1
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Zhou B, Xiao K, Guo J, Xu Q, Xu Q, Lv Q, Zhu H, Zhao J, Liu Y. Necroptosis contributes to the intestinal toxicity of deoxynivalenol and is mediated by methyltransferase SETDB1. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134601. [PMID: 38823098 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a secondary metabolite produced by fungi, which causes serious health issues worldwide due to its widespread presence in human and animal diets. Necroptosis is a newly proposed cell death mode and has been proposed as a potential mechanism of intestinal disease. This study aimed to investigate the role of necroptosis in intestinal damage caused by DON exposure. Piglets were fed diets with or without 4 mg/kg DON for 3 weeks or given a gavage of 2 mg/kg BW DON or sterile saline to investigate the effects of chronic or acute DON exposure on the gut, respectively. IPEC-1 cells were challenged with different concentrations of DON to investigate the effect of DON exposure on the intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in vitro. Subsequently, the inhibitors of necroptosis were used to treat cells or piglets prior to DON challenge. Chronic and acute DON exposure both caused morphological damage, reduction of disaccharidase activity, decrease of tight junction protein expression, inflammation of the small intestine, and necroptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in piglets. Necroptosis was also detected when IPEC-1 cell damage was induced by DON in vitro. The suppression of necroptosis in IPEC-1 cells by inhibitors (necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), GSK'872, or GW806742X) alleviated cell death, the decrease of tight junction protein expression, oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response induced by DON. Furthermore, pre-treatment with Nec-1 in piglets was also observed to protect the intestine against DON-induced enterotoxicity. Additionally, the expression of histone methyltransferase SETDB1 was abnormally downregulated upon chronic and acute DON exposure in piglets, and necroptosis was activated in IPEC-1 cells due to knockout of SETDB1. Collectively, these results demonstrate that necroptosis of IECs is a mechanism of DON-induced enterotoxicity and SETDB1 mediates necroptosis upon DON exposure in IECs, suggesting the potential for targeted inhibition of necroptosis to alleviate mycotoxin-induced enterotoxicity and intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Kan Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Junjie Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qilong Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qingqing Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Huiling Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Jiangchao Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, Division of Agriculture, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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2
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Fu X, Fei Q, Zhang X, Li N, Zhang L, Zhou Y. Two different types of hydrolases co-degrade ochratoxin A in a highly efficient degradation strain Lysobacter sp. CW239. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134716. [PMID: 38797074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a toxic secondary metabolite that widely contaminates agro-products and poses a significant dietary risk to human health. Previously, a carboxypeptidase CP4 was characterized for OTA degradation in Lysobacter sp. CW239, but the degradation activity was much lower than its host strain CW239. In this study, an amidohydrolase ADH2 was screened for OTA hydrolysis in this strain. The result showed that 50 μg/L OTA was completely degraded by 1.0 μg/mL rADH2 within 5 min, indicating ultra-efficient activity. Meanwhile, the two hydrolases (i.e., CP4 and ADH2) in the strain CW239 showed the same degradation manner, which transformed the OTA to ochratoxin α (OTα) and l-β-phenylalanine. Gene mutants (Δcp4, Δadh2 and Δcp4-adh2) testing result showed that OTA was co-degraded by carboxypeptidase CP4 and amidohydrolase ADH2, and the two hydrolases are sole agents in strain CW239 for OTA degradation. Hereinto, the ADH2 was the overwhelming efficient hydrolase, and the two types of hydrolases co-degraded OTA in CW239 by synergistic effect. The results of this study are highly significant to ochratoxin A contamination control during agro-products production and postharvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Qingru Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Xuanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China; School of Tea and Food Science Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Heifei 230036, China; Joint Research Center for Food Nutrition and Health of lHM, Hefei 230036, China.
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3
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Arimboor R, Gopalan V, M SC, Bhaskaranpillai RA. Development and validation of extraction and clean-up procedures for UPLC-MS/MS analysis of aflatoxins in spices. Mycotoxin Res 2024:10.1007/s12550-024-00546-1. [PMID: 38990417 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-024-00546-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
UPLC-MS/MS analytical conditions for the analysis of aflatoxins in spices were optimized and validated in this study. Liquid-liquid partition-based protocols for the cleaning up of extracts using common organic solvents such as acetonitrile, hexane, and ethyl acetate were developed and validated. The developed liquid-liquid partition methods were compared with immuno-affinity column and QuEChERS clean-up methods for the UPLC-MS/MS analysis of aflatoxins in 8 spices. The reduction of lipophilic components using the partition with hexane is particularly useful in spices like red pepper that have higher levels of fatty acids, carotenoids, sterols, triterpenoids, etc. The subsequent partitioning with ethyl acetate considerably reduced the matrix interference from the polar components and increased the sensitivity. The cleaning up of spice extracts using liquid-liquid partition techniques resulted in limits of quantification (LOQ) of 2-5 µgL-1 in UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Trueness, repeatability, and reproducibility of the methods were in acceptable ranges. The accuracy of the developed methods was further verified by analyzing aflatoxins in naturally incurred samples of spices and comparing the results with those obtained from the immuno-affinity column cleanup-HPLC-FD method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Arimboor
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India.
| | - Venugopal Gopalan
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India
| | - Srilatha C M
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, Suganda Bhavan, Palarivattom, Cochin, 682025, India
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4
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Yang C, Ning X, Wang B, Tian T, Chen Y, Ma L, Wang L. Association between spectrum of mycotoxins and semen quality: A cross-sectional study in Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135124. [PMID: 38981237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins is unavoidable in daily life through ingestion, dermal, and inhalation routes. Toxicological studies found that exposure to mycotoxins might affect male reproductive function. However, there is still a lack of population evidence. We aimed to assess the association of individual and joint exposure to spectrum of mycotoxins with semen quality. The present study included 192 participants in Beijing, China. We measured conventional semen parameters and assessed semen quality. Sixty-seven traditional or emerging mycotoxins were determined to describe the spectrum of mycotoxins. The participants were widely exposed to multiple mycotoxins, and nearly half were simultaneously exposed to more than six mycotoxins. After adjusting potential confounders, logistic regression indicated that the number and concentration of plasma mycotoxin were correlated to the risk of low semen quality. Plasma beauvericin and citrinin concentrations were associated with lower semen quality. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression showed similar results to logistic regression. Quantile-based g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression models found that the mixture of mycotoxins was harmful to semen quality, especially in sperm motility. In conclusion, both individual and mixture of mycotoxin exposure were correlated with lower semen quality. More regulations and measures should be taken to reduce mycotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiao Ning
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yongyan Chen
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Urology Surgery, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100006, China.
| | - Linlin Wang
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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5
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Zhang L, Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang W, Zhao L, Wang Z, Guo Y. Biodegradation of ochratoxin A by Brevundimonas diminuta HAU429: Characterized performance, toxicity evaluation and functional enzymes. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114409. [PMID: 38763660 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a notorious mycotoxin commonly contaminating food products worldwide. In this study, an OTA-degrading strain Brevundimonas diminuta HAU429 was isolated by using hippuryl-L-phenylalanine as the sole carbon source. The biodegradation of OTA by strain HAU429 was a synergistic effect of intracellular and extracellular enzymes, which transformed OTA into ochratoxin α (OTα) through peptide bond cleavage. Cytotoxicity tests and cell metabolomics confirmed that the transformation of OTA into OTα resulted in the detoxification of its hepatotoxicity since OTA but not OTα disturbed redox homeostasis and induced oxidative damage to hepatocytes. Genome mining identified nine OTA hydrolase candidates in strain HAU429. They were heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and three novel amidohydrolase BT6, BT7 and BT9 were found to display OTA-hydrolyzing activity. BT6, BT7 and BT9 showed less than 45 % sequence identity with previously identified OTA-degrading amidohydrolases. BT6 and BT7 shared 60.9 % amino acid sequence identity, and exhibited much higher activity towards OTA than BT9. BT6 and BT7 could completely degrade 1 μg mL-1 of OTA within 1 h and 50 min, while BT9 hydrolyzed 100 % of OTA in the reaction mixture by 12 h. BT6 was the most thermostable retaining 38 % of activity after incubation at 70 °C for 10 min, while BT7 displayed the highest tolerance to ethanal remaining 76 % of activity in the presence of 6 % ethanol. This study could provide new insights towards microbial OTA degradation and promote the development of enzyme-catalyzed OTA detoxification during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xingke Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xiaoxue Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lihong Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yongpeng Guo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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6
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Riet-Correa F, Cook D, Micheloud JF, Machado M, Mendonça FS, Schild AL, Lemos RA. A review on mycotoxins and mycotoxicoses in ruminants and Equidae in South America. Toxicon 2024; 247:107827. [PMID: 38909760 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Of the mycotoxicoses caused by molds contaminating grains or their byproducts, leukoencephalomalacia of horses and less frequently aflatoxicosis in cattle have been reported in South America. However, the most important group of mycotoxins in the region are those caused by fungi that infect forages and other types of plants and have regional distribution. In this group, ergotism is important, both caused by Claviceps purpurea infecting grains or by Epichloë coenophiala infecting Schedonorus arundinaceus. Other important mycotoxicoses are those caused by indole-diterpenes produced by Clavicipitaceous fungi including Claviceps paspali in Paspalum spp., Claviceps cynodontes in Cynodon dactylon, and by Periglandula a seed transmitted symbiont associated with the tremorgenic plant Ipomoea asarifolia. The latter is an important poisoning in the northeastern and northern Brazil. Other important mycotoxicoses are those caused by swainsonine containing plants. It was demonstrated that swainsonine contained in Ipomoea carnea var. fistulosa is produced by an epibiotic fungus of the order Chaetothyriales whose mycelia develop on the adaxial surface of the leaves. Swainsonine is also produced by the symbiotic, endobiotic fungi Alternaria section Undifilum spp., which is associated with Astragalus spp. in the Argentinian Patagonia causing poisoning. Another form of mycotoxicosis occurs in poisoning by Baccharis spp., mainly B. coridifolia, a very important toxic plant in South America that contains macrocyclic trichothecenes probably produced by an endophytic fungus that has not yet been identified. Pithomycotoxicosis caused by Pithomyces chartarum used to be an important mycotoxicosis in the region, mainly in cattle grazing improved pastures of legumes and grasses. Slaframine poisoning, diplodiosis and poisoning by barley contaminated by Aspergillus clavatus has been rarely diagnosed in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin Riet-Correa
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science in the Tropics, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, CEP: 40170-110, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Cook
- USDA/ARS Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, 1150 East 1400 North, Logan, UT, 84341, United States
| | - Juan F Micheloud
- Universidad Católica de Salta. Facultad de ciencias agrarias y veterinarias, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina; Área de Sanidad Animal "Dr. Bernardo Jorge Carrillo"-Instituto de Investigación Animal Chaco Semiárido (Sede Salta) CIAP-INTITUTO NACIONAL DE TECNOLOGIA AGROPECUARIA. (INTA), Argentina
| | - Mizael Machado
- Plataforma de Investigación en Salud Animal (PSA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), Estación Experimental del Norte, Tacuarembó, 45000, Uruguay
| | - Fabio S Mendonça
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Animal, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Lucia Schild
- Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Capão do Leão, 96010-900, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Amaral Lemos
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP 79010-900, Brazil
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Chhaya RS, O'Brien J, Nag R, Cummins E. Prevalence and concentration of mycotoxins in bovine feed and feed components: A global systematic review and meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 929:172323. [PMID: 38608906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi and identified as contaminants in animal feed. They have potentially harmful effects, including carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and repro-toxicity in animals and humans. As a result of climate change, there is the potential for a change in the prevalence and concentration of mycotoxins in animal feed components. This necessitates an assessment of the present and emerging threats to the food supply chain from mycotoxins. This systematic review and meta-analysis study synthesised studies on mycotoxin contamination and prevalence in cattle feed components. The studies were collected from scientific databases Web of Knowledge, Scopus, and Embase between 2011 and 2022. The meta-analysis synthesised 97 studies on the prevalence and the concentration of aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisin and T-2/HT-2 toxins in feed components. Aflatoxin was highly prevalent (59 %), with a concentration of 2.58-3.92 μg kg-1 in feed components. Ochratoxin A had a global prevalence of 31 % with a concentration of 5.56-12.41 μg kg-1. Deoxynivalenol had a global concentration of 233.17-327.73 μg kg-1 and a prevalence of 74 %. Zearalenone had a prevalence of 70 % and a concentration of 42.47-66.19 μg kg-1. The concentration and prevalence of fumonisins was 232.19-393.07 μg kg-1 and 65 %, respectively. The prevalence and concentration of T-2/HT-2 toxins were 45 % and 23.54-35.12 μg kg-1, respectively. The synthesised concentration of the mycotoxins in the overall feed components was lower than the regulated and guidance values set by the European Union. However, in a few cases, the 95th percentile exceeded these concentration values due to high levels of uncertainty attributed to lower sample size, and thus, need to be considered while conducting risk assessments. The study highlights climates and regions likely to be conducive to the emergence of mycotoxin risk, especially considering the potential influences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Sanjiv Chhaya
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - John O'Brien
- Creme Global, 4th Floor, The Design Tower, Trinity Technology & Enterprise Campus, Grand Canal Quay, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Rajat Nag
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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8
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Sánchez-Carrillo K, Quintanar-Guerrero D, José-Yacamán M, Méndez-Albores A, Vázquez-Durán A. Colorimetric detection of the potent carcinogen aflatoxin B 1 based on the aggregation of L-lysine-functionalized gold nanoparticles in the presence of copper ions. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1425638. [PMID: 38903616 PMCID: PMC11187340 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1425638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
L-lysine functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs-Lys) have been widely used for the detection of worldwide interest analytes. In this work, a colorimetric assay for the detection of the carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) based on the aggregation of AuNPs-Lys in the presence of copper ions was developed. For this purpose, AuNPs were synthesized in citrate aqueous solution, functionalized, and further characterized by UV-Vis, fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In general, AuNPS-Lys (~2.73 × 1011 particles) offered a clear colorimetric response in the presence of AFB1 and Cu2+ ions showing linearity in the range of 6.25 to 200 ng AFB1/mL, with a detection limit of 4.18 ng AFB1/mL via photometric inspection. Moreover, the performance of the proposed methodology was tested using the 991.31 AOAC official procedure based on monoclonal antibodies in maize samples artificially contaminated with AFB1. There was a good agreement between the measured AFB1 concentrations in both assays, the average recoveries for the colorimetric and immunoaffinity assays were between 91.2-98.4% and 96.0-99.2%, respectively. These results indicated that the colorimetric assay could be used as a rapid, eco-friendly, and cost-effective platform for the quantification of AFB1 in maize-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Sánchez-Carrillo
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | | | - Miguel José-Yacamán
- Applied Physics and Materials Science Department and Center for Materials Interfaces in Research and Applications (¡MIRA!), Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, United States
| | - Abraham Méndez-Albores
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Alma Vázquez-Durán
- Unidad de Investigación Multidisciplinaria L14 (Alimentos, Micotoxinas, y Micotoxicosis), Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica L414, FESC, UNAM, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
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9
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Fakhri Y, Ranaei V, Pilevar Z, Moradi M, Mahmoudizeh A, Hemmati F, Mousavi Khaneghah A. The prevalence and concentration of aflatoxins in beers: a global systematic review and meta-analysis and probabilistic health risk assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-19. [PMID: 38842007 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2362816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins have been identified as considerable contaminants in beer. The current investigation's concentration and prevalence of aflatoxins (AFs) in beer were meta-analyzed. The health risk of consumers was estimated through MOEs in the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) model. The rank order of AFs in beer based on pooled prevalence was AFB1 (26.00%) > AFG1 (14.93%) > AFB2 (7.69%) > AFG2 (7.52%), In addition, the rank order of AFs in beer based on their pooled concentration was AFG1 (0.505 µg/l) > AFB1 (0.469 µg/l) > AFB2 (0.134 µg/l) > AFG2 (0.071 µg/l). The prevalence and concentration of AFs in beer in Malawi were higher than in other countries. The health risk assessment shows consumers in all countries, especially Malawi, Brazil, and Cameroon, are exposed to unacceptably health risks (MOEs <10,000). It is recommended to monitor levels of AFs in beer efficiently and implement control plans in order to decrease health risk of exposed population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Vahid Ranaei
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Zahra Pilevar
- School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Moradi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hemmati
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Halal Research Center of IRI, Iran Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
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10
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El Filali Z, El Idrissi Boutaher A, Oumato J, Abdelmoumen H, Bourais I. Validation and screening of patulin in apple beverages marketed in Morocco. Food Chem 2024; 456:139994. [PMID: 38914035 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Patulin is one of the mycotoxins frequently detected in apples and derivatives, representing a major food safety risk. This study aimed to validate a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with an ultraviolet (UV) detector for patulin quantification and assess its occurrence in apple beverages marketed in Morocco. The validation parameters showed satisfactory results with adequate linearity (R > 0.997), a relative standard deviation below 2.5%, repeatability between 3.6 and 7.1%, reproducibility between 3.9 and 11.5%, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 4 μg/L, and recoveries close to 100% for three levels. Analysis of 30 samples revealed patulin levels ranging from 0 to 16.36 μg/L, with 50% of samples showing negative levels. All positive results remained below the regulatory maximum limit of 50 μg/L. These findings affirm the efficacy of the HPLC proposed method in ensuring compliance with patulin regulations in apple beverages, underlining its importance in safeguarding food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab El Filali
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Regional Laboratory of Analysis and Research, Casablanca, Morocco
| | | | - Jihane Oumato
- Food Science Department, Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Hanaa Abdelmoumen
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnology, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco
| | - Ilhame Bourais
- Laboratory of Human Pathologies Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Morocco; Mohammed VI University of Sciences and Health (UM6SS), Casablanca, Morocco; Mohammed VI Center for Research and Innovation (CM6RI), Rabat, Morocco.
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11
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Iori S, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, D'Onofrio C, Maietti F, Mucignat G, Bardhi A, Barbarossa A, Zaghini A, Pauletto M, Dacasto M, Giantin M. New insights into aflatoxin B1 mechanistic toxicology in cattle liver: an integrated approach using molecular docking and biological evaluation in CYP1A1 and CYP3A74 knockout BFH12 cell lines. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03799-y. [PMID: 38834875 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03799-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a pro-carcinogenic compound bioactivated in the liver by cytochromes P450 (CYPs). In mammals, CYP1A and CYP3A are responsible for AFB1 metabolism, with the formation of the genotoxic carcinogens AFB1-8,9-epoxide and AFM1, and the detoxified metabolite AFQ1. Due to climate change, AFB1 cereals contamination arose in Europe. Thus, cattle, as other farm animals fed with grains (pig, sheep and broiler), are more likely exposed to AFB1 via feed with consequent release of AFM1 in milk, posing a great concern to human health. However, knowledge about bovine CYPs involved in AFB1 metabolism is still scanty. Therefore, CYP1A1- and CYP3A74-mediated molecular mechanisms of AFB1 hepatotoxicity were here dissected. Molecular docking of AFB1 into CYP1A1 model suggested AFB1 8,9-endo- and 8,9-exo-epoxide, and AFM1 formation, while docking of AFB1 into CYP3A74 pointed to AFB1 8,9-exo-epoxide and AFQ1 synthesis. To biologically confirm these predictions, CYP1A1 and CYP3A74 knockout (KO) BFH12 cell lines were exposed to AFB1. LC-MS/MS investigations showed the abolished production of AFM1 in CYP1A1 KO cells and the strong increase of parent AFB1 in CYP3A74 KO cells; the latter result, coupled to a decreased cytotoxicity, suggested the major role of CYP3A74 in AFB1 8,9-exo-epoxide formation. Finally, RNA-sequencing analysis indirectly proved lower AFB1-induced cytotoxic effects in engineered cells versus naïve ones. Overall, this study broadens the knowledge on AFB1 metabolism and hepatotoxicity in cattle, and it provides the weight of evidence that CYP1A1 and CYP3A74 inhibition might be exploited to reduce AFM1 and AFBO synthesis, AFB1 toxicity, and AFM1 milk excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Iori
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - Maija Lahtela-Kakkonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonrinne 3, 70210, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Caterina D'Onofrio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Maietti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - Greta Mucignat
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - Anisa Bardhi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbarossa
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Zaghini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, Ozzano dell'Emilia, 40064, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marianna Pauletto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - Mauro Dacasto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Padua, Italy
| | - Mery Giantin
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, Viale Dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, Padua, Italy.
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12
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Arce-López B, Coton M, Coton E, Hymery N. Occurrence of the two major regulated mycotoxins, ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1, in cereal and cereal-based products in Europe and toxicological effects: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 109:104489. [PMID: 38844151 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Among cereal contaminants, mycotoxins are of concern due to their importance in terms of food and feed safety. The difficulty in establishing a diagnosis for mycotoxicosis relies on the fact that the effects are most often subclinical for chronic exposure and the most common scenario is multi-contamination by various toxins. Mycotoxin co-occurrence is a major food safety concern as additive or even synergic toxic impacts may occur, but also regarding current regulations as they mainly concern individual mycotoxin levels in specific foods and feed in the food chain. However, due to the large number of possible mycotoxin combinations, there is still limited knowledge on co-exposure toxicity data, which depends on several parameters. In this context, this systematic review aims to provide an overview of the toxic effects of two regulated mycotoxins, namely ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1. This review focused on the 2012-2022 period and analysed the occurrence in Europe of the selected mycotoxins in different food matrices (cereals and cereal-derived products), and their toxic impact, alone or in combination, on in vitro intestinal and hepatic human cells. To better understand and evaluate the associated risks, further research is needed using new approach methodologies (NAM), such as in vitro 3D models. KEY CONTRIBUTION: Cereals and their derived products are the most important food source for humans and feed for animals worldwide. This manuscript is a state of the art review of the literature over the last ten years on ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1 mycotoxins in these products in Europe as well as their toxicological effects, alone and in combination, on human cells. Future perspectives and some challenges regarding the assessment of toxicological effects of mycotoxins are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Arce-López
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Monika Coton
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Emmanuel Coton
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France
| | - Nolwenn Hymery
- Univ. Brest, INRAE, Laboratoire Universitaire de Biodiversité et Ecologie Microbienne, Plouzané F-29280, France.
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13
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Yazid SNE, Selamat J, Ismail SI, Sanny M, Samsudin NIP. Molecular and aflatoxigenicity analyses of Aspergillus flavus isolates indigenous to grain corn in Malaysia; potentials for biological control. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae145. [PMID: 38877665 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The present work aimed to distinguish the indigenous Aspergillus flavus isolates obtained from the first (pioneer) grain corn farms in Terengganu, Malaysia, into aflatoxigenic and non-aflatoxigenic by molecular and aflatoxigenicity analyses, and determine the antagonistic capability of the non-aflatoxigenic isolates against aflatoxigenic counterparts and their aflatoxin production in vitro. METHODS AND RESULTS Seven A. flavus isolates previously obtained from the farms were characterized molecularly and chemically. All isolates were examined for the presence of seven aflatoxin biosynthesis genes, and their aflatoxigenicity was confirmed using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector. Phylogenetic relationships of all isolates were tested using ITS and β-tubulin genes. Of the seven isolates, two were non-aflatoxigenic, while the remaining were aflatoxigenic based on the presence of all aflatoxin biosynthesis genes tested and the productions of aflatoxins B1 and B2. All isolates were also confirmed as A. flavus following phylogenetic analysis. The indigenous non-aflatoxigenic isolates were further examined for their antagonistic potential against aflatoxigenic isolates on 3% grain corn agar. Both non-aflatoxigenic isolates significantly reduced AFB1 production of the aflatoxigenic isolates. CONCLUSION The indigenous non-aflatoxigenic A. flavus strains identified in the present work were effective in controlling the aflatoxin production by the aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates in vitro and can be utilized for in situ testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Ezzati Yazid
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siti Izera Ismail
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Maimunah Sanny
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nik Iskandar Putra Samsudin
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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14
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Lapris M, Errico M, Rocchetti G, Gallo A. The Potential of Multi-Screening Methods and Omics Technologies to Detect Both Regulated and Emerging Mycotoxins in Different Matrices. Foods 2024; 13:1746. [PMID: 38890974 PMCID: PMC11171533 DOI: 10.3390/foods13111746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are well-known secondary metabolites produced by several fungi that grow and occur in different crops during both pre-harvest and post-harvest conditions. The contamination and occurrence of mycotoxins currently represent some of the major issues in the entire agri-food system. The quantification of mycotoxins in different feeds and foodstuffs is extremely difficult because of the low concentration ranges; therefore, both sample collection and preparation are essential to providing accurate detection and reliable quantification. Currently, several analytical methods are available for the detection of mycotoxins in both feed and food products, and liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) represents the most reliable instrumental approach. In particular, the fast development of high-throughput methods has made it possible to screen and analyze, in the same analytical run and with high accuracy, multiple mycotoxins, such as those regulated, masked, or modified, and emerging ones. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the state of the art of mycotoxins occurrence, health-related concerns, and analyses, discussing the need to perform multi-screening approaches combined with omics technologies to simultaneously analyze several mycotoxins in different feed and food matrices. This approach is expected to provide more comprehensive information about the profile and distribution of emerging mycotoxins, thus enhancing the understanding of their co-occurrence and impact on the entire production chain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy; (M.L.); (M.E.); (A.G.)
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15
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Khozani RM, Abbasi-Moayed S, Hormozi-Nezhad MR. Machine learning-assisted chromium speciation using a single-well ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:141966. [PMID: 38614401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Chromium is widely recognized as a significant pollutant discharged into the environment by various industrial activities. The toxicity of this element is dependent on its oxidation state, making speciation analysis crucial for monitoring the quality of environmental water and assessing the potential risks associated with industrial waste. This study introduces a single-well fluorometric sensor that utilizes orange emissive thioglycolic acid stabilized CdTe quantum dots (TGA-QDs) and blue emissive carbon dots (CDs) to detect and differentiate between various chromium species, such as Cr (III) and Cr (VI) (i.e., CrO42- and Cr2O72-). The variations of fluorescence spectra of the proposed probe upon chromium species addition were analyzed using machine learning techniques such as linear discriminant analysis and partial least squares regression as a classification and multivariate calibration technique, respectively. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) demonstrated exceptional accuracy in differentiating single-component and bicomponent samples. Additionally, the findings from the partial least squares regression (PLSR) showed that the sensor created has strong linearity within the 1.0-100.0, 1.0-100.0, and 0.1-15 μM range for Cr2O72-, CrO42-, and Cr3+, respectively. Furthermore, appropriate detection limits were successfully achieved, which were 2.6, 2.9, and 0.7 μM for Cr2O72-, CrO42-, and Cr3+, respectively. Ultimately, the successful capability of the sensing platform in the identification and quantification of chromium species in environmental water samples provides innovative insights into general speciation analytics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samira Abbasi-Moayed
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Kharazmi University, Tehran, 15719-14911, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Reza Hormozi-Nezhad
- Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 11155-9516, Iran; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institute for Convergence Science & Technology, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, 14588-89694, Iran
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16
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Wang Y, Su B, Yan X, Geng C, Lian T, Li X, Xu Y, Li Y. Studies of Mycotoxins in Medicinal Plants Conducted Worldwide over the Last Decade: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Exposure Risk Assessment. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155367. [PMID: 38493720 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycotoxins have been reported to be present in medicinal plants. With the growing usage of medicinal plants, contamination of mycotoxins has emerged as one of the biggest threats to global food hygiene and ecological environment, posing a severe threat to human health. PURPOSE This study aimed to determine the mycotoxin prevalence and levels in medicinal plants and conduct a risk assessment by conducting a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS A thorough search on Web of Science and PubMed was conducted for the last decade, resulting in 54 studies (meeting the inclusion criteria) with 2829 data items that were included in the meta-analysis. RESULTS The combined prevalence of mycotoxins in medicinal plants was 1.7% (95% confidence interval, CI = 1.1% - 2.4%), with a mean mycotoxin concentration in medicinal plants of 3.551 µg/kg (95% CI = 3.461 - 3.641 µg/kg). Risk assessment results indicated that aflatoxins and ochratoxin A found in several medicinal plants posed a health risk to humans; additionally, emerging enniatins exhibited possible health risks. CONCLUSION Therefore, the study underlines the need for establishing stringent control measures to reduce the severity of mycotoxin contamination in medicinal plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Buda Su
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xingxu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Chenlei Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Tingting Lian
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yanyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Yubo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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17
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Iqbal SZ, Waseem M, Abdull Razis AF, Bhatti IA, Khaneghah AM, Mohammed OA, Lakshminarayanan SP, Iqbal M. Mycotoxin patulin contamination in various fruits and estimating its dietary impact on the consumers: From orchard to table. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30252. [PMID: 38778946 PMCID: PMC11109727 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present research examined patulin's presence across the whole supply chain of selected fruits. A comprehensive analysis was conducted on 442 samples of fruits (oranges, apples, apricots, lemons, and guava) to determine the presence of patulin contamination. This analysis used Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with a UV detector. The findings indicate that 17, 23, and 28 % of selected fruit samples tested positive for patulin levels in farm, transportation, and market samples. However, the sample collected during the transportation step showed that 56 % (percentage of positive samples) of fruits have patulin levels greater than 50 μg/kg, and 41 % (percentage of positive samples) have greater levels than 50 μg/kg in market samples. The findings of the one-way analysis of variance indicated that no statistically significant variation existed between the amounts of patulin across the various stages of the food supply chain system (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, the analysis of the correlation study, namely Kendall's tau_b and Spearman's rho, denote a robust association between the levels of patulin and the food supply system. The apple samples exhibited the most significant average dietary intake of patulin, with an average value of 0.11 μg/kg bw/day. The maximum mean hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.28 was also recorded. The prevalence and incidence of patulin in specific fruits were found to be relatively high, and it was observed that market samples had elevated levels of patulin in the selected fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Z. Iqbal
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab., Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waseem
- Food Safety and Toxicology Lab., Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ijaz A. Bhatti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Faculty of Biotechnologies (BioTech), ITMO University, 191002, 9 Lomonosova Street, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Osama A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Bisha, Bisha, 61922, Saudi Arabia
| | - Srimathi Priya Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Natural Resource Management, Horticultural College and Research Institute (HC & RI), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Periyakulam, 625604, India
| | - Munawar Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
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18
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Liu B, Zhang H, Zhu J, Chen Y, Pan Y, Gong X, Yan J, Zhang H. Pixel-Level Recognition of Trace Mycotoxins in Red Ginseng Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Combined with 1DCNN-Residual-BiLSTM-Attention Model. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3457. [PMID: 38894248 PMCID: PMC11174722 DOI: 10.3390/s24113457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Red ginseng is widely used in food and pharmaceuticals due to its significant nutritional value. However, during the processing and storage of red ginseng, it is susceptible to grow mold and produce mycotoxins, generating security issues. This study proposes a novel approach using hyperspectral imaging technology and a 1D-convolutional neural network-residual-bidirectional-long short-term memory attention mechanism (1DCNN-ResBiLSTM-Attention) for pixel-level mycotoxin recognition in red ginseng. The "Red Ginseng-Mycotoxin" (R-M) dataset is established, and optimal parameters for 1D-CNN, residual bidirectional long short-term memory (ResBiLSTM), and 1DCNN-ResBiLSTM-Attention models are determined. The models achieved testing accuracies of 98.75%, 99.03%, and 99.17%, respectively. To simulate real detection scenarios with potential interfering impurities during the sampling process, a "Red Ginseng-Mycotoxin-Interfering Impurities" (R-M-I) dataset was created. The testing accuracy of the 1DCNN-ResBiLSTM-Attention model reached 96.39%, and it successfully predicted pixel-wise classification for other unknown samples. This study introduces a novel method for real-time mycotoxin monitoring in traditional Chinese medicine, with important implications for the on-site quality control of herbal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Hongxu Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Jieqiang Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yixia Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Xingchu Gong
- Pharmaceutical Informatics Institute, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Jizhong Yan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, No. 18, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China; (B.L.); (H.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.C.); (Y.P.)
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19
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Unicsovics M, Molnár Z, Mézes M, Posta K, Nagyéri G, Várbíró S, Ács N, Sára L, Szőke Z. The Possible Role of Mycotoxins in the Pathogenesis of Endometrial Cancer. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:236. [PMID: 38922131 PMCID: PMC11209310 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most common cancer types among women. Many factors can contribute to the development of this disease, including environmental factors and, thus, eating habits. Our study aims to determine the levels of various mycotoxins and their metabolites in the blood serum and endometrial tissue samples of participants with previously proven endometrial cancer and to find possible contributions to cancer development. In the cohort clinical trial, 52 participants aged between 44 and 86 were studied. The participants were divided into two groups: patients or matched controls. All patients had previously histologically diagnosed endometrial cancer. The cancer patients were divided into low-grade endometrioid and low- plus high-grade endometrioid groups. Controls had no history of endometrial malignancy or premalignancy. Blood serum and endometrial tissue samples were obtained from all study patients. We compared the concentrations of total Aflatoxins (Afs), Deoxynivalenol (DON), Ochratoxin-A (OTA), T2-toxin and HT2 toxin (T2/HT2 toxin), Zearalenone (ZEN), alpha-Zearalenol (α-ZOL), and Fumonisin B1 (FB1) in the serum and endometrium between the different study groups. As a result, we can see a significant correlation between the higher levels of Afs and zearalenone and the presence of endometrial cancer. In the case of Afs, DON, OTA, T2/HT2 toxins, ZEN, and alpha-ZOL, we measured higher endometrial concentrations than in serum. Considering the effect of mycotoxins and eating habits on cancer development, our results might lead to further research exploring the relationship between certain mycotoxins and endometrium cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márkó Unicsovics
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (S.V.); (N.Á.); (L.S.)
| | - Zsófia Molnár
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Z.M.); (G.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - Katalin Posta
- Department of Microbiology and Applied Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary;
| | - György Nagyéri
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Z.M.); (G.N.); (Z.S.)
| | - Szabolcs Várbíró
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (S.V.); (N.Á.); (L.S.)
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged, 6725 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nándor Ács
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (S.V.); (N.Á.); (L.S.)
| | - Levente Sára
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, 1088 Budapest, Hungary; (S.V.); (N.Á.); (L.S.)
| | - Zsuzsanna Szőke
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; (Z.M.); (G.N.); (Z.S.)
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20
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Liu J, Chen H, Lv Y, Wu H, Yang LJ, Zhang J, Huang J, Wang W. Synthesis, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Benzimidazole-Grafted Chitosan against Aspergillus flavus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11185-11194. [PMID: 38687832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus contamination in agriculture and food industries poses threats to human health, leading to a requirement of a safe and effective method to control fungal contamination. Chitosan-based nitrogen-containing derivatives have attracted much attention due to their safety and enhanced antimicrobial applications. Herein, a new benzimidazole-grafted chitosan (BAC) was synthesized by linking the chitosan (CS) with a simple benzimidazole compound, 2-benzimidazolepropionic acid (BA). The characterization of BAC was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H and 13C NMR). Then, the efficiency of BAC against A. flavus ACCC 32656 was investigated in terms of spore germination, mycelial growth, and aflatoxin production. BAC showed a much better antifungal effect than CS and BA. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 1.25 mg/mL for BAC, while the highest solubility of CS (16.0 mg/mL) or BA (4.0 mg/mL) could not completely inhibit the growth of A. flavus. Furthermore, results showed that BAC inhibited spore germination and elongation by affecting ergosterol biosynthesis and the cell membrane integrity, leading to the permeabilization of the plasma membrane and leakage of intracellular content. The production of aflatoxin was also inhibited when treated with BAC. These findings indicate that benzimidazole-derived natural CS has the potential to be used as an ideal antifungal agent for food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Yan Lv
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Huixiang Wu
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Li-Jun Yang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Hangzhou Sanyan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
- Xiuzheng Bio-Medicine Research Institute Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Jianying Huang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
- Hangzhou Sanyan Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR. China
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21
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Matias de França M, Corrêa Santos de Oliveira RM, Seraphin de Godoy SH, Corrêa TC, de Castro Burbarelli MF, de Oliveira Seno L, Farias Alencar AL, Bovo F, Fernandes AM, Moro de Sousa RL. Occurrence of Aflatoxin M 1 and Estimate of Dietary Exposure in Cheeses from Organic and Conventional Production Systems. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100261. [PMID: 38461966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare AFM1 occurrence in different cheese types produced by organic and conventional systems; and to evaluate the risk of food exposure to AFM1. A total of 176 commercial cheeses of 17 types were analyzed, 84 of organic and 92 of conventional production. Determination of AFM1 was performed by high- performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), being detected in 30.5% of samples, with 4.8% of organic cheese samples presenting quantifiable AFM1 values between 0.88 and 1.50 μg/kg. On the other hand, 4.3% of conventional cheese samples with values between 0.79 and 6.70 μg/kg. Two conventional cheese samples were above the limit of AFM1 allowed for cheeses by the Brazilian legislation. No statistical difference were found between organic and conventional cheeses regarding the occurrence (p = 0.1780) and concentration of AFM1 (p = 0.1810), according to the Chi-square and the T test, respectively. Estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard index (HI) of dietary exposure to AFM1 were 0.26 ng/kg/day and 1.28 ng/kg/day, respectively, for conventional cheese samples, and 0.09 ng/kg/day and 0.47 ng/kg/day for organic samples, with no statistical difference for EDI (p = 0.1729) and HI (p = 0.1802) between the two production systems. Comparison between several cheese types from conventional and organic systems indicated that AFM1 is an obstacle to dairy production. Control and prevention of AFM1 contamination, as well as detoxification methods in the final products, are necessary. In the case of organic products, additional research is needed in order to determine which control and detoxification methods should be allowed in this production system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Matias de França
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Silvia Helena Seraphin de Godoy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Camilo Corrêa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Anna Luiza Farias Alencar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Fernanda Bovo
- Department of Engineering, Hermínio Ometto Foundation - Uniararas, Araras, SP, Brazil.
| | - Andrezza Maria Fernandes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Moro de Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo - USP, Pirassununga, SP, Brazil.
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22
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Xu D, Zhang J, Luo Z, Zhao Y, Zhu Y, Yang H, Zhou Y. Ratiometric fluorescence and absorbance dual-model immunoassay based on 2,3-diaminophenazine and carbon dots for detecting Aflatoxin B1. Food Chem 2024; 439:138125. [PMID: 38061303 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a dual-model immunoassay for detecting Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was developed based on 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) and carbon dots (CDs). Under the catalysis of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), the o-phthalylenediamine (OPD) was oxidized to DAP which had a yellow color and intense fluorescence. The color changes form colorless to yellow was used to design absorbance model immunoassay. Meanwhile, the absorption spectrum of DAP overlapped with the emission spectrum of CDs which caused the fluorescence of CDs to be quenched. The fluorescence changes of DAP and CDs were used to develop ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay. The dual-model immunoassay showed excellent sensitivity with the limits of detection (LODs) of 0.013 ng/mL for fluorescence mode and 0.062 ng/mL for absorbance mode. Meanwhile, both models exhibited great selectivity for AFB1. Additionally, the recovery rates suggested the proposed dual-model immunoassay had great potential in actual samples detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Xu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Zhenzhen Luo
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yanan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Yuanhua Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, 266 Jingmi Road, Jingzhou, Hubei 434025, China.
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23
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Salim SA, Baharudin NH, Ibrahim NS, Abd Ghani Z, Ismail MN. Determination of aflatoxins in rice from Penang, Malaysia by dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction and LC-MS/MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:563-574. [PMID: 38527182 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2329614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Rice is one of the crops cultivated in Malaysia, and it is the main diet for most of the population. In this study, dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction (DLLME) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used to develop, optimise and validate a reliable, easy-to-use and quick approach to detect aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), aflatoxin B2 (AFB2), aflatoxin G1 (AFG1) and aflatoxin G2 (AFG2). The extraction recoveries in DLLME were enhanced by the addition of 5% salt, utilising chloroform as the extraction solvent and acetonitrile as the dispersive solvent. The DLLME parameters - the extraction solvent volume, salt concentration and dispersive solvent volume were optimised with Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimised experimental conditions, excellent linearity was obtained with a limit of detection (LOD) ranging from 0.125 to 0.25 ng g-1, a limit of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 0.25 to 0.3 ng g-1 and a correlation value (R2) of 0.990. The matrix effects were between -11.1% and 19.9%, and recoveries ranged from 87.4% to 117.3%. The optimised and validated method was used effectively to assess aflatoxins contamination in 20 commercial rice samples collected from local supermarkets in Penang, Malaysia. AFB1 was detected at 0.41-0.43 ng g-1 in two rice samples, below the regulatory limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiyatul Akmal Salim
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Shahila Ibrahim
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Zalilawati Abd Ghani
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
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24
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Khan R, Anwar F, Ghazali FM. A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28361. [PMID: 38628751 PMCID: PMC11019184 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins, harmful compounds produced by fungal pathogens, pose a severe threat to food safety and consumer health. Some commonly produced mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, and patulin have serious health implications in humans and animals. Mycotoxin contamination is particularly concerning in regions heavily reliant on staple foods like grains, cereals, and nuts. Preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for a sustainable food supply. Chromatographic methods like thin layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and liquid chromatography coupled with a mass spectrometer (LC/MS), are commonly used to detect mycotoxins; however, there is a need for on-site, rapid, and cost-effective detection methods. Currently, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), lateral flow assays (LFAs), and biosensors are becoming popular analytical tools for rapid detection. Meanwhile, preventing mycotoxin contamination is crucial for food safety and a sustainable food supply. Physical, chemical, and biological approaches have been used to inhibit fungal growth and mycotoxin production. However, new strains resistant to conventional methods have led to the exploration of novel strategies like cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) technology, polyphenols and flavonoids, magnetic materials and nanoparticles, and natural essential oils (NEOs). This paper reviews recent scientific research on mycotoxin toxicity, explores advancements in detecting mycotoxins in various foods, and evaluates the effectiveness of innovative mitigation strategies for controlling and detoxifying mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Farinazleen Mohamad Ghazali
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Malaysia
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25
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Wu H, Xu Y, Gong YY, Huntriss J, Routledge MN. Effects of aflatoxin and fumonisin on gene expression of growth factors and inflammation-related genes in a human hepatocyte cell line. Mutagenesis 2024; 39:181-195. [PMID: 38468450 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) are mycotoxins widely distributed in maize and maized-based products, often occurring together. The implications of co-exposure to aflatoxin and fumonsin for human health are numerous, but a particular concern is the potential of FB1 to modulate AFB1 hepatotoxicity. This study evaluated the toxicity of these mycotoxins, alone or combined, in a human non-tumorigenic liver cell line, HHL-16 cells, and assessed the effects of AFB1 and FB1 on expression of genes involved in immune and growth factor pathways. The results demonstrated that in HHL-16 cells, both AFB1 and FB1 had dose-dependent and time-dependent toxicity, and the combination of them showed a synergistic toxicity in the cells. Moreover, AFB1 caused upregulation of IL6, CCL20, and BMP2, and downregulation of NDP. In combination of AFB1 with FB1, gene expression levels of IL6 and BMP2 were significantly higher compared to individual FB1 treatment, and had a tendency to be higher than individual AFB1 treatment. This study shows that FB1 may increase the hepatoxicity of AFB1 through increasing the inflammatory response and disrupting cell growth pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Wu
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Ya Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Sun-Yat University, Guangzhou 51006, China
| | - Yun Yun Gong
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - John Huntriss
- School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael N Routledge
- Leicester Medical School, George Davies Centre, Lancaster Rd, Leicester LE1 7HA, United Kingdom
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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26
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Poór M, Dombi Á, Fliszár-Nyúl E, Pedroni L, Dellafiora L. Effects of Chrysin and Chrysin-7-sulfate on Ochratoxin A-Albumin Interactions and on the Plasma and Kidney Levels of the Mycotoxin in Rats. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:17655-17666. [PMID: 38645364 PMCID: PMC11024961 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
The nephrotoxic mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) is a common food contaminant. OTA binds to the Sudlow's Site I region of serum albumin with very high affinity, resulting in its slow elimination. The displacement of OTA from albumin may be beneficial due to the faster excretion of the mycotoxin, while it may also lead to the increased tissue uptake of OTA. Furthermore, it is challenging to displace the mycotoxin from albumin even with high-affinity Site I ligands. In this study, we tested the impacts of Site I and Heme site ligands on OTA-albumin interactions by applying fluorescence spectroscopic, ultracentrifugation, and modeling studies. Chrysin-7-sulfate (C7S) strongly displaced OTA from both human and rat albumins; therefore, the impacts of C7S (single intravenous administration) and the parent flavonoid chrysin (repeated peroral treatment) were examined on the plasma and kidney levels of OTA in rats. Chrysin barely influenced the concentrations of mycotoxin in plasma and kidneys. In the first few hours, C7S significantly decreased the plasma levels of OTA compared to the control animals; while after 24 h, only minor differences were noticed. Our study highlights the superior displacing ability of C7S vs OTA regarding human and rat albumins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miklós Poór
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja 13, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- Molecular
Medicine Research Group, János Szentágothai Research
Centre, University of Pécs, Ifjúság útja
20, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dombi
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Eszter Fliszár-Nyúl
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University
of Pécs, Rókus u. 2, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Lorenzo Pedroni
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department
of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Via G.P. Usberti 27/A, Parma 43124, Italy
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27
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Li M, Tang S, Peng X, Sharma G, Yin S, Hao Z, Li J, Shen J, Dai C. Lycopene as a Therapeutic Agent against Aflatoxin B1-Related Toxicity: Mechanistic Insights and Future Directions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:452. [PMID: 38671900 PMCID: PMC11047733 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13040452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxin (AFT) contamination poses a significant global public health and safety concern, prompting widespread apprehension. Of the various AFTs, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) stands out for its pronounced toxicity and its association with a spectrum of chronic ailments, including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, and cancer. Lycopene, a lipid-soluble natural carotenoid, has emerged as a potential mitigator of the deleterious effects induced by AFB1 exposure, spanning cardiac injury, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, intestinal damage, and reproductive impairment. This protective mechanism operates by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid peroxidation, and activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, facilitating the activation of mitochondrial biogenesis, the endogenous antioxidant system, and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) pathways, as well as regulating the activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. This review provides an overview of the protective effects of lycopene against AFB1 exposure-induced toxicity and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, it explores the safety profile and potential clinical applications of lycopene. The present review underscores lycopene's potential as a promising detoxification agent against AFB1 exposure, with the intent to stimulate further research and practical utilization in this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.T.); (S.Y.); (Z.H.)
| | - Shusheng Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.T.); (S.Y.); (Z.H.)
| | - Xinyan Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai 264000, China;
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Shutao Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.T.); (S.Y.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zhihui Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.T.); (S.Y.); (Z.H.)
| | - Jichang Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Xiangfang District, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.T.); (S.Y.); (Z.H.)
| | - Chongshan Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.L.); (S.T.); (S.Y.); (Z.H.)
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28
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Zhuo Q, Shi C, Geng Q, Wang S, Wang B, Zhang N, Yang K, Tian J. Role of mitochondrial farnesyltransferase gene in the prevention of the food spoilage fungi Aspergillus flavus by the antimicrobial natural preservative perillaldehyde. Food Microbiol 2024; 118:104422. [PMID: 38049276 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus, one of the most widely distributed and abundant genus of Aspergillus worldwide, poses an evident threat as a source of food contamination in grains and cereals. Perillaldehyde (PAE), a volatile essential oil extracted from the stem and leaves of Perilla frutescens L., exhibits potent antifungal activity. In our study, we investigated the role of Cox10, a key enzyme in the heme A synthesis pathway crucial for maintaining mitochondrial function. We found that cox10 is a sensitive gene of A. flavus in response to PAE by gene expression assay and GFP fluorescent localization tagging, and then we found that the deletion of this gene affects the growth and development of A. flavus, but the drug resistance is elevated. Through transcriptome sequencing and its experimental validation, the molecular mechanisms of stress triggered by the deletion of cox10 were further clarified, such as the decrease in intracellular drug content due to the increase in the expression of drug efflux proteins, and the increase in the thickness of cell wall due to the increase in the content of cell wall chitin. Clearly, cox10 plays a critical role in regulating various cellular processes of A. flavus, including growth, reproduction, development, as well as pathogenicity and drug resistance. These significant findings establish a solid theoretical foundation for the development of environmentally friendly, safe, and effective antifungal agents to combat A. flavus contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhan Zhuo
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Chenchen Shi
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qingru Geng
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Shan Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Ninghui Zhang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Kunlong Yang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Jun Tian
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu Province, China.
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29
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Guo W, Feng D, Yang X, Zhao Z, Yang J. Screening and dietary exposure assessment of T-2 toxin and its modified forms in commercial cereals and cereal-based products in Shanghai. Food Chem X 2024; 21:101199. [PMID: 38495028 PMCID: PMC10943633 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2024.101199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
A reliable and sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method coupled with HLB-SPE was developed for simultaneous determination of T-2 and its modified forms (HT-2, NEO, T-2-triol, T-2-tetraol, T-2-3G, and HT-2-3G) in cereals and cereal-based products. Acceptable linearity (R2 ≥ 0.99), limits of quantitation (0.5-10.0 μg/kg), intra-day precision (RSD < 12.8 %), inter-day precision (RSD ≤ 15.8 %), and recovery (76.8 %-115.2 %) were obtained for all analytes in all matrices investigated. 107 commercial foodstuffs were analyzed, and T-2 was detected in 29.0 % of maize and maize flour samples (0.51 to 56.61 μg/kg) and in 10-33.3 % of wheat flour and barley samples (1.27 to 78.51 μg/kg). Moreover, 66.7 % of the positive samples were simultaneously contaminated with two or more T-2 forms. The possible health risk related to T-2 and its modified forms in cereals and cereal-based products was evaluated using a probabilistic dietary exposure assessment. The 95th percentile dietary exposure values of the sum of T-2 forms ranged from 0.16 to 1.70 ng/kg b.w./day for lower bound (LB), and 0.17 to 7.59 ng/kg b.w./day for upper bound (UB). Results strongly suggested that the presence of T-2 and its modified forms in cereals and cereal-based products warrants greater attention and investigation, although probabilistic dietary exposure values currently remain below the tolerable daily intake (TDI) value of 20 ng/kg b.w./day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Guo
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
- Shanghai Kelite Agricultural Product Testing Technology Service Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Disen Feng
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Xianli Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Zhihui Zhao
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
| | - Junhua Yang
- Institute for Agro-food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Protected Horticultural Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China
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Hassaneen NH, Hemeda SA, El Nahas AF, Fadl SE, El-Diasty EM. Camel milk or silymarin could improve the negative effects that experimentally produced by aflatoxin B1 on rat's male reproductive system. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:108. [PMID: 38500117 PMCID: PMC10946164 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03965-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camel milk and silymarin have many different beneficial effects on several animal species. Meanwhile, Aflatoxins are mycotoxins with extraordinary potency that pose major health risks to several animal species. Additionally, it has been documented that aflatoxins harm the reproductive systems of a variety of domestic animals. The present design aimed to investigate the impact of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on rat body weight and reproductive organs and the ameliorative effects of camel milk and silymarin through measured serum testosterone, testes pathology, and gene expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in the testes. A total of sixty mature male Wister white rats, each weighing an average of 83.67 ± 0.21 g, were used. There were six groups created from the rats. Each division had ten rats. The groups were the control (without any treatment), CM (1 ml of camel milk/kg body weight orally), S (20 mg silymarin/kg b. wt. suspension, orally), A (1.4 mg aflatoxin/kg diet), ACM (aflatoxin plus camel milk), and AS (aflatoxin plus silymarin). RESULTS The results indicated the positive effects of camel milk and silymarin on growth, reproductive organs, and gene expression of TNF-α, LHR, and StAR with normal testicular architecture. Also, the negative effect of AFB1 on the rat's body weight and reproductive organs, as indicated by low body weight and testosterone concentration, was confirmed by the results of histopathology and gene expression. However, these negative effects were ameliorated by the ingestion of camel milk and silymarin. CONCLUSION In conclusion, camel milk and silymarin could mitigate the negative effect of AFB1 on rat body weight and reproductive organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla H Hassaneen
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt.
| | - Shabaan A Hemeda
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Abeer F El Nahas
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Sabreen E Fadl
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt
| | - Eman M El-Diasty
- Mycology Department, Animal Health Research Institute Dokki, Giza (ARC), Egypt
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31
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Chhaya RS, Nag R, Cummins E. Quantitative risk ranking of mycotoxins in milk under climate change scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:117979. [PMID: 38142727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites that may occur in crops. Mycotoxins may carry-over into bovine milk if bovines ingest mycotoxin-contaminated feed. Due to climate change, there may be a potential increase in the prevalence and concentration of mycotoxins in crops. However, the toxicity to humans and the carry-over rate of mycotoxins from feed to milk from bovines varies considerably. This research aimed to rank emerging and existing mycotoxins under different climate change scenarios based on their occurrence in milk and their toxicity to humans. The quantitative risk ranking took a probabilistic approach, using Monte-Carlo simulation to take account of input uncertainties and variabilities. Mycotoxins were ranked based on their hazard quotient, calculated using estimated daily intake and tolerable daily intake values. Four climate change scenarios were assessed, including an Irish baseline model in addition to best-case, worst-case, and most likely scenarios, corresponding to equivalent Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) scenarios. This research prioritised aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, and T-2 and HT-2 toxin as potential human health hazards for adults and children compared to other mycotoxins under all scenarios. Relatively lower risks were found to be associated with mycophenolic acid, enniatins, and deoxynivalenol. Overall, the carry-over rate of mycotoxins, the milk consumption, and the concentration of mycotoxins in silage, maize, and wheat were found to be the most sensitive parameters (positively correlated) of this probabilistic model. Though climate change may impact mycotoxin prevalence and concentration in crops, the carry-over rate notably affects the final concentration of mycotoxin in milk to a greater extent. The results obtained in this study facilitate the identification of risk reduction measures to limit mycotoxin contamination of dairy products, considering potential climate change influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea Sanjiv Chhaya
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Rajat Nag
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- UCD School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin 4 Belfield, Dublin, Ireland.
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Zhao Y, Chen W, Fang H, Zhang J, Wu S, Yang H, Zhou Y. Ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay based on silver nanoclusters and calcein-Ce 3+ for detecting ochratoxin A. Talanta 2024; 269:125470. [PMID: 38011811 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA), a dangerous mycotoxin, is found in many crops. It is essential to create sensitive OTA detection techniques to ensure food safety. Based on the principle of p-nitrophenol (PNP) quenched the fluorescence of bovine serum albumin silver nanocluster (BSA-AgNCs) through an internal filtering effect, and phosphate activated fluorescence of calcein-Ce3+ system, a ratiometric fluorescence immunoassay for OTA detection was developed. In this strategy, the value of F518/F640 was used as a signal for response of OTA concentration. The detection range of this strategy was 0.625-25 ng/mL, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.04 ng/mL. This new immunoassay offered a brand-new platform for detecting OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Huajuan Fang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Junxiang Zhang
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Shixiang Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China
| | - Hualin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China; College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China.
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Açar Y, Akbulut G. Evaluation of Aflatoxins Occurrence and Exposure in Cereal-Based Baby Foods: An Update Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:59-68. [PMID: 38282161 PMCID: PMC10923960 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The first stages of human life, which include the fetal period, infancy, and early childhood, are the most critical for human growth and development. This is the most vulnerable phase to health challenges due to the immature immune system and rapid development. Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, patulin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and deoxynivalenol are secondary metabolites secreted by various fungal species, primarily Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. Aflatoxins are one of the major mycotoxins produced in cereals and cereal-based foods by several species of Aspergillus, mainly Aspergillus flavus. In this context, this review provides a brief overview of the occurrence, exposure, legal regulations, and health effects of aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1, G2, and M1) in cereal-based baby foods and breast milk. RECENT FINDINGS Human aflatoxin exposure in utero and through breast milk, infant formulas, cereals, and cereal-based foods has been linked to various health consequences, including adverse birth outcomes, impaired growth and development, immune system suppression, and hepatic dysfunction. Recent evidence suggests that especially infants and children are more susceptible to aflatoxins due to their lower body weight, lowered capacity to detoxify harmful substances, more restrictive diet, immature metabolism and elimination, and faster rates of growth and development. It is essential for both food safety and infant and child health that aflatoxins in cereal and cereal-based products are precisely detected, detoxified, and managed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Açar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Gamze Akbulut
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Istanbul Kent University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ali S, Battaglini Franco B, Theodoro Rezende V, Gabriel Dionisio Freire L, Lima de Paiva E, Clara Fogacio Haikal M, Leme Guerra E, Eliana Rosim R, Gustavo Tonin F, Savioli Ferraz I, Antonio Del Ciampo L, Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira C. Exposure assessment of children to dietary mycotoxins: A pilot study conducted in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. Food Res Int 2024; 180:114087. [PMID: 38395556 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to mycotoxins through food is a major health concern, especially for youngsters. This study performed a preliminary investigation on children's exposure to dietary mycotoxins in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. Sampling procedures were conducted between August and December 2022, to collect foods (N = 213) available for consumption in the households of children (N = 67), including preschoolers (aged 3-6 years, n = 21), schoolers (aged 7-10 years, n = 15), and adolescents (aged 11-17 years, n = 31) cared in the Vila Lobato Community Social Medical Center of Ribeirão Preto. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was used to determine concentrations of the mycotoxins in foods. Mycotoxins measured in all foods comprised aflatoxins (AFs), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON) and ochratoxin A (OTA). Higher incidence and levels were found for FBs, ZEN, and DON in several commonly consumed foods. Furthermore, 32.86 % foods had two to four quantifiable mycotoxins in various combinations. The mean estimated daily intake (EDI) values were lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) for AFs, FBs, and ZEN, but higher than the TDI (1.0 µg/kg bw/day) for DON, hence indicating a health risk for all children age groups. Preschoolers and adolescents were exposed to DON through wheat products (EDIs: 2.696 ± 7.372 and 1.484 ± 2.395 µg/kg body weight (bw)/day, respectively), while schoolers were exposed through wheat products (EDI: 1.595 ± 1.748 µg/kg bw/day) and rice (EDI: 1.391 ± 1.876 µg/kg bw/day). The results indicate that wheat-based foods and rice may be risky to children, implying the need for stringent measures to avoid DON contamination in these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Ali
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Battaglini Franco
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Theodoro Rezende
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP) -Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gabriel Dionisio Freire
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Esther Lima de Paiva
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Clara Fogacio Haikal
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Eloiza Leme Guerra
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Roice Eliana Rosim
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gustavo Tonin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivan Savioli Ferraz
- Department of Puericulture and Pediatrics, Medical School at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP)-Ribeirão Preto, 14051-200, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Antonio Del Ciampo
- Department of Puericulture and Pediatrics, Medical School at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP)-Ribeirão Preto, 14051-200, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP)-Fernando Costa Campus, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil.
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Mitchell CT, Bridgeman L, Moyano-López C, Penalva-Olcina R, Juan C, Juan-García A. Study of cytotoxicity in neuroblastoma cell line exposed to patulin and citrinin. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114556. [PMID: 38432441 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins can be found in food and feed storage as well as in several kinds of foodstuff and are capable of harming mammals and some of them even in small doses. This study investigated on the undifferentiated neuronal cell line SH-SY5Y the effects of two mycotoxins: patulin (PAT) and citrinin (CTN), which are predominantly produced by fungi species Penicillium and Aspergillus. Here, the individual and combined cytotoxicity of PAT and CTN was investigated using the cytotoxic assay MTT. Our findings indicate that after 24 h of treatment, the IC50 value for PAT is 2.01 μM, which decreases at 1.5 μM after 48 h. In contrast, CTN did not attain an IC50 value at the tested concentration. Therefore, we found PAT to be the more toxic compared to CTN. However, the combined treatment suggests an additive toxic effect. With 2,7-dichlorodihydrofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) DCFH-DA assay, ROS generation was demonstrated after CTN treatment, but PAT showed only small changes. The mixture presented a very constant behavior over time. Finally, the median-effect/combination index (CI-) isobologram equation demonstrated an additive effect after 24 h, but an antagonistic effect after 48 h for the interaction of the two mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra T Mitchell
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain; Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg - University Mainz, Mainz, D-55128, Germany
| | - Luna Bridgeman
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Claudia Moyano-López
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Raquel Penalva-Olcina
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Cristina Juan
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain
| | - Ana Juan-García
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés S/n, 46100, Burjassot, València, Spain.
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Ruan H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wu J, He C, Ke T, Luo J, Yang M. 27-Hydroxycholesterol/liver X receptor/apolipoprotein E mediates zearalenone-induced intestinal immunosuppression: A key target potentially linking zearalenone and cancer. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:371-388. [PMID: 38618245 PMCID: PMC11010457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that extensively contaminates food and feed, posing a significant threat to public health. However, the mechanisms behind ZEN-induced intestinal immunotoxicity remain unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to ZEN at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day b.w. for a duration of 14 days. The results demonstrated that ZEN exposure led to notable pathological alterations and immunosuppression within the intestine. Furthermore, ZEN exposure caused a significant reduction in the levels of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and liver X receptor (LXR) (P < 0.05). Conversely, it upregulated the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) markers (P < 0.05) and decreased the presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) in the intestine (P < 0.05). It was observed that ApoE or LXR agonists were able to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects induced by ZEN. Additionally, a bioinformatics analysis highlighted that the downregulation of ApoE might elevate the susceptibility to colorectal, breast, and lung cancers. These findings underscore the crucial role of the 27-HC/LXR/ApoE axis disruption in ZEN-induced MDSCs proliferation and subsequent inhibition of T lymphocyte activation within the rat intestine. Notably, ApoE may emerge as a pivotal target linking ZEN exposure to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiashuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tongwei Ke
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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Yang Y, Zhou Z, Guo Y, Chen R, Tian D, Ren S, Zhou H, Gao Z. Programmable DNA tweezers-SDA for ultra-sensitive signal amplification fluorescence sensing strategy. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1292:342245. [PMID: 38309853 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA tweezers, classified as DNA nanomachines, have gained prominence as multifunctional biosensors due to their advantages, including a straightforward structure, response mechanism, and high programmability. While the DNA tweezers demonstrate simultaneous, rapid, and stable responses to different targets, their detection sensitivity requires enhancement. Some small molecules, such as mycotoxins, often require more sensitive detection due to their extremely high toxicity. Therefore, more effective signal amplification strategies are needed to further enhance the sensitivity of DNA tweezers in biosensing. RESULTS We designed programmable DNA tweezers that detect small-molecule mycotoxins and miRNAs through simple sequence substitution. While the DNA tweezers demonstrate simultaneous, rapid, and stable responses to different targets, their detection sensitivity requires enhancement. We introduced the Strand Displacement Amplification (SDA) technique to address this limitation, proposing a strategy of novel programmable DNA tweezers-SDA ultrasensitive signal amplification fluorescence sensing. We specifically investigate the effectiveness of this approach concerning signal amplification for two critical mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and zearalenone (ZEN). Results indicate that the detection ranges of AFB1 and ZEN via this strategy were 1-10,000 pg mL -1 and 10-100,000 pg mL -1, respectively, with corresponding detection limits of 0.933 pg mL -1 and 1.07 pg mL -1. Compared with the DNA tweezers direct detection method for mycotoxins, the newly constructed programmable DNA tweezers-SDA fluorescence sensing strategy achieved a remarkable 104-fold increase in the detection sensitivity for AFB1 and ZEN. SIGNIFICANCE The constructed programmable DNA tweezers-SDA ultrasensitive signal-amplified fluorescence sensing strategy exhibits excellent detection performance for mycotoxins. The superb versatility of this strategy allows the developed method to be easily used for detecting other analytes by simply replacing the aptamer and cDNA, which has incredible potential in various fields such as food safety screening, clinical diagnostics, and environmental analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingao Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Yifen Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China; Department of Family Planning, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211, China
| | - Ruipeng Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Daoming Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China
| | - Shuyue Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Huanying Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
| | - Zhixian Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control Technology for Environment and Food Safety, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, 300050, China.
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Uwineza PA, Urbaniak M, Stępień Ł, Gramza-Michałowska A, Waśkiewicz A. Efficacy of Lamium album as a natural fungicide: impact on seed germination, ergosterol, and mycotoxins in Fusarium culmorum-infected wheat seedlings. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1363204. [PMID: 38463484 PMCID: PMC10920328 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1363204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is a major wheat pathogen, and its secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) cause damage to plants, animals, and human health. In the era of sustainable agriculture, eco-friendly methods of prevention and control are constantly needed. The use of plant extracts as biocontrol agents has gained popularity as they are a source of active substances that play a crucial role in fighting against phytopathogens. This study evaluated the impact of Lamium album on wheat seed germination and seedling growth. In a pot experiment, the effect of L. album on wheat seedlings artificially inoculated with F. culmorum was evaluated by measuring seedling growth parameters, and by using chromatographic methods, ergosterol and mycotoxins levels were analyzed. The results showed that the phytotoxic effect of L. album flower extracts on wheat seed germination and seedling growth was concentration dependent. The radicle length was also reduced compared to the control; however, L. album did not significantly affect the dry weight of the radicle. A slight phytotoxic effect on seed germination was observed, but antifungal effects on artificially infected wheat seedlings were also confirmed with the reduction of ergosterol level and mycotoxins accumulation in the roots and leaves after 21 days of inoculation. F. culmorum DNA was identified in the control samples only. Overall, this study is a successful in planta study showing L. album flower extract protection of wheat against the pathogen responsible for Fusarium crown and root rot. Further research is essential to study the effects of L. album extracts on key regulatory genes for mycotoxin biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Urbaniak
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Gramza-Michałowska
- Department of Gastronomy Science and Functional Foods, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Zhu M, Lu EQ, Fang YX, Liu GW, Cheng YJ, Huang K, Xu E, Zhang YY, Wang XJ. Piceatannol Alleviates Deoxynivalenol-Induced Damage in Intestinal Epithelial Cells via Inhibition of the NF-κB Pathway. Molecules 2024; 29:855. [PMID: 38398607 PMCID: PMC10891758 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29040855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common mycotoxin that is widely found in various foods and feeds, posing a potential threat to human and animal health. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of the natural polyphenol piceatannol (PIC) against DON-induced damage in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cells) and the underlying mechanism. The results showed that PIC promotes IPEC-J2 cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, it not only significantly relieved DON-induced decreases in cell viability and proliferation but also reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Further studies demonstrated that PIC alleviated DON-induced oxidative stress damage by increasing the protein expression levels of the antioxidant factors NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and the mRNA expression of catalase (CAT), Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1), peroxiredoxin 3 (PRX3), and glutathione S-transferase alpha 4 (GSTα4). In addition, PIC inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor-B (NF-κB) pathway, downregulated the mRNA expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) to attenuate DON-induced inflammatory responses, and further mitigated DON-induced cellular intestinal barrier injury by regulating the protein expression of Occludin. These findings indicated that PIC had a significant protective effect against DON-induced damage. This study provides more understanding to support PIC as a feed additive for pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.-Q.L.); (Y.-X.F.); (G.-W.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.H.); (E.X.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - En-Qing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.-Q.L.); (Y.-X.F.); (G.-W.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.H.); (E.X.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yong-Xia Fang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.-Q.L.); (Y.-X.F.); (G.-W.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.H.); (E.X.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guo-Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.-Q.L.); (Y.-X.F.); (G.-W.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.H.); (E.X.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yu-Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.-Q.L.); (Y.-X.F.); (G.-W.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.H.); (E.X.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Ke Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.-Q.L.); (Y.-X.F.); (G.-W.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.H.); (E.X.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - E Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.-Q.L.); (Y.-X.F.); (G.-W.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.H.); (E.X.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yi-Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction in the Plateau Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (E.-Q.L.); (Y.-X.F.); (G.-W.L.); (Y.-J.C.); (K.H.); (E.X.); (Y.-Y.Z.)
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region, Ministry of Education, Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Yan H, Zhao W, Parveen A, Ye Z, Fei Q, Wang X, Zhou Y. Comprehensive and cumulative risk evaluation of dietary exposure to aflatoxins and ochratoxin A on fermented teas worldwide by a new assessment model. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114321. [PMID: 38072213 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Recently, mycotoxin risks in fermented tea have received high attention, but mycotoxin transfer rates from tealeaf to infusion during brewing were rarely considered. In addition, the assessment data (i.e., mycotoxin occurrences and tea consumption) in previous assessments were usually limited. Here, a comprehensive and cumulative risk assessment of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A was performed using a tea assessment model, by which mycotoxin transfer rates were included and the assessment data were collected worldwide. By 10 times of brewing, the aflatoxin transfer rate was only 2.94% and OTA was 63.65%. Besides the extreme case, hazard quotients (HQs) from all consumers were lower than the threshold of 1.0, indicating no noncarcinogenic risk; the P95 cumulative margin of exposure (1/MoET) values were 2.52E-04 (30-39 years of age) and 2.42E-04 (≥50 years of age) for two high exposure groups under the upper bound scenario, which a little higher than the carcinogenic risk threshold of 1.00E-04. Notably, the P95 cumulative 1/MoET values (3.24E-03 -7.95E-03) by food assessment model were ten times higher than those of by tea assessment model. The comparative results showed that mycotoxin dietary risks on tea consumption by food assessment model were much overestimated. The result of this study indicated that the contaminants transfer rates should be considered for risk assessment on tea consumption in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China; Lu'an Institute of Supervision and Inspection on Product Quality, Anhui, Lu'an, 237000, China
| | - Weifan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Asma Parveen
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ziling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Qingru Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang Road West, Hefei, 230036, China.
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Li Y, Sun Q, Chen X, Peng S, Kong D, Liu C, Zhang Q, Shi Q, Chen Y. Simultaneous detection of AFB1 and aflD gene by "Y" shaped aptamer fluorescent biosensor based on double quantum dots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:883-893. [PMID: 38052994 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-05074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
The developed method for simultaneous detection of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and aflD genes can effectively monitor from the source and reduce the safety problems and economic losses caused by the production of aflatoxin, which can be of great significance for food safety regulations. In this paper, we constructed a sensitive and convenient fluorescent biosensor to detect AFB1 and aflD genes simultaneously based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between quantum dots (QDs) and a black hole quenching agent. A stable "Y" shaped aptasensor was employed as the detection platform and a double quantum dot labeled DNA fragment was utilized to be the sensing element in this work. When the targets of AFB1 and aflD genes were presented in the solution, the aptamer in the "Y" shaped probe is specifically recognized by the target. At this time, both Si-carbon quantum dots (Si-CDs) and CdTe QDs are far away from the BHQ1 and BHQ3 to recover the fluorescence. The linear range of the prepared fluorescence simultaneous detection method was as wide as 0.5-500 ng·mL-1 with detection lines of 0.64 ng·mL-1 for AFB1 and 0.5-500 nM with detection lines of 0.75 nM for aflD genes (3σ/k). This fabricated fluorescent biosensor was further validated in real rice flour and corn flour samples, which also achieved good results. The recoveries were calculated by comparing the known and found amounts of AFB1 which ranged from 88.4 to approximately 115.32% in the rice flour samples and 90.7 ~ 102.58% in the corn flour samples. The recoveries of aflD genes ranged from 84.32 to approximately 109.3% in the rice flour samples and 89.48 ~ 100.99% in the corn flour samples. Therefore, the proposed biosensor can significantly improve food safety and quality control through a simple, fast, and sensitive agricultural product monitoring and detection system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Li
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
- Advanced Technology Institute of Suzhou, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qingyue Sun
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangfeng Peng
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dezhao Kong
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Shi
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212100, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.
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Arimboor R. Metabolites and degradation pathways of microbial detoxification of aflatoxins: a review. Mycotoxin Res 2024; 40:71-83. [PMID: 38151634 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-023-00515-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of aflatoxins using nonpathogenic microbes and their enzymes is emerging as a safe and economical alternative to chemical and physical methods for the detoxification of aflatoxins in food and feeds. Many bacteria and fungi have been identified as aflatoxin degraders. This review is focused on the chemical identification of microbial degradation products and their degradation pathways. The microbial degradations of aflatoxins are initiated by oxidation, hydroxylation, reduction, or elimination reactions mostly catalyzed by various enzymes belonging to the classes of laccase, reductases, and peroxidases. The resulting products with lesser chemical stability further undergo various reactions to form low molecular weight products. Studies on the chemical and biological nature of degraded products of aflatoxins are necessary to ensure the safety of the decontamination process. This review indicated the need for an integrated approach including decontamination studies using culture media and food matrices, proper identification and toxicity profiling of degraded products of aflatoxins, and interactions of microbes and the degradation products with food matrices for developing practical and effective microbial detoxification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjith Arimboor
- Spices Board Quality Evaluation Laboratory, SIPCOT, Gummidipoondi, Chennai, 601201, India.
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43
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Chen L, Yang G, Qu F. Advances of aptamer-based small-molecules sensors in body fluids detection. Talanta 2024; 268:125348. [PMID: 37925822 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The field of aptamer-based sensing has evolved considerably over the past three decades. The aptamer sensor-based detection of small-molecule targets in body fluids is designed for real-time or rapid, low-cost, non- or minimally invasive tracking and diagnosis of human health status. It can be achieved by specifically monitoring biomarkers or metabolites excreted from various body fluids, including blood, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, ect. This article reviews a comprehensive collection of aptamer-based sensors for detecting small-molecule in various body fluids. A comparative analysis of aptamer features, emerging chemistry, advanced sensing materials, transduction techniques, and detection performance is conducted, and the strengths and pitfalls of each approach are discussed. Finally, the development process and application challenges of aptamer-based sensors in the detection of small-molecule in body fluids are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ge Yang
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Research, Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Agents, NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Feng Qu
- School of Life Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecule Science and Pharmaceutics Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Saifi IJ, Kumar M, Maurya K, Mandal P, Srivastava V, Ansari KM. Development of an immunoassay for the detection of mycotoxins using xMAP technology and its evaluation in black tea samples. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:385-396. [PMID: 38196712 PMCID: PMC10772045 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, a natural food contaminant, are secondary metabolites of fungi. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) are two major mycotoxins found in various food commodities. These mycotoxins are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, cytotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic, thus they are a public health concern and their monitoring in food commodities is necessary. There are several conventional techniques available for mycotoxin detection, such as HPLC, LCMS, and ELISA. However, extensive nature and huge cost allowances make it challenging to deploy these techniques for monitoring of mycotoxins in the large sample size. Therefore, a robust, responsive and high-throughput technique is required. Here, we aimed to develop a multiplexed Luminex suspension assay based on multi analyte profiling (xMAP) technology for the simultaneous detection of AFB1 and OTA in the black tea, which is found to be contaminated with these mycotoxins during the cultivation or processing steps. Limit of detection for AFB1 and OTA, was 0.06 ng/ml and 0.49 ng/ml, respectively without any cross-reactivity with other mycotoxins and this assay is suitable for simultaneous detection of AFB1 and OTA in the same sample. Collectively, based on the results, we suggest that the developed Luminex suspension assay is sensitive, accurate, rapid and suitable for high-throughput screening of multiple mycotoxins. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-023-05848-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishrat Jahan Saifi
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
| | - Kamlesh Maurya
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
| | - Payal Mandal
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
| | - Vikas Srivastava
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
- Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Food Toxicology Laboratory, Food, Drug, and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31 Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Kamla Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201002 India
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Li S, Zhang S, Li X, Zhou S, Ma J, Zhao X, Zhang Q, Yin X. Determination of multi-mycotoxins in vegetable oil via liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry assisted by a complementary liquid-liquid extraction. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100887. [PMID: 38144739 PMCID: PMC10740109 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The simultaneous determination of multi-mycotoxins in food commodities are highly desirable due to their potential toxic effects and mass consumption of foods. Herein, liquid chromatography-quadrupole exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry was proposed to analyze multi-mycotoxins in commercial vegetable oils. Specifically, the method featured a successive liquid-liquid extraction process, in which the complementary solvents consisted of acetonitrile and water were optimized. Resultantly, matrix effects were reduced greatly. External calibration approach revealed good quantification property for each analyte. Under optimal conditions, the recovery ranging from 80.8% to 109.7%, relative standard deviation less than 11.7%, and good limit of quantification (0.35 to 45.4 ng/g) were achieved. The high accuracy of proposed method was also validated. The detection of 20 commercial vegetable oils revealed that aflatoxins B1 and B2, zearalenone were observed in 10 real samples. The as-developed method is simple and low-cost, which merits the wide applications for scanning mycotoxins in oil matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqing Li
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Siyao Zhang
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Li
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Shukun Zhou
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Jiahui Ma
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiaotong Zhao
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Qinghe Zhang
- Food Safety Analysis Laboratory, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Xiong Yin
- College of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, PR China
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Mantle P. Optimised Fermentation Production of Radiolabelled Ochratoxin A by Aspergillus ochraceus with Maximum 14C in the Pentaketide Moiety for Exploring Its Rat Renal Toxicology. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 16:8. [PMID: 38251225 PMCID: PMC10820727 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the context of the mysterious Balkan endemic nephropathy of the 1900s, and the discovery in the 1960s of the potent mycotoxin ochratoxin A, experimental research projects sought to explore any inter-relationship. Experimental lifetime administration of the toxin to male rats had revealed renal DNA adducts with the toxin, correlated with renal tumours, confirmation of which required molecular evidence. Consequently, production of 14C-ochratoxin A of a high specific radioactivity was required, practical biosynthetic detail of which had not previously been published. A fermentation study of Aspergillus ochraceous was carried out during 2002 for a European project, to select for the production of high-quality 14C-ochratoxin A, necessarily exploring for the maximum diversion of 14C-sodium acetate into the pentaketide portion of mycotoxin. Experimentation necessarily had to optimise the competitive context of fungal growth dynamics and addition of the biosynthetic precursor in the early days of shaken-flask fermentation before adding the radiolabelled precursor. From optimal fermentation, 50 mg of the 14C ochratoxin A was supplied within a European project for DNA adduct experimentation, but that proved negative as subsequently published. Experimental description of the radiolabelled ochratoxin A production was later made in a doctoral thesis, but is first publicised here. Further review of the literature reveals an explanation for the published failure to confirm rat DNA/ochratoxin A adduct formation, for which further experimentation is now recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mantle
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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47
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Niu X, He H, Ran H, Wu Z, Tang Y, Wu Y. Rapid colorimetric sensor for ultrasensitive and highly selective detection of Fumonisin B1 in cereal based on laccase-mimicking activity of silver phosphate nanoparticles. Food Chem 2023; 429:136903. [PMID: 37487390 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Ag3PO4 nanoparticles (NPs) was prepared through a facile coprecipitation method, and was first found to have excellent laccase-mimicking catalytic activity. The study confirms that Fumonisin B1 (FB1) can effectively hinder the production of superoxide anion (O2-) between Ag3PO4 NPs and dissolved oxygen, and further inhibit laccase-mimicking activity of Ag3PO4 NPs. Thus, a novel rapid colorimetric sensor for FB1 analysis in cereal was first established using laccase-mimicking activity as sensing signal. The absorbance variation of sensing solution is directly related to the amount of FB1, and the color change is further combined with smartphone for quantitively analysis of FB1. The limit of detection (LOD) of the sensor is determined as low as 1.73 μg·L-1, which is far lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of FB1 set by European Commission and US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The average recovery of 87.8-104.5% for FB1 detection was obtained in cereal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Niu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Huanhuan He
- Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Hang Ran
- Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yue Tang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yuangen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Guizhou Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biopharmacy, School of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
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48
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Fasihi-Ramandi M, Bayat G, Kachuei R, Golmohammadi R. Effects of aflatoxin B1 exposure on sperm in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2023; 33:1629-1639. [PMID: 36001895 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2113766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to aflatoxin B1 can be associated with reproductive toxicity, accompanied by decreased sperm concentration in animal models. The aim of this meta-analysis was to determine the correlation between aflatoxin B1 exposure and sperm concentrations of male rodents (both mice and rats). According to inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 articles were selected to assess in the current meta-analysis. The random effects and pooled analysis indicated that sperm concentration was decreased in mice [MD sperm = -20.79×106/sperm/g testis (95%CI =-1.3 to -50.5)] and in rats [-24.34×106/sperm/g testis (95%CI: -7.60 to -44.35)] after exposure to aflatoxin B1 compared with control groups. A significant heterogeneity was found among studies (for mice I2=99.7%, %, P<0.000 and rats =I2=98.8, P<0.000). The findings of present meta-analysis showed the association between aflatoxin B1 exposure and a decrease in sperm concentration in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Fasihi-Ramandi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghazal Bayat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Kachuei
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Golmohammadi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Deligeorgakis C, Magro C, Skendi A, Gebrehiwot HH, Valdramidis V, Papageorgiou M. Fungal and Toxin Contaminants in Cereal Grains and Flours: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:4328. [PMID: 38231837 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cereal grains serve as the cornerstone of global nutrition, providing a significant portion of humanity's caloric requirements. However, the presence of fungal genera, such Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria, known for their mycotoxin-producing abilities, presents a significant threat to human health due to the adverse effects of these toxins. The primary objective of this study was to identify the predominant fungal contaminants in cereal grains utilized in breadmaking, as well as in flour and bread. Moreover, a systematic review, including meta-analysis, was conducted on the occurrence and levels of mycotoxins in wheat flour from the years 2013 to 2023. The genera most frequently reported were Fusarium, followed by Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Alternaria. Among the published reports, the majority focused on the analysis of Deoxynivalenol (DON), which garnered twice as many reports compared to those focusing on Aflatoxins, Zearalenone, and Ochratoxin A. The concentration of these toxins, in most cases determined by HPLC-MS/MS or HPLC coupled with a fluorescence detector (FLD), was occasionally observed to exceed the maximum limits established by national and/or international authorities. The prevalence of mycotoxins in flour samples from the European Union (EU) and China, as well as in foods intended for infants, exhibited a significant reduction compared to other commercial flours assessed by a meta-analysis investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christodoulos Deligeorgakis
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christopher Magro
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
| | - Adriana Skendi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Vasilis Valdramidis
- Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD 2080 Msida, Malta
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Zografou, GR-15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Papageorgiou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, International Hellenic University, P.O. Box 141, GR-57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Ali S, Freire LGD, Rezende VT, Noman M, Ullah S, Abdullah, Badshah G, Afridi MS, Tonin FG, de Oliveira CAF. Occurrence of Mycotoxins in Foods: Unraveling the Knowledge Gaps on Their Persistence in Food Production Systems. Foods 2023; 12:4314. [PMID: 38231751 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, the intricate issue about the occurrence levels of mycotoxins in foods is discussed aiming to underline the main knowledge gaps on the persistence of these toxicants in the food production system. Mycotoxins have been a key challenge to the food industry, economic growth, and consumers' health. Despite a breadth of studies over the past decades, the persistence of mycotoxins in foods remain an overlooked concern that urges exploration. Therefore, we aimed to concisely underline the matter and provide possible biochemical and metabolic details that can be relevant to the food sector and overall public health. We also stress the application of computational modeling, high-throughput omics, and high-resolution imaging approaches, which can provide insights into the structural and physicochemical characteristics and the metabolic activities which occur in a stored cereal grain's embryo and endosperm and their relationship with storage fungi and mycotoxins on a cellular level. In addition, there is a need for extensive collaborative network and funding, which will play a key role in finding effective solutions against the persistence of mycotoxins at the genetic and molecular to metabolic levels in the food system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Ali
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gabriel Dionisio Freire
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Theodoro Rezende
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science (FMVZ), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Noman
- Plant Molecular Physiology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-000, MG, Brazil
| | - Sana Ullah
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Abdullah
- Department of Health and Biological Sciences, Abasyn University Peshawar (AUP), Peshawar 25000, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Gul Badshah
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81530-000, PR, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Siddique Afridi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Gustavo Tonin
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Fernandes de Oliveira
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of São Paulo (USP), Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil
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