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Lv Y, Yan S, Deng K, Chen Z, Yang Z, Li F, Luo Q. Unlocking the Molecular Variations of a Micron-Scale Amyloid Plaque in an Early Stage Alzheimer's Disease by a Cellular-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Imaging Platform. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:337-345. [PMID: 38166448 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Uncovering the molecular changes at the site where Aβ is deposited plays a critical role in advancing the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, there is currently a lack of a suitable label-free imaging method with a high spatial resolution for brain tissue analysis. In this study, we propose a modified desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) method, called segmented temperature-controlled DESI (STC-DESI), to achieve high-resolution and high-sensitivity spatial metabolomics observation by precisely controlling desorption and ionization temperatures. By concentrating the spray plume and accelerating solvent evaporation at different temperatures, we achieved an impressive spatial resolution of 20 μm that enables direct observation of the heterogeneity around a single cell or an individual Aβ plaque and an exciting sensitivity that allows a variety of low-abundance metabolites and less ionizable neutral lipids to be detected. We applied this STC-DESI method to analyze the brains of transgenic AD mice and identified molecular changes associated with individual Aβ aggregates. More importantly, our study provides the first evidence that carnosine is significantly depleted and 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CQA) levels rise sharply around Aβ deposits. These observations highlight the potential of carnosine as a sensitive molecular probe for clinical magnetic resonance imaging diagnosis and the potential of 5-CQA as an efficient therapeutic strategy for Aβ clearance in the early AD stage. Overall, our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of our STC-DESI method and shed light on the potential roles of these molecules in AD pathology, specifically in cellular endocytosis, gray matter network disruption, and paravascular Aβ clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueguang Lv
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Shuxiong Yan
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Ka Deng
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Fang Li
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Qian Luo
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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2
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Sui P, Sun XH, Gao Y, Wang CY. MALDI mass spectrometry imaging discloses the decline of sulfoglycosphingolipid and glycerophosphoinositol species in the brain regions related to cognition in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Talanta 2024; 266:125022. [PMID: 37619472 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Aging and neurodegenerative disease are accompanied by lipid perturbations in the brain. Understanding the changes in the contents and functional activity of lipids remains a challenge not only because of the many areas in which lipids perform bioactivities but also because of the technical limitations in identifying lipids and their metabolites. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate how brain lipids are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like pathology by using mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). The spatial distributions and relative abundances of lipids in the brains were compared between APP/PS1 mice and their age-matched wild-type (WT) mice by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) MSI assays. The comparisons were correlated with the analysis using a spectrophotometric method to determine the relative contents of sulfatides in different brain regions. Significant changes of brain lipids between APP/PS1 and WT mice were identified: eight sulfoglycosphingolipid species, namely, sulfatides/sulfated hexosyl ceramides (ShexCer) and two glycerophosphoinositol (GroPIn) species, PI 36:4 and PI 38:4. The declines in the spatial distributions of these ShexCer and GroPIn species in the APP/PS1 mice brains were associated with learning- and memory-related brain regions. Compared with young WT mice, aged WT mice showed significant decreases in the levels of these ShexCer and GroPIn species. Our results provide technical clues for assessing the impact of brain lipid metabolism on the senescent and neurodegenerative brain. The decline in sulfatides and GroPIns may be crucial markers during brain senescence and AD pathology. Appropriate lipid complementation might be important potentials as a therapeutic strategy for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Ping Sui
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Xue-Heng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Yufei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Chun-Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Chronic Diseases of Nervous System of Liaoning Province, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, Health Sciences Institute of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China; Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, No.5 Jilin Street, Gaoxin Area, Jilin, 132013, China.
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3
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Xie H, Yu Y, Yang Y, Sun Q, Li ZY, Ni MH, Li SN, Dai P, Cui YY, Cao XY, Jiang N, Du LJ, Gao W, Bi JJ, Yan LF, Cui GB. Commonalities and distinctions between the type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and multimodal neuroimaging meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1301778. [PMID: 38125399 PMCID: PMC10731270 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1301778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are aging related diseases with high incidence. Because of the correlation of incidence rate and some possible mechanisms of comorbidity, the two diseases have been studied in combination by many researchers, and even some scholars call AD type 3 diabetes. But the relationship between the two is still controversial. Methods This study used seed-based d mapping software to conduct a meta-analysis of the whole brain resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) study, exploring the differences in amplitude low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) between patients (AD or T2DM) and healthy controls (HCs), and searching for neuroimaging evidence that can explain the relationship between the two diseases. Results The final study included 22 datasets of ALFF and 22 datasets of CBF. The results of T2DM group showed that ALFF increased in both cerebellum and left inferior temporal gyrus regions, but decreased in left middle occipital gyrus, right inferior occipital gyrus, and left anterior central gyrus regions. In the T2DM group, CBF increased in the right supplementary motor area, while decreased in the middle occipital gyrus and inferior parietal gyrus. The results of the AD group showed that the ALFF increased in the right cerebellum, right hippocampus, and right striatum, while decreased in the precuneus gyrus and right superior temporal gyrus. In the AD group, CBF in the anterior precuneus gyrus and inferior parietal gyrus decreased. Multimodal analysis within a disease showed that ALFF and CBF both decreased in the occipital lobe of the T2DM group and in the precuneus and parietal lobe of the AD group. In addition, there was a common decrease of CBF in the right middle occipital gyrus in both groups. Conclusion Based on neuroimaging evidence, we believe that T2DM and AD are two diseases with their respective characteristics of central nervous activity and cerebral perfusion. The changes in CBF between the two diseases partially overlap, which is consistent with their respective clinical characteristics and also indicates a close relationship between them. Systematic review registration PROSPERO [CRD42022370014].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Xie
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ze-Yang Li
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min-Hua Ni
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Si-Ning Li
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pan Dai
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Xi’an Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan-Yan Cui
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xin-Yu Cao
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Faculty of Medical Technology, Medical School of Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li-Juan Du
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wen Gao
- Student Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia-Jun Bi
- Student Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin-Feng Yan
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guang-Bin Cui
- Department of Radiology, Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Lab of Shaanxi Province, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University (Air Force Medical University), Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
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Makki BE, Rahman S. Alzheimer's Disease in Diabetic Patients: A Lipidomic Prospect. Neuroscience 2023; 530:79-94. [PMID: 37652288 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been two of the most common chronic diseases affecting people worldwide. Type 2 DM (T2DM) is a metabolic disease depicted by insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and chronic hyperglycemia while AD is a neurodegenerative disease marked by Amyloid β (Aβ) accumulation, neurofibrillary tangles aggregation, and tau phosphorylation. Various clinical, epidemiological, and lipidomics studies have linked those diseases claiming shared pathological pathways raising the assumption that diabetic patients are at an increased risk of developing AD later in their lives. Insulin resistance is the tipping point beyond where advanced glycation end (AGE) products and free radicals are produced leading to oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Additionally, different types of lipids are playing a crucial role in the development and the relationship between those diseases. Lipidomics, an analysis of lipid structure, formation, and interactions, evidently exhibits these lipid changes and their direct and indirect effect on Aβ synthesis, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. In this review, we have discussed the pathophysiology of T2DM and AD, the interconnecting pathological pathways they share, and the lipidomics where different lipids such as cholesterol, phospholipids, sphingolipids, and sulfolipids contribute to the underlying features of both diseases. Understanding their role can be beneficial for diagnostic purposes or introducing new drugs to counter AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Rahman
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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5
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He S, Qiu S, Pan M, Palavicini JP, Wang H, Li X, Bhattacharjee A, Barannikov S, Bieniek KF, Dupree JL, Han X. Central nervous system sulfatide deficiency as a causal factor for bladder disorder in Alzheimer's disease. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1332. [PMID: 37478300 PMCID: PMC10361545 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite being a brain disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often accompanied by peripheral organ dysregulations (e.g., loss of bladder control in late-stage AD), which highly rely on spinal cord coordination. However, the causal factor(s) for peripheral organ dysregulation in AD remain elusive. METHODS The central nervous system (CNS) is enriched in lipids. We applied quantitative shotgun lipidomics to determine lipid profiles of human AD spinal cord tissues. Additionally, a CNS sulfatide (ST)-deficient mouse model was used to study the lipidome, transcriptome and peripheral organ phenotypes of ST loss. RESULTS We observed marked myelin lipid reduction in the spinal cord of AD subjects versus cognitively normal individuals. Among which, levels of ST, a myelin-enriched lipid class, were strongly and negatively associated with the severity of AD. A CNS myelin-specific ST-deficient mouse model was used to further identify the causes and consequences of spinal cord lipidome changes. Interestingly, ST deficiency led to spinal cord lipidome and transcriptome profiles highly resembling those observed in AD, characterized by decline of multiple myelin-enriched lipid classes and enhanced inflammatory responses, respectively. These changes significantly disrupted spinal cord function and led to substantial enlargement of urinary bladder in ST-deficient mice. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified CNS ST deficiency as a causal factor for AD-like lipid dysregulation, inflammation response and ultimately the development of bladder disorders. Targeting to maintain ST levels may serve as a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of AD-related peripheral disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia He
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Shulan Qiu
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Juan P. Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Hu Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Xin Li
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Anindita Bhattacharjee
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Savannah Barannikov
- Department of PathologyGlenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Kevin F. Bieniek
- Department of PathologyGlenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative DiseasesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Jeffrey L. Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and NeurobiologyVirginia Commonwealth UniversityRichmondVirginiaUSA
- Research DivisionMcGuire Veterans Affairs Medical CenterRichmondVirginiaUSA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging StudiesUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
- Division of DiabetesDepartment of MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
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6
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Qiu S, He S, Wang J, Wang H, Bhattacharjee A, Li X, Saeed M, Dupree JL, Han X. Adult-Onset CNS Sulfatide Deficiency Causes Sex-Dependent Metabolic Disruption in Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10483. [PMID: 37445661 PMCID: PMC10341976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The interconnection between obesity and central nervous system (CNS) neurological dysfunction has been widely appreciated. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that obesity is a risk factor for CNS neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. However, the extent to which CNS disruption influences peripheral metabolism remains to be elucidated. We previously reported that myelin-enriched sulfatide loss leads to CNS neuroinflammation and cognitive decline. In this study, we further investigated the impact of CNS sulfatide deficiency on peripheral metabolism while considering sex- and age-specific effects. We found that female sulfatide-deficient mice gained significantly more body weight, exhibited higher basal glucose levels, and were glucose-intolerant during glucose-tolerance test (GTT) compared to age-matched controls under a normal diet, whereas male sulfatide-deficient mice only displayed glucose intolerance at a much older age compared to female sulfatide-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we found that increased body weight was associated with increased food intake and elevated neuroinflammation, especially in the hypothalamus, in a sex-specific manner. Our results suggest that CNS sulfatide deficiency leads to sex-specific alterations in energy homeostasis via dysregulated hypothalamic control of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Qiu
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.Q.); (S.H.)
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Sijia He
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.Q.); (S.H.)
| | - Jianing Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.Q.); (S.H.)
| | - Hu Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.Q.); (S.H.)
| | - Anindita Bhattacharjee
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.Q.); (S.H.)
| | - Xin Li
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.Q.); (S.H.)
| | - Moawiz Saeed
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.Q.); (S.H.)
| | - Jeffrey L. Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
- McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Division, Richmond, VA 23249, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; (S.Q.); (S.H.)
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Ge J, Koutarapu S, Jha D, Dulewicz M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Hanrieder J. Tetramodal Chemical Imaging Delineates the Lipid-Amyloid Peptide Interplay at Single Plaques in Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Models. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4692-4702. [PMID: 36856542 PMCID: PMC10018455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Beta-amyloid (Aβ) plaque pathology is one of the most prominent histopathological feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The exact pathogenic mechanisms linking Aβ to AD pathogenesis remain however not fully understood. Recent advances in amyloid-targeting pharmacotherapies highlight the critical relevance of Aβ aggregation for understanding the molecular basis of AD pathogenesis. We developed a novel, integrated, tetramodal chemical imaging paradigm for acquisition of trimodal mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) and interlaced fluorescent microscopy from a single tissue section. We used this approach to comprehensively investigate lipid-Aβ correlates at single plaques in two different mouse models of AD (tgAPPSwe and tgAPPArcSwe) with varying degrees of intrinsic properties affecting amyloid aggregation. Integration of the multimodal imaging data and multivariate data analysis identified characteristic patterns of plaque-associated lipid- and peptide localizations across both mouse models. Correlative fluorescence microscopy using structure-sensitive amyloid probes identified intra-plaque structure-specific lipid- and Aβ patterns, including Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42 along with gangliosides (GM), phosphoinositols (PI), conjugated ceramides (CerP and PE-Cer), and lysophospholipids (LPC, LPA, and LPI). Single plaque correlation analysis across all modalities further revealed how these distinct lipid species were associated with Aβ peptide deposition across plaque heterogeneity, indicating different roles for those lipids in plaque growth and amyloid fibrillation, respectively. Here, conjugated ceramide species correlated with Aβ core formation indicating their involvement in initial plaque seeding or amyloid maturation. In contrast, LPI and PI were solely correlated with general plaque growth. In addition, GM1 and LPC correlated with continuous Aβ deposition and maturation. The results highlight the potential of this comprehensive multimodal imaging approach and implement distinct lipids in amyloidogenic proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyue Ge
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska
Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Srinivas Koutarapu
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska
Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Durga Jha
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska
Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Maciej Dulewicz
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska
Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska
Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal
Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department
of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- UK
Dementia Research Institute at University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Hong
Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong 1512-1518, China
- Wisconsin
Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, University
of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska
Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal
Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska
Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal
Hospital, House V3, SE-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department
of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
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8
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Gonzales MM, Garbarino VR, Pollet E, Palavicini JP, Kellogg DL, Kraig E, Orr ME. Biological aging processes underlying cognitive decline and neurodegenerative disease. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e158453. [PMID: 35575089 PMCID: PMC9106343 DOI: 10.1172/jci158453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRD) are among the top contributors to disability and mortality in later life. As with many chronic conditions, aging is the single most influential factor in the development of ADRD. Even among older adults who remain free of dementia throughout their lives, cognitive decline and neurodegenerative changes are appreciable with advancing age, suggesting shared pathophysiological mechanisms. In this Review, we provide an overview of changes in cognition, brain morphology, and neuropathological protein accumulation across the lifespan in humans, with complementary and mechanistic evidence from animal models. Next, we highlight selected aging processes that are differentially regulated in neurodegenerative disease, including aberrant autophagy, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, epigenetic changes, cerebrovascular dysfunction, inflammation, and lipid dysregulation. We summarize research across clinical and translational studies to link biological aging processes to underlying ADRD pathogenesis. Targeting fundamental processes underlying biological aging may represent a yet relatively unexplored avenue to attenuate both age-related cognitive decline and ADRD. Collaboration across the fields of geroscience and neuroscience, coupled with the development of new translational animal models that more closely align with human disease processes, is necessary to advance novel therapeutic discovery in this realm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi M. Gonzales
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Department of Neurology
| | | | - Erin Pollet
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases
| | - Juan P. Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, and
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dean L. Kellogg
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, and
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
- Geriatric Research and Education Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Ellen Kraig
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, and
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Miranda E. Orr
- Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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Grigorova YN, Juhasz O, Long JM, Zernetkina VI, Hall ML, Wei W, Morrell CH, Petrashevskaya N, Morrow A, LaNasa KH, Bagrov AY, Rapp PR, Lakatta EG, Fedorova OV. Effect of Cardiotonic Steroid Marinobufagenin on Vascular Remodeling and Cognitive Impairment in Young Dahl-S Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:4563. [PMID: 35562955 PMCID: PMC9101263 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypertensive response in Dahl salt-sensitive (DSS) rats on a high-salt (HS) diet is accompanied by central arterial stiffening (CAS), a risk factor for dementia, and heightened levels of a prohypertensive and profibrotic factor, the endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor marinobufagenin (MBG). We studied the effect of the in vivo administration of MBG or HS diet on blood pressure (BP), CAS, and behavioral function in young DSS rats and normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats (SD), the genetic background for DSS rats. Eight-week-old male SD and DSS rats were given an HS diet (8% NaCl, n = 18/group) or a low-salt diet (LS; 0.1% NaCl, n = 14-18/group) for 8 weeks or MBG (50 µg/kg/day, n = 15-18/group) administered via osmotic minipumps for 4 weeks in the presence of the LS diet. The MBG-treated groups received the LS diet. The systolic BP (SBP); the aortic pulse wave velocity (aPWV), a marker of CAS; MBG levels; spatial memory, measured by a water maze task; and tissue collection for the histochemical analysis were assessed at the end of the experiment. DSS-LS rats had higher SBP, higher aPWV, and poorer spatial memory than SD-LS rats. The administration of stressors HS and MBG increased aPWV, SBP, and aortic wall collagen abundance in both strains vs. their LS controls. In SD rats, HS or MBG administration did not affect heart parameters, as assessed by ECHO vs. the SD-LS control. In DSS rats, impaired whole-heart structure and function were observed after HS diet administration in DSS-HS vs. DSS-LS rats. MBG treatment did not affect the ECHO parameters in DSS-MBG vs. DSS-LS rats. The HS diet led to an increase in endogenous plasma and urine MBG levels in both SD and DSS groups. Thus, the prohypertensive and profibrotic effect of HS diet might be partially attributed to an increase in MBG. The prohypertensive and profibrotic functions of MBG were pronounced in both DSS and SD rats, although quantitative PCR revealed that different profiles of profibrotic genes in DSS and SD rats was activated after MBG or HS administration. Spatial memory was not affected by HS diet or MBG treatment in either SD or DSS rats. Impaired cognitive function was associated with higher BP, CAS, and cardiovascular remodeling in young DSS-LS rats, as compared to young SD-LS rats. MBG and HS had similar effects on the cardiovascular system and its function in DSS and SD rats, although the rate of change in SD rats was lower than in DSS rats. The absence of a cumulative effect of increased aPWV and BP on spatial memory can be explained by the cerebrovascular and brain plasticity in young rats, which help the animals to tolerate CAS elevated by HS and MBG and to counterbalance the profibrotic effect of heightened MBG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia N. Grigorova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Ondrej Juhasz
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Jeffrey M. Long
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurocognitive Aging Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (J.M.L.); (A.M.); (K.H.L.); (P.R.R.)
| | - Valentina I. Zernetkina
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Mikayla L. Hall
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Wen Wei
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Christopher H. Morrell
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Natalia Petrashevskaya
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Audrey Morrow
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurocognitive Aging Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (J.M.L.); (A.M.); (K.H.L.); (P.R.R.)
| | - Katherine H. LaNasa
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurocognitive Aging Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (J.M.L.); (A.M.); (K.H.L.); (P.R.R.)
| | - Alexei Y. Bagrov
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Peter R. Rapp
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Neurocognitive Aging Section, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (J.M.L.); (A.M.); (K.H.L.); (P.R.R.)
| | - Edward G. Lakatta
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
| | - Olga V. Fedorova
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA; (Y.N.G.); (O.J.); (V.I.Z.); (M.L.H.); (W.W.); (C.H.M.); (N.P.); (A.Y.B.); (E.G.L.)
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Zheng M, Liu Z, Mana L, Qin G, Huang S, Gong Z, Tian M, He Y, Wang P. Shenzhiling oral liquid protects the myelin sheath against Alzheimer's disease through the PI3K/Akt-mTOR pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 278:114264. [PMID: 34082015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Shenzhiling oral liquid (SZL), a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compound, is firstly approved by the Chinese Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease (AD). SZL is composed of ten Chinese herbs, and the precise therapy mechanism of its action to AD is far from fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study was to observe whether SZL is an effective therapy for amyloid-beta (Aβ)-induced myelin sheath and oligodendrocytes impairments. Notably, the primary aim was to elucidate whether and through what underlying mechanism SZL protects the myelin sheath through the PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in Aβ42-induced OLN-93 oligodendrocytes in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS APP/PS1 mice were treated with SZL or donepezil continuously for three months, and Aβ42-induced oligodendrocyte OLN-93 cells mimicking AD pathogenesis of myelin sheath impairments were incubated with SZL-containing serum or with donepezil. LC-MS/MS was used to analysis the active components of SZL and SZL-containing serum. The Y maze test was administered after 3 months of treatment, and the hippocampal tissues of the APP/PS1 mice were then harvested for observation of myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte morphology. Cell viability and toxicity were assessed using CCK-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays, and flow cytometry was used to measure cell apoptosis. The expression of the myelin proteins MBP, PLP, and MAG and that of Aβ42 and Aβ40 in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice were examined after SZL treatment. Simultaneously, the expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, and mTOR were also examined. The expression of proteins, including CNPase, Olig2, NKX2.2, MBP, PLP, MAG, MOG, p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, and mTOR, was determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot, and the corresponding gene expression was evaluated by qPCR in Aβ42-induced OLN-93 oligodendrocytes. RESULTS LC-MS/MS detected a total of 126 active compounds in SZL-containing serum, including terpenoids, flavones, phenols, phenylpropanoids and phenolic acids. SZL treatment significantly improved memory and cognition in APP/PS1 mice and decreased the G-ratio of myelin sheath, alleviated myelin sheath and oligodendrocyte impairments by decreasing Aβ42 and Aβ40 accumulation and increasing the expression of myelin proteins MBP, PLP, MAG, and PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway associated protein in the hippocampi of APP/PS1 mice. SZL-containing serum also significantly reversed the OLN-93 cell injury induced by Aβ42 by increasing cell viability and enhanced the expression of MBP, PLP, MAG, and MOG. Meanwhile, SZL-containing serum facilitated the maturation and differentiation of oligodendrocytes in Aβ42-induced OLN-93 cells by heightening the expression of CNPase, Olig2 and NKX2.2. SZL-containing serum treatment also fostered the expression of p-PI3K, PI3K, p-Akt, Akt, p-mTOR, and mTOR, indicating an activating PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway in OLN-93 cells. Furthermore, the effects of SZL on myelin proteins, p-Akt, and p-mTOR were clearly inhibited by LY294002 and/or rapamycin, antagonists of PI3K and m-TOR, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that SZL exhibits a neuroprotective effect on the myelin sheath by promoting the expression of myelin proteins during AD, and its mechanism of action is closely related to the activation of the PI3K/Akt-mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingcui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhenhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Lulu Mana
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China; Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - Gaofeng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Shuaiyang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Zhuoyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Meijing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Yannan He
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Pengwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Internal Medicine of Ministry of Education and Beijing, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, 100700, China; Key Laboratory of Pharmacology Dongzhimen Hospital (BUCM), State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100700, China.
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Blomqvist M, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Månsson JE. Sulfatide in health and disease. The evaluation of sulfatide in cerebrospinal fluid as a possible biomarker for neurodegeneration. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 116:103670. [PMID: 34562592 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2021.103670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfatide (3-O-sulfogalactosylceramide, SM4) is a glycosphingolipid, highly multifunctional and particularly enriched in the myelin sheath of neurons. The role of sulfatide has been implicated in various biological fields such as the nervous system, immune system, host-pathogen recognition and infection, beta cell function and haemostasis/thrombosis. Thus, alterations in sulfatide metabolism and production are associated with several human diseases such as neurological and immunological disorders and cancers. The unique lipid-rich composition of myelin reflects the importance of lipids in this specific membrane structure. Sulfatide has been shown to be involved in the regulation of oligodendrocyte differentiation and in the maintenance of the myelin sheath by influencing membrane dynamics involving sorting and lateral assembly of myelin proteins as well as ion channels. Sulfatide is furthermore essential for proper formation of the axo-glial junctions at the paranode together with axonal glycosphingolipids. Alterations in sulfatide metabolism are suggested to contribute to myelin deterioration as well as synaptic dysfunction, neurological decline and inflammation observed in different conditions associated with myelin pathology (mouse models and human disorders). Body fluid biomarkers are of importance for clinical diagnostics as well as for patient stratification in clinical trials and treatment monitoring. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is commonly used as an indirect measure of brain metabolism and analysis of CSF sulfatide might provide information regarding whether the lipid disruption observed in neurodegenerative disorders is reflected in this body fluid. In this review, we evaluate the diagnostic utility of CSF sulfatide as a biomarker for neurodegenerative disorders associated with dysmyelination/demyelination by summarising the current literature on this topic. We can conclude that neither CSF sulfatide levels nor individual sulfatide species consistently reflect the lipid disruption observed in many of the demyelinating disorders. One exception is the lysosomal storage disorder metachromatic leukodystrophy, possibly due to the genetically determined accumulation of non-metabolised sulfatide. We also discuss possible explanations as to why myelin pathology in brain tissue is poorly reflected by the CSF sulfatide concentration. The previous suggestion that CSF sulfatide is a marker of myelin damage has thereby been challenged by more recent studies using more sophisticated laboratory techniques for sulfatide analysis as well as improved sample selection criteria due to increased knowledge on disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK; UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan-Eric Månsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Qiu S, Palavicini JP, Wang J, Gonzalez NS, He S, Dustin E, Zou C, Ding L, Bhattacharjee A, Van Skike CE, Galvan V, Dupree JL, Han X. Adult-onset CNS myelin sulfatide deficiency is sufficient to cause Alzheimer's disease-like neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment. Mol Neurodegener 2021; 16:64. [PMID: 34526055 PMCID: PMC8442347 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-021-00488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human genetic association studies point to immune response and lipid metabolism, in addition to amyloid-beta (Aβ) and tau, as major pathways in Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. Accumulating evidence suggests that chronic neuroinflammation, mainly mediated by microglia and astrocytes, plays a causative role in neurodegeneration in AD. Our group and others have reported early and dramatic losses of brain sulfatide in AD cases and animal models that are mediated by ApoE in an isoform-dependent manner and accelerated by Aβ accumulation. To date, it remains unclear if changes in specific brain lipids are sufficient to drive AD-related pathology. METHODS To study the consequences of CNS sulfatide deficiency and gain insights into the underlying mechanisms, we developed a novel mouse model of adult-onset myelin sulfatide deficiency, i.e., tamoxifen-inducible myelinating glia-specific cerebroside sulfotransferase (CST) conditional knockout mice (CSTfl/fl/Plp1-CreERT), took advantage of constitutive CST knockout mice (CST-/-), and generated CST/ApoE double knockout mice (CST-/-/ApoE-/-), and assessed these mice using a broad range of methodologies including lipidomics, RNA profiling, behavioral testing, PLX3397-mediated microglia depletion, mass spectrometry (MS) imaging, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and Western blot. RESULTS We found that mild central nervous system (CNS) sulfatide losses within myelinating cells are sufficient to activate disease-associated microglia and astrocytes, and to increase the expression of AD risk genes (e.g., Apoe, Trem2, Cd33, and Mmp12), as well as previously established causal regulators of the immune/microglia network in late-onset AD (e.g., Tyrobp, Dock, and Fcerg1), leading to chronic AD-like neuroinflammation and mild cognitive impairment. Notably, neuroinflammation and mild cognitive impairment showed gender differences, being more pronounced in females than males. Subsequent mechanistic studies demonstrated that although CNS sulfatide losses led to ApoE upregulation, genetically-induced myelin sulfatide deficiency led to neuroinflammation independently of ApoE. These results, together with our previous studies (sulfatide deficiency in the context of AD is mediated by ApoE and accelerated by Aβ accumulation) placed both Aβ and ApoE upstream of sulfatide deficiency-induced neuroinflammation, and suggested a positive feedback loop where sulfatide losses may be amplified by increased ApoE expression. We also demonstrated that CNS sulfatide deficiency-induced astrogliosis and ApoE upregulation are not secondary to microgliosis, and that astrogliosis and microgliosis seem to be driven by activation of STAT3 and PU.1/Spi1 transcription factors, respectively. CONCLUSION Our results strongly suggest that sulfatide deficiency is an important contributor and driver of neuroinflammation and mild cognitive impairment in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Qiu
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jianing Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Present Address: State Key Lab. of Environmental & Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hongkong, China
| | - Nancy S Gonzalez
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Sijia He
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dustin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
| | - Cheng Zou
- BRC Bioinformatics Facility, Institute of Biotechnology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Lin Ding
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Anindita Bhattacharjee
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Candice E Van Skike
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Veronica Galvan
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, 23284, USA
- Research Division, McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, 23249, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 4939 Charles Katz Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
- Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Argentati C, Tortorella I, Bazzucchi M, Emiliani C, Morena F, Martino S. The Other Side of Alzheimer's Disease: Influence of Metabolic Disorder Features for Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers. J Pers Med 2020; 10:E115. [PMID: 32899957 PMCID: PMC7563360 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the amyloid cascade hypothesis is the dominant model to explain Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. By this hypothesis, the inherited genetic form of AD is discriminated from the sporadic form of AD (SAD) that accounts for 85-90% of total patients. The cause of SAD is still unclear, but several studies have shed light on the involvement of environmental factors and multiple susceptibility genes, such as Apolipoprotein E and other genetic risk factors, which are key mediators in different metabolic pathways (e.g., glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, energetic metabolism, and inflammation). Furthermore, growing clinical evidence in AD patients highlighted the presence of affected systemic organs and blood similarly to the brain. Collectively, these findings revise the canonical understating of AD pathogenesis and suggest that AD has metabolic disorder features. This review will focus on AD as a metabolic disorder and highlight the contribution of this novel understanding on the identification of new biomarkers for improving an early AD diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sabata Martino
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (C.A.); (I.T.); (M.B.); (C.E.); (F.M.)
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Wang Y, Nakajima T, Diao P, Yamada Y, Nakamura K, Nakayama J, Tanaka N, Aoyama T, Kamijo Y. Polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency affects sulfatides and other sulfated glycans in lysosomes through autophagy-mediated degradation. FASEB J 2020; 34:9594-9614. [PMID: 32501606 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000030rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic changes in sulfatides and other sulfated glycans have been related to various diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in sulfated lysosomal substrate metabolism and its related disorders is currently unknown. We investigated the effects of deficiency or supplementation of PUFA on the metabolism of sulfatides and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) in sulfatide-rich organs (brain and kidney) of mice. A PUFA-deficient diet for over 5 weeks significantly reduced the sulfatide expression by increasing the sulfatide degradative enzymes arylsulfatase A and galactosylceramidase in brain and kidney. This sulfatide degradation was clearly associated with the activation of autophagy and lysosomal hyperfunction, the former of which was induced by suppression of the Erk/mTOR pathway. A PUFA-deficient diet also activated the degradation of sGAGs in the brain and kidney and that of amyloid precursor proteins in the brain, indicating an involvement in general lysosomal function and the early developmental process of AD. PUFA supplementation prevented all of the above abnormalities. Taken together, a PUFA deficiency might lead to sulfatide and sGAG degradation associated with autophagy activation and general lysosomal hyperfunction and play a role in many types of disease development, suggesting a possible benefit of prophylactic PUFA supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wang
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Takero Nakajima
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Pan Diao
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Kozo Nakamura
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Japan
| | - Jun Nakayama
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Tanaka
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Aoyama
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
| | - Yuji Kamijo
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Japan
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15
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Kao YC, Ho PC, Tu YK, Jou IM, Tsai KJ. Lipids and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041505. [PMID: 32098382 PMCID: PMC7073164 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids, as the basic component of cell membranes, play an important role in human health as well as brain function. The brain is highly enriched in lipids, and disruption of lipid homeostasis is related to neurologic disorders as well as neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Aging is associated with changes in lipid composition. Alterations of fatty acids at the level of lipid rafts and cerebral lipid peroxidation were found in the early stage of AD. Genetic and environmental factors such as apolipoprotein and lipid transporter carrying status and dietary lipid content are associated with AD. Insight into the connection between lipids and AD is crucial to unraveling the metabolic aspects of this puzzling disease. Recent advances in lipid analytical methodology have led us to gain an in-depth understanding on lipids. As a result, lipidomics have becoming a hot topic of investigation in AD, in order to find biomarkers for disease prediction, diagnosis, and prevention, with the ultimate goal of discovering novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chia Kao
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (P.-C.H.)
- Department of Pediatrics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chuan Ho
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (P.-C.H.)
| | - Yuan-Kun Tu
- Department of Orthopedics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; (Y.-K.T.); (I.-M.J.)
| | - I-Ming Jou
- Department of Orthopedics, E-DA Hospital, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan; (Y.-K.T.); (I.-M.J.)
| | - Kuen-Jer Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; (Y.-C.K.); (P.-C.H.)
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-6-235-3535-4254; Fax: +886-6-275-8781
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Aliseychik M, Patrikeev A, Gusev F, Grigorenko A, Andreeva T, Biragyn A, Rogaev E. Dissection of the Human T-Cell Receptor γ Gene Repertoire in the Brain and Peripheral Blood Identifies Age- and Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Clonotype Profiles. Front Immunol 2020; 11:12. [PMID: 32117220 PMCID: PMC7025544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune system contributes to neurodegenerative pathologies. However, the roles of γδ T cells in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are poorly understood. Here, we evaluated somatic variability of T-cell receptor γ genes (TRGs) in patients with AD. We performed deep sequencing of the CDR3 region of TRGs in patients with AD and control patients without dementia. TRG clones were clearly detectable in peripheral blood (PB) and non-neuronal cell populations in human brains. TRG repertoire diversity was reduced during aging. Compared with the PB, the brain showed reduced TRGV9 clonotypes but was enriched in TRGV2/4/8 clonotypes. AD-associated TRG profiles were found in both the PB and brain. Moreover, some groups of clonotypes were more specific for the brain or blood in patients with AD compared to those in controls. Our pilot deep analysis of T-cell receptor diversities in AD revealed putative brain and AD-associated immunogenic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Aliseychik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton Patrikeev
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Fedor Gusev
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia Grigorenko
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Andreeva
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arya Biragyn
- Immunoregulation Section, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Evgeny Rogaev
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States.,Department of Human Genetics and Genomics, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,Center for Genetics and Genetic Technologies, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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17
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Si X, Li Y, Jiang Y, Shang W, Shui G, Lam SM, Blanchard C, Strappe P, Zhou Z. γ-Aminobutyric Acid Attenuates High-Fat Diet-Induced Cerebral Oxidative Impairment via Enhanced Synthesis of Hippocampal Sulfatides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1081-1091. [PMID: 30511848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Long-term high-fat diet (HFD) in rats triggered cerebral oxidative stress, reflected by reactive oxygen species accumulation and antioxidant decline in peripheral and cerebral tissues, together with hippocampal lipid disturbance, particularly for triglyceride accumulation and sulfatide deficiency. Hippocampal formation and cerebral cortex also exhibited pathological changes, characterized by neurofibrillary tangle and reduced Nissl bodies. Sulfatides were noted to protect hippocampal neurons from oxidative damage through the clearance of β-amyloid protein, with apolipoprotein E transporting and low-density lipoprotein receptor binding. Delightedly, we found γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplement delivered by rice bran to rats significantly promoted hippocampal sulfatide synthesis and reversed the HFD-induced sulfatide deficiency and oxidative-triggered cerebral impairment. Elevated GABA concentration in hippocampus and the activation of GABA B-type receptors might be the primary contributors. This study demonstrated the potential of GABA-enriched rice bran as a novel dietary supplement to enhance a sulfatide-based therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases in the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Si
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yibo Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Yugang Jiang
- Institute of Health and Environment Medicine , Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Tianjin 300050 , China
| | - Wenting Shang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Guanghou Shui
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100101 , China
| | - Chris Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales 2678 , Australia
| | - Padraig Strappe
- School of Medical and Applied Sciences , Central Queensland University , Rockhampton , Queensland 4700 , Australia
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains , Charles Sturt University , Wagga Wagga , New South Wales 2678 , Australia
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Chornenkyy Y, Wang W, Wei A, Nelson PT. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus are distinct diseases with potential overlapping metabolic dysfunction upstream of observed cognitive decline. Brain Pathol 2019; 29:3-17. [PMID: 30106209 PMCID: PMC6427919 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are highly prevalent aging-related diseases associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Some findings in human and animal models have linked T2DM to AD-type dementia. Despite epidemiological associations between the T2DM and cognitive impairment, the interrelational mechanisms are unclear. The preponderance of evidence in longitudinal studies with autopsy confirmation have indicated that vascular mechanisms, rather than classic AD-type pathologies, underlie the cognitive decline often seen in self-reported T2DM. T2DM is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and is associated with increased risk of infarcts and small vessel disease in the brain and other organs. Neuropathological examinations of post-mortem brains demonstrated evidence of cerebrovascular disease and little to no correlation between T2DM and β-amyloid deposits or neurofibrillary tangles. Nevertheless, the mechanisms upstream of early AD-specific pathology remain obscure. In this regard, there may indeed be overlap between the pathologic mechanisms of T2DM/"metabolic syndrome," and AD. More specifically, cerebral insulin processing, glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, and/or lipid metabolism could be altered in patients in early AD and directly influence symptomatology and/or neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wang‐Xia Wang
- University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKY
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging, Department of PathologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Angela Wei
- Department of BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
| | - Peter T. Nelson
- University of Kentucky College of MedicineLexingtonKY
- Sanders‐Brown Center on Aging, Department of PathologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKY
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Wang C, Wang C, Liu F, Rainosek S, Patterson TA, Slikker W, Han X. Lipidomics Reveals Changes in Metabolism, Indicative of Anesthetic-Induced Neurotoxicity in Developing Brains. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:825-835. [PMID: 30132657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment with high dose anesthetics for a prolonged duration induces brain injury in infants. However, whether anesthetic treatment leading to neurotoxicity is associated with alterations in lipid metabolism and homeostasis is still unclear. This review first outlines the lipidomics tools for analysis of lipid molecular species that can inform alterations in lipid species after anesthetic exposure. Then the available data indicating anesthetics cause changes in lipid profiles in the brain and serum of infant monkeys in preclinical studies are summarized, and the potential mechanisms leading to the altered lipid metabolism and their association with anesthetic-induced brain injury are also discussed. Finally, whether lipid changes identified in serum of infant monkeys can serve as indicators for the early detection of anesthetic-induced brain injury is described. We believe extensive studies on alterations in lipids after exposure to anesthetics will allow us to better understand anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity, unravel its underlying biochemical mechanisms, and develop powerful biomarkers for early detection/monitoring of the toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shuo Rainosek
- Department of Anesthesiology , Central Arkansas Veterans Health System , 4300 West Seventh Street, VA 704-110 , Little Rock , Arkansas 72205 , United States
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Abstract
Lipidomics is a powerful approach that can provide quantitative characterization of hundreds of lipid species from biological samples. Recent studies have highlighted the value of lipidomics to study myelin biology. This chapter provides a detailed description for the application of multidimensional mass spectrometry shotgun lipidomics (MDMS-SL) to neuroscience research and particularly to the analysis of brain lipidomes with a particular emphasis on myelin lipids, from sample preparation to bioinformatics analyses. Sample preparation includes brain sample harvesting, homogenization, and lipid extraction. Lipid content is determined and quantified, in an unbiased manner and with wide coverage, using MDMS-SL. Overall, the approach described herein is applicable for whole brain tissue or specific brain regions (e.g., hippocampus, cerebellum), and is expected to yield new insights on various aspects of myelin biology and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Palavicini
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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21
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Tu J, Yin Y, Xu M, Wang R, Zhu ZJ. Absolute quantitative lipidomics reveals lipidome-wide alterations in aging brain. Metabolomics 2017; 14:5. [PMID: 30830317 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-017-1304-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The absolute quantitation of lipids at the lipidome-wide scale is a challenge but plays an important role in the comprehensive study of lipid metabolism. OBJECTIVES We aim to develop a high-throughput quantitative lipidomics approach to enable the simultaneous identification and absolute quantification of hundreds of lipids in a single experiment. Then, we will systematically characterize lipidome-wide changes in the aging mouse brain and provide a link between aging and disordered lipid homeostasis. METHODS We created an in-house lipid spectral library, containing 76,361 lipids and 181,300 MS/MS spectra in total, to support accurate lipid identification. Then, we developed a response factor-based approach for the large-scale absolute quantifications of lipids. RESULTS Using the lipidomics approach, we absolutely quantified 1212 and 864 lipids in human cells and mouse brains, respectively. The quantification accuracy was validated using the traditional approach with a median relative error of 12.6%. We further characterized the lipidome-wide changes in aging mouse brains, and dramatic changes were observed in both glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids. Sphingolipids with longer acyl chains tend to accumulate in aging brains. Membrane-esterified fatty acids demonstrated diverse changes with aging, while most polyunsaturated fatty acids consistently decreased. CONCLUSION We developed a high-throughput quantitative lipidomics approach and systematically characterized the lipidome-wide changes in aging mouse brains. The results proved a link between aging and disordered lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yandong Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
| | - Meimei Xu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruohong Wang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Blomqvist M, Borén J, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Månsson JE, Ståhlman M. High-throughput analysis of sulfatides in cerebrospinal fluid using automated extraction and UPLC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:1482-1489. [PMID: 28550076 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d076588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfatides (STs) are a group of glycosphingolipids that are highly expressed in brain. Due to their importance for normal brain function and their potential involvement in neurological diseases, development of accurate and sensitive methods for their determination is needed. Here we describe a high-throughput oriented and quantitative method for the determination of STs in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The STs were extracted using a fully automated liquid/liquid extraction method and quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. With the high sensitivity of the developed method, quantification of 20 ST species from only 100 μl of CSF was performed. Validation of the method showed that the STs were extracted with high recovery (90%) and could be determined with low inter- and intra-day variation. Our method was applied to a patient cohort of subjects with an Alzheimer's disease biomarker profile. Although the total ST levels were unaltered compared with an age-matched control group, we show that the ratio of hydroxylated/nonhydroxylated STs was increased in the patient cohort. In conclusion, we believe that the fast, sensitive, and accurate method described in this study is a powerful new tool for the determination of STs in clinical as well as preclinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Blomqvist
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jan-Eric Månsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Grimm MOW, Mett J, Grimm HS, Hartmann T. APP Function and Lipids: A Bidirectional Link. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:63. [PMID: 28344547 PMCID: PMC5344993 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular neuritic plaques, composed of aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides, are one of the major histopathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive, irreversible neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia in the elderly. One of the most prominent risk factor for sporadic AD, carrying one or two aberrant copies of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 alleles, closely links AD to lipids. Further, several lipid classes and fatty acids have been reported to be changed in the brain of AD-affected individuals. Interestingly, the observed lipid changes in the brain seem not only to be a consequence of the disease but also modulate Aβ generation. In line with these observations, protective lipids being able to decrease Aβ generation and also potential negative lipids in respect to AD were identified. Mechanistically, Aβ peptides are generated by sequential proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β- and γ-secretase. The α-secretase appears to compete with β-secretase for the initial cleavage of APP, preventing Aβ production. All APP-cleaving secretases as well as APP are transmembrane proteins, further illustrating the impact of lipids on Aβ generation. Beside the pathological impact of Aβ, accumulating evidence suggests that Aβ and the APP intracellular domain (AICD) play an important role in regulating lipid homeostasis, either by direct effects or by affecting gene expression or protein stability of enzymes involved in the de novo synthesis of different lipid classes. This review summarizes the current literature addressing the complex bidirectional link between lipids and AD and APP processing including lipid alterations found in AD post mortem brains, lipids that alter APP processing and the physiological functions of Aβ and AICD in the regulation of several lipid metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus O. W. Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Janine Mett
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Heike S. Grimm
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Tobias Hartmann
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
- Neurodegeneration and Neurobiology, Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
- Deutsches Institut für DemenzPrävention (DIDP), Saarland UniversityHomburg/Saar, Germany
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Song Y, Cong P, Lu L, Wang Y, Tang Q, Zhang H, Xu J, Xue C. Effects of dietary glucocerebrosides from sea cucumber on the brain sphingolipid profiles of mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Food Funct 2017; 8:1271-1281. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo01659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alterations of sphingolipid levels in the hippocampus and cortex of normal, AD model, and SCG-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Song
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- China
| | - Peixu Cong
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- China
| | - Ling Lu
- Ocean University of China
- China
| | - Yuming Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- China
| | - Qingjuan Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
- China
| | - Jie Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- China
| | - Changhu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering
- Ocean University of China
- China
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Structure-performance relationships of phenyl cinnamic acid derivatives as MALDI-MS matrices for sulfatide detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 409:1569-1580. [PMID: 27909779 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-0096-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A key aspect for the further development of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-mass spectrometry (MS) is a better understanding of the working principles of MALDI matrices. To address this issue, a chemical compound library of 59 structurally related cinnamic acid derivatives was synthesized. Potential MALDI matrices were evaluated with sulfatides, a class of anionic lipids which are abundant in complex brain lipid mixtures. For each matrix relative mean S/N ratios of sulfatides were determined against 9-aminoacridine as a reference matrix using negative ion mass spectrometry with 355 and 337 nm laser systems. The comparison of matrix features with their corresponding relative mean S/N ratios for sulfatide detection identified correlations between matrix substitution patterns, their chemical functionality, and their MALDI-MS performance. Crystal structures of six selected matrices provided structural insight in hydrogen bond interactions in the solid state. Principal component analysis allowed the additional identification of correlation trends between structural and physical matrix properties like number of exchangeable protons at the head group, MW, logP, UV-Vis, and sulfatide detection sensitivity. Graphical abstract Design, synthesis and mass spectrometric evaluation of MALDI-MS matrix compound libraries allows the identification of matrix structure - MALDI-MS performance relationships using multivariate statistics as a tool.
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26
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Wang M, Wang C, Han RH, Han X. Novel advances in shotgun lipidomics for biology and medicine. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 61:83-108. [PMID: 26703190 PMCID: PMC4733395 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The field of lipidomics, as coined in 2003, has made profound advances and been rapidly expanded. The mass spectrometry-based strategies of this analytical methodology-oriented research discipline for lipid analysis are largely fallen into three categories: direct infusion-based shotgun lipidomics, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based platforms, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry-based approaches (particularly in imagining lipid distribution in tissues or cells). This review focuses on shotgun lipidomics. After briefly introducing its fundamentals, the major materials of this article cover its recent advances. These include the novel methods of lipid extraction, novel shotgun lipidomics strategies for identification and quantification of previously hardly accessible lipid classes and molecular species including isomers, and novel tools for processing and interpretation of lipidomics data. Representative applications of advanced shotgun lipidomics for biological and biomedical research are also presented in this review. We believe that with these novel advances in shotgun lipidomics, this approach for lipid analysis should become more comprehensive and high throughput, thereby greatly accelerating the lipidomics field to substantiate the aberrant lipid metabolism, signaling, trafficking, and homeostasis under pathological conditions and their underpinning biochemical mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Rowland H Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute; Orlando, FL 32827, USA; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Bingwen Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, China.
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Cheng H, Wang M, Li JL, Cairns NJ, Han X. Specific changes of sulfatide levels in individuals with pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease: an early event in disease pathogenesis. J Neurochem 2013; 127:733-8. [PMID: 23865640 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
To explore the hypothesis that alterations in cellular membrane lipids are present at the stage of pre-clinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) (i.e., cognitively normal at death, but with AD neuropathology), we performed targeted shotgun lipidomics of lipid extracts from post-mortem brains of subjects with pre-clinical AD. We found sulfatide levels were significantly lower in subjects with pre-clinical AD compared to those without AD neuropathology. We also found that the level of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid was marginally lower at this stage of AD, whereas changes of the ceramide levels were undetectable with the available samples. These results indicate that cellular membrane defects are present at the earliest stages of AD pathogenesis and also suggest that sulfatide loss is among the earliest events of AD development, while alterations in the levels of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid and ceramide occur relatively later in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Cheng
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, Florida, USA
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28
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Yasuno F, Asada T. Effect of plasma lipids and APOE genotype on cognitive decline. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013. [PMID: 23576895 PMCID: PMC3622465 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2013.15.1/fyasuno] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A central tenet of brain aging is that “what is good for the heart is good for the brain.” We examined the combined effect of plasma lipids and APOE genotype on cognitive function in elderly individuals. Plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, total cholesterol, and apolipoprotein E (apoE) were evaluated in 622 community-dwelling individuals aged 65 years and older. We investigated the associations between plasma lipids and cognitive function in APOE4 carrier (E4+) and APOE4 noncarrier (E4-) groups using 3-year longitudinal data. At baseline and 3 years later, cognitive scores were correlated with plasma apoE levels in both E4- and E4+, and HDL level in E4-. Our findings suggest that an interaction between apoE and HDL is facilitated by APOE4, and is possibly linked with an enhancement of neuroplasticity and with resultant protective effects on cognitive function in later life. Preservation of higher plasma apoE and HDL from early life is proposed as a possible strategy for maintaining cognitive function in later life, especially for APOE4-positive individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Yasuno
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Takashi Asada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Japan
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Yasuno F, Tanimukai S, Sasaki M, Ikejima C, Yamashita F, Kodama C, Hidaka S, Mizukami K, Asada T. Effect of plasma lipids, hypertension and APOE genotype on cognitive decline. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2633-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Kiebish MA, Young DM, Lehman JJ, Han X. Chronic caloric restriction attenuates a loss of sulfatide content in PGC-1α-/- mouse cortex: a potential lipidomic role of PGC-1α in neurodegeneration. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:273-81. [PMID: 22114039 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m020628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), a key regulator of energy metabolism and lipid homeostasis in multiple highly oxidative tissues, has been implicated in the metabolic derangements of diabetes and obesity. However, relatively less is known regarding its role in neurological functions. Using shotgun lipidomics, we investigated the lipidome of mouse cerebral cortex with generalized deficiency of PGC-1α (PGC-1α(-/-)) versus wild-type (WT) mice under standard diet and chronically calorically restricted conditions. Specific deficiency in sulfatide, a myelin-specific lipid class critically involved in maintaining neurological function, was uncovered in the cortex of PGC-1α(-/-) mice compared with WT mice at all ages examined. Chronic caloric restriction (CR) for 22 months essentially restored the sulfatide reduction in PGC-1α(-/-) mice compared with WT, but sulfatide reduction was not restored in PGC-1α(-/-) with CR for a short term (i.e., 3 months). Mechanistic studies uncovered and differentiated the biochemical mechanisms underpinning the two conditions of altered sulfatide homeostasis. The former is modulated through PGC-1α-MAL pathway, whereas the latter is under the control of LXR/RXR-apoE metabolism pathway. These results suggest a novel mechanistic role of PGC-1α in sulfatide homeostasis, provide new insights into the importance of PGC-1α in neurological functions, and indicate a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of deficient PGC-1α-induced alterations in sulfatide homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Kiebish
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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