivo validation of these findings demonstrated increased expression of BECN1, ATG5, and MAP1LC3B-II proteins in cocaine-treated mouse brains compared to untreated animals. Increased autophagy contributes to cocaine-mediated activation of microglia since pretreatment of cells with wortmannin resulted in decreased expression and release of inflammatory factors (TNF, IL1B, IL6, and CCL2) in microglial cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that cocaine exposure results in induction of autophagy that is closely linked with neuroinflammation. Targeting autophagic proteins could thus be considered as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cocaine-related neuroinflammation diseases.
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Key Words
- 3-MA, 3-methyladenine
- ATF6, activating transcription factor 6
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5
- BCL2, B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2
- BECN1
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy related
- Baf1, bafilomycin A1
- CCL2, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2
- DAPI: 4, 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, dihydrochloride
- DDIT3, DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3
- EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- EIF2AK3, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2-α kinase 3
- EIF2S1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2, subunit 1 α, 35kDa
- ER stress
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- ERN1, endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- IL1B, interleukin 1, β
- IL6, interleukin 6
- MAP1LC3B
- MAP1LC3B, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- METH, methamphetamine
- MTOR, mechanistic target of rapamycin
- NFKB1, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1
- PBN, N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone
- PPP1R3A, protein phosphatase 1, regulatory subunit 3A
- PtdIns3K, class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- RPS6, ribosomal protein S6
- TLR4, toll-like receptor 4
- TNF, tumor necrosis factor
- autophagy
- cocaine
- microglial cells
- neuroinflammation
- rPMCs, rat primary microglial cells
- wort, wortmannin
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Lei Guo
- a Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience; Nebraska Medical Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center ; Omaha , NE , USA
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Liao K, Guo M, Niu F, Yang L, Callen SE, Buch S. Cocaine-mediated induction of microglial activation involves the ER stress-TLR2 axis. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:33. [PMID: 26860188 PMCID: PMC4748483 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0501-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuroinflammation associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection is often exacerbated by chronic cocaine abuse. Cocaine exposure has been demonstrated to mediate up-regulation of inflammatory mediators in in vitro cultures of microglia. The molecular mechanisms involved in this process, however, remain poorly understood. In this study, we sought to explore the underlying signaling pathways involved in cocaine-mediated activation of microglial cells. Methods BV2 microglial cells were exposed to cocaine and assessed for toll-like receptor (TLR2) expression by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), western blot, flow cytometry, and immunofluorescence staining. The mRNA and protein levels of cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, MCP-1) were detected by qPCR and ELISA, respectively; level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was examined by the Image-iT LIVE Green ROS detection kit; activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress pathways were detected by western blot. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was employed to discern the binding of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) with the TLR2 promoter. Immunoprecipitation followed by western blotting with tyrosine antibody was used to determine phosphorylation of TLR2. Cocaine-mediated up-regulation of TLR2 expression and microglial activation was validated in cocaine-injected mice. Results Exposure of microglial cells to cocaine resulted in increased expression of TLR2 with a concomitant induction of microglial activation. Furthermore, this effect was mediated by NADPH oxidase-mediated rapid accumulation of ROS with downstream activation of the ER-stress pathways as evidenced by the fact that cocaine exposure led to up-regulation of pPERK/peIF2α/ATF4 and TLR2. The novel role of ATF4 in the regulation of TLR2 expression was confirmed using genetic and pharmacological approaches. Conclusions xThe current study demonstrates that cocaine-mediated activation of microglia involves up-regulation of TLR2 through the ROS-ER stress-ATF4-TLR2 axis. Understanding the mechanism(s) involved in cocaine-mediated up-regulation of ROS-ER stress/TLR2 expression and microglial activation could have implications for the development of potential therapeutic targets aimed at resolving neuroinflammation in cocaine abusers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0501-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liao
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Minglei Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Fang Niu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Shannon E Callen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Cocaine and mitochondria-related signaling in the brain: A mechanistic view and future directions. Neurochem Int 2016; 92:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pereira RB, Andrade PB, Valentão P. A Comprehensive View of the Neurotoxicity Mechanisms of Cocaine and Ethanol. Neurotox Res 2015; 28:253-67. [PMID: 26105693 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-015-9536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorder is an emerging problem concerning to human health, causing severe side effects, including neurotoxicity. The use of illegal drugs and the misuse of prescription or over-the-counter drugs are growing in this century, being one of the major public health problems. Ethanol and cocaine are one of the most frequently used drugs and, according to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, their concurrent consumption is one of the major causes for emergency hospital room visits. These molecules act in the brain through different mechanisms, altering the nervous system function. Researchers have focused the attention not just in the mechanism of action of these drugs, but also in the mechanism by which they damage the nervous tissue (neurotoxicity). Therefore, the goal of the present review is to provide a global perspective about the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of cocaine and ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato B Pereira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, nº 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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19
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Chronic SIV and morphine treatment increases heat shock protein 5 expression at the synapse. J Neurovirol 2015; 21:592-8. [PMID: 26037114 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-015-0356-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of opiates such as morphine in synergy with HIV infection accelerates neurocognitive impairments and neuropathology in the CNS of HIV-infected subjects, collectively referred to as HAND. To identify potential pathogenic markers associated with HIV and morphine in perturbing the synaptic architecture, we performed quantitative mass spectrometry proteomics on purified synaptosomes isolated from the caudate of two groups of rhesus macaques chronically infected with SIV differing by one regimen-morphine treatment. The upregulation of heat shock 70-kDa protein 5 in the SIV + morphine group points to increased cellular stress during SIV/morphine interaction thus leading to CNS dysfunction.
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20
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Kovalevich J, Yen W, Ozdemir A, Langford D. Cocaine induces nuclear export and degradation of neuronal retinoid X receptor-γ via a TNF-α/JNK- mediated mechanism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:55-73. [PMID: 25586717 PMCID: PMC4336643 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine abuse represents an immense societal health and economic burden for which no effective treatment currently exists. Among the numerous intracellular signaling cascades impacted by exposure to cocaine, increased and aberrant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the CNS has been observed. Additionally, we have previously reported a decrease in retinoid-X-receptor-gamma (RXR-γ) in brains of mice chronically exposed to cocaine. Through obligate heterodimerization with a number of nuclear receptors, RXRs serve as master regulatory transcription factors, which can potentiate or suppress expression of a wide spectrum of genes. Little is known about the regulation of RXR levels, but previous studies indicate cellular stressors such as cytokines negatively regulate levels of RXRs in vitro. To evaluate the mechanism underlying the cocaine-induced decreases in RXR-γ levels observed in vivo, we exposed neurons to cocaine in vitro and examined pathways which may contribute to disruption in RXR signaling, including activation of stress pathways by cytokine induction. In these studies, we provide the first evidence that cocaine exposure disrupts neuronal RXR-γ signaling in vitro by promoting its nuclear export and degradation. Furthermore, we demonstrate this effect may be mediated, at least in part, by cocaine-induced production of TNF-α and its downstream effector c-Jun-NH-terminal kinase (JNK). Findings from this study are therefore applicable to both cocaine abuse and to pathological conditions characterized by neuroinflammatory factors, such as neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kovalevich
- Department of Neuroscience, Temple University School of Medicine, Medical Education Research Building, 3500 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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21
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Hu F, Han J, Zhai B, Ming X, Zhuang L, Liu Y, Pan S, Liu T. Blocking autophagy enhances the apoptosis effect of bufalin on human hepatocellular carcinoma cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress and JNK activation. Apoptosis 2014; 19:210-23. [PMID: 24114361 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bufalin extracts are a part of traditional Chinese medicine, Chansu. In the current study, we investigated the effect of bufalin on the proliferation of the human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, Huh-7 and HepG-2, and explored the therapeutic potential of the drug. Our results demonstrated that bufalin markedly inhibited cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis in the Huh-7 and HepG-2 cells in vitro. The underlying mechanism of the bufalin-induced apoptosis was the induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress via the IRE1-JNK pathway. In addition, during the ER stress response, the autophagy pathway, characterized by the conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II, was activated, resulting in increased Beclin-1 protein levels, decreased p62 expression and stimulation of autophagic flux. Our data supported the pro-survival role of bufalin-induced autophagy when the autophagy pathway was blocked with specific chemical inhibitors; the involvement of the IRE1 pathway in the ER stress-induced autophagy was also demonstrated when the expression of IRE1 and CHOP was silenced using siRNA. These data indicate that combining bufalin with a specific autophagy inhibitor could be a promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150001, China
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22
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Canu N, Ciotti MT, Pollegioni L. Serine racemase: a key player in apoptosis and necrosis. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2014; 6:9. [PMID: 24795622 PMCID: PMC4000995 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2014.00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A fine balance between cell survival and cell death is required to sculpt the nervous system during development. However, an excess of cell death can occur following trauma, exposure to neurotoxins or alcohol, and some developmental and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) support synaptic plasticity and survival of many neuronal populations whereas inappropriate activation may promote various forms of cell death, apoptosis, and necrosis representing the two extremes of a continuum of cell death processes both “in vitro” and “in vivo.” Hence, by identifying the switches controlling pro-survival vs. apoptosis and apoptosis vs. pro-excitotoxic outcome of NMDAR stimulation, NMDAR modulators could be developed that selectively block the cell death enhancing pro-survival signaling or synaptic plasticity mediated by NMDAR. Among these modulators, a role is emerging for the enzyme serine racemase (SR) that synthesizes D-serine, a key co-agonist with glutamate at NMDAR. This review summarizes the experimental evidence from “in vitro” neuronal cultures—with special emphasis on cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs)—and “in vivo” models of neurodegeneration, where the dual role of the SR/D-serine pathway as a master regulator of apoptosis and the apoptosis-necrosis shift will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Canu
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università degli Studi di Roma Roma, Italy ; Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Ciotti
- Istituto di Biologia Cellulare e Neurobiologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Roma, Italy
| | - Loredano Pollegioni
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze della Vita, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria Varese, Italy ; Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca in Biotecnologie Proteiche "The Protein Factory," Politecnico di Milano, ICRM-CNR Milano and Università degli studi dell'Insubria Milano, Italy
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Gonçalves J, Baptista S, Silva AP. Psychostimulants and brain dysfunction: a review of the relevant neurotoxic effects. Neuropharmacology 2014; 87:135-49. [PMID: 24440369 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants abuse is a major public concern because is associated with serious health complications, including devastating consequences on the central nervous system (CNS). The neurotoxic effects of these drugs have been extensively studied. Nevertheless, numerous questions and uncertainties remain in our understanding of these toxic events. Thus, the purpose of the present manuscript is to review cellular and molecular mechanisms that might be responsible for brain dysfunction induced by psychostimulants. Topics reviewed include some classical aspects of neurotoxicity, such as monoaminergic system and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, excitotoxicity and hyperthermia. Moreover, recent literature has suggested new phenomena regarding the toxic effects of psychostimulants. Thus, we also reviewed the impact of these drugs on neuroinflammatory response, blood-brain barrier (BBB) function and neurogenesis. Assessing the relative importance of these mechanisms on psychostimulants-induced brain dysfunction presents an exciting challenge for future research efforts. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'CNS Stimulants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Sofia Baptista
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Silva
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra Portugal.
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Functional Expression of Drug Transporters in Glial Cells. PHARMACOLOGY OF THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER: TARGETING CNS DISORDERS 2014; 71:45-111. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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