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Jenkins BN, Martin LT, Helen Lee HY, Hunter JF, Acevedo AM, Pressman SD. Affect variability and cortisol in context: The moderating roles of mean affect and stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2024; 166:107064. [PMID: 38713929 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2024.107064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Positive and negative affect have been shown to have implications for hormones like cortisol but how moment to moment changes in affect (i.e., affect variability) influence cortisol secretion is less well understood. Additionally, context characteristics such as mean affect and stress may influence the association between affect variability and cortisol output. In the current study, we examined affect, stress, and cortisol data from 113 participants (age range = 25-63, M = 35.63, SD = 11.34; 29% male; 42% White/Caucasian, 37% Asian or Pacific Islander, 13% Hispanic/Latino, 4% Black/African American, 1% Native American, Eskimo, or Aleut, 4% selected "other" for their race/ethnicity). Participants completed ecological momentary assessments assessing positive and negative affect and stress four times per day for five days and provided saliva samples at each time point. Saliva was assayed for cortisol, and area under the curve with respect to ground was computed. In a three-way interaction, both positive affect mean level and stress moderated the association between positive affect variability and cortisol (b = -1.55, t(100) = -3.29, SE = 0.47, p <.01, β = -4.05). When breaking down this three-way interaction, in the context of low stress and high mean positive affect, variability was positively related to total cortisol output. In contrast, in the context of high stress and high mean positive affect, variability was negatively related to total cortisol output. While greater positive affect variability is generally worse for health-relevant outcomes (as prior research has shown and as we show here at low levels of stress), at high levels of stress, fluctuation in affect may be adaptive. For someone experiencing a high stress week, having fluctuations in positive affect may mean that they are adaptively changing to meet their environmental needs especially when they typically report high mean positive affect levels. There were no associations between negative affect variability and cortisol secretion nor did mean negative affect or stress play a moderating role for negative affect variability. This study provides evidence that positive affect variability's association with cortisol secretion throughout the day may vary based on stress and mean positive affect levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Jenkins
- Chapman University, USA; University of California, Irvine, USA; Center on Stress and Health, USA.
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Jenkins BN, Ong LQ, Lee HYH, Ong AD, Boehm JK. Affect variability and physical health: The moderating role of mean affect. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2023; 15:1637-1655. [PMID: 37409905 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Research has only begun to explore how affect variability relates to physical health and has typically not assessed long-term associations nor considered the moderating role of mean affect. Therefore, we used data from the Midlife in the United States Study waves 2 (N = 1512) and 3 (N = 1499) to test how affect variability predicted concurrent and long-term physical health while also testing the moderating role of mean affect. Results indicated that greater negative affect variability was associated concurrently with a greater number of chronic conditions (p = .03) and longitudinally with worse self-rated physical health (p < .01). Greater positive affect variability was associated concurrently with more chronic conditions (p < .01) and medications (p < .01) and longitudinally with worse self-rated physical health (p = .04). Further, mean negative affect played a moderating role such that at lower levels of mean negative affect, as affect variability increased, so did the number of concurrent chronic conditions (p < .01) and medications (p = .03) and the likelihood of reporting worse long-term self-rated physical health (p < .01). Thus, the role of mean affect should be considered when testing short- and long-term associations between affect variability and physical health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
- Center on Stress & Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Lydia Q Ong
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Anthony D Ong
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Julia K Boehm
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
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Song J, Crawford CM, Fisher AJ. Sleep Quality Moderates the Relationship Between Daily Mean Levels and Variability of Positive Affect. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2023; 4:385-393. [PMID: 37304567 PMCID: PMC10247919 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-022-00177-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the well-established bidirectional association between sleep and daytime affect, most studies examining this relationship have focused on mean levels of affect. However, research solely focusing on mean levels of affect inherently neglects variability in affect, which has been shown to predict both psychological and physical well-being beyond mean levels. The present study assessed sleep quality and daytime affect using ecological momentary assessment in a combined sample of individuals (N = 80; 8,881 observations) with and without anxiety and mood disorders. Results from the present study partially replicated extant work on the negative association between negative affect (NA) variability and subsequent sleep quality. Furthermore, less satisfying sleep amplified the positive relationship between daily mean levels and variability of positive affect (PA). The results did not differ by clinical status. The present study offers novel evidence suggesting that previous night's sleep quality influences the stability of varying daily levels of PA. Uncovering the dynamics of sleep and affect beyond mean levels will help further elucidate mechanisms linking sleep and subsequent affective experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Song
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berekely, CA USA
| | - Christopher M. Crawford
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA USA
| | - Aaron J. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berekely, CA USA
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Jones DR, Ruiz JM, Schreier HMC, Allison MA, Uchino BN, Russell MA, Taylor DJ, Smith TW, Smyth JM. Mean affect and affect variability may interact to predict inflammation. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 109:168-174. [PMID: 36681360 PMCID: PMC10023429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals with greater affect variability (i.e., moment-to-moment fluctuations possibly reflecting emotional dysregulation) are at risk for greater systemic inflammation, which is associated with cardiovascular disease. Some evidence suggests that affect variability is linked with poorer health indicators only among those with higher average levels of affect, particularly for positive affect (PA), and that associations may be non-linear. The present study sought to examine whether links between both PA and negative affect (NA) variability and inflammation are moderated by average level of affect. METHODS Participants (N = 300, 50 % female, ages 21-70, 60 % non-Hispanic White, 19 % Hispanic, 15 % non-Hispanic Black) completed a lab assessment and provided a blood sample to measure systemic inflammation (i.e., TNF-α, IL-6, CRP). Affect was collected via a two-day ecological momentary assessment protocol where reports were collected about every 45-min during waking hours. Momentary affect ratings were averaged across both days (i.e., iM), separately for PA and NA, for each participant. Affect variability was calculated as the person-specific SD (i.e., iSD) of affect reports, separately for PA and NA. Linear and quadratic interactions were tested. Models included covariates for sex, race, and body mass index. RESULTS There were significant interactions between NA iM and NA iSD predicting TNF-α (b = 6.54; p < 0.05) and between PA iM and PA iSD predicting IL-6 (b = 0.45; p < 0.05). Specifically, the association between these affect variability indicators and inflammatory markers were suggestive of a positive association among those with higher average affect but a negative association among those with lower average affect. There was no evidence of non-linear associations between affect and inflammation. DISCUSSION Incorporating interactive effects between affect variability and average affect may be an important consideration in understanding affective-inflammatory associations.
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McGowan AL, Parkes L, He X, Stanoi O, Kang Y, Lomax S, Jovanova M, Mucha PJ, Ochsner KN, Falk EB, Bassett DS, Lydon-Staley DM. Controllability of Structural Brain Networks and the Waxing and Waning of Negative Affect in Daily Life. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY GLOBAL OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 2:432-439. [PMID: 36324655 PMCID: PMC9616346 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The waxing and waning of negative affect in daily life is normative, reflecting an adaptive capacity to respond flexibly to changing circumstances. However, understanding of the brain structure correlates of affective variability in naturalistic settings has been limited. Using network control theory, we examine facets of brain structure that may enable negative affect variability in daily life. Methods We used diffusion-weighted imaging data from 95 young adults (age [in years]: mean = 20.19, SD = 1.80; 56 women) to construct structural connectivity networks that map white matter fiber connections between 200 cortical and 14 subcortical regions. We applied network control theory to these structural networks to estimate the degree to which each brain region's pattern of structural connectivity facilitates the spread of activity to other brain systems. We examined how the average controllability of functional brain systems relates to negative affect variability, computed by taking the standard deviation of negative affect self-reports collected via smartphone-based experience sampling twice per day over 28 days as participants went about their daily lives. Results We found that high average controllability of the cingulo-insular system is associated with increased negative affect variability. We also found that greater negative affect variability is related to the presence of more depressive symptoms, yet average controllability of the cingulo-insular system was not associated with depressive symptoms. Conclusions Our results highlight the role that brain structure plays in affective dynamics as observed in the context of daily life, suggesting that average controllability of the cingulo-insular system promotes normative negative affect variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. McGowan
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Linden Parkes
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiaosong He
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, P.R. China
| | - Ovidia Stanoi
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yoona Kang
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Silicia Lomax
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mia Jovanova
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter J. Mucha
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kevin N. Ochsner
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Emily B. Falk
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Marketing Department, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Dani S. Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Electrical & Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico
| | - David M. Lydon-Staley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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García E, Arandia IR. Enactive and simondonian reflections on mental disorders. Front Psychol 2022; 13:938105. [PMID: 35992462 PMCID: PMC9382120 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to linear and unidimensional perspectives focused mainly on either organic or psychological processes, the enactive approach to life and mind-a branch of 4-E (embodied, embedded, enactive, extended) cognitive theories-offers an integrative framework to study mental disorders that encompasses and articulates organic, sensorimotor, and intersubjective dimensions of embodiment. These three domains are deeply entangled in a non-trivial manner. A question remains on how this systemic and multi-dimensional approach may be applied to our understanding of mental disorders and symptomatic behavior. Drawing on Gilbert Simondon's philosophy of individuation (focusing particularly on the concepts of tension, metastability, and preindividual), we provide some enactive conceptual tools to better understand the dynamic, interactive, and multi-dimensional nature of human bodies in mental disorders and psychopathological symptoms. One of such tools cursiva is sense-making, a key notion that captures the relational process of generating meaning by interacting with the sociomaterial environment. The article analyzes five aspects related to sense-making: temporality, adaptivity, the multiplicity of normativities it involves, the fundamental role of tension, and its participatory character. On this basis, we draw certain implications for our understanding of mental disorders and diverse symptoms, and suggest their interpretation in terms of difficulties to transform tensions and perform individuation processes, which result in a reduction of the field of potentialities for self-individuation and sense-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enara García
- IAS Research group, Department of Philosophy, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
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Na M, Dou N, Liao Y, Rincon SJ, Francis LA, Graham-Engeland JE, Murray-Kolb LE, Li R. Daily Food Insecurity Predicts Lower Positive and Higher Negative Affect: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:790519. [PMID: 35399670 PMCID: PMC8990300 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.790519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Food insecurity (FI) is a dynamic phenomenon, and its association with daily affect is unknown. We explored the association between daily FI and affect among low-income adults during a 2-seasonal-month period that covered days both pre- and during the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 29 healthy low-income adults were recruited during fall in 2019 or 2020, 25 of whom were followed in winter in 2020 or 2021. Daily FI (measured once daily) and affect (measured 5 times daily) were collected over the 2nd−4th week in each month. Time-Varying-Effect-Models were used to estimate the association between daily FI and positive/negative affect (PA/NA). Overall, 902 person-days of daily-level data were collected. Daily FI was associated with lower PA in the 3rd and 4th week of fall and winter and with higher NA in the second half of winter months. Similar patterns of FI-affect relations were found pre- and during COVID-19 in the second half of a given month, while unique patterns of positive affect scores in the 2nd week and negative scores in the 1st week were only observed during COVID days. Our study supports a time-varying association between FI and affect in low-income adults. Future large studies are needed to verify the findings; ultimately, better understanding such associations may help identify, target, and intervene in food insecure adults to prevent adverse mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzi Na
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Nan Dou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yujie Liao
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Sara Jimenez Rincon
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Lori A Francis
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Jennifer E Graham-Engeland
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Runze Li
- Department of Statistics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Ying F, Wen JH, Klaiber P, DeLongis A, Slavish DC, Sin NL. Associations Between Intraindividual Variability in Sleep and Daily Positive Affect. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2021; 3:330-340. [PMID: 34778805 PMCID: PMC8575675 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent research highlights a variety of negative outcomes associated with intraindividual variability in positive affect (PA) and in sleep. Thus, this study examined the associations of variability in multiple dimensions of sleep (quality, duration, wake after sleep onset, bedtime, rise-time) with mean and variability in PA. For 7 days, morning and evening surveys were collected online from two separate samples: community-based adults (N = 911) and university students (N = 322). Regression analyses revealed that across both samples, people with more variable sleep quality exhibited greater fluctuations in PA throughout the week and, surprisingly, higher levels of PA on average. In the community sample only, individuals with more variable sleep duration had lower and more variable PA. Findings suggest that fluctuations in sleep quality and duration are linked with daily PA outcomes, which is important to consider as technological advances and modern demands make inadequate and irregular sleep increasingly common. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42761-021-00082-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ying
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jin H. Wen
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Patrick Klaiber
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Anita DeLongis
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | | | - Nancy L. Sin
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Leger KA, Blevins TR, Crofford LJ, Segerstrom SC. Mean Levels and Variability in Psychological Well-Being and Associations With Sleep in Midlife and Older Women. Ann Behav Med 2021; 55:436-445. [PMID: 32857116 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kaaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbed sleep is prevalent in older adulthood and particularly among women. Greater psychological well-being (PWB) is associated with better sleep, but intraindividual variability in PWB has not been examined. PURPOSE The current study examined whether mean levels and variability in PWB were associated with sleep disturbances in midlife and older women. METHODS Participants (N = 189) completed up to seven daily diaries and an end of the week assessment every 3 months for nine waves. Participants answered questions about their nightly sleep disturbances and reported their PWB using Ryff's six dimensions of PWB. RESULTS Regression models indicated that greater variability in one aspect of PWB, positive relations with others, was related to greater sleep disturbance even after adjusting for mean levels of well-being. Greater variability in environmental mastery, purpose in life, and self-acceptance were also associated with sleep disturbance, but these associations were no longer significant after adjusting for mean levels of well-being. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that fluctuations in positive relations with others are related to sleep in adult women above and beyond mean levels of well-being. Results highlight the importance of considering variability in addition to mean levels of PWB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A Leger
- Department of Psychology, The University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tessa R Blevins
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Leslie J Crofford
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Li J, Lai DWL, Chappell NL. The Older, the Happier?: A Cross-Sectional Study on the "Paradox of Aging" in China. Res Aging 2021; 44:34-43. [PMID: 33626994 DOI: 10.1177/0164027521994225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The "paradox of aging" refers to the phenomenon that even though people's physical health and functions may decline when they enter later adulthood, their happiness does not necessarily. Previous studies have shown that older adults' better emotional regulation skills may contribute to the maintenance of their happiness. This study aims to examine the relationship between age, health, and happiness, and the moderating role of emotional stability. We adopted a nationally representative sample (n = 10,968) from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) and performed weight-adjusted regression models with interaction terms. There is generally an S-shaped age-happiness relationship with significant urban-rural differences. Emotional stability buffers the negative association between health and happiness, and this moderating effect was stronger among older than younger adults, especially in rural China. This study calls for special attention paid to the oldest-old population in rural China and older adults' emotional regulation skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Li
- School of Public Health and Primary Health, Faculty of Medicine, 26680The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Daniel W L Lai
- Faculty of Social Sciences, 26679Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong
| | - Neena L Chappell
- Department of Sociology, 8205University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
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Diener E, Thapa S, Tay L. Positive Emotions at Work. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY AND ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Positive organizational scholarship has led to a growing interest in the critical role of positive emotions for the lives of both workers and organizations. We review and integrate the different perspectives on positive emotions (i.e., positive valence, positive emotion regulation strategies, and positive adaptive function) and the four main mechanisms (i.e., cognition, affect, behavior, and physiology) that lead to positive organizational outcomes. There is growing evidence that positive emotions influence variables vital for workplace success such as positive beliefs, creativity, work engagement, positive coping, health, teamwork and collaboration, customer satisfaction, leadership, and performance. We additionally review dynamic features of positive emotions (i.e., intraindividual variability, reactivity, inertia, cycles, feedback loops) and their relation to psychological and work outcomes. Finally, we discuss additional questions and future directions for consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Diener
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- The Gallup Organization, Washington, DC 20004, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Stuti Thapa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Louis Tay
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
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Leger KA, Charles ST, Fingerman KL. Affect variability and sleep: Emotional ups and downs are related to a poorer night's rest. J Psychosom Res 2019; 124:109758. [PMID: 31443814 PMCID: PMC8757044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2019.109758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many studies have documented the strong associations between well-being and mean levels of both positive and negative affect. A growing number of studies are examining how fluctuations in daily reported emotional experience, known as affect variability, is related to health outcomes. Sleep is a critical correlate of healthy in functioning in late life. This study examines associations between positive and negative affect variability and facets of self-reported sleep behavior among older adults. METHODS Participants (N = 277) completed a 5 to 6 day ecological momentary assessment. The first survey upon waking asked participants about their sleep the previous night, and participants rated their positive and negative affect every three subsequent hours during waking hours. RESULTS Regression models indicate that greater variability in daily positive affect is associated with fewer hours of sleep (b = -0.648, p = .04) and greater morning tiredness (b = 0.67, p = .006) even after adjusting for mean levels of affect. Although greater negative affect variability is associated with worse sleep quality (b = -0.77, p = .02) and greater morning tiredness (b = 0.91, p = .004), these associations are no longer significant once mean negative affect is added into the model. CONCLUSION Findings support theory describing the downside in the variability of positive affect, and suggest that fluctuations in positive affect are related to poor sleep outcomes that have implications for overall health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate A. Leger
- Department of Psychology, The University of Kentucky, 106-B Kastle Hall, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Susan T. Charles
- Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine., 4201 Social and Behavioral Sciences Gateway, Irvine, CA 92697-7085, United States
| | - Karen L. Fingerman
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin
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Pastor-Mira MA, López-Roig S, Martínez-Zaragoza F, León E, Abad E, Lledó A, Peñacoba C. Goal Preferences, Affect, Activity Patterns and Health Outcomes in Women With Fibromyalgia. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1912. [PMID: 31496975 PMCID: PMC6712496 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Some motivational models understand health behavior as a result of the interaction between goal preferences and mood. However, this perspective has not been explored in fibromyalgia. Furthermore, in chronic pain, it has only been explored with regard to negative affect. Thus, our aims were: (1) to develop a Spanish version of the Goal Pursuit Questionnaire (GPQ); (2) to explore the relationships between goal preferences and health outcomes, testing the moderator role of affect and the mediating role of chronic pain activity patterns. We conducted two cross-sectional studies. In Study 1, after a double translation/back-translation process, we interviewed 94 women attending the Fibromyalgia Unit of the Community of Valencia in order to identify the cultural feasibility and the content validity of the GPQ. Study 2 comprised 260 women. We explored the GPQ structure and performed path analyses to test conditional mediation relationships. Eight activities from the original GPQ were changed while maintaining the conceptual equivalence. Exploratory factor analysis showed two factors: 'Pain-avoidance goal' and 'Mood-management goal' (37 and 13% of explained variance, respectively). These factors refer to patients' preference for hedonic goals (pain avoidance or mood-management) over achievement goals. Robust RMSEA fit index of the final models ranged from 0.039 for pain to 0.000 for disability and fibromyalgia impact. Pain avoidance goals and negative affect influenced pain mediated by task-contingent persistence. They also affected disability mediated by task and excessive persistence. Pain avoidance goals and positive affect influenced fibromyalgia impact mediated by activity avoidance. We also found a direct effect of negative and positive affect on health outcomes. Preference for pain avoidance goals was always related to pain, disability and fibromyalgia impact through activity patterns. Affect did not moderate these relationships and showed direct and indirect paths on health outcomes, mainly by increasing persistence and showing positive affect as an asset and not a risk factor. Intervention targets should include flexible reinforcement of achievement goals relative to pain avoidance goals and positive affect in order to promote task-persistence adaptive activity patterns and decreased activity avoidance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sofía López-Roig
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | | | - Eva León
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Ester Abad
- Fibromyalgia Unit, San Vicente del Raspeig Hospital, San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain
| | - Ana Lledó
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health, Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Spain
| | - Cecilia Peñacoba
- Health Sciences Faculty, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Zhang J, Zheng Y. Neuroticism and extraversion are differentially related to between- and within-person variation of daily negative emotion and physical symptoms. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Maher JP, Dzubur E, Nordgren R, Huh J, Chou CP, Hedeker D, Dunton GF. Do fluctuations in positive affective and physical feeling states predict physical activity and sedentary time? PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2019; 41:153-161. [PMID: 30853854 PMCID: PMC6402603 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Higher levels of positive affect and feelings of energy and vitality are associated with greater physical activity (PA) and lower sedentary time (ST). However, whether fluctuations in these feelings contribute to the regulation of these behaviors is unclear. This study examined the extent to which within-person variability in positive affect and feeling energetic predicted participants' overall levels of PA and ST. DESIGN This analysis combined data from four ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies (agerange: 8-73 years) with ambulatory monitoring via waist-worn accelerometry (N=661). METHODS Positive affect and energy were assessed through EMA several times per day across 4-7 days. Accelerometer data was used to create the following behavioral outcomes: (1) meeting MVPA guidelines (children: 60 minutes/day, adults: 30 minutes/day) and (2) minutes of ST per hour of accelerometer wear. A two-stage analytic approach was used to test the study aim. In the first stage, Mixed-Effects Location Scale Modeling decomposed mean levels and variability in positive affect and energy. In the second stage, a linear or logistic regression (depending on whether the outcome was continuous or dichotomous, respectively) was tested to investigate associations between subject-level mean and variability in EMA ratings and the behavioral outcome. RESULTS Greater subject-level variability but not subject-level mean of feeling energetic was associated with lower odds of meeting MVPA guidelines (β=-0.43, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fluctuations in physical feeling states may deplete self-regulatory resources involved in planning and implementing PA behavior. Alternatively, being more physically active may stabilize one's perceived energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn P. Maher
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Kinesiology,1408 Walker Avenue, Greensboro, NC 27402
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Eldin Dzubur
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Rachel Nordgren
- University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, 1603 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Jimi Huh
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Chih-Ping Chou
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
| | - Donald Hedeker
- University of Chicago, Department of Public Health Sciences, 5841 South Maryland Avenue Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Genevieve F. Dunton
- University of Southern California, Department of Preventive Medicine, 2001 N. Soto. Street, Los Angeles, CA 90032
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16
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Pressman SD, Jenkins BN, Moskowitz JT. Positive Affect and Health: What Do We Know and Where Next Should We Go? Annu Rev Psychol 2019; 70:627-650. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Positive affect (PA) is associated with better health across a wide range of physical health outcomes. This review reflects on why the study of PA is an essential component of our understanding of physical health and expands on pathways that connect these two variables. To encourage forward movement in this burgeoning research area, measurement and design issues in the study of PA and health are discussed, as are the connections between PA and a range of different health outcomes. Plausible biological, social, and behavioral pathways that allow for positive feelings to get under the skin and influence physical wellness are detailed and framed in the context of several theoretical models. Finally, new directions for the field and important methodological and interpretative considerations that are essential to moving this important research area forward are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D. Pressman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Brooke N. Jenkins
- Department of Psychology, Chapman University, Orange, California 92866, USA
| | - Judith T. Moskowitz
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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17
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Chan D, Hamamura T, Li LMW, Zhang X. Is Trusting Others Related to Better Health? An Investigation of Older Adults Across Six Non-Western Countries. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117722632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Generalized trust reflects whether individuals extend their trust to others in general and is important to health and well-being. This study examined the predictive effect of generalized trust on health, happiness, life satisfaction, health behaviors, and illnesses among older adults residing in six non-Western countries. We utilized a recent multinational dataset collected by the World Health Organization that included measures of generalized trust, health, happiness, life satisfaction, health behaviors (physical activity, diet), health-compromising behaviors (sedentary behavior, cigarette, and alcohol consumption), and illnesses (e.g., angina, arthritis, asthma, cataracts, depression, hypertension, and lung disease) among adults aged 50 and older. The sample comprised a total of 35,329 adults ( M age = 63.54) from China, Ghana, India, Mexico, South Africa, and Russia. An index of the development of these countries was also entered into the analyses. Hierarchical multiple regression showed that generalized trust was a significant and positive predictor of self-rated health, happiness, life satisfaction, and quality of life, and a negative predictor of illness (i.e., angina, arthritis, asthma, cataracts, diabetes, depression, hypertension, and stroke) and sedentary behavior. The associations were stronger for countries with a higher Human Development Index (HDI) than those with a low HDI. While the findings from this first multinational investigation of non-Western developing countries are consistent with the results of previous studies in Western developed countries, they also underscore their cross-societal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derwin Chan
- University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
- Curtin University, Bentley, Australia
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18
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Ong AD, Ram N. Fragile and Enduring Positive Affect: Implications for Adaptive Aging. Gerontology 2016; 63:263-269. [PMID: 27974722 DOI: 10.1159/000453357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
There is robust evidence linking interindividual differences in positive affect (PA) with adaptive psychological and physical health outcomes. However, recent research has suggested that intraindividual variability or fluctuations in PA states over time may also be an important predictor of individual health outcomes. Here, we report on research that focuses on PA level and various forms of PA dynamics (variability, instability, inertia, and reactivity) in relation to health. PA level refers to the average level of positive feelings. In contrast, PA dynamics refer to short-term changes in PA that unfold over time. We discuss how consideration of both PA level and PA dynamics can provide a framework for reconciling when high PA is conducive or detrimental to health. We conclude that more work on PA dynamics is needed, especially in combination with PA level, and suggest productive questions for future inquiry in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D Ong
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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