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Kummel M, Luther-Tontasse E, Koskenniemi J, Vahlberg T, Viitanen M, Johansson J, Korhonen P, Viikari L, Salminen M. National treatment guidelines poorly achieved among older subjects with type 2 diabetes - call to action! Prim Care Diabetes 2024; 18:126-131. [PMID: 38342666 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcd.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess risk factors and factors associated with nonachievement of the treatment target levels among 75-year-old Finns with type 2 diabetes (T2D). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Outpatient. SUBJECTS Seventy-five-year-old participants of the Turku Senior Health Clinic Study (N = 1296) with T2D (n = 247). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Nonachievement of fasting blood glucose (FBG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and blood pressure (BP) levels set by the national treatment guidelines. RESULTS Nonachievement rates of FBG, BP and LDL-C were 47%, 85%, and 47%, respectively. Non-usage of T2D medication was negatively (adjusted OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.16-0.88) and central obesity positively (1.88, 1.09-3.24) related to nonachievement of FBG target level; alcohol use was positively (3.71, 1.04-13.16) and decreased self-rated health negatively (0.34, 0.12-0.97) related to the nonachievement of BP target level. Nonachievement of LDL-C target level was positively related to poor financial status (3.50, 1.19-10.28) and non-use of lipid-lowering medication (7.70, 4.07-14.56). CONCLUSIONS Nonachievement rates of the national treatment goals were high among older T2D patients, and nonachievement was related to use of medication, obesity, alcohol use, poor health, and poor financial status. We emphasize the importance of customized target setting by risk factor levels and active treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maika Kummel
- Turku University of Applied Sciences/Health and Well-being, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Medicine/Clinical Medicine, Department of General Practice, University of Turku and The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Emma Luther-Tontasse
- Health Station Services, The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland; University of Turku Graduate School UTUGS and Doctoral Programmes, Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research (DPCR), Turku, Finland
| | - Jaana Koskenniemi
- Turku University Hospital Services/Geriatric Medicine, The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Tero Vahlberg
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Matti Viitanen
- Turku University Hospital Services/Geriatric Medicine, The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland; Faculty of Medicine/Clinical Medicine, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Division of clinical geriatrics, NVS, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jouni Johansson
- Faculty of Medicine/Clinical Medicine, Department of General Practice, University of Turku and The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland; Health Station Services, The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Päivi Korhonen
- Faculty of Medicine/Clinical Medicine, Department of General Practice, University of Turku and The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura Viikari
- Faculty of Medicine/Clinical Medicine, Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Tyks Acute/Turku University Hospital, The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland
| | - Marika Salminen
- Faculty of Medicine/Clinical Medicine, Department of General Practice, University of Turku and The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland; Turku University Hospital Services/Geriatric Medicine, The wellbeing services county of Southwest Finland, Turku, Finland.
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Deolikar V, Raut SS, Toshniwal S, Kumar S, Acharya S. Navigating the Statin Landscape: A Comprehensive Review of Stroke Prevention Strategies. Cureus 2024; 16:e53555. [PMID: 38445155 PMCID: PMC10913842 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive exploration of the intricate relationship between statins and stroke prevention within the broader context of cardiovascular health. Delving into the mechanisms of statins, we elucidate their multifaceted contributions, ranging from cholesterol reduction to pleiotropic effects on the vascular system. Through a meticulous analysis of clinical trials, observational studies, and mechanistic investigations, we underscore the pivotal role of statins as integral components in the arsenal against strokes and associated cardiovascular events. The implications extend beyond statins as standalone interventions, emphasizing the potential for synergistic integration into broader stroke prevention strategies. Tailoring interventions to individual patient profiles and understanding the interplay with lifestyle modifications and other pharmacological approaches present opportunities for optimizing efficacy. Recommendations for future research advocate for continued exploration into the long-term effects of statin therapy, novel intervention combinations, and refined predictive models for personalized risk assessment. On a practical level, enhancing patient education, fostering interdisciplinary collaboration, and addressing barriers to medication adherence emerge as crucial aspects for real-world impact. In navigating this evolving landscape, the insights derived from this review contribute to informed decision-making and advancements in preventive cardiovascular medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinit Deolikar
- Internal Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sarang S Raut
- General Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Saket Toshniwal
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sunil Kumar
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sourya Acharya
- Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research, Wardha, IND
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Naqvi TZ. Statin Adherence and Effects on Outcome in Premature Coronary Artery Disease. JACC. ADVANCES 2023; 2:100700. [PMID: 38938485 PMCID: PMC11198675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem Z. Naqvi
- Division of Echocardiography, Department of Cardiovascular Disease, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona, USA
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Hajibandeh S, Jurdon R, Heaton E, Hajibandeh S, O'Reilly D. The risk of recurrent pancreatitis after first episode of acute pancreatitis in relation to etiology and severity of disease: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 38:1718-1733. [PMID: 37366550 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.16264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The study aims to determine and quantify the stratified risk of recurrent pancreatitis (RP) after the first episode of acute pancreatitis in relation to etiology and severity of disease. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis in compliance with PRISMA statement standards was conducted. A search of electronic information sources was conducted to identify all studies investigating the risk of RP after the first episode of acute pancreatitis. Proportion meta-analysis models using random effects were constructed to calculate the weighted summary risks of RP. Meta-regression was performed to evaluate the effect of different variables on the pooled outcomes. RESULTS Analysis of 57,815 patients from 42 studies showed that the risk of RP after first episode was 19.8% (95% confidence interval [CI] 17.5-22.1%). The risk of RP was 11.9% (10.2-13.5%) after gallstone pancreatitis, 28.7% (23.5-33.9%) after alcohol-induced pancreatitis, 30.3% (15.5-45.0%) after hyperlipidemia-induced pancreatitis, 38.1% (28.9-47.3%) after autoimmune pancreatitis, 15.1% (11.6-18.6%) after idiopathic pancreatitis, 22.0% (16.9-27.1%) after mild pancreatitis, 23.9% (12.9-34.8%) after moderate pancreatitis, 21.6% (14.6-28.7%) after severe pancreatitis, and 6.6% (4.1-9.2%) after cholecystectomy following gallstone pancreatitis. Meta-regression confirmed that the results were not affected by the year of study (P = 0.541), sample size (P = 0.064), length of follow-up (P = 0.348), and age of patients (P = 0.138) in the included studies. CONCLUSIONS The risk of RP after the first episode of acute pancreatitis seems to be affected by the etiology of pancreatitis but not the severity of disease. The risks seem to be higher in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis, hyperlipidemia-induced pancreatitis, and alcohol-induced pancreatitis and lower in patients with gallstone pancreatitis and idiopathic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Hajibandeh
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Emily Heaton
- James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Shahin Hajibandeh
- Department of General Surgery, Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - David O'Reilly
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff and Vale NHS Trust, Cardiff, UK
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Hadavandsiri F, Khalili D, Mahdavi A, Afkar M, Ostovar A, Hashemi-Nazari SS, Derakhshan S. Timely referral to health centers for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases: IraPEN national program. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1098312. [PMID: 37809007 PMCID: PMC10556464 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1098312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The IraPEN program is an adapted version of the WHO-PEN program designed to prevent four major non-communicable diseases in Iran. This study aimed to determine the rate of compliance and related factors among individuals participating in the IraPEN program for the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Method In this study, compliance was defined as timely referral to the health center as scheduled, and the researchers approached four pilot sites of IraPEN from March 2016 to March 2018. Sex-stratified logistic regressions were applied to investigate factors related to compliance. However, it is important to note that in this study, compliance was defined as compliance to revisit, not compliance to taking prescribed medications or behavioral lifestyle changes. Results The total compliance rate, including timely compliance and early and late compliance, was 16.5% in men and 23.3% in women. The study found that cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and being underweight were associated with lower compliance. The higher calculated risk of CVD was associated with higher compliance, but after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, high-risk individuals showed lower compliance. There was negligible interaction between sex and other factors for compliance. Conclusion The compliance rate with scheduled programs for cardiovascular preventive strategies was very low, and high-risk individuals were less compliant, regardless of their high level of risk factors. The study recommends further training to increase awareness and knowledge regarding the IraPEN program and the prevention of non-communicable diseases among high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hadavandsiri
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Khalili
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Mahdavi
- Center for Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry of Health (MOH), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Afkar
- Community Medicine, Tehran Medical Sciences Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afshin Ostovar
- Osteoporosis Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed-Saeed Hashemi-Nazari
- Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease Research Center, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Derakhshan
- School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Wijemunige N, Rannan-Eliya RP, van Baal P, O'Donnell O. Optimizing cardiovascular disease risk screening in a low-resource setting: cost-effectiveness of program modifications in Sri Lanka modelled with nationally representative survey data. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1792. [PMID: 37715157 PMCID: PMC10503056 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While screening for cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk can help low-resource health systems deliver low-cost, effective prevention, evidence is needed to adapt international screening guidelines for maximal impact in local settings. We aimed to establish how the cost-effectiveness of CVD risk screening in Sri Lanka varies with who is screened, how risk is assessed, and what thresholds are used for prescription of medicines. METHODS We used data for people aged 35 years and over from a 2018/19 nationally representative survey in Sri Lanka. We modelled the costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) for 128 screening program scenarios distinguished by a) age group screened, b) risk tool used, c) definition of high CVD risk, d) blood pressure threshold for treatment of high-risks, and e) prescription of statins to all diabetics. We used the current program as the base case. We used a Markov model of a one-year screening program with a lifetime horizon and a public health system perspective. RESULTS Scenarios that included the WHO-2019 office-based risk tool dominated most others. Switching to this tool and raising the age threshold for screening from 35 to 40 years gave an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $113/QALY. Lowering the CVD high-risk threshold from 20 to 10% and prescribing antihypertensives at a lower threshold to diabetics and people at high risk of CVD gave an ICER of $1,159/QALY. The findings were sensitive to allowing for disutility of daily medication. CONCLUSIONS In Sri Lanka, CVD risk screening scenarios that used the WHO-2019 office-based risk tool, screened people above the age of 40, and lowered risk and blood pressure thresholds would likely be cost-effective, generating an additional QALY at less than half a GDP per capita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilmini Wijemunige
- Institute for Health Policy, 72 Park Street, Colombo 2, Colombo, Western Province, Sri Lanka.
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Ravindra P Rannan-Eliya
- Institute for Health Policy, 72 Park Street, Colombo 2, Colombo, Western Province, Sri Lanka
| | - Pieter van Baal
- Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Owen O'Donnell
- Erasmus School of Economics and Erasmus School of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Sun L, Wolska A, Amar M, Zubirán R, Remaley AT. Approach to the Patient With a Suboptimal Statin Response: Causes and Algorithm for Clinical Management. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:2424-2434. [PMID: 36929838 PMCID: PMC10438872 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Statins are the lipid-lowering therapy of choice for the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) but their effectiveness in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) can substantially differ between individuals. In this mini-review, we describe the different causes for a suboptimal statin response and an algorithm for the diagnosis and clinical management of these patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A PubMed search using the terms "statin resistance," "statin sensitivity," "statin pharmacokinetics," "cardiovascular disease," and "lipid-lowering therapies" was performed. Published papers in the past 10 years that were relevant to the topic were examined to provide content for this mini-review. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Suboptimal lowering of LDL-C by statins is a major problem in the clinical management of patients and limits the value of this therapeutic approach. There are multiple causes of statin hyporesponsiveness with compliance being the most common explanation. Other causes, such as analytical issues with LDL-C measurement and the presence of common lipid disorders (familial hypercholesterolemia, elevated lipoprotein[a] and secondary dyslipidemias) should be excluded before considering primary statin resistance from rare genetic variants in lipoprotein-related or drug-metabolism genes. A wide variety of nonstatin lipid-lowering drugs are now available and can be added to statins to achieve more effective LDL-C lowering. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of statin hyporesponsiveness is a multistep process that can lead to the optimization of lipid-lowering therapy for the prevention of ASCVD. It may also lead to the identification of distinct types of dyslipidemias that require specific therapies and/or the genetic screening of family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lufan Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Anna Wolska
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcelo Amar
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rafael Zubirán
- Departamento de Endocrinología y Metabolismo de Lípidos, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Laboratory, Translational Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Mujwara D, Kintzle J, Di Domenico P, Busby GB, Bottà G. Cost-effectiveness analysis of implementing polygenic risk score in a workplace cardiovascular disease prevention program. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1139496. [PMID: 37497026 PMCID: PMC10366377 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1139496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Polygenic risk score for coronary artery disease (CAD-PRS) improves precision in assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and is cost-effective in preventing cardiovascular diseases in a health system and may be cost-effective in other settings and prevention programs such as workplace cardiovascular prevention programs. Workplaces provide a conducitve environment for cardiovascular prevention interventions, but the cost-effectiveness of CAD-PRS in a workplace setting remains unknown. This study examined the cost-effectiveness of integrating CAD-PRS in a workplace cardiovascular disease prevention program compared to the standard cardiovascular workplace program without CAD-PRS and no-workplace prevention program. Methods We developed a cohort simulation model to project health benefits (quality-adjusted life years gained) and costs over a period of 5 years in a cohort of employees with a mean age of 50 years. The model health states reflected the risk of disease (coronary artery disease and ischemic stroke) and statin prevention therapy side effects (diabetes, hemorrhagic stroke, and myopathy). We considered medical and lost productivity costs. Data were obtained from the literature, and the analysis was performed from a self-insured employer perspective with future costs and quality-adjusted life years discounted at 3% annually. Uncertainty in model parameter inputs was assessed using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses. Three programs were compared: (1) a workplace cardiovascular program that integrated CAD-PRS with the pooled cohort equation-a standard of care for assessing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CardioriskSCORE); (2) a workplace cardiovascular prevention program without CAD-PRS (Standard-WHP); and (3) no-workplace health program (No-WHP). The main outcomes were total costs (US $2019), incremental costs, incremental quality-adjusted life years, and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. Results CardioriskSCORE lowered employer costs ($53 and $575) and improved employee quality-adjusted life years (0.001 and 0.005) per employee screened compared to Standard-WHP and No-WHP, respectively. The effectiveness of statin prevention therapy, employees' baseline cardiovascular risk, the proportion of employees that enrolled in the program, and statin adherence had the largest effect size on the incremental net monetary benefit. However, despite the variation in parameter input values, base case results remained robust. Conclusion Polygenic testing in a workplace cardiovascular prevention program improves employees' quality of life and simultaneously lowers health costs and productivity monetary loss for employers.
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Li H, Jia X, Min H, Zhang Y, Wang H, Zhai Y. Relationships between beliefs about statins and non-adherence in inpatients from Northwestern China: a cross-sectional survey. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1078215. [PMID: 37361205 PMCID: PMC10289550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1078215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies have identified patients' beliefs about medicines as an important determinant of non-adherence. However, scant data are available on the possible association between patients' beliefs and statin non-adherence among adult patients in China. The objectives of this study are to assess the prevalence of statin non-adherence, and to identify the factors associated with statin non-adherence, especially the association between inpatients' beliefs about statins and non-adherence in a tertiary hospital in the Northwestern China. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was carried out in the department of cardiology and neurology between February and June 2022. The Beliefs about Medicine Questionnaire (BMQ) was used to assess patients' beliefs about statins. The Adherence to Refills and Medications Scale (ARMS) was used to assess statin adherence. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors associated with statin non-adherence. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) was conducted to assess the performance of the logistic regression model in predicting statin non-adherence. Results: A total of 524 inpatients participated and finished the questionnaire, 426 (81.3%) inpatients were non-adherent to statin, and 229 (43.7%) inpatients expressed strong beliefs about the stain treatment necessity, while 246 (47.0%) inpatients expressed strong concerns about the potential negative effects. We found that the low necessity beliefs about statin (adjusted odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.607 [1.019, 2.532]; p = 0.041), prescribed rosuvastatin (adjusted OR 1.820 [1.124, 2.948]; p = 0.015) and ex-drinker (adjusted OR 0.254 [0.104, 0.620]; p = 0.003) were independent determinants of statin non-adherence. Conclusion: Statin adherence was poor in this study. The findings indicated a significant association between inpatients' lower necessity beliefs and statin non-adherence. More attention should be focused on statin non-adherence in China. Nurses and pharmacists could play an important role in patient education and patient counseling in order to improve medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaoni Jia
- Department of Science and Education, Xi’an Mental Health Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi’an Mental Health Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Hui Min
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Xi’an, China
| | - Yingli Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Xi’an, China
| | - Huichuan Wang
- Health Management Center, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Xi’an, China
| | - Yuyao Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi’an People’s Hospital (Xi’an Fourth Hospital), Xi’an, China
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Baratta F, Angelico F, Del Ben M. Challenges in Improving Adherence to Diet and Drug Treatment in Hypercholesterolemia Patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20105878. [PMID: 37239603 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20105878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Poor adherence to chronic disease treatment may seriously compromise the effectiveness of therapy, characterizing itself as a critical element for the population's health, both from the point of view of quality of life and health economics. The causes of low adherence are many and can depend on the patient, the physician and the healthcare system. Low adherence to dietary recommendations and lipid-lowering drug therapy for hypercholesterolemia is a widespread phenomenon that may strongly limit the great advantages of serum lipid reduction strategies in primary and secondary cardiovascular prevention. Many patients discontinue treatment, and adherence decreases with time. Increasing therapeutic adherence can have a much greater impact on the health of the population than any other therapeutic advance. There are numerous strategies to increase therapy adherence according to behavior change theories. They concern the doctor and the patient. Some must be implemented at the time of prescription, others later during the follow-up. The active role of the patient in the therapeutic decision and the shared definition of LDL cholesterol targets are of paramount importance. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize evidence on current levels of adherence to lipid-lowering strategies, the causes of the lack of adequate adherence and possible physician-applicable strategies to improve it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Baratta
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Angelico
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Del Ben
- Department of Clinical Internal, Anaesthesiologic and Cardiovascular Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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Norouzi S, Arefi Majd F, Sistani S, Mirzaee M, Ahmadian L. A pragmatically before-after trial of tele-visits vs face-to-face visits for chronic patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: patient-reported adherence. Int J Med Inform 2023; 172:105003. [PMID: 36753843 PMCID: PMC9869616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2023.105003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During the COVID-19 pandemic, chronic patients are at a higher risk of contamination with the virus. Specific strategies are required to restrict these patients' exposure to contaminated areas and improve medication adherence. One suggested strategy is tele-visiting, which is effective for the continuity of care and medication adherence during the pandemic. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore the effect of tele-visiting services via telephone on chronic patients' medication adherence before and after implementing a tele-visit program during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS All patients received the tele-visit twice on the phone during the study. To compare patients' medication adherence in face-to-face visits and tele-visit, an adapted version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 was used. Paired-samples T-test was run to measure participants' medication adherence before and after the tele-visit program. RESULTS The tele-visit was run for 314 patients. The participants' adherence score before the intervention was 60.02, and after the intervention was 59.9. As the paired-sample T-test results showed, the difference between these two was not statistically significant. Moreover, medication adherence was not significantly associated with any of these variables: BMI, occupation, comorbidities, duration of disease, age, gender, marital status, and education level. CONCLUSIONS The present findings showed that chronic patients' medication adherence did not differ significantly in face-to-face visits and tele-visiting. During the Covid-19 pandemic, due to the effectiveness of tele-visiting services, they can be used effectively to lower the transmission rate of the disease and reduce healthcare providers' burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Norouzi
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Samane Sistani
- Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Moghadameh Mirzaee
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Leila Ahmadian
- Department of Health Information Sciences, Faculty of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
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Pupulin A, Ball J, Bajaj R, Alter DA. Evaluating Statin Knowledge-Perceptions and Receptivity Following a Comprehensive Lifestyle Modification Program. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/15598276231163129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Though clinical guidelines for cholesterol-lowering therapies advocate for both a trial of lifestyle modification and the initiation of statin medication when appropriate, the extent to which lifestyle modification may alter a patient’s knowledge-perceptions and receptivity towards statins remains unclear. Methods Following completion of a 6-month comprehensive lifestyle modification program, perceived changes in knowledge and receptivity towards statins were examined across prespecified subgroups of age, sex, and statin eligibility using a mixed-methods questionnaire. Quantitative and qualitative analyses incorporated binomial tests, McNemar’s test, and thematic analyses. Results Among 192 patients who completed the program and exit questionnaire between December 15, 2020 and July 2, 2021, 88.4% of patients indicated a perceived improvement in cholesterol and/or statin knowledge (P < . 0001). 48.2% of patients acknowledged that their receptivity towards taking statins increased (P = . 61). Changes in receptivity were attributed to several identified program themes including improvements in health knowledge and awareness, motivation and empowerment. Patients who noted improvements in their mental health also reported significantly increased receptivity towards statins (P < . 001). Conclusions Patients’ perceived knowledge and receptivity towards statins may improve following participation in a comprehensive therapeutic lifestyle modification program. Future research must evaluate the impact of these programs on statin uptake, compliance and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina Pupulin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (AP); Faculty of Art and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (JB); Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (RB, DAA); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA); Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA)
| | - Jillian Ball
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (AP); Faculty of Art and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (JB); Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (RB, DAA); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA); Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA)
| | - Ravi Bajaj
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (AP); Faculty of Art and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (JB); Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (RB, DAA); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA); Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA)
| | - David A. Alter
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada (AP); Faculty of Art and Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (JB); Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (RB, DAA); Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA); Rehabilitation Institute-University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA); Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada (DAA)
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13
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Cupido AJ, Hof MH, de Boer LM, Huijgen R, Stroes ESG, Kastelein JJP, Hovingh GK, Hutten BA. Adherence to statin treatment in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia: A dynamic prediction model. J Clin Lipidol 2023; 17:236-243. [PMID: 36697324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are the primary therapy in patient with heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH). Non-adherence to statin therapy is associated with increased cardiovascular risk. OBJECTIVE We constructed a dynamic prediction model to predict statin adherence for an individual HeFH patient for each upcoming statin prescription. METHODS All patients with HeFH, identified by the Dutch Familial Hypercholesterolemia screening program between 1994 and 2014, were eligible. National pharmacy records dated between 1995 and 2015 were linked. We developed a dynamic prediction model that estimates the probability of statin adherence (defined as proportion of days covered >80%) for an upcoming prescription using a mixed effect logistic regression model. Static and dynamic patient-specific predictors, as well as data on a patient's adherence to past prescriptions were included. The model with the lowest AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) value was selected. RESULTS We included 1094 patients for whom 21,171 times a statin was prescribed. Based on the model with the lowest AIC, age at HeFH diagnosis, history of cardiovascular event, time since HeFH diagnosis and duration of the next statin prescription contributed to an increased adherence, while adherence decreased with higher untreated LDL-C levels and higher intensity of statin therapy. The dynamic prediction model showed an area under the curve of 0.63 at HeFH diagnosis, which increased to 0.85 after six years of treatment. CONCLUSION This dynamic prediction model enables clinicians to identify HeFH patients at risk for non-adherence during statin treatment. These patients can be offered timely interventions to improve adherence and further reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen J Cupido
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Dr Cupido), (Drs Stroes, Kastelein, Hovingh); Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA (Dr Cupido); Department of Cardiology, Division Heart & Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (Dr Cupido).
| | - Michel H Hof
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Drs Hof, de Boer, Hutten)
| | - Lotte M de Boer
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Drs Hof, de Boer, Hutten)
| | - Roeland Huijgen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands (Dr Huijgen)
| | - Erik S G Stroes
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Dr Cupido), (Drs Stroes, Kastelein, Hovingh)
| | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Dr Cupido), (Drs Stroes, Kastelein, Hovingh)
| | - G Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Dr Cupido), (Drs Stroes, Kastelein, Hovingh)
| | - Barbara A Hutten
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Drs Hof, de Boer, Hutten)
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14
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Significance of Statin-Associated Muscle Symptoms and Its Impact on Patients Adherence and Outcomes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2023; 81:185-191. [PMID: 36459061 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Statin-associated muscle symptoms (SAMS) are one of the most common side effects of statins. This study aimed to explore the significance of SAMS among statin users by comparing statin users with a control group. To achieve our aims, a propensity score matching the retrospective cohort study was conducted in a single center tertiary hospital. The statin muscle symptoms were assessed using the Proposed Statin Myalgia Index Score, whereas the patient's adherence to medications was evaluated using the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8. We included 743 patients in our study; of them, 64.9% were on statin, whereas the rest were controls (35.1%). After propensity score matching, patients on statin had significantly higher rates of SAMS (5.0%) compared with control (1.6%) (AOR = 3.209; 95% CI: 1.020-10.091). However, there was no significant difference between statin users and controls in medications nonadherence ( P -value = 0.820). Our analysis among statins users revealed that moderate-intensity (2.671; 95% CI: 1.691-3.310) and high-intensity (3.552; 95% CI: 2.190-4.129) statin therapy was significantly associated with SAMS. In addition, autoimmune diseases were significantly associated with SAMS occurrence (AOR = 32.301; 95% CI: 1.785-584.374). Also, patients on PPIs had significantly less occurrence of SAMS (AOR = 0.145; 95% CI: 0.044-0.483), whereas patients on antiepileptic drugs had significantly higher SAMS occurrence (AOR = 72.337; 95% CI: 2.649-1975.201). Regarding MACE among statin users, there was no significant difference in the 1-year or 5-year MACE rate between statin users and controls. Our study suggests that SAMS are significant among statin users and must be addressed by health care providers to ensure that patients are still adherent to their medications and hence protected against cardiac events.
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15
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Ballotari M, Taus F, Gottardo R, Tagliaro F, Bortolotti F. Hair analysis as a new tool to monitor adherence to long-term therapy to statins. Electrophoresis 2023; 44:521-528. [PMID: 36640222 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202200210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Statins are cholesterol-lowering medications which are widely prescribed as first-line treatment for hyperlipidemia, against high blood cholesterol aimed at reducing the risk of atherosclerotic diseases. Notwithstanding their undoubted efficacy, the needed long-term treatment with these drugs is characterized by a high percentage of dropout. Consequently, an effective tool to verify the patients' compliance to statin therapy is needed. In this context, the analysis for drugs and drug metabolites in the hair may represent an almost ideal tool because, according to a sound body of forensic toxicological literature, concentrations in the hair matrix reflect the chronic intake of drugs and pharmaceuticals. In this light, in the present study, a novel, specific and sensitive ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed to determine six statins and their metabolites (namely atorvastatin, (p)α-OH-atorvastatin-lactone, (o)α-OH-atorvastatin-lactone, rosuvastatin, N-desmethyl rosuvastatin and pravastatin) in human hair. After optimization, the method was successfully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, sensitivity, precision, accuracy, stability and matrix effect. Moreover, the practical applicability of this method for verifying adherence to statin therapy was assessed by testing samples of hair collected from subjects under long-term therapy with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ballotari
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Taus
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rossella Gottardo
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Franco Tagliaro
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Federica Bortolotti
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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16
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Hartz J, Ryan H, Huang Y, Baker A, Bachman J, McAuliffe E, de Ferranti S. Adherence to lipid-lowering therapy and reaching treatment goals in youth seen in a preventive cardiology clinic. Res Social Adm Pharm 2023; 19:547-549. [PMID: 36543634 PMCID: PMC9870927 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy in reducing cardiovascular disease in adults is well-established. Unfortunately, it is also well-established that adults have inadequate adherence to lipid-lowering therapy, which is associated with increased costs and mortality. However, the adherence patterns of youth prescribed lipid-lowering therapy is not well-described. METHODS We analyzed data that was prospectively collected from patients <27 years-old who were referred to a large regional preventive cardiology clinic from 2010 to 2017. Adherence to lipid-lowering therapy was self-reported at the patient's most recent clinic visit and categorized as either adequate adherence (≥80%) or inadequate adherence (<80%). We compared adherence rates by demographic factors, class of lipid-lowering therapy, length of time on lipid-lowering therapy, family history, lipid parameters, and laboratory measures of adverse effects. RESULTS In our cohort, we had 318 patients prescribed a lipid-lowering medication over a seven-year period. Of those, 235 (75%) had adequate adherence. Those with adequate adherence had an improved LDL-C (123 mg/dL [standard deviation (SD) 32.3] vs. 167 mg/dL [SD 50.4], p < 0.05), total cholesterol (198 mg/dL [49.5] vs. 239 mg/dL [SD 53.2]), and non-HDL-C (148 mg/dL [SD 38.7] vs. 193 mg/dL [SD 43.9]). In addition, patients with adequate adherence were more likely to reach goal LDL-C of <130 mg/dL than those with inadequate adherence (130 vs. 25, p < 0.01). The relationship between LDL-C and adherence remained statistically significant after controlling for age, gender, and the length of time on therapy (β = -0.66, p < 0.01). Adherence level did not differ by gender, class of lipid-lowering therapy, length of time on lipid-lowering therapy, or presence of a family history of an atherosclerotic event. The findings were similar when we only analyzed those prescribed a statin. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported adherence to lipid-lowering therapy in youth is excellent and was associated with achieving goal LDL-C goals. Obtaining adherence data from patients may help more patients reach LDL-C goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Heather Ryan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yisong Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Annette Baker
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Bachman
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ellen McAuliffe
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sarah de Ferranti
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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17
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Patient adherence to fully reimbursed proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitor (PCSK9i) treatment. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2023:10.1007/s00508-023-02154-y. [PMID: 36808306 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-023-02154-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-type 9 inhibitor (PCSK9i) treatment reduces cardiovascular events when taken over a long time for secondary prevention. Data on treatment adherence are scarce and maybe affected by co-payment of patients. The aim of this study was to elucidate PCSK9i treatment adherence in a setting of full cost coverage as it is the case in a number of European countries. METHODS AND RESULTS Baseline data and prescription patterns of all 7302 patients with PCSK9i prescriptions dispensed on the account of Austrian Social Insurances between September 2015 and December 2020 were retrieved and analyzed. A gap of ≥ 60 days between prescriptions was defined as treatment discontinuation. Patient adherence was evaluated as the proportion of days covered (PDC) over the observation period and treatment discontinuation rates were investigated by the Kaplan-Meier method. The mean PDC was 81.8% and was significantly lower in female patients. A PDC of ≥ 80% indicating adequate adherence was found in 73.8%. Of the study population 27.4% discontinued PCSK9i treatment and 49.2% thereof re-initiated treatment during the observation period. Most of the patients who discontinued treatment did so within the first year. Male patients and patients under 64 years showed significantly lower discontinuation and higher re-initiation rates. CONCLUSION Considering the high PDC and low discontinuation rates, the majority of patients adhere to PCSK9i treatment. Hence, in a system where PCSK9i treatment is made available at virtually no costs for patients this highly effective treatment is well-accepted as a long-term treatment.
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18
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Underberg J, Toth PP, Rodriguez F. LDL-C target attainment in secondary prevention of ASCVD in the United States: barriers, consequences of nonachievement, and strategies to reach goals. Postgrad Med 2022; 134:752-762. [PMID: 36004573 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2022.2117498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is a major causal risk factor for ASCVD. Current evidence overwhelmingly demonstrates that lowering LDL-C reduces the risk of secondary cardiovascular events in patients with previous myocardial infarction or stroke. There is no lower limit for LDL-C: large, randomized studies and meta-analyses have found continuous benefit and no safety concerns in patients achieving LDL-C levels <25 mg/dL. As 'Time is plaque' in patients with ASCVD, early, sustained reductions in LDL-C are critical to slow or halt disease progression. However, despite use of lipid-lowering medications, <30% of patients with ASCVD achieve guideline-recommended reductions in LDL-C, resulting in a substantial societal burden of preventable cardiovascular events and early mortality. LDL-C goals are not met due to several factors: lipid-lowering therapy is not initiated and intensified as directed by clinical guidelines (clinical inertia); most patients do not adhere to prescribed medications; and high-risk patients are frequently denied access to add-on therapies by their insurance providers. Promoting patient and clinician education, multidisciplinary collaboration, and other interventions may help to overcome these barriers. Ultimately, achieving population-level guideline-recommended reductions in LDL-C will require a collaborative effort from patients, clinicians, relevant professional societies, drug manufacturers, and payers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter P Toth
- Cicarrone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fatima Rodriguez
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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19
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Mujwara D, Henno G, Vernon ST, Peng S, Di Domenico P, Schroeder B, Busby GB, Figtree GA, Bottà G. Integrating a Polygenic Risk Score for Coronary Artery Disease as a Risk-Enhancing Factor in the Pooled Cohort Equation: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e025236. [PMID: 35699184 PMCID: PMC9238642 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.025236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the United States, yet a significant proportion of adults at high risk remain undetected by standard screening practices. Polygenic risk score for coronary artery disease (CAD‐PRS) improves precision in determining the 10‐year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease but health benefits and health care costs associated with CAD‐PRS are unknown. We examined the cost‐effectiveness of including CAD‐PRS as a risk‐enhancing factor in the pooled cohort equation (PCE)—the standard of care for determining the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease—versus PCE alone. Methods and Results We applied a Markov model on a cohort of 40‐year‐old individuals with borderline or intermediate 10‐year risk (5% to <20%) for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease to identify those in the top quintile of the CAD‐PRS distribution who are at high risk and eligible for statin prevention therapy. Health outcomes examined included coronary artery disease (CAD; ie, myocardial infarction) and ischemic stroke. The model projected medical costs (2019 US$) of screening for CAD, statin prevention therapy, treatment, and monitoring patients living with CAD or ischemic stroke and quality‐adjusted life‐years for PCE+CAD‐PRS versus PCE alone. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses and scenario analyses were performed to examine uncertainty in parameter inputs. PCE+CAD‐PRS was dominant compared with PCE alone in the 5‐ and 10‐year time horizons. We found that, respectively, PCE+CAD‐PRS had 0.003 and 0.011 higher mean quality‐adjusted life‐years and $40 and $181 lower mean costs per person screened, with 29 and 50 fewer events of CAD and ischemic stroke in a cohort of 10 000 individuals compared with PCE alone. The risk of developing CAD, the effectiveness of statin prevention therapy, and the cost of treating CAD had the largest impact on the cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year gained. However, this cost remained below the $50 000 willingness‐to‐pay threshold except when the annual risk of developing CAD was <0.006 in the 5‐year time horizon. Results from Monte Carlo simulation indicated that PCE+CAD‐PRS would be cost‐effective. with the probability of 94% and 99% at $50 000 willingness‐to‐pay threshold in the 5‐ and 10‐year time horizon, respectively. Conclusions Implementing CAD‐PRS as a risk‐enhancing factor in the PCE to determine the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease reduced the mean cost per individual, improved quality‐adjusted life‐years, and averted future events of CAD and ischemic stroke when compared with PCE alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen T. Vernon
- Kolling InstituteRoyal North Shore HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of CardiologyRoyal North Shore HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
| | | | | | | | | | - Gemma A Figtree
- Kolling InstituteRoyal North Shore HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
- Charles Perkins CentreUniversity of SydneyNSWAustralia
- Department of CardiologyRoyal North Shore HospitalSydneyNSWAustralia
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Frappier M, Auclair J, Bouasker S, Gunaratnam S, Diarra C, Millette M. Screening and Characterization of Some Lactobacillaceae for Detection of Cholesterol-Lowering Activities. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2022; 14:873-883. [PMID: 35704269 PMCID: PMC9474388 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dyslipidemia, specifically abnormal levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), is an important risk factor of cardiovascular disease. Evidence showing the promising abilities of probiotics to lower total cholesterol or LDL-C has, however, not yet convinced experts to recommend probiotic bacteria as treatment for blood lipid management. Therefore, there are opportunities for the development of new efficient cholesterol-lowering probiotics. Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) and feruloyl esterase (FAE) are bacterial enzymes proposed to explain the cholesterol-lowering capacity of some bacteria and have both been shown to be responsible for lipid reduction in vivo. Here, in order to select for cholesterol-lowering bacteria, 70 strains related to Lactobacillaceae were screened for BSH and FAE activities. Based on this two-way screening approach, two bacteria were selected and assessed for their capacity to assimilate cholesterol in vitro, another suggested mechanism. Lactobacillus acidophilus CL1285 showed BSH and FAE activity as well as capacity to assimilate cholesterol in vitro. Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CHOL-200 exhibited BSH activity and ability to assimilate cholesterol. These properties observed in vitro make both strains good probiotic candidates for the management of dyslipidemia. Further investigation is needed to assess their ability to reduce blood cholesterol in human trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Frappier
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Julie Auclair
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Samir Bouasker
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Sathursha Gunaratnam
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Carine Diarra
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada
| | - Mathieu Millette
- Bio-K Plus International Inc., a Kerry Company, 495 Armand-Frappier Boulevard, Laval, QC, H7V 4B3, Canada.
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21
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Chobufo MD, Regner SR, Zeb I, Lacoste JL, Virani SS, Balla S. Burden and predictors of statin use in primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease in the US: From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2020. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:1830-1838. [PMID: 35653373 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the current state of statin use, factors associated with nonuse, and estimate the burden of potentially preventable ASCVD events. METHODS Using nationally representative data from the 2017-2020 NHANES survey, statin use was assessed in primary prevention groups: high ASCVD risk >=20%, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) >= 190 mg/dL, diabetes aged 40-75 years, intermediate ASCVD risk (7.5 to <20%) with >= 1 ASCVD risk enhancer and secondary prevention group: established ASCVD. ASCVD risk was estimated using pooled cohort equations. RESULTS We estimated 70 million eligible individuals (2.3 million with LDL-C>=190 mg/dL; 9.4 million with ASCVD>=20%; 15 million with diabetes and age 40-75years; 20 million with intermediate ASCVD risk and >=1 risk enhancers; and 24.6 million with established ASCVD), about 30 million were on statin therapy. The proportion of individuals not on statin therapy was highest in the isolated LDL-C>=190 mg/dl group (92.8%) and those with intermediate ASCVD risk plus enhancers (74.6%) followed by 59.4% with high ASCVD risk, 54.8% with diabetes, and 41.5% of those with established ASCVD groups. Increasing age and those with health insurance were more likely to be on statin therapy in both the primary and secondary prevention categories. Individuals without a routine place of care were less likely to be on statin therapy. A total of 385,000 (high-intensity statin) and 647,000 (moderate-intensity statin) ASCVD events could be prevented if all statin-eligible individuals were treated (and adherent) for primary prevention over a 10-year period. CONCLUSION Statin use for primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD remains suboptimal. Bridging the therapeutic gap can prevent approximately one million ASCVD events over the subsequent ten years for the primary prevention group. Social determinants of health such as access to care and healthcare coverage were associated with less statin treatment. Novel interventions to improve statin prescription and adherence are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean R Regner
- Division of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
| | - Irfan Zeb
- Division of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
| | | | - Salim S Virani
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Section of Cardiology, Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Houston, TX
| | - Sudarshan Balla
- Division of Cardiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown WV 26506
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22
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Producing personalized statin treatment plans to optimize clinical outcomes using big data and machine learning. J Biomed Inform 2022; 128:104029. [PMID: 35182785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbi.2022.104029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Almost half of Americans 65 years of age and older take statins, which are highly effective in lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, preventing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), and reducing all-cause mortality. Unfortunately, ∼50% of patients prescribed statins do not obtain these critical benefits because they discontinue use within one year of treatment initiation. Therefore, statin discontinuation has been identified as a major public health concern due to the increased morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs associated with ASCVD. In clinical practice, statin-associated symptoms (SAS) often result in dose reduction or discontinuation of these life-saving medications. Currently, physician decision-making in statin prescribing typically relies on only a few patient data elements. Physicians then employ reactive strategies to manage SAS concerns after they manifest (e.g., offering an alternative statin treatment plan or a statin holiday). A preferred approach would be a proactive strategy to identify the optimal treatment plan (statin agent + dosage) to prevent/minimize SAS and statin discontinuation risks for a particular individual prior to initiating treatment. Given that using a single patient's data to identify the optimal statin regimen is inadequate to ensure that the harms of statin use are minimized, alternative tactics must be used to address this problem. In this proof-of-concept study, we explore the use of a machine-learning personalized statin treatment plan (PSTP) platform to assess the numerous statin treatment plans available and identify the optimal treatment plan to prevent/minimize harms (SAS and statin discontinuation) for an individual. Our study leveraged de-identified administrative insurance claims data from the OptumLabs® Data Warehouse, which includes medical and pharmacy claims, laboratory results, and enrollment records for more than 130 million commercial and Medicare Advantage (MA) enrollees, to successfully develop the PSTP platform. In this study, we found three results: (1) the PSTP platform recommends statin prescription with significantly lower risks of SAS and discontinuation compared with standard-practice, (2) because machine learning can consider many more dimensions of data, the performance of the proactive prescription strategy with machine-learning support is better, especially the artificial neural network approach, and (3) we demonstrate a method of incorporating optimization constraints for individualized patient-centered medicine and shared decision making. However, more research into its clinical use is needed. These promising results show the feasibility of using machine learning and big data approaches to produce personalized healthcare treatment plans and support the precision-health agenda.
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23
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van der Laarse A, Cobbaert CM. Biochemical risk factors of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: from a narrow and controversial approach to an integral approach and precision medicine. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2022; 19:1085-1096. [PMID: 34937476 DOI: 10.1080/14779072.2021.2022475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Guidelines of management of dyslipidemias and prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are based on firm scientific evidence obtained by randomized controlled trials (RCTs). However, the role of elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)as a risk factor of CVD and therapies to lower LDL-C are frequently disputed by colleagues who disagree with the conclusions of the RCTs published. This review focuses on this dispute, and evaluates the current approach of management of dyslipidemias and CVD prevention to find modern alternatives for more precise diagnosis and therapy of dyslipidemic patients. AREAS COVERED Recent interest in lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and remnants lipoproteins and in therapies that do not influence LDL-C levels primarily, such as anti-inflammatory drugs and icosapent ethyl, has revitalized our concern to optimize the care for patients with increased CVD risk without focusing simply on reduction of LDL-C by therapy with statins, ezitemibe, and proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION The limited characterization of study populations by measurement of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) followed by measurement or calculation of LDL-C should be extended by a more integral approach in order to realize precision diagnostics and precision medicine, for the sake of personalized patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnoud van der Laarse
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christa M Cobbaert
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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24
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Osbaugh NA, Billups SJ. A shared
decision‐making
intervention by pharmacy students to improve statin adherence. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/jac5.1575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A. Osbaugh
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Aurora Colorado USA
| | - Sarah J. Billups
- University of Colorado Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Aurora Colorado USA
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25
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Ghorbani B, Jackson AC, Noorchenarboo M, Mandegar MH, Sharifi F, Mirmoghtadaie Z, Bahramnezhad F. Comparing the Effects of Gamification and Teach-Back Training Methods on Adherence to a Therapeutic Regimen in Patients After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery: Randomized Clinical Trial. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e22557. [PMID: 34890346 PMCID: PMC8709912 DOI: 10.2196/22557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABGS) may fail to adhere to their treatment regimen for many reasons. Among these, one of the most important reasons for nonadherence is the inadequate training of such patients or training using inappropriate methods. Objective This study aimed to compare the effect of gamification and teach-back training methods on adherence to a therapeutic regimen in patients after CABGS. Methods This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 123 patients undergoing CABGS in Tehran, Iran, in 2019. Training was provided to the teach-back group individually. In the gamification group, an app developed for the purpose was installed on each patient’s smartphone, with training given via this device. The control group received usual care, or routine training. Adherence to the therapeutic regimen was assessed using a questionnaire on adherence to a therapeutic regimen (physical activity and dietary regimen) and an adherence scale as a pretest and a 1-month posttest. Results One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for comparing the mean scores of teach-back and gamification training methods showed that the mean normalized scores for the dietary regimen (P<.001, F=71.80), movement regimen (P<.001, F=124.53), and medication regimen (P<.001, F=9.66) before and after intervention were significantly different between the teach-back, gamification, and control groups. In addition, the results of the Dunnett test showed that the teach-back and gamification groups were significantly different from the control group in all three treatment regimen methods. There was no statistically significant difference in adherence to the therapeutic regimen between the teach-back and control groups. Conclusions Based on the results of this study, the use of teach-back and gamification training approaches may be suggested for patients after CABGS to facilitate adherence to the therapeutic regimen. Trial Registration Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20111203008286N8; https://en.irct.ir/trial/41507
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Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Ghorbani
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alun C Jackson
- Australian Centre for Heart Health, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Centre on Behavioural Health, Hong Kong University, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Mohammad H Mandegar
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshad Sharifi
- Elderly Health Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Bahramnezhad
- School of Nursing & Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Spiritual Health Group, Research Center of Quran, Hadith and Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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26
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Real-world Evidence for Adherence and Persistence with Atorvastatin Therapy. Cardiol Ther 2021; 10:445-464. [PMID: 34586613 PMCID: PMC8555050 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-021-00240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin, which has been approved by regulatory agencies for primary- and secondary-prevention patients with dyslipidemia, has historically been the most commonly prescribed statin and is now widely available in generic formulations. Despite widespread statin usage, many patients fail to attain recommended (LDL-C) targets. While several factors impact the successful treatment of dyslipidemia, suboptimal patient adherence is a major limiting factor to medication effectiveness. In this narrative review we sought to investigate patient adherence and persistence with atorvastatin in a real-world setting and to identify barriers to LDL-C goal attainment and therapy outcomes beyond the realm of clinical trials. Moreover, in light of growing generic usage, we carried out targeted literature searches to investigate the impact of generic atorvastatin availability on patient adherence/persistence, and on lipid and efficacy outcomes, compared with branded formulations. Unsurprisingly, real-world data suggest that patient adherence/persistence to atorvastatin is suboptimal, but few studies have attempted to address factors impacting adherence. Data from studies comparing adherence/persistence in patients prescribed branded or generic atorvastatin are limited and show no clear evidence that initiation of a specific preparation of atorvastatin impacts adherence/persistence. Furthermore, results from studies comparing adherence/persistence of patients who switched from the branded to the generic drug are conflicting, although they do suggest that switching may negatively impact adherence over the long term. Additional real-world studies are clearly required to understand potential differences in adherence and persistence between patients initiating treatment with branded versus generic atorvastatin and, moreover, the factors that influence adherence. Targeted education initiatives and additional research are needed to understand and improve patient adherence in a real-world setting.
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Jaafari MR, Banach M, Gorabi AM, Sahraei H, Sahebkar A. Pre-Clinical Evaluation of the Nanoliposomal antiPCSK9 Vaccine in Healthy Non-Human Primates. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:749. [PMID: 34358164 PMCID: PMC8309966 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies showed the safe preventive and therapeutic effects of immunization using the nanoliposomal antiPCSK9 vaccine called "Liposomal Immunogenic Fused PCSK9-Tetanus plus Alum adjuvant" (L-IFPTA), in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Here we aimed to ascertain the immunogenicity and safety of the L-IFPTA vaccine in a pre-clinical study in healthy non-human primates. METHODS Five male rhesus macaque monkeys were subcutaneously immunized with the L-IFPTA vaccine, four times with bi-weekly intervals. To evaluate immunogenicity, the plasma antiPCSK9 antibody in immunized monkeys was detected and quantified using the ELISA method. The functionality of the induced antiPCSK9 antibodies was determined by the PCSK9/LDLR in vitro binding assay kit. The safety of the vaccine was tested using the evaluation of several major circulating indicators including plasma lipid alterations, inflammatory biomarkers and organ injury biomarkers. RESULTS The resultant data indicated that the L-IFPTA vaccine significantly and highly induced the generation of functional and safe antiPCSK9 antibodies in immunized monkeys. Plasma levels of specific biomarkers indicating organ performance including creatinine, urea, uric acid, bilirubin, ALP, AS, ALT and TSH were not significantly altered. After immunization in healthy monkeys, non-prespecified endpoints (plasma levels of TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C and TG) were non-significantly reduced by 11.6 ± 36%; 16 ± 28%; 22 ± 53% and 24 ± 51%, respectively, while HDL-C was slightly increased by 2 ± 64%. There were also no significant changes in plasma levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory biomarkers. CONCLUSION The L-IFPTA vaccine could efficiently stimulate the host humoral immune response to produce active antibodies that inhibit plasma PCSK9 while not provoking systemic inflammation and not adversely affecting organ performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; (A.A.M.-B.); (M.R.J.)
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj 3149969415, Iran
- Iran’s National Elites Foundation, Tehran 9311114578, Iran
| | - Mahmoud R. Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran; (A.A.M.-B.); (M.R.J.)
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Preventive Cardiology and Lipidology, Medical University of Lodz, 93-338 Lodz, Poland;
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, 65-046 Zielona Gora, Poland
| | - Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Research Center for Advanced Technologies in Cardiovascular Medicine, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713138, Iran;
| | - Hedayat Sahraei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 9311114578, Iran;
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran
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Association of statin use in older people primary prevention group with risk of cardiovascular events and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Med 2021; 19:139. [PMID: 34154589 PMCID: PMC8218529 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-021-02009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current evidence from randomized controlled trials on statins for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in older people, especially those aged > 75 years, is still lacking. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to extend the current evidence about the association of statin use in older people primary prevention group with risk of CVD and mortality. METHODS PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were searched from inception until March 18, 2021. We included observational studies (cohort or nested case-control) that compared statin use vs non-use for primary prevention of CVD in older people aged ≥ 65 years; provided that each of them reported the risk estimate on at least one of the following primary outcomes: all cause-mortality, CVD death, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke. Risk estimates of each relevant outcome were pooled as a hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) using the random-effects meta-analysis model. The quality of the evidence was rated using the GRADE approach. RESULTS Ten observational studies (9 cohorts and one case-control study; n = 815,667) fulfilled our criteria. The overall combined estimate suggested that statin therapy was associated with a significantly lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR: 0.86 [95% CI 0.79 to 0.93]), CVD death (HR: 0.80 [95% CI 0.78 to 0.81]), and stroke (HR: 0.85 [95% CI 0.76 to 0.94]) and a non-significant association with risk of MI (HR 0.74 [95% CI 0.53 to 1.02]). The beneficial association of statins with the risk of all-cause mortality remained significant even at higher ages (> 75 years old; HR 0.88 [95% CI 0.81 to 0.96]) and in both men (HR: 0.75 [95% CI: 0.74 to 0.76]) and women (HR 0.85 [95% CI 0.72 to 0.99]). However, this association with the risk of all-cause mortality remained significant only in those with diabetes mellitus (DM) (HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.68 to 0.98]) but not in those without DM. The level of evidence of all the primary outcomes was rated as "very low." CONCLUSIONS Statin therapy in older people (aged ≥ 65 years) without CVD was associated with a 14%, 20%, and 15% lower risk of all-cause mortality, CVD death, and stroke, respectively. The beneficial association with the risk of all-cause mortality remained significant even at higher ages (> 75 years old), in both men and women, and in individuals with DM, but not in those without DM. These observational findings support the need for trials to test the benefits of statins in those above 75 years of age.
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Dearborn-Tomazos JL, Hu X, Bravata DM, Phadke MA, Baye FM, Myers LJ, Concato J, Zillich AJ, Reeves MJ, Sico JJ. Deintensification or No Statin Treatment Is Associated With Higher Mortality in Patients With Ischemic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. Stroke 2021; 52:2521-2529. [PMID: 34015937 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.120.030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Dearborn-Tomazos
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (J.L.D.-T.)
| | - Xin Hu
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, New Haven, CT (X.H., M.A.P.)
| | - Dawn M Bravata
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center for Health Information and Communication, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (D.M.B., F.M.B., L.J.M.).,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (D.M.B., F.M.B., L.J.M.).,Regenstrief Institute, Indianapolis, IN (D.M.B.)
| | - Manali A Phadke
- Yale Center for Analytical Sciences, New Haven, CT (X.H., M.A.P.)
| | - Fitsum M Baye
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center for Health Information and Communication, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (D.M.B., F.M.B., L.J.M.).,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (D.M.B., F.M.B., L.J.M.)
| | - Laura J Myers
- Department of Veterans Affairs Health Services Research and Development Center for Health Information and Communication, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN (D.M.B., F.M.B., L.J.M.).,Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (D.M.B., F.M.B., L.J.M.)
| | - John Concato
- Department of Medicine (J.C.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD (J.C.)
| | - Alan J Zillich
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Purdue University College of Pharmacy, West Lafayette, IN (A.J.Z.)
| | - Mathew J Reeves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing (M.J.R.)
| | - Jason J Sico
- Department of Neurology and Department of Internal Medicine (J.J.S.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven (J.J.S.)
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Lucchi T. Dyslipidemia and prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Minerva Med 2021; 112:804-816. [PMID: 33949178 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) represents the leading cause of death and disability in the elderly. The study of atherosclerosis and the strategies to control ASCVD are evolving. All strategies emphasize the need to lower LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) through an appropriate lifestyle and the use of lipid-lowering drugs, mainly statins. Available evidence coming from clinical trials is useful to inform clinical choices but the older people are poorly represented in those trials. Thus evidence supporting the benefit of statin therapy for primary and secondary prevention of fatal and nonfatal ASCVD events in adults aged 75 years and older are limited. The pharmacological therapy of dyslipidemia is recommended by guidelines provided by international expert panels in adults, while in the elderly it is still a matter of debate. Statins are generally well tolerated drugs but their use in the elderly, especially in fragile ones or with multi-pathology that take many other drugs, requires a careful evaluation of the risk-benefit ratio and a shared decision-making process between doctor and patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziano Lucchi
- Geriatric Operating Unit, Metabolic Diseases Clinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy -
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Barankay I, Reese PP, Putt ME, Russell LB, Phillips C, Pagnotti D, Chadha S, Oyekanmi KO, Yan J, Zhu J, Volpp KG, Clapp JT. Qualitative Exploration of Barriers to Statin Adherence and Lipid Control: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e219211. [PMID: 33944923 PMCID: PMC8097500 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.9211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Importance Financial incentives may improve health by rewarding patients for focusing on present actions-such as medication regimen adherence-that provide longer-term health benefits. Objective To identify barriers to improving statin therapy adherence and control of cholesterol levels with financial incentives and insights for the design of future interventions. Design, Setting, and Participants This qualitative study involved retrospective interviews with participants in a preplanned secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial of financial incentives for statin therapy adherence. A total of 636 trial participants from several US insurer or employer populations and an academic health system were rank ordered by change in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels. Participants with the most LDLC level improvement (high-improvement group) and those with LDLC levels that did not improve (nonimprovement group) were purposively targeted, stratified across all trial groups, for semistructured telephone interviews that were performed from April 1 to June 30, 2018. Interviews were coded using a team-based, iterative approach. Data were analyzed from July 1, 2018, to October 31, 2020. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was mean change in LDLC level from baseline to 12 months; the secondary outcome, statin therapy adherence during the first 6 months. Results A total of 54 patients were interviewed, divided equally between high-improvement and nonimprovement groups, with a mean (SD) age of 43.5 (10.3) years; 36 (66.7%) were women, 28 (51.9%) had diabetes, and 18 (33.3%) had cardiovascular disease. Compared with the high-improvement group, the nonimprovement group had fewer interviewees with an annual income of greater than $50 000 (11 [40.7%] vs 22 [81.5%]), worse self-reported health (fair to poor, 13 [48.1%] vs 3 [11.1%]), more Black interviewees (16 [59.3%] vs 4 [14.8%]), and lower baseline LDLC levels (>160 mg/dL, 2 [7.4%] vs 25 [92.6%]). Participants in the nonimprovement group had a greater burden of chronic illness (≥2 chronic conditions, 13 [48.1%] vs 6 [22.2%]) and were less frequently employed (full-time, 6 [22.2%] vs 12 [44.4%]). In interviews, the nonimprovement group was less focused on risks of high LDLC levels, described less engagement in LDLC level management, articulated fewer specific nutritional choices for optimizing health, and recounted greater difficulty obtaining healthy food. Participants in both groups had difficulty describing the structure of the financial incentives but did recall features of the electronic pill containers used to track adherence and how those containers affected medication routines. Conclusions and Relevance Participants in a statin adherence trial whose LDLC levels did not improve found it more difficult to create medication routines and respond to financial incentives in the context of complex living conditions and a high burden of chronic illness. These findings suggest that future studies should be more attentive to socioeconomic circumstances of trial participants. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01798784.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Barankay
- Department of Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Business Economics and Public Policy, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Peter P. Reese
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Division of Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Mary E. Putt
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Louise B. Russell
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Caitlin Phillips
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - David Pagnotti
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Sakshum Chadha
- currently a medical student at Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark
| | - Kehinde O. Oyekanmi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jiali Yan
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Jingsan Zhu
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Kevin G. Volpp
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Cresencz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Health Care Management, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Justin T. Clapp
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
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Association of Treatment Intensity and Adherence to Lipid-Lowering Therapy with Major Adverse Cardiovascular Events Among Post-MI Patients in Germany. Adv Ther 2021; 38:2532-2541. [PMID: 33830461 PMCID: PMC8107155 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-021-01697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) are at very high risk of subsequent cardiovascular events. This study evaluated the association of treatment intensity and adherence to lipid-lowering therapies (LLT) with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) among post-MI patients in Germany. Methods We carried out a retrospective cohort study using German health claims data (2010–2015). We included patients ≥ 18 years, with a history of MI and who started an LLT (statin and/or ezetimibe), between 2011 and 2013. The follow-up period started 1 year after the second LLT prescription and continued until MACE, all-cause death or December 31, 2015, whichever occurred first. Treatment intensity was classified based on expected low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction; adherence was measured by the proportion of days covered using prescription data. A combined adherence-adjusted intensity variable was created by multiplying intensity and adherence. We used Cox proportional hazards models to control for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index and other cardiovascular risk factors at baseline. Results A total of 14,944 patients were included. Mean age was 66.7 (SD = 13.0) years; 68.7% of patients were men. Each 10% increase in treatment intensity, adherence, or adherence-adjusted intensity was associated with a decrease in the risk of MACE of 17% (HR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.79–0.87), 5% (HR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.94–0.97), and 14% (HR = 0.86, 95% CI 0.83–0.90), respectively. Conclusions Higher treatment intensity and/or adherence of LLT was associated with significantly lower risk of MACE in post-MI patients. Strategies to tailor intensity to patient profiles and improve adherence could reduce the risk of cardiovascular events. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12325-021-01697-8.
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Umarje S, James NM, Dave P, Raut A, Pandey N. Impact of Adherence, Patient Perception, and Knowledge to Statin Therapy - A Cross-Sectional Study. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2021; 25:206-210. [PMID: 34760675 PMCID: PMC8547405 DOI: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_120_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Cardiovascular diseases and its risk factors, such as diabetes and hyperlipidemia, are common in Indian population. Statin utilization is high across the country and it is important to assess the adherence because it plays an important role in treatment outcome. Statin adherence is not studied well in India. This study aims at measuring the adherence, perception, and knowledge of individuals on statin therapy. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional observational study on 130 consented individuals visiting a tertiary care teaching hospital. Study was conducted for a duration of 9 months. METHODS AND MATERIALS After obtaining approval from the institutional ethics committee the study subjects were assessed for knowledge, perception, and adherence to statin therapy using a systematically developed interview questionnaire. RESULTS Good adherence was seen in 42.30% patients. Higher proportions of females were reported to have good adherence. Good adherence was observed in patients with a history of coronary heart disease and atorvastatin as monotherapy (P = 0.0029) and fixed dose combination (P = 0.0012), whereas lipid reduction was found directly related to type of adherence. Lack of knowledge, cost, re-fill issues, and adverse effects were some of the barriers identified. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION Knowledge and patient perception plays a very important role in determining the adherence to statin therapy. A history of coronary heart disease, choice of statin, and cost of therapy are the contributing factors to adherence. Patient counselling and improving the cost-effectiveness of statin therapy can be considered as interventional strategies to overcome adherence issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhi Umarje
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha M. James
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priti Dave
- Department of Medicine, Bharati Vidyapeeth Medical College, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be) University, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Asawari Raut
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Pandey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Poona College of Pharmacy, Bharati Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Normand M, Ritz C, Mela D, Raben A. Low-energy sweeteners and body weight: a citation network analysis. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2021; 4:319-332. [PMID: 34308140 PMCID: PMC8258071 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reviews on the relationship of low-energy sweeteners (LES) with body weight (BW) have reached widely differing conclusions. To assess possible citation bias, citation analysis was used to quantify the relevant characteristics of cited articles, and explore citation patterns in relation to review conclusions. DESIGN A systematic search identified reviews published from January 2010 to March 2020. Different characteristics (for example, type of review or research, journal impact factor, conclusions) were extracted from the reviews and cited articles. Logistic regression was used to estimate likelihood of articles with particular characteristics being cited in reviews. A qualitative network analysis linked reviews sub-grouped by conclusions with the types of articles they cited. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES (OR; 95% CI) for likelihood that articles with particular characteristics were cited as evidence in reviews. RESULTS From 33 reviews identified, 183 different articles were cited (including other reviews). Narrative reviews were 62% less likely to be cited than systematic reviews with meta-analysis (OR 0.38; 0.16 to 0.86; p=0.03). Likelihood of being cited was higher for evidence on children than adults (OR 2.27; 1.59 to 3.25; p<0.0001), and with increased journal impact factor (OR 1.15; 1.00 to 1.31; p=0.04). No other factors were statistically significant in the main analysis, and few factors were significant in subgroup analyses. Network analysis showed that reviews concluding a beneficial relationship of LES with BW cited mainly randomised controlled trials, whereas reviews concluding an adverse relationship cited mainly observational studies. CONCLUSIONS Overall reference to the available evidence across reviews appears largely arbitrary, making citation bias likely. Differences in the conclusions of individual reviews map onto different types of evidence cited. Overall, inconsistent and selective use of the available evidence may account for the diversity of conclusions in reviews on LES and BW. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER Prior to data analysis, the protocol was registered with the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/9ghws).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mie Normand
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Anne Raben
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Mollazadeh H, Tavana E, Fanni G, Bo S, Banach M, Pirro M, von Haehling S, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Effects of statins on mitochondrial pathways. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:237-251. [PMID: 33511728 PMCID: PMC8061391 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins are a family of drugs that are used for treating hyperlipidaemia with a recognized capacity to prevent cardiovascular disease events. They inhibit β-hydroxy β-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, i.e. the rate-limiting enzyme in mevalonate pathway, reduce endogenous cholesterol synthesis, and increase low-density lipoprotein clearance by promoting low-density lipoprotein receptor expression mainly in the hepatocytes. Statins have pleiotropic effects including stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques, immunomodulation, anti-inflammatory properties, improvement of endothelial function, antioxidant, and anti-thrombotic action. Despite all beneficial effects, statins may elicit adverse reactions such as myopathy. Studies have shown that mitochondria play an important role in statin-induced myopathies. In this review, we aim to report the mechanisms of action of statins on mitochondrial function. Results have shown that statins have several effects on mitochondria including reduction of coenzyme Q10 level, inhibition of respiratory chain complexes, induction of mitochondrial apoptosis, dysregulation of Ca2+ metabolism, and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-2 expression. The use of statins has been associated with the onset of additional pathological conditions like diabetes and dementia as a result of interference with mitochondrial pathways by various mechanisms, such as reduction in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, increase in oxidative stress, decrease in uncoupling protein 3 concentration, and interference in amyloid-β metabolism. Overall, data reported in this review suggest that statins may have major effects on mitochondrial function, and some of their adverse effects might be mediated through mitochondrial pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mollazadeh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
- Natural Products and Medicinal Plants Research CenterNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
| | - Erfan Tavana
- Student Research Committee, School of MedicineNorth Khorasan University of Medical SciencesBojnurdIran
| | - Giovanni Fanni
- Department of Medical SciencesUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Simona Bo
- Department of Medical Sciences, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di TorinoUniversity of TurinTurinItaly
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of HypertensionWAM University Hospital in LodzMedical University of Lodz, LodzPoland
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), LodzPoland
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of MedicineUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Stephan von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and PneumologyUniversity Medical Center GöttingenGöttingenGermany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site GöttingenGöttingenGermany
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyIslamic Azad UniversityQuchanQuchanIran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology InstituteMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
- Halal Research Center of IRIFDATehranIran
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Improvement of Platelet Respiration by Cell-Permeable Succinate in Diabetic Patients Treated with Statins. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040288. [PMID: 33800630 PMCID: PMC8065590 DOI: 10.3390/life11040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most severe metabolic disease that reached the level of a global pandemic and is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity. Statins are the first-line lipid-lowering therapy in diabetic patients with or without a history of atherosclerotic disease. Although well tolerated, chronic treatment may result in side effects that lead to treatment interruption. Mitochondrial dysfunction has emerged as a central pathomechanism in DM- and statin-induced side effects. Assessment of mitochondrial respiration in peripheral platelets has been increasingly used as a mirror of organ mitochondrial dysfunction. The present study aimed to assess the: (i) changes in mitochondrial respiration elicited by statins in patients with type 2 DM and (ii) the effects of cell-permeable succinate (NV118) on respiratory parameters in platelets harvested from these patients. No significant changes were found in global mitochondrial respiration of intact platelets isolated from diabetic patients treated with either atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Similarly, no significant changes in mitochondrial respiration of permeabilized platelets were found between diabetic patients treated with atorvastatin and healthy controls. Acute ex vivo administration of NV118 significantly improved respiration in isolated platelets. These results prompt further research on the role of permeable succinate as a therapeutic alternative for improving mitochondrial function in metabolic pathologies and point to the role of peripheral platelets as a potential biomarker of treatment response.
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Zafeiropoulos S, Farmakis I, Kartas A, Arvanitaki A, Pagiantza A, Boulmpou A, Tampaki A, Kosmidis D, Nevras V, Markidis E, Papadimitriou I, Vlachou A, Arvanitakis K, Miyara SJ, Ziakas A, Molmenti EP, Kassimis G, Zanos S, Karvounis H, Giannakoulas G. Reinforcing adherence to lipid-lowering therapy after an acute coronary syndrome: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Atherosclerosis 2021; 323:37-43. [PMID: 33780749 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Achieving the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goal following an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a milestone often missed due to suboptimal adherence to secondary prevention treatments. Whether improved adherence could result in reduced LDL-C levels is unclear. We aimed to evaluate whether an educational-motivational intervention increases long-term lipid-lowering therapy (LLT) adherence and LDL-C goal attainment rate among post-ACS patients. METHODS IDEAL-LDL was a parallel, two-arm, single-center, pragmatic, investigator-initiated randomized controlled trial. Hospitalized patients for ACS were randomized to a physician-led integrated intervention consisting of an educational session at baseline, followed by regular motivational interviewing phone sessions or usual care. Co-primary outcomes were the LLT adherence (measured by Proportion of Days Covered (PDC); good adherence defined as PDC>80%), and LDL-C goal (<70 mg/dl or 50% reduction from baseline) achievement rate at one year. RESULTS In total, 360 patients (mean age 62 years, 81% male) were randomized. Overall, good adherence was positively associated with LDL-C goal achievement rate at one year. Median PDC was higher in the intervention group than the control group [0.92 (IQR, 0.82-1.00) vs. 0.86 (0.62-0.98); p = 0.03] while the intervention group had increased odds of good adherence (odds ratio: 1.76 (95% confidence interval 1.02 to 2.62; p = 0.04). However, neither the LDL-C goal achievement rate (49.6% in the intervention vs. 44.9% in the control group; p = 0.49) nor clinical outcomes differed significantly between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS Α multifaceted intervention improved LLT adherence in post-ACS patients without a significant difference in LDL-C goal attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Zafeiropoulos
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine and Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Ioannis Farmakis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Kartas
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alexandra Arvanitaki
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Cardiology III - Adult Congenital and Valvular Heart Disease, University Hospital Muenster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Muenster, Germany
| | - Areti Pagiantza
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; Department of Internal Medicine, Serres General Hospital, Serres, Greece
| | - Aristi Boulmpou
- 3rd Department of Cardiology, Ippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Tampaki
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Diamantis Kosmidis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassileios Nevras
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Markidis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Vlachou
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Arvanitakis
- Laboratory of Biomathematics, University of Thessaly, School of Medicine, Papakyriazi 22, Building "Katsigra", Larissa, Greece
| | - Santiago J Miyara
- Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine and Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research at Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Antonios Ziakas
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ernesto P Molmenti
- Department of Surgery, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - George Kassimis
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, Ippokrateion University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stavros Zanos
- Institute of Bioelectronic Medicine, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA
| | - Haralambos Karvounis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Giannakoulas
- 1st Department of Cardiology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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Schiele F, Quignot N, Khachatryan A, Gusto G, Villa G, Kahangire D, Chauny JV, Ricci L, Desamericq G. Clinical impact and room for improvement of intensity and adherence to lipid lowering therapy: Five years of clinical follow-up from 164,565 post-myocardial infarction patients. Int J Cardiol 2021; 332:22-28. [PMID: 33705845 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients at risk of cardiovascular (CV) events, the effectiveness of lipid-lowering therapies (LLT) is affected by both intensity and adherence. Our study evaluated the association between LLT intensity (statin and/or ezetimibe) and adherence, and CV events in patients with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) in France. METHODS Using the French national healthcare database (SNDS), we included patients with a history of MI, an initial LLT prescription in 2011-2013, and a second prescription within one year. LLT intensity was defined using the expected percent reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; adherence was measured as the proportion of days covered. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess associations between intensity and/or adherence, and the risk of major adverse CV event (MACE). RESULTS 164,565 patients were included; mean (SD) age, 66·3 (13·8) years; 73·6% men. Following an MI, only half of patients were treated with high-intensity LLT and approximately 40% of those on LLT remained non-adherent during follow-up (mean (SD) follow-up, 2·6 (1·4) years). Each 10% increase in treatment intensity, adherence, or adherence-adjusted intensity was respectively associated with a 16% (HR 0.84, 95%CI 0.84-0.85), 7% (HR 0.93, 95%CI 0.93-0.94), and 15% (HR 0.85, 95%CI 0.84-0.86) decrease in the risk of MACE. CONCLUSIONS Among patients with a history of MI, prescriptions of high-intensity LLT were limited and adherence to LLT was low. Higher intensity and/or adherence to statins was associated with a significantly lower risk of MACE, highlighting the importance of compliance with clinical guidelines to improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Schiele
- University Hospital Besancon, Besancon, France; EA3920, University of Franche-Comté, Besancon, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lea Ricci
- Amgen SAS, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Zhang MM, Bahal R, Rasmussen TP, Manautou JE, Zhong XB. The growth of siRNA-based therapeutics: Updated clinical studies. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 189:114432. [PMID: 33513339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 78.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
More than two decades after the natural gene-silencing mechanism of RNA interference was elucidated, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapeutics have finally broken into the pharmaceutical market. With three agents already approved and many others in advanced stages of the drug development pipeline, siRNA drugs are on their way to becoming a standard modality of pharmacotherapy. The majority of late-stage candidates are indicated for rare or orphan diseases, whose patients have an urgent need for novel and effective therapies. Additionally, there are agents that have the potential to meet the need of a broader population. Inclisiran, for instance, is being developed for hypercholesterolemia and has shown benefit in patients who are uncontrolled even after maximal statin therapy. This review provides a brief overview of mechanisms of siRNA action, physiological barriers to its delivery and activity, and the most common chemical modifications and delivery platforms used to overcome these barriers. Furthermore, this review presents comprehensive profiles of the three approved siRNA drugs (patisiran, givosiran, and lumasiran) and the seven other siRNA candidates in Phase 3 clinical trials (vutrisiran, nedosiran, inclisiran, fitusiran, teprasiran, cosdosiran, and tivanisiran), summarizing their modifications and delivery strategies, disease-specific mechanisms of action, updated clinical trial status, and future outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M May Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Raman Bahal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Theodore P Rasmussen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - José E Manautou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiao-Bo Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
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Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Jaafari MR, Afshar M, Banach M, Sahebkar A. PCSK9 immunization using nanoliposomes: preventive efficacy against hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. Arch Med Sci 2021; 17:1365-1377. [PMID: 34522266 PMCID: PMC8425258 DOI: 10.5114/aoms/133885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to study a nanoliposomal anti-PCSK9 vaccine as a novel approach for cholesterol lowering via PCSK9 inhibition. MATERIAL AND METHODS An immunogenic peptide construct termed immunogenic fused PCSK9-tetanus (IFPT) was displayed on the surface of liposome nanoparticles (L-IFPT) and mixed into alum adjuvant (L-IFPTA+). The manufactured vaccine formulations IFPT, L-IFPT, L-IFPTA+, IFPTA+, and free nanoliposomes were subcutaneously injected four times with bi-weekly intervals in C57BL/6 mice on a severe atherogenic protocol. RESULTS Among the formulations, L-IFPTA+ vaccine was found to elicit the highest IgG response against PCSK9 peptide. The induced PCSK9 antibodies inhibited PCSK9-LDLR interaction through binding to PCSK9 in vaccinated mice. Liver low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) protein was increased in vaccinated mice. L-IFPTA+, L-IFPT and IFPTA+ vaccines reduced total cholesterol by up to -38.13 ±3.8% (p = 0.006), -23 ±4.1% (p = 0.027) and -19.12 ±3% (p = 0.038), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by up to -57 ±7.7% (p = 0.0003), -41.67 ±4.2% (p = 0.03) and -36.11 ±5% (p = 0.02) in hypercholesterolemic mice, respectively, versus control mice after 8 weeks. Long-term assessment indicated that the vaccine formulations could stimulate a long-lasting humoral immune response against PCSK9 peptide, which was associated with a marked reduction of total cholesterol in L-IFPTA+, L-IFPT and IFPTA+ vaccine groups by up to -82.5 ±7.3% (p = 0.002), -70.54 ±6.2% (p = 0.013) and -72.02 ±8.7% (p = 0.004), respectively, and LDL-C by up to -88.14 ±5.6% (p = 0.002), -55.92 ±8.3% (p = 0.003) and 54.81 ±9.3% (p = 0.003), respectively, versus the pre-vaccination time point adjusted to the control group. Anti-inflammatory Th2 cells and IL-4 cytokine were considerably increased in splenocytes of vaccinated mice. CONCLUSIONS L-IFPTA+ vaccine can induce long-lasting, functional and safe PCSK9-specific antibodies in hypercholesterolemic C57BL/6 mice, providing a long-term protective impact on dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abbas Momtazi-Borojeni
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Afshar
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), Lodz, Poland
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Campbell DJT, Lee-Krueger RCW, McBrien K, Anderson T, Quan H, Leung AA, Chen G, Lu M, Naugler C, Butalia S. Strategies for enhancing the initiation of cholesterol lowering medication among patients at high cardiovascular disease risk: a qualitative descriptive exploration of patient and general practitioners' perspectives on a facilitated relay intervention in Alberta, Canada. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e038469. [PMID: 33234627 PMCID: PMC7689086 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to explore the perspectives of patients and general practitioners (GPs) regarding interventions to increase initiation of cholesterol lowering medication (or statins), including a proposed laboratory-based facilitated relay intervention. DESIGN Qualitative descriptive study using interviews and focus groups for data collection, and thematic analysis for data analysis. SETTING Primary care providers and patients in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. PARTICIPANTS 17 GPs with primarily community-based, non-academic practices with at least 1 year of practice experience participated in semistructured interviews. 14 patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease participated in focus groups. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Exploration of strategies that might be used to enhance the prescription of, and adherence to statin therapy for patients with statin-indicated conditions. RESULTS GPs proposed a variety of interventions to improve statin prescription, including electronic record audit solutions, GP directed education, and patient-oriented campaigns. Patients expressed that they may benefit from being provided access to their laboratory test results, as well as targeted education. Both parties provided positive feedback on the proposed laboratory-based facilitated relay intervention, while pointing out areas for improvement. Notably, GPs were concerned that the patient-directed component of the intervention might jeopardise therapeutic relationships, and patients were concerned about accidental disclosure of personal health information. Important considerations for the design of facilitated relay messaging should include brevity, simplicity and the provision of contact information for inquiries. CONCLUSIONS GPs and patients described several suggestions for increasing statin initiation and welcomed the proposal of a laboratory-based facilitated relay strategy. These findings support further testing of this intervention which may enhance GPs' ability to successfully engage patients in cardiovascular risk reduction through statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J T Campbell
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Kerry McBrien
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Todd Anderson
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hude Quan
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexander A Leung
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Guanmin Chen
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mingshan Lu
- Department of Economics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christopher Naugler
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sonia Butalia
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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One-year statin persistence and adherence in adults with HIV in the United States. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 15:181-191. [PMID: 33341376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statin persistence and adherence are low among US adults. Most individuals with HIV in the US have high adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART), but less is known about their statin persistence and adherence. OBJECTIVES We analyzed persistence and adherence to statin therapy among adults with and without HIV. METHODS We analyzed claims data from adults in the MarketScan database who initiated statin therapy between 2007 and 2016. People with HIV (n = 5619) were frequency matched 1-to-4 to those without HIV (n = 22,476) based on age, sex, and calendar year of statin initiation. Statin persistence was defined by having dispensed statin medication during the last 90 days of the 365 days following initiation. High statin adherence was defined as a proportion of days covered (PDC) ≥0.80 during the 365 days following initiation. Among people with HIV, the PDC for each ART was calculated. RESULTS The mean age of the study population was 51 years and 85.8% were men. Statin persistence was higher among adults with versus without HIV (72.8% versus 65.2%, multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio 1.13, 95%CI 1.11-1.15). Among those who were persistent, a higher proportion of people with versus without HIV had high statin adherence (69.6% versus 59.9%, multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio 1.16, 95%CI 1.13-1.19). Among people with HIV and high ART adherence (minimum PDC ≥0.90), 34.6% had a PDC for statin therapy <0.80. CONCLUSION Adults with HIV were more persistent and adherent to statin medications versus those without HIV. However, a high proportion of adults with HIV had low statin adherence.
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The Association of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase, Apolipoprotein E, and Solute Carrier Organic Anion Genetic Variants with Atorvastatin Response among Jordanian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10100232. [PMID: 33027917 PMCID: PMC7599896 DOI: 10.3390/life10100232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atorvastatin is commonly used among type 2 diabetic (DM2) patients at the University of Jordan Hospital to prevent cardiovascular complication. However, we noticed that there is a wide inter-individual variation in the efficacy and toxicity of atorvastatin. This study aimed to find out the effects of major genetic variants in 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGCR), Apolipoprotein E (APOE), and Solute Carrier Organic Anion (SLCO1B1) genes on atorvastatin response among DM2 patients. A sample of 139 DM2 patients on 20 mg of atorvastatin was included in this study. The lipid and glycemic profile and the levels of hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase were recorded before and after 3 months of atorvastatin treatment. Additionally, the genetic variants HMGCR rs17244841,APOE rs7412 and rs429357, and SLCO1B1 rs2306283 and rs11045818 were genotyped using an Applied Biosystems DNA sequencing method (ABI3730×1). We found that atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) more significantly (p-value < 0.05) in patients with wild genotype than variant alleles APOE rs7412C > T and SLCO1B1 rs2306283A > G. Furthermore, the ALT level was elevated significantly (p-value < 0.05) by 27% in patients with heterozygous SLCO1B1 rs11045818 G/A genotype, while it was not elevated among wild genotype carriers. Additionally, atorvastatin reduced total cholesterol more significantly (p-value < 0.05) in patients with SLCO1B1 rs2306283A and rs11045818G haplotypes and increased ALT levels by 27% (p-value < 0.05) in patients with SLCO1B1 rs2306283G and rs11045818A haplotypes. In conclusion, it was found in this study that APOE rs7412, SLCO1B1 rs2306283, and rs11045818 genotypes can be considered as potential genetic biomarkers of atorvastatin response among DM2 patients of Jordanian Arabic origin. Further clinical studies with larger sample numbers are needed to confirm these findings.
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Farmakis I, Zafeiropoulos S, Kartas A, Boulmpou A, Nevras V, Papadimitriou I, Tampaki A, Vlachou A, Markidis E, Koutsakis A, Ziakas A, Karvounis H, Giannakoulas G. Treatment practices and lipid profile of patients with acute coronary syndrome: results from a tertiary care hospital. Acta Cardiol 2020; 75:527-534. [PMID: 31219734 DOI: 10.1080/00015385.2019.1626087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Considering the increasing burden of cardiovascular risk factors and recent advances on the management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS), we studied the epidemiological characteristics and treatment strategies of patients presenting with ACS. We also evaluated the lipid profile and attainment of lipid goals in a 'real world' clinical setting.Methods: This was a substudy of IDEAL-LDL (Motivational interviewing to support low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) therapeutic goals and lipid-lowering therapy compliance in patients with acute coronary syndromes), a single-centre, prospective, randomised controlled trial. Baseline data from a total of 357 ACS patients were gathered using standardised methods.Results: Median age of patients was 60 years and 81.2% were males. Arterial hypertension and smoking were the most prevalent risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were heavier smokers, but were younger and exercised more compared to those with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Conversely, more NSTE-ACS patients had arterial hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus. One-fifth of ACS patients was treated conservatively without a percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). A combination of statin, dual antiplatelet therapy and beta-blockers were prescribed to 79.6% of patients upon discharge. A renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitor and a beta-blocker were prescribed to 67.3 and 91.8% of patients with LVEF ≤40%, respectively. Of patients with prior history of CAD, 63.1%, 71.4% and 58.3% received regularly statins, antiplatelets and beta-blocker treatment, respectively. Only 22.3% of these CAD patients had an optimal LDL-C of <70 mg/dl at admission.Conclusions: In hospitalised patients with ACS, management practices differed by ACS type and discharge medication was, mostly, in line with the latest guidelines. However, medication adherence and lipid lowering goals of secondary CAD prevention were largely unachieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Farmakis
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stefanos Zafeiropoulos
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios Kartas
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aristi Boulmpou
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasileios Nevras
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Papadimitriou
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athina Tampaki
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Vlachou
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Markidis
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Koutsakis
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonios Ziakas
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Haralambos Karvounis
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Giannakoulas
- Cardiology Department, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Elwood PC, Longley M, Greene G, Morgan G, Watkins J, Pickering J, Watkins A, Protty M, Bayer A, Gallacher J. Better than any pill—and no side effects! Healthy lifestyles, statins, and aspirin. LIFESTYLE MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/lim2.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Elwood
- Division of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | | | - Giles Greene
- Division of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Division of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | | | - Janet Pickering
- Division of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | - Angela Watkins
- Division of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | - Majd Protty
- Division of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK
| | - Antony Bayer
- Division of Population Medicine Cardiff University Cardiff UK
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Naqvi AA, Hassali MA, Rizvi M, Zehra A, Nisa ZU, Islam MA, Iqbal MS, Farooqui M, Imam MT, Hossain MA, Khan I, Iqbal MZ, Ali M, Haseeb A. Validation of the General Medication Adherence Scale in Pakistani Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1039. [PMID: 32765264 PMCID: PMC7379482 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim was to validate the Urdu version of General Medication Adherence Scale (GMAS) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis disease. METHODS A 2-month (March-April 2019) cross-sectional study was conducted in randomly selected out-patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The sample size was calculated using item-subject ratio of 1:20. The scale was evaluated for factorial, concrete, concurrent, and known group validities. Concrete validity was established by correlating scores of EQ-5D quality of life scale and GMAS adherence score. Concurrent validity was established by correlating the GMAS adherence score with pill count. Analyses for sensitivity were also conducted. Cut-off value was determined through receiver operator curve (ROC), and test-retest method was used to analyze internal consistency and reliability. Data were analyzed through IBM SPSS, IBM AMOS, and MedCalc software. The Urdu version of EQ-5D quality of life questionnaire was used with permission from developers (#ID20884). The study was approved by an ethics committee (#NOV:15). RESULTS A total of 351 responses were analyzed. The response rate was 98%. Reliability was in acceptable range, i.e., Cronbach α = 0.797. Factorial validity was established by calculation of satisfactory fit indices. Correlation coefficients for concrete and concurrent validities were ρ = 0.687, p < 0.01 and ρ = 0.779, p < 0.01, respectively. Known group validity was established as significant association of adherence score with insurance and illness duration (p < 0.05) that were reported. Sensitivity of the scale was 94%. Most patients had high adherence (N = 159, 45.3%). CONCLUSION The Urdu version of GMAS demonstrated adequate internal consistency and was validated. These results indicate that it is an appropriate tool to measure medication adherence in Pakistani patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta Abbas Naqvi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Azmi Hassali
- Discipline of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mehwish Rizvi
- Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ale Zehra
- Dow College of Pharmacy, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zeb-un- Nisa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ziauddin University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Md. Ashraful Islam
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Shahid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Farooqui
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Unaizah College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tarique Imam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Akbar Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Irfanullah Khan
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Zahid Iqbal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, AIMST University, Bedong, Malaysia
| | - Majid Ali
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Haseeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Gupta VA, Alnabelsi TS, Shringi S, Leung SW, Sorrell VL. Cardiovascular Risk After Sepsis: Understanding the Role of Statin Indications and the Impact of Clinical Inertia on Prescribing Patterns. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:541-547. [PMID: 32551836 DOI: 10.1177/1074248420933395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with sepsis have high rates of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in the literature, but the stratification of those at risk has been limited. Statin indicated groups provides clear criteria for therapy, but the risk of MACE after sepsis based on these groups has never been assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort analysis conducted on adult patients admitted from January 1, 2013, to December 31, 2013, with suspected or confirmed sepsis and data available on statin use. Patients' past medical history; statin use prior, during, or at time of discharge; and occurrence of MACE were recorded from electronic health records. RESULT A total of 321 patients were screened and 265 were found to have data available on statin use. The mean age of the patients was 59 ± 15 years and 47% were female. Overall, 9% were observed to have a MACE at 1 year, with significantly higher rates in those in a statin indicated group (12.2%). On admission, 174 patients were not taking a statin out of whom 52% were in a statin indicated group. Among those in a statin indicated group who survived to hospital discharge, only 10% not on a statin on admission received a statin on discharge, whereas 89% on a statin on admission received a statin on discharge. CONCLUSION There is a high risk of MACE after sepsis especially among those in statin indicated groups with significant clinical inertia in prescribing practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedant A Gupta
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, 4530University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Talal S Alnabelsi
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, 4530University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sandipan Shringi
- Samarth Nursing Home and Research Center (Medicine), Kota, Rajasthan, India
| | - Steve W Leung
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, 4530University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Vincent L Sorrell
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute, 4530University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Statins have proven efficacy with a favorable safety profile yet, despite being widely affordable, remain profoundly underutilized. Statins have acquired a bad reputation, which is likely contributing to high rates of nonadherence and discontinuation. The degree to which negative media perceptions contribute to underutilization is unclear. RECENT FINDINGS The media has a key role in informing discussion on the public agenda but also on how issues are framed. In this context, the majority of studies evaluating news coverage suggest that the content on statins is predominantly negative and focused on potential harm. Studies utilizing quasi-experimental and interrupted time series design have shown periods of negative news stories on statins in multiple countries are associated with (a) less statin commencement in eligible patients, (b) high rates of discontinuation, and (c) poor long-term adherence. This review highlights the deleterious impact of negative media coverage on statin utilization through misattribution of muscle complaints and the nocebo effect. Academia must work with the media to harmonize the public health messaging; however, individual physicians have a critical role in mitigating a harmful narrative of misinformation and actively discredit malinformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Nelson
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, US.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rishi Puri
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5R), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic JB-20, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Steven E Nissen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Coordinating Center for Clinical Research (C5R), Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic JB-20, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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Rezende Macedo do Nascimento RC, Mueller T, Godman B, MacBride Stewart S, Hurding S, de Assis Acurcio F, Guerra Junior AA, Alvares Teodoro J, Morton A, Bennie M, Kurdi A. Real-world evaluation of the impact of statin intensity on adherence and persistence to therapy: A Scottish population-based study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2020; 86:2349-2361. [PMID: 32353163 PMCID: PMC7688536 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To assess associations between statin intensity and adherence, persistence and discontinuation of statin therapy in Scotland. Method Retrospective cohort study, using linked electronic health records covering a period from January 2009 to December 2016. The study cohort included adult patients (≥18 years) newly initiating statins within Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Scotland. Study outcomes comprised adherence, discontinuation and persistence to treatment, stratified by three exposure groups (high, moderate and low intensity). Discontinuation and persistence were calculated using the refill‐gap and anniversary methods, respectively. Proportion of days covered (PDC) was used as a proxy for adherence. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate discontinuation, and associations between adherence/persistence and statin intensity were assessed using logistic regression. Results A total of 73 716 patients with a mean age of 61.4 ± 12.6 years were included; the majority (88.3%) received moderate intensity statins. Discontinuation rates differed between intensity levels, with high‐intensity patients less likely to discontinue treatment compared to those on moderate intensity (prior cardiovascular disease [CVD]: HR 0.43 [95% CI 0.34‐0.55]; no prior CVD: 0.80 [0.74‐0.86]). Persistence declined over time, and high‐intensity patients had the highest persistence rates. Overall, 52.6% of patients were adherent to treatment (PDC ≥ 80%), but adherence was considerably higher among high‐intensity patients (63.7%). Conclusion High‐intensity statins were associated with better persistence and adherence to treatment, but overall long‐term persistence and adherence remain a challenge, particularly among patients without prior CVD. This needs addressing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanja Mueller
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Brian Godman
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Public Health Pharmacy and Management, School of Pharmacy, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Simon Hurding
- Directorate for Health Finance, The Scottish Government, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francisco de Assis Acurcio
- SUS Collaborating Centre for Technology Assessment and Excellence in Health, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Augusto Afonso Guerra Junior
- SUS Collaborating Centre for Technology Assessment and Excellence in Health, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Alvares Teodoro
- SUS Collaborating Centre for Technology Assessment and Excellence in Health, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alec Morton
- Strathclyde Business School, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Marion Bennie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Public Health and Intelligence Strategic Business Unit, NHS National Services Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Amanj Kurdi
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq
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Rosada A, Kassner U, Weidemann F, König M, Buchmann N, Steinhagen-Thiessen E, Spira D. Hyperlipidemias in elderly patients: results from the Berlin Aging Study II (BASEII), a cross-sectional study. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:92. [PMID: 32410691 PMCID: PMC7227351 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01277-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperlipidemias are common and the last decades have seen substantially growing evidence of their causative role in the development of atherosclerosis and subsequent cardiovascular diseases. Since hyperlipidemias usually do not cause direct clinical symptoms, they often remain undiagnosed until a serious cardiovascular event occurs. Especially for LDL-hypercholesteremia, there are well-established treatment options available to prevent the occurrence of atherosclerosis. However, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the proper treatment of elderly patients. The goal of this study was to assess the prevalence of hyperlipidemia in a group of young and a group of elderly community-dwelling participants and to determine to what extent treatment of hyperlipidemia should be initiated or required. METHODS Crossectional data from a total of 2151 subjects (1657 in the elderly group, mean age 69, and 494 in the young group (control group), mean age 29) of the Berlin Aging Study II (BASE-II) were available. Medical history was assessed and recorded by trained physicians and prevalence of lipid disorders was determined with laboratory tests, including a lipid-profile. RESULTS A large proportion of subjects (39%) were unaware of an existing lipid disorder. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia was more frequent in the elderly group (76%) compared to the young group (41%). Hypercholesterolemia was the most common diagnosed disorder (64%), followed by hyperlipoproteinemia(a) (18%), hypertriglyceridemia (7%) and combined hyperlipoproteinaemia (5%). Only a minority of this cohort was treated with lipid-lowering medication (17%) and of those treatment targets according to ESC guidelines were reached only in 16.5 %. CONCLUSIONS Hyperlipidemias appear underdiagnosed and undertreated. As the prevalence of these disorders increases with age and with regard to their role as a major modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease it seems to be advisable to aim for more consistent and sustainable screening and treatment of these common disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION BASE-II registered with the clinical trial registry Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS00009277).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Rosada
- Department of Geriatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ursula Kassner
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (including Lipid Metabolism), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Weidemann
- Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian König
- Department of Geriatrics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Buchmann
- Department of Cardiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Steinhagen-Thiessen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (including Lipid Metabolism), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik Spira
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases (including Lipid Metabolism), Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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