1
|
Holway FE, Campa F, Petri C, Spena LR, Szydlowski NY. Kinanthropometry and dietary habits of non-professional rugby players. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1439358. [PMID: 39040662 PMCID: PMC11260719 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1439358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Evaluating the body composition and dietary habits of non-professional athletes can help identify areas for improvement to enhance sports performance. The present study aimed to describe the anthropometric and body composition features, as well as the dietary habits, of non-professional rugby players in Argentina. Methods Fifty-seven rugby players from a Group III Club of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires (URBA) were assessed using extensive anthropometric measurements according to the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol. Reference data from professional rugby players in Group I clubs were used as a control for body composition comparisons. Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24-h recall method, and nutrient analysis was performed with SARA software. Results Non-professional rugby players were shorter (Forwards: 175.9 vs. 181.5 cm; Backs: 172.5 vs. 175.7 cm), had higher body fat percentages (Forwards: 16.4 vs. 12.3%; Backs: 11.0 vs. 9.3%), and were less muscular (Forwards: 46.0 vs. 48.8%; Backs: 48.4 vs. 50.2%) compared to professional rugby players. The average dietary intake was 3,363 Kcal, with protein and carbohydrate intakes of 1.4 g kg-1 day-1 and 4.1 g kg-1 day-1, respectively, and 35% of energy intake from fat. Backs reported a higher caloric intake than forwards (3,682 vs. 2,827 Kcal). There was a high prevalence of insufficient intake of calcium (58%), vitamin A (49%), and vitamin C (65%), the latter two corresponding with a low intake of fruits and vegetables (6% of total energy intake). Meal pattern analysis showed that 46% of total energy was ingested at dinner. Conclusions The body composition of non-professional rugby players from low-income clubs could be improved to enhance rugby performance, as compared to players in more competitive tiers. Economic constraints might contribute to a sub-optimal nutritional profile, potentially affecting body composition and on-field performance negatively. Recommendations to improve dietary intake should be made considering the budget constraints of these players.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis E. Holway
- Departamento de Medicina Aplicada a los Deportes, Club Atlético River Plate, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Francesco Campa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristian Petri
- Department of Sport and Informatics, Section of Physical Education and Sport, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
- Medical Department of A.C.F. Fiorentina S.r.l., Florence, Italy
| | - Luciano R. Spena
- Departamento de Nutrición, Universidad de Morón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Presti N, Mansouri T, Maloney MK, Hostler D. The Impact Plant-Based Diets Have on Athletic Performance and Body Composition: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38913935 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2024.2365755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Plant-based diets have gained popularity among athletes in recent years. Some believe that plant-based diets will improve performance owing to higher intakes of carbohydrates and antioxidants. Some believe it that will harm performance due to lower intakes of complete protein and creatine. This systemic review was conducted using Covidence software. A literature search of PubMed, Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL Plus (EBSCO), and Web of Science was completed on 22 March 2022. Following the development of clear objectives and a research question that identified the population, intervention, comparison, and outcomes, initial search criteria and keywords were identified. Extracted results totaled 2249, including 797 duplicates. The initial screening resulted in 1437 articles being excluded. The remaining 15 articles proceeded to full-text screening. A final 8 articles were included in the review, with 7 excluded. This paper will review the impact plant-based diets have on athletic performance and body composition in healthy young adults aged 18 to 45 years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Presti
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Tegan Mansouri
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Molly K Maloney
- University Libraries, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - David Hostler
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Research and Education in Special Environments, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Safa G, Hemmatinafar M, Nemati J, Imanian B, Suzuki K. Effect of Off-Season Iron Supplementation on Aerobic Capacity of Female Handball Player: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Study. Curr Dev Nutr 2024; 8:103767. [PMID: 38868615 PMCID: PMC11167267 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2024.103767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Iron supplementation, especially in female athletes, is 1 of the influential factors in aerobic capacity, and its deficiency can lead to significant problems related to reduced aerobic capacity. Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effect of 3 wk of iron supplementation on the aerobic capacity of female handball players. Methods In this randomized, double-blinded, and placebo control trial, 14 elite handball players (age: 21.6 ± 5.68 y; height: 169.5 ± 4.9 cm; weight: 62.2 ± 9.25 kg; body mass index (in kg/m2): 21.5 ± 2.9) randomly divided into 2 supplement groups (receiving a 100 mg/d of poly-maltose tri hydroxide iron complex in the form of tablets) and the placebo group (receiving a tablet containing 100 mg/d starch which is the same color and shape as iron tablets). The supplementation protocol was performed for 3 wk during the off-season. Maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), amounts of carbon dioxide at the first ventilatory threshold, amounts of carbon dioxide at the second ventilatory threshold, time to exhaustion (TTE), pulmonary ventilation (VE), ventilatory equivalents for oxygen, amounts of oxygen at the first ventilatory threshold, amounts of oxygen at the second ventilatory threshold, time to reach first ventilatory threshold, end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen at the first ventilatory threshold, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the first ventilatory threshold and ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide were measured using the Bruce test and gas analyzer in 2 pretest and posttest stages. Results There were significant improvements in oxygen at the first ventilatory threshold, time to reach first ventilatory threshold, and end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide at the first ventilatory threshold and a significant decrease in end-tidal partial pressure of oxygen at the first ventilatory threshold (P < 0.05). Also, no significant changes were found in VO2max, carbon dioxide at the first ventilatory threshold, carbon dioxide at the second ventilatory threshold, oxygen at the second ventilatory threshold, TTE, VE, ventilatory equivalents for oxygen, and ventilatory equivalents for carbon dioxide after 3 wk of iron supplementation (P > 0.05). Conclusions The study found that 3 wk of off-season iron supplementation positively impacted female handball players' aerobic capacity; however, it did not significantly improve their VO2max.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Safa
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hemmatinafar
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Javad Nemati
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Babak Imanian
- Department of Sport Science, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Staśkiewicz-Bartecka W, Kardas M, Zydek G, Zając A, Chycki J. Changes in Body Composition and Nutritional Periodization during the Training Macrocycle in Football-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1332. [PMID: 38732581 PMCID: PMC11085159 DOI: 10.3390/nu16091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition periodization in football training is an important determinant of adaptation to cyclic training loads. Personalizing an athlete's diet is crucial to ensure optimal performance and body composition, depending on the phase of training. The purpose of this review is to answer the question of how the body composition of football players changes over the training macrocycle and how dietary recommendations should be tailored to specific training periods. The review of scientific evidence was conducted based on the available literature, typing in phrases related to training and nutrition periodization using the PubMed and Google Scholar database methodology tools. A literature search resulted in the selection of 346 sources directly related to the topic of the study, and then those with the highest scientific value were selected. There is a need to adjust energy and nutrient intake according to the different training phases in a football player's preparation cycle. During the preparatory phase, it is recommended to increase protein and energy intake to support anabolic processes and muscle mass development. During the competitive period, due to the intensity of matches and training, the importance of carbohydrates for glycogen replenishment and recovery is emphasized. The transition phase requires the regulation of caloric intake to prevent adverse changes in body composition. Hydration has been identified as a key element in each phase of training. Cooperation between coaches, nutritionists, and players is essential to optimize sports performance and rapid recovery, and the authors recommend continuous adaptation and nutritional optimization as an integral part of football training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Staśkiewicz-Bartecka
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Marek Kardas
- Department of Food Technology and Quality Evaluation, Department of Dietetics, Faculty of Public Health in Bytom, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, ul. Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Zydek
- Department of Sport Nutrition, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Adam Zając
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jakub Chycki
- Department of Sports Training, Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, ul. Mikołowska 72A, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (A.Z.); (J.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Raeder C, Kämper M, Praetorius A, Tennler JS, Schoepp C. Metabolic, cognitive and neuromuscular responses to different multidirectional agility-like sprint protocols in elite female soccer players - a randomised crossover study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2024; 16:64. [PMID: 38448940 PMCID: PMC10916312 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-024-00856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance to fatigue is a key factor in injury prevention that needs to be considered in return-to-sport (RTS) scenarios, especially after severe knee ligament injuries. Fatigue should be induced under game-like conditions. The SpeedCourt (SC) is a movement platform for assessing multidirectional sprint performance, typical of game-sports, due to change-of-direction movements in response to a visual stimulus. Designing adequate fatigue protocols requires the suitable arrangement of several loading variables such as number of intervals, sprint distance or work/relief ratio (W:R). Therefore, this study analysed the acute fatigue effects of different SC protocols on metabolic load, cognitive function and neuromuscular performance. METHODS Eighteen female soccer players (mean ± SD; age: 23.1 ± 4.6 years) of the 1st German Division participated in this randomised, crossover study. Using a random allocation sequence, players completed four volume-equated protocols differing in W:R and sprint distance per interval (P1:12 × 30 m, W:R = 1:2 s; P2:12 × 30 m, W:R = 1:3 s; P3:18 × 20 m, W:R = 1:2 s; P4:18 × 20 m, W:R = 1:3 s). Pre- and post-exercise, metabolic load was measured per blood lactate concentration (BLaC), cognitive function per reaction time (RT), and neuromuscular performance including multiple rebound jumps (MRJ height, primary outcome variable; Reactive Strength Index, RSI) and 5 m sprint times (SP5). RESULTS Repeated-measures ANOVA revealed significant main time effects (p < .05) with improved performance post-exercise in RT (504 vs. 482 ms, d = 1.95), MRJ height (24.0 vs. 24.8 cm, d = 0.77), RSI (1.39 vs. 1.43, d = 0.52), and SP5 (1.19 vs. 1.17 s, d = 0.56). There was significant main time (p < .001) and time x protocol interaction effects in BLaC (p < .001). P1 induced higher BLaC values (4.52 ± 1.83 mmol/L) compared to P2 (3.79 ± 1.83 mmol/L; d = 0.74) and P4 (3.12 ± 1.83 mmol/L; d = 1.06), whereas P3 (4.23 ± 1.69 mmol/L) elicited higher BLaC values compared to P4 (d = 0.74). CONCLUSION All protocols caused an improved cognitive function and neuromuscular performance. The former may be related to enhanced noradrenergic activation or exercise specificity which induced an improved stimulus processing. The latter may be explained by a possible post-activation performance enhancement effect on jump and sprint performance. A shorter relief duration in W:R as opposed to sprint distance per interval produced higher BLaC values. The protocols may serve as reference data for improved RTS decision-making in elite female soccer players. TRIAL REGISTRATION Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien (DRKS), No.: DRKS00033496 , Registered 19. Februar 2024, Retrospectively Registered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Raeder
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Meike Kämper
- Women´s Soccer Department, MSV Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Arthur Praetorius
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Janina-Sophie Tennler
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schoepp
- Department of Arthroscopy Surgery, Sports Traumatology and Sports Medicine, BG Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molina-López J, Pérez AB, Gamarra-Morales Y, Vázquez-Lorente H, Herrera-Quintana L, Sánchez-Oliver AJ, Planells E. Prevalence of sports supplements consumption and its association with food choices among female elite football players. Nutrition 2024; 118:112239. [PMID: 38071936 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to 1) investigate the consumption of Sports Supplements (SSs) among female elite football players, 2) evaluate the influence of age on SS consumption, and 3) determine the relationship between the consumption of SSs and dietary choices among elite football players. METHODS A total of 126 female football players of Primera Iberdrola and Reto Iberdrola who participated in this descriptive, observational, and cross-sectional study completed a self-administered questionnaire on SSs and the Athletes' Food Choices Questionnaire. RESULTS Overall, 84.1% of participants consumed supplements, mainly for improved sports performance (68.3%) and health (34.1%). The main sources of purchase were the Internet (34.9%) and specialized shops (23.8%), and players were commonly advised by a dietitian-nutritionist to use SSs (56.3%). The SSs most often consumed included whey protein (30.2%), sports drinks (28.6%), creatine monohydrate (28.6%), sports bars (27.8%), and caffeine (27.8%). Older players consumed more supplements at the time of data compilation. Players predominantly acquired these supplements by using the Internet and reported benefits from their use (all P ≤ 0.036). Additionally, players who consumed SSs conveyed more concern about their food choices. CONCLUSIONS A high prevalence of female football players consumed SSs, particularly SSs supported by robust scientific evidence. Older players had higher supplement consumption rates. The use of SSs was related to food choices through nutritional characteristics of foods, knowledge about health and nutrition, weight control with the help of food, and the performance benefits players could acquire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Molina-López
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain; Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
| | - Andrea Baena Pérez
- Faculty of Education, Psychology, and Sports Sciences, University of Huelva, Huelva, Spain
| | | | - Héctor Vázquez-Lorente
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lourdes Herrera-Quintana
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Elena Planells
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix," University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rollo I, Williams C. Carbohydrate Nutrition and Skill Performance in Soccer. Sports Med 2023; 53:7-14. [PMID: 37421586 PMCID: PMC10721660 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01876-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
In soccer, players must perform a variety of sport-specific skills usually during or immediately after running, often at sprint speed. The quality of the skill performed is likely influenced by the volume of work done in attacking and defending over the duration of the match. Even the most highly skilful players succumb to the impact of fatigue both physical and mental, which may result in underperforming skills at key moments in a match. Fitness is the platform on which skill is performed during team sport. With the onset of fatigue, tired players find it ever more difficult to successfully perform basic skills. Therefore, it is not surprising that teams spend a large proportion of their training time on fitness. While acknowledging the central role of fitness in team sport, the importance of team tactics, underpinned by spatial awareness, must not be neglected. It is well established that a high-carbohydrate diet before a match and, as a supplement during match play, helps delay the onset of fatigue. There is some evidence that players ingesting carbohydrate can maintain sport-relevant skills for the duration of exercise more successfully compared with when ingesting placebo or water. However, most of the assessments of sport-specific skills have been performed in a controlled, non-contested environment. Although these methods may be judged as not ecologically valid, they do rule out the confounding influences of competition on skill performance. The aim of this brief review is to explore whether carbohydrate ingestion, while delaying fatigue during match play, may also help retain sport soccer-specific skill performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, UK.
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Clyde Williams
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nowaczyk PM, Adamczewski J, Durkalec-Michalski K. Practical Application and Methodological Considerations on the Basics of Sports Nutrition in Basketball: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Observational and Interventional Studies. Nutrients 2023; 15:4484. [PMID: 37892559 PMCID: PMC10610293 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The current systematic review (PROSPERO registration no. CRD42022334707) of observational (OS) and interventional studies (IS) aimed at evaluating the state of scientific knowledge on the basics of sports nutrition, framing discipline-specific dietary recommendations, and indicating potential directions for future studies in various age, experience level, and able-bodied abilities groups of basketball players (BP). A systematic search of PubMed, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science ended on 20 December 2022. Records were excluded if reporting studies on animals, sport disciplines other than basketball, or supplementation protocols other than those related to macronutrients and hydration manipulations. Risk of bias (RoB) was evaluated using Cochrane RoB_2 tools, 'JBI checklist for prevalence studies', and 'Quality assessment tool for before-after (pre-post) studies with no control group'. The relevant data was synthesized in tables and a narrative review was performed. Seventy-two records were included (2581 participants): 63 were on able-bodied BP (2433 participants) and 9 on para-athlete players (148 participants); 45 records were OS and 27 IS. The review disclosed widespread poor nutritional habits and knowledge and shortages in applying adequate nutritional and hydration practices in BP. Moreover, the systematic review revealed the lack of a sufficient number of investigations delivering reliable proof for framing discipline-specific and evidence-based recommendations on the basics of sports nutrition in basketball.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jakub Adamczewski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
- Sport Sciences–Biomedical Department, Charles University, 162 52 Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Callis L, Russell M, Hurst H, Hardwicke J, Roberts CJ. Room for Improvement in Sports Nutrition Knowledge amongst Parents and Caregivers of Male Academy Soccer Players in the UK: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:4331. [PMID: 37892407 PMCID: PMC10609980 DOI: 10.3390/nu15204331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In professional soccer clubs in the UK, nutrition support is often polarised towards senior players or those in the senior academy age groups seeking first team selection/involvement. Accordingly, there is an increased reliance on parents and caregivers to provide support regarding nutritional intake. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of nutrition knowledge of parents and caregivers of male youth soccer players within developmental academies in the UK. Across a single competitive season, 360 registered parents and caregivers of male soccer players from English Premier League under 9-11 (Foundation Phase) and under 12-16 (Youth Development Phase) age group academies completed an online version of the 88-item validated Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire. Nutrition knowledge scores were classified as "poor" (43 ± 23%). Nutrition knowledge scores were significantly greater in respondents with dependents representing Category 1 (45 ± 13%) vs. Category 2 (39 ± 15%) academies and in Foundation Phase (44 ± 13%) vs. Youth Development Phase (41 ± 15%). These results demonstrate that there is room for improvement in the nutrition knowledge levels of parents and caregivers of male soccer academy players. We recommend that club academies provide appropriate resources towards nutritional education for parents and caregivers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke Callis
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK;
| | - Mark Russell
- School of Sport and Wellbeing, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds LS18 5HD, UK;
| | - Howard Hurst
- Centre for Applied Sport Physical Activity and Performance, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK;
| | - Jack Hardwicke
- Department of Sport Science, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK;
| | - Charlie Jon Roberts
- Faculty of Arts, Science and Technology, University of Northampton, Northampton NN1 5PH, UK;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tirla A, Timar AV, Becze A, Memete AR, Vicas SI, Popoviciu MS, Cavalu S. Designing New Sport Supplements Based on Aronia melanocarpa and Bee Pollen to Enhance Antioxidant Capacity and Nutritional Value. Molecules 2023; 28:6944. [PMID: 37836785 PMCID: PMC10574696 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
With a high number of athletes using sport supplements targeting different results, the need for complex, natural and effective formulations represents an actual reality, while nutrition dosing regimens aiming to sustain the health and performance of athletes are always challenging. In this context, the main goal of this study was to elaborate a novel and complex nutraceutical supplement based on multiple bioactive compounds extracted from Aronia melanocarpa and bee pollen, aiming to support physiological adaptations and to minimize the stress generated by intense physical activity in the case of professional or amateur athletes. Our proposed formulations are based on different combinations of Aronia and bee pollen (A1:P1, A1:P2 and A2:P1), offering personalized supplements designed to fulfill the individual requirements of different categories of athletes. The approximate composition, fatty acid profile, identification and quantification of individual polyphenols, along with the antioxidant capacity of raw biological materials and different formulations, was performed using spectrophotometric methods, GS-MS and HPLC-DAD-MS-ESI+. In terms of antioxidant capacity, our formulations based on different ratios of bee pollen and Aronia were able to act as complex and powerful antioxidant products, highlighted by the synergic or additional effect of the combinations. Overall, the most powerful synergism was obtained for the A1:P2 formulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Tirla
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Adrian Vasile Timar
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Anca Becze
- INCDO-INOE 2000 Subsidiary Research Institute for Analytical Instrumentation ICIA, 67 Donath Street, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Adriana Ramona Memete
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Simona Ioana Vicas
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, University of Oradea, 26 Gen. Magheru Street, 410048 Oradea, Romania; (A.V.T.); (A.R.M.)
| | - Mihaela Simona Popoviciu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Doctoral School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
López-Jiménez A, Morán-Fagúndez L, Sánchez-Sánchez AM, Fernández-Pachón MS. The associations between anthropometric characteristics and nutritional parameters in male elite rugby union players. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2023; 74:707-718. [PMID: 37604816 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2023.2246699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective was to analyse the associations between anthropometric characteristics and diet in male rugby players according to the playing position. A cross-sectional study was developed. The forwards had higher body weight (107 kg) and fat mass (FM; 12%) than the backs (87.8 kg and 8.47%, respectively) (p < 0.05). The quality of diet needs to improve (KIDMED value of 5.87 and 6.36 for forwards and backs, respectively). Nutritional imbalances, such as deficits in carbohydrates, fibre, calcium, magnesium and vitamin D, and excess of fats, saturated fatty acid, cholesterol and sugars were found. Carbohydrates and proteins intake were significant associated (p < 0.05) with a minor FM. Forwards with a KIDMED index of less than 8 had a significantly higher FM than those who maintained an optimal diet (p < 0.05). The diet of rugby players should be more in line with dietary recommendations and take into account the player position to optimise sports performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrián López-Jiménez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Luis Morán-Fagúndez
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Sánchez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Economía, Área de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, Métodos Cuantitativos e Historia Económica, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María-Soledad Fernández-Pachón
- Departamento de Biología Molecular e Ingeniería Bioquímica, Área de Nutrición y Bromatología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gogojewicz A, Straburzyńska-Lupa A, Podgórski T, Frajtag P, Bibrowicz K, Śliwicka E. Assessment of the Dietary Intake and Nutritional Status of Polish Professional Futsal Players: A Descriptive Study-Do Futsal Players Require Nutritional Education? Nutrients 2023; 15:3720. [PMID: 37686752 PMCID: PMC10490003 DOI: 10.3390/nu15173720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Futsal is a discipline with high training and nutritional requirements. Despite growing research interest in athletes' diet and nutritional status, no studies have examined Polish male futsal players. Therefore, the aim of this descriptive study was an assessment of the dietary intake and nutritional status in a selected group of futsal players. The study comprised 11 members of a top Polish futsal team (aged 26 ± 3.62 years). Dietary intake was assessed using a standardized 3-day food record. Body composition, total energy expenditure, physical fitness level, and concentrations of the biochemical indices of each participant were estimated. The energy availability in the diet was lower than recommended. Moreover, low consumption of carbohydrates was stated, as well as an inadequate intake of Vitamins E and D. Higher protein and cholesterol intake than recommended were also observed. To conclude, our results point to the need for educating athletes and coaches, particularly teaching about proper food choices, promoting quality foods, and, in some cases, using individual dietary plans to meet energy and nutrient needs. Nutrition education would help to improve their dietary and health habits and optimize their performance in sports training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gogojewicz
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anna Straburzyńska-Lupa
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-L.); (P.F.)
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Paulina Frajtag
- Department of Physical Therapy and Sports Recovery, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland; (A.S.-L.); (P.F.)
| | - Karol Bibrowicz
- Department Science and Research Center of Body Posture, Kazimiera Milanowska College of Education and Therapy, 61-473 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Ewa Śliwicka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznan University of Physical Education, 61-871 Poznań, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramos-Campo DJ, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Cupeiro R, Benítez-Muñoz JA, Andreu Caravaca L, Rubio-Arias JÁ. The ergogenic effects of acute carbohydrate feeding on endurance performance: a systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37449467 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2233633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review with meta-analysis was conducted to analyze the effect of carbohydrate (CHO) intake during exercise and some variables that could moderate this effect on endurance performance. We included 136 studies examining the effect of CHO ingestion during endurance exercise in the meta-analysis. The overall effect on performance showed a significant increase after CHO intake compared to the placebo/control groups. A larger effect of CHO consumption is observed in time to exhaustion than in time trials performance test. Moreover, the effectiveness of CHO supplementation was greater the longer the duration of the events. Also, there seems to be a higher effect of CHO intake in lower trained than in higher trained participants. In contrast, the magnitude of performance change of CHO intake is not affected by the dosage, ergometer used, the type of intake of the CHO ingestion and the type of CHO. In addition, a lower rate of perceived exertion and higher power and heart rate are significantly associated with the ingestion of CHO during endurance exercise. These results reinforce that acute CHO feeding is an effective strategy for improving endurance performance, especially, in less trained subjects participating in time to exhaustion tests of longer durations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente J Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Rocío Cupeiro
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio Benítez-Muñoz
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science (INEF), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Andreu Caravaca
- Sports Physiology Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jacobo Á Rubio-Arias
- Health Research Centre, Department of Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gacek M, Wojtowicz A, Popek A. Personality Determinants of Exercise-Related Nutritional Behaviours among Polish Team Sport Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4025. [PMID: 36901036 PMCID: PMC10001531 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20054025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A proper diet increases the effectiveness of training and accelerates post-workout regeneration. One of the factors determining eating behaviour are personality traits, including those included in the Big Five model, i.e., neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. The aim of this study was to analyse the personality determinants of peri-exercise nutritional behaviours among an elite group of Polish athletes practicing team sports. The study was conducted in a group of 213 athletes, using the author's validated questionnaire of exercise-related nutrition behaviours and the NEO-PI-R (Neuroticism Extraversion Openness-Personality Inventory-Revised). A statistical analysis was performed using Pearson's linear correlation and Spearman's rank correlation coefficients as well as a multiple regression analysis, assuming a significance level of α = 0.05. It has been shown that the level of the overall index regarding normal peri-exercise eating behaviours decreased with increasing neuroticism (r = -0.18) and agreeableness (r = -0.18). An analysis of the relationship between the personality traits (sub-scales) of the Big Five model demonstrated that the overall index of proper peri-exercise nutrition decreased with the intensification of three neuroticism traits, i.e., hostility/anger (R = -0.20), impulsiveness/immoderation (R = -0.18), and vulnerability to stress/learned helplessness (R = -0.19), and four traits of agreeableness, i.e., straightforwardness/morality (R = -0.17), compliance/cooperation (R = -0.19), modesty (R = -0.14), and tendermindedness/sympathy (R = -0.15) (p < 0.05). A multiple regression analysis exhibited that the full model consisting of all the analysed personality traits explained 99% of the variance concerning the level of the proper peri-exercise nutrition index. In conclusion, the index of proper nutrition under conditions of physical effort decreases along with the intensification of neuroticism and agreeableness among Polish athletes professionally practicing team sports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Gacek
- Department of Sports Medicine and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wojtowicz
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Physical Education in Kraków, 31-571 Kraków, Poland
| | - Adam Popek
- Bronisław Markiewicz State Higher School of Technology and Economics in Jarosław, 37-500 Jarosław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McGuire A, Warrington G, Doyle L. Energy availability and macronutrient intake in elite male Gaelic football players. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2023; 7:1-7. [PMID: 35045802 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2022.2029551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that Gaelic football (GF) players do not meet the recommended energy intake (EI) levels and therefore may be at risk of low energy availability (LEA). This study examined energy availability (EA) in 20 elite male GF players. At two stages during a season (2019-2020), repeated measures of EI, exercise energy expenditure (EEE), EA and body composition were performed. Sixty-five percent reported with LEA [<30 kcal.kg Lean Body Mass (LBM)-1.day-1] at pre-season (PRE), with 70% at in-season (IN). Mean daily carbohydrate intake (PRE 3.2 ± 0.82 g.kg; IN 3.4 ± 0.79 g.kg) was below the recommended intake (5-7 g.kg) in 95% at PRE and 100% at IN. All consumed the recommended daily amount of protein (PRE 1.85 ± 0.57 g.kg; IN 1.87 ± 0.48 g.kg) and fat (PRE 1.23 ± 0.4 g.kg; IN 1.02 ± 0.3 g.kg). Significant correlations (P = 0.001) were reported between EA and carbohydrates (PRE r = 0.801; IN r = 0.714); protein (PRE r = 0.675; IN r = 0.769); fat (PRE r = 0.805; IN r = 0.733) and energy intake (PRE r = 0.960; IN r = 0.949). Twenty percent were at risk of disordered eating. This study suggests male elite GF players require education and interventions surrounding nutrition, in particular EA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy McGuire
- Department of Sport and Early Childhood Studies, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Thurles, Ireland.,Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Giles Warrington
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Lorna Doyle
- Department of Physical Education and Social Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.,Sport and Human Performance Research Centre, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fagaras PS, Teodorescu SV, Bacarea A, Petrea RG, Ursanu AI, Cozmei G, Radu LE, Vanvu GI. Aspects Regarding the Consumption of Dietary Supplements among the Active Population in Romania. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:850. [PMID: 36613172 PMCID: PMC9820110 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20010850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Food supplements contain a variety of combinations of vitamins, minerals, plant extracts, and other substances. Any physical effort requires energy from balanced and healthy nutrition. This research aimed to identify the categories of dietary supplements used by active and very active participants who attend the sports and leisure centers from Targu Mures city. The survey was developed in paper and online forms using the Internet and supported multimedia and self-administration. The sample consists of 517 subjects chosen randomly from the research population and divided into the active and highly active PAI subgroups based on age, education, and gender. IBM SPSS Statistics Version 20.0 was used to process the collected data. All data were analysed descriptively. Differences between independent groups were assessed using an Independent sample t-test and a Chi-square test. Statistical significance was accepted when p < 0.05. Additionally, a Pearson correlation was done. The most representative age category was between 18 and 22 years old (42.7%), the ones using dietary supplements most frequently. There were significant differences by group of age regarding the consumption of food supplements (p < 0.05) and also by gender (p < 0.05).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pia-Simona Fagaras
- Department of Doctoral Studies, National University of Physical Education and Sport Bucharest, 140 Constantin Noica Street, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Silvia-Violeta Teodorescu
- Department of Doctoral Studies, National University of Physical Education and Sport Bucharest, 140 Constantin Noica Street, 060057 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Bacarea
- Department ME1–Faculty of Medicine in English, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Renato-Gabriel Petrea
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adela-Ioana Ursanu
- Department of Teacher Training, “Gheorghe Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, 67, Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Avenue, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Geanina Cozmei
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Liliana-Elisabeta Radu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Avenue, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gynetta-Ionela Vanvu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
The Influence of Full-Time Holistic Support Delivered by a Sports Nutritionist on Within-Day Macronutrient Distribution in New Zealand Provincial Academy Rugby Union Players. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010017. [PMID: 36615675 PMCID: PMC9823601 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary intake is an important consideration for rugby union ('rugby') players to ensure substrate provision for optimal performance and facilitate recovery. Within-day meal distribution is especially important for athletes, particularly those with congested schedules and multiple daily training sessions. In the present study, 10 provincial academy rugby players engaged in a holistic support protocol informed by behaviour-change techniques led by a full-time sports nutritionist. Dietary intake was estimated during a 4-week monitoring and 4-week intervention period using the remote food photography method on one high-volume training day (two training sessions) and two low-volume training days (≤1 training session) per week. Lean body mass did not change significantly in response to the intervention. Significant increases were observed for protein on both low-volume (breakfast, AM snack, evening snack) and high-volume (post-gym, AM snack, evening snack) training days. Carbohydrate intake post-intervention was significantly greater at the pre-gym eating occasion but lower at PM snack and dinner eating occasions on high-volume days. These data suggest that incorporating a holistic support protocol led by a sports nutritionist can influence within-day nutrient intake in rugby players; however, no change to lean body mass was observed, and the influence of these changes in nutrient intake on performance and recovery warrants further investigation.
Collapse
|
18
|
Esen O, Rozwadowski K, Cepicka L, Gabrys T, Karayigit R. Practical Nutrition Strategies to Support Basketball Performance during International Short-Term Tournaments: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224909. [PMID: 36432595 PMCID: PMC9694551 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A short-term (e.g., 6 days) basketball tournament is a shorter version of international tournaments, and qualification in it enables participation in international tournaments such as the Olympics and World championships or preparation before major tournaments. Time for recovery between matches is shorter compared with major tournaments, resulting in an accentuated load on players, which can be repeated up to four times within the 6-day competition period. Therefore, nutritional strategies need to focus on faster and adequate recovery after each match as well as optimum fuelling and hydration before and during matches. Travelling can also create additional challenges when preparing and/or applying those nutritional strategies. There are some particular evidence-based sport foods and ergogenic aids that can improve intermittent activity and/or the execution of motor skills, which may facilitate basketball players' recovery and performance. The present review provides practical nutritional strategies to support short-term basketball tournaments based on players' physiological needs and current sport nutrition guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ozcan Esen
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Gabrys
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, 30100 Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Raci Karayigit
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ankara University, Gölbaşı, Ankara 06830, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Energy and Macronutrients Intake in Indoor Sport Team Athletes: Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14224755. [PMID: 36432438 PMCID: PMC9696016 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoor team sports are characterized by matches that are shorter in duration and with frequent substitution (high-intensity intermittent). The main goal of teams is to best cover athletes' physiological demands, while meeting their dietary intake needs is critical. The aim of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the dietary intake of indoor team sports athletes and to analyze whether they comply with nutritional recommendations. A search of PubMed-MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases from 2008 to July 2022 was conducted and 2727 documents were identified. The studies focused on adult professional or semi-professional volleyball, basketball, handball, or futsal athletes. Two independent researchers screened and extracted the data, with 20 documents included after they met the inclusion criteria. Most of the athletes, both men and women, did not meet the official recommendations based on under-consumption (energy and carbohydrates) or over-consumption (fats). In relation to protein, 28.6% of studies met the recommendations, with 50% of those who did not meet it being due to under-consumption. Although there are references on athletes' dietary intakes, there are no references considering sexes or types of sport. More adapted recommendations are needed in order to more precisely evaluate athletes' intake to know if they meet their real nutritional requirements.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zeng W, Sun L, Zhu H, Wu X, Xu L, Xu L. A composite arctigenin/caffeine/glucose formulation enhances anti-fatigue effect. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
21
|
Tanous D, Wagner KH, Leitzmann C, Motevalli M, Wirnitzer G, Rosemann T, Knechtle B, Wirnitzer K. Dietary Intake of Recreational Endurance Runners Associated with Race Distance-Results from the NURMI Study (Step 2). Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183698. [PMID: 36145075 PMCID: PMC9503531 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While the popularity of distance running is growing worldwide, endurance runners’ dietary challenges associated with their prolonged training and racing activities have not yet been fully understood. The present investigation was conducted with the aim of examining the association between race distance and dietary intake of distance runners. A total of 317 runners initially participated, and after data clearance, 211 endurance runners (57% females) were finally considered the study sample. Runners were assigned to three race distance groups: 10-km (n = 74), half-marathon (n = 83), and marathon/ultra-marathon (n = 54). An online survey was used to collect data; dietary intake was monitored using a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire, including 53 food groups categorized in 14 basic and three umbrella clusters. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between race distance groups in consumption of most food clusters except for “fruits and vegetables” and “total of protein”, with a predominance of 10-km runners compared to half-marathoners and (ultra-)marathoners (p ≤ 0.05). Age was a significant predictor for the consumption of only five (out of 17) food clusters (p ≤ 0.05), including “fruit and vegetables”, “unprocessed meat”, “processed meat”, “eggs”, and “plant protein”. Future investigations with a larger sample size and more differentiated (sub)groups may help provide comparable data to develop a better understanding of the dietary behaviors among shorter versus longer distance runners.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Tanous
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Karl-Heinz Wagner
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claus Leitzmann
- Institute of Nutrition, University of Gießen, 35390 Gießen, Germany
| | - Mohamad Motevalli
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Wirnitzer
- Department of Sport Science, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Research and Development in Teacher Education, University College of Teacher Education Tyrol, 6010 Innsbruck, Austria
- Research Center Medical Humanities, Leopold-Franzens University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Duggan JD, Collins K, Keane K. Factors influencing performance and injury risk in elite female Gaelic team sport players and future research directions: a narrative review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:164. [PMID: 36056384 PMCID: PMC9438325 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00553-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Sports science research in elite female Gaelic team sports has increased in recent years, but still a large disparity exists between the volume of studies involving male and female players. As a consequence of this, it is difficult for practitioners to develop an evidence-based approach when working with female players.
Main body In this review, we discuss the current research available in elite female Gaelic team sports with focus on seven specific areas including physical and physiological demands, anthropometric and performance characteristics, injury risk, nutritional considerations, and female physiology. There appears to be unique physical demands data in match play across positions in Camogie, however, there is currently no comparative data available in ladies Gaelic football. Similarly, there is no research available on the physiological demands of both elite female Gaelic team sports. According to existing literature, performance characteristics such as speed and power are lower in this population compared to other elite female team sports. Although data is limited, the anthropometric characteristics of elite female Gaelic team sport players appear homogenous with some positional differences observed at a sub-elite level. Previous research has demonstrated a high prevalence of lower limb injuries in female elite Gaelic team sports and the provision of quality, evidence-based strength & conditioning could help mitigate these injury risks. Female Gaelic team sport players have been shown to have poor nutrition knowledge and inadequate intakes of micronutrients. Finally, although menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptives have been shown to influence performance in other female intermittent sports, to date there has not been any research carried out in elite female Gaelic team sport players. Conclusions It is evident that limited research has been carried out on elite female Gaelic sport players. More up-to-date, high-quality investigations are needed to address the research gaps, which in turn should enable practitioners in the field to apply sound, evidence-based practice/theory when working with this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John David Duggan
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Kieran Collins
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University Dublin-Tallaght Campus, Tallaght, Dublin 24, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen Keane
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Nutrition, School of Science & Computing, Atlantic Technological University Galway, Dublin Road, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Assessing Dietary Nutrient Adequacy and the Effect of Season-Long Training on Body Composition and Metabolic Rate in Collegiate Male Basketball Players. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10090127. [PMID: 36136382 PMCID: PMC9506544 DOI: 10.3390/sports10090127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of performance in basketball relies on both optimal body composition and nutrient intake. The purpose of this study was to examine seasonal changes in body composition (BC), resting metabolic rate (RMR) and respiratory quotient (RQ), as well as dietary intake of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I (DI) male basketball players. BC, RMR and RQ were assessed during pre-season, in-season, and post-season (September, December, and March) while dietary assessment data were collected in September and February. Results of this study indicated that players received inadequate energy (p < 0.0001), protein (p < 0.001) and carbohydrate (p < 0.0001) relative to the recommendations for exercising individuals during the September baseline period. However, following diet analysis and consultations and relative to recommendations, athletes received adequate amounts of energy and protein during follow-up, yet intakes of carbohydrate (p = 0.0025) were still significantly different than recommended. Results also indicated that there was a decrease in percent body fat (%BF) during season, an increase in lean body mass (LBM) from pre- to post-season, a peak in RMR during season and an increase in RQ post-season. These findings reveal that significant metabolic and body composition changes occur in players over the season and suggest that nutritional strategies employed concomitantly may be beneficial.
Collapse
|
24
|
Tarnowski CA, Rollo I, Carter JM, Lizarraga-Dallo MA, Oliva MP, Clifford T, James LJ, Randell RK. Fluid Balance and Carbohydrate Intake of Elite Female Soccer Players during Training and Competition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153188. [PMID: 35956363 PMCID: PMC9370343 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined sweat rate, sweat sodium concentration [Na+], and ad-libitum carbohydrate and fluid intakes in elite female soccer players during training (n = 19) and a match (n = 8); eight completed both for comparisons. Body mass (kg) was obtained before and after exercise to calculate sweat rate. The sweat [Na+] was determined from absorbent patches on the thigh or back. Sweat rate, percentage body mass change, and sweat [Na+] for 19 players during training were 0.47 ± 0.19 L·h−1, +0.19 ± 0.65%, and 28 ± 10 mmol·L−1, respectively. Sweat rate was higher during a match (0.98 ± 0.34 L·h−1) versus training (0.49 ± 0.26 L·h−1, p = 0.007). Body mass losses were greater post-match (−1.12 ± 0.86%) than training (+0.29 ± 0.34%, p = 0.003). Sweat [Na+] was similar for training (29 ± 9 mmol·L−1) and a match (35 ± 9 mmol·L−1) (p = 0.215). There were no differences in match versus training carbohydrate intakes (2.0 ± 2.3 g·h−1, 0.9 ± 1.5 g·h−1, respectively, p = 0.219) or fluid intakes (0.71 ± 0.30 L·h−1, 0.53 ± 0.21 L·h−1, respectively, p = 0.114). In conclusion, female soccer players’ sweat rates were higher during a match than during training, and carbohydrate intakes were below recommendations for matches and training.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A. Tarnowski
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - James M. Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
| | | | - Mireia Porta Oliva
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC Barcelona, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (M.A.L.-D.); (M.P.O.)
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lewis J. James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Rebecca K. Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (I.R.); (J.M.C.); (R.K.R.)
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (T.C.); (L.J.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Koerich ACC, Borszcz FK, Thives Mello A, de Lucas RD, Hansen F. Effects of the ketogenic diet on performance and body composition in athletes and trained adults: a systematic review and Bayesian multivariate multilevel meta-analysis and meta-regression. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:11399-11424. [PMID: 35757868 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of the ketogenic diet (KD) against carbohydrate (CHO)-rich diets on physical performance and body composition in trained individuals. The MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and The Cochrane Library were searched. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials in athletes/trained adults were included. Meta-analytic models were carried out using Bayesian multilevel models. Eighteen studies were included providing estimates on cyclic exercise modes and strength one-maximum repetition (1-RM) performances and for total, fat, and free-fat masses. There were more favorable effects for CHO-rich than KD on time-trial performance (mode [95% credible interval]; -3.3% [-8.5%, 1.7%]), 1-RM (-5.7% [-14.9%, 2.6%]), and free-fat mass (-0.8 [-3.4, 1.9] kg); effects were more favorable to KD on total (-2.4 [-6.2, 1.8] kg) and fat mass losses (-2.4 [-5.4, 0.2] kg). Likely modifying effects on cyclic performance were the subject's sex and VO2max, intervention and performance durations, and mode of exercise. The intervention duration and subjects' sex were likely to modify effects on total body mass. KD can be a useful strategy for total and fat body losses, but a small negative effect on free-fat mass was observed. KD was not suitable for enhancing strength 1-RM or high-intensity cyclic performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara C Koerich
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernando Klitzke Borszcz
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Pantanal, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Arthur Thives Mello
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Dantas de Lucas
- Physical Effort Laboratory, Sports Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Pantanal, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, University Campus, Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nutritional Intake and Training Load of Professional Female Football Players during a Mid-Season Microcycle. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14102149. [PMID: 35631290 PMCID: PMC9146243 DOI: 10.3390/nu14102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Football (soccer) is a high-intensity intermittent sport with large energy demands. In a repeated-measures design, we analysed the nutritional intake and training load of fourteen female football players (22.50 ± 4.38 y; 57.23 ± 8.61 kg; 164 ± 6.00 cm; 18.33 ± 2.48% of fat mass and 23.71 ± 2.51 kg of muscle mass) competing in the highest female Football Portuguese League across a typical mid-season microcycle. The microcycle had one match day (MD), one recovery session (two days after the MD, MD+2), three training sessions (MD-3, MD-2, MD-1) and two rest days (MD+1). Energy intake and CHO (g.kg.BW−1) intake were lower on the days before the competition (MD+2, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1 vs. MD; p < 0.05; ES: 0.60−1.30). Total distance, distance covered at high-speed running (HSRD) and the high metabolic distance load (HMLD) were lower on MD+2, MD-3 and MD-1 compared with MD (p < 0.05; ES: <0.2−5.70). The internal training load was lower in all training sessions before the competition (MD+2, MD-3, MD-2 and MD-1 vs. MD; p ≤ 0.01; ES: 1.28−5.47). Despite the small sample size and a single assessment in time, the results suggest that caloric and CHO intake were below the recommendations and were not structured based on the physical requirements for training sessions or match days.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mason BRJ, Pumpa KL, McKune AJ, Gill ND, Ball NB. A Multidisciplinary Approach to Game Day Preparation for Team Sports: A Delphi Study With Expert Consensus. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:1345-1352. [PMID: 35482545 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Mason, BRJ, Pumpa, KL, McKune, AJ, Gill, ND, and Ball, NB. A multidisciplinary approach to game day preparation for team sports: A Delphi study with expert consensus. J Strength Cond Res 36(5): 1345-1352, 2022-The aim of this study was to identify game day preparation strategies used by performance staff to improve team sport performance and to determine consensus regarding the application and importance of these strategies. Twenty-five performance staff working in high performance or professional team sports participated in this Delphi study, which implemented 3 survey rounds. The first round sought responses to open-ended questions relating to the use of game day preparation strategies. These responses were developed into statements and recirculated (round-2 survey), with subjects asked to rate their level of agreement with each statement. The third and final survey presented revised versions of statements that did not reach a consensus in the previous round, along with new statements derived from subject responses. A thematic analysis of the open-ended responses in the first survey identified 5 key themes relating to game day preparation strategies: "exercise," "nutrition," "psychological," "technical and tactical," and "other." The round-2 survey included 38 statements across the 5 themes, with 22 reaching the consensus threshold (≥75%) for agreement. The remaining 16 statements did not reach consensus. The final survey included 18 statements (16 revised and 2 new) with 12 reaching the consensus threshold for agreement. Key preparation strategies identified in this study include structured and progressive warm-ups, strength and power-based priming sessions, individualized nutrition plans, and precooling in hot conditions. Performance staff working in similar environments should consider adopting these strategies to improve athlete or team performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Billy R J Mason
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Kate L Pumpa
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| | - Andrew J McKune
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Biokinetics, Exercise and Leisure Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa ; and
| | - Nicholas D Gill
- Te Huataki Waiora School of Health, Adams Center for High Performance, University of Waikato, Mount Maunganui, New Zealand
| | - Nick B Ball
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Bruce, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mitchell L, Lehane P, McCarthy M, O'Shea K, Tracey M, Whyte T, Neville R. Nutrition knowledge of elite and non-elite Gaelic footballers. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2022; 6:159-163. [PMID: 35475752 DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2021.1906440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dietary intake plays a significant role in athletic performance and is influenced by several factors, including nutrition knowledge. Gaelic footballers are amateur athletes who conduct high-intensity, intermittent activity during training and competition, and have previously demonstrated insufficient dietary intake. This study aimed to examine nutrition knowledge in elite and non-elite Gaelic footballers. An online survey was distributed to competitive Gaelic footballers, examining nutrition knowledge using the Abridged Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire. Total, general, and sport nutrition knowledge were compared between elite and non-elite athletes, and those who had and had not previously received nutrition education, using Mann-Whitney U-tests. A total of 190 participants (15.3% women) completed the survey. No differences between elite and non-elite athletes in nutrition knowledge were identified (p > 0.05). Athletes with previous nutrition education scored higher than those without previous nutrition education in total (54.0 ± 4.9% vs 46.8 ± 9.6%; p = 0.002) and sport (51.9 ± 12.5% vs 43.4 ± 11.8%; p = 0.005) nutrition knowledge. Findings suggest an importance of nutrition education at all levels of athletic competition to improve nutrition knowledge, which may empower athletes to make appropriate dietary decisions to support training and competition demands.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lachlan Mitchell
- National Nutrition Surveillance Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland.,School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Paul Lehane
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mark McCarthy
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Kris O'Shea
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Mark Tracey
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Taylor Whyte
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| | - Ross Neville
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sport Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Jonvik KL, King M, Rollo I, Stellingwerff T, Pitsiladis Y. New Opportunities to Advance the Field of Sports Nutrition. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:852230. [PMID: 35252862 PMCID: PMC8891369 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.852230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a relatively new discipline; with ~100 published papers/year in the 1990s to ~3,500+ papers/year today. Historically, sports nutrition research was primarily initiated by university-based exercise physiologists who developed new methodologies that could be impacted by nutrition interventions (e.g., carbohydrate/fat oxidation by whole body calorimetry and muscle glycogen by muscle biopsies). Application of these methods in seminal studies helped develop current sports nutrition guidelines as compiled in several expert consensus statements. Despite this wealth of knowledge, a limitation of the current evidence is the lack of appropriate intervention studies (e.g., randomized controlled clinical trials) in elite athlete populations that are ecologically valid (e.g., in real-life training and competition settings). Over the last decade, there has been an explosion of sports science technologies, methodologies, and innovations. Some of these recent advances are field-based, thus, providing the opportunity to accelerate the application of ecologically valid personalized sports nutrition interventions. Conversely, the acceleration of novel technologies and commercial solutions, especially in the field of biotechnology and software/app development, has far outstripped the scientific communities' ability to validate the effectiveness and utility of the vast majority of these new commercial technologies. This mini-review will highlight historical and present innovations with particular focus on technological innovations in sports nutrition that are expected to advance the field into the future. Indeed, the development and sharing of more “big data,” integrating field-based measurements, resulting in more ecologically valid evidence for efficacy and personalized prescriptions, are all future key opportunities to further advance the field of sports nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L. Jonvik
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michelle King
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Barrington, IL, United States
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Trent Stellingwerff
- Canadian Sport Institute-Pacific, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Yannis Pitsiladis
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Yannis Pitsiladis
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Nyman DLE, Gamble ASD, Bigg JL, Boyd LA, Vanderheyden AJ, Spriet LL. Carbohydrate Mouth-Rinsing Improves Overtime Physical Performance in Male Ice Hockey Players During On-Ice Scrimmages. Front Nutr 2022; 9:792708. [PMID: 35223946 PMCID: PMC8868824 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.792708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This randomized, double-blind, crossover study examined the effects of mouth-rinsing (MR) with a carbohydrate (CHO) vs. a placebo (PLA) solution on external and internal loads in hydrated ice hockey players during regulation and overtime (OT) periods of an on-ice scrimmage. Methods Twelve skilled male hockey players (22.6 [3.4] years, 178.9 [4.7] cm, 84.0 [6.5] kg) played three 20-min regulation periods and one 12-min OT period of small-sided 3-on-3 scrimmage. Skaters repeated 2 min shift and rest intervals. Participants mouth rinsed with 25 mL of CHO or PLA solution approximately every 10 min for a total of 7 rinses. A local positioning system (LPS) tracked external load variables including speed, distance, acceleration, and deceleration. Internal load was monitored with heart rate (HR) sensors and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results During regulation play, both the conditions developed similar fatigue, with significantly decreased high-intensity distance, average speed and decelerations, and increased RPE, from period 1 to 2 and 3. In OT, CHO MR increased the distance skated at high-intensity (224 [77], 185 [66] m, p = 0.042), peak speed (24.6 [1.6], 23.7 [1.3] km·h−1, p = 0.016), number of sprints (1.9 [1.2], 1.2 [0.9], p = 0.011), and decreased distance skated at slow speed (300 [33], 336 [47], p = 0.034) vs. PLA MR. OT RPE was similar between the two conditions in spite of more work done in CHO MR. Conclusions CHO MR may be a valuable practice to protect against decrements in external load with increased playing time in ice hockey, and possibly allows athletes to perform more work relative to perceived levels of exertion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle L. E. Nyman
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Danielle L. E. Nyman
| | - Alexander S. D. Gamble
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica L. Bigg
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Logan A. Boyd
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Lawrence L. Spriet
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Escribano-Ott I, Calleja-González J, Mielgo-Ayuso J. Ergo-Nutritional Intervention in Basketball: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:638. [PMID: 35276997 PMCID: PMC8839588 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Using nutritional supplements is a widespread strategy among basketball players to ensure the appropriate provision of energy and nutrients to avoid certain complaints. Particularly in basketball, there is no consensus on the type, quantity or form of use in which these supplements should be administered. Therefore, the main aim of this systematic review is to highlight the ergo-nutritional aids that may be effective in basketball. A structured search was carried out following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA®) guidelines in the Medline/PubMed and Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Scopus databases until 31 December 2021; no year restriction was applied to the search strategy. There were no filters applied to the basketball players' level, gender, race, or age to increase the power of the analysis. The results of this systematic review have shown that the effective dose of caffeine to enhance anaerobic performance and the feeling of vigorousness and energy ranges from 3 to 6 mg·kg-1, showing more positive effects when is supplemented 60-75 min before exercise in the morning and in test-based task. On the other hand, vitamin E (ranging from 200 to 268 mg), vitamin D (10,000 IU) and EPA (2 g) may have a potential role in recovery and wellness. The primary limitation of this study is the scarcity of studies related to nutritional supplementation in basketball players. However, a major strength is that this is the first systematic review describing what ergo-nutritional aids may be specifically helpful for basketball. Despite the need for future studies, certain nutritional supplements may have promising advantages for basketball (long-term supplementation of nitrates for recovery), whereas others (β-alanine, sodium bicarbonate, and acute nitrate supplementation) might theoretically be regarded as not interesting for basketball, or even not recommended by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as bovine colostrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Escribano-Ott
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Julio Calleja-González
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country, 01007 Vitoria, Spain;
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Shen S, Cheng H, Liu Y, Chen Y, Chen S, Liu D, Ye X, Chen J. New electrolyte beverages prepared by the citrus canning processing water through chemical improvement. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100155. [PMID: 34816121 PMCID: PMC8591342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus segment membrane removal during canning was improved for clean process. The improved process using mixed acid (alkali) showed good membrane removal result. The processing water was fully used for preparing a new healthy electrolyte drink. The bioactive compounds in the canning processing water were completely recoverd. This green process with economic viability has great society benefits.
In the production of canned citrus, large amounts of processing water were discharged during the segment membrane removal process, causing severe pollution. In order to reduce pollution and recover the bioactive compounds in the processing water, the production of canned satsuma mandarin, sweet orange and grapefruit were studied, and improved acid (0.1% HCl, 0.4% citric acid) and alkali (0.1% KOH, 0.2% NaOH) were used to conduct the new chemical hydrolysis process to remove the segment membrane. The obtained acid and alkali processing water were firstly explored the potential to make novel beverages, which contain electrolytes (Na: 472–945 ppm; K: 208–279 ppm; Cl: 364–411 ppm; citrate: 1105–1653 ppm) and potential prebiotics such as pectin and flavonoids. The improved segment membrane removal process realized the conversion of wastewater into drinkable beverages at low costs. The bioactive compounds were fully recovered without wastewater discharging, which produced great environmental, economic and health value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sihuan Shen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huan Cheng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Ecology and Health Institute, Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yanpei Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shiguo Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianle Chen
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Ningbo Research Institute, National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory of Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,NingboTech University, Ningbo 315100, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
A Glimpse of the Sports Nutrition Awareness in Spanish Basketball Players. Nutrients 2021; 14:nu14010027. [PMID: 35010902 PMCID: PMC8746623 DOI: 10.3390/nu14010027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Basketball is a team sport, with many fans and practitioners worldwide from all ages and levels. In all cases, players accumulate high levels of fatigue, and there is also limited time to recover between games or practices. In particular, nutrition plays a key role in optimizing performance and recovery. However, it is typical to observe erroneous nutritional behaviors among basketball players. It has been theorized that these behaviors are influenced by habits acquired based on the individual’s knowledge. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to conduct a descriptive research of the sports nutrition knowledge and practices in a sample of Spanish basketball players, from athletes under 18 years old (n = 69) to nonprofessional (n = 14) and professional adult players (n = 21). The sample was comprised of 49 men and 55 women. This was a transversal, cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study. All participants (n = 104) completed an anonymous online survey in order to analyze their sports nutrition knowledge and practices. In view of the obtained results, we can conclude that the knowledge of sport-specific nutrition in players under 18 years old, as well as non-professional and professional adult basketball players, is insufficient through all the categories and levels. The lack of professional support and time management difficulties were identified as some of the main barriers.
Collapse
|
34
|
Davis JK, Oikawa SY, Halson S, Stephens J, O'Riordan S, Luhrs K, Sopena B, Baker LB. In-Season Nutrition Strategies and Recovery Modalities to Enhance Recovery for Basketball Players: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 52:971-993. [PMID: 34905181 PMCID: PMC9023401 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01606-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Basketball players face multiple challenges to in-season recovery. The purpose of this article is to review the literature on recovery modalities and nutritional strategies for basketball players and practical applications that can be incorporated throughout the season at various levels of competition. Sleep, protein, carbohydrate, and fluids should be the foundational components emphasized throughout the season for home and away games to promote recovery. Travel, whether by air or bus, poses nutritional and sleep challenges, therefore teams should be strategic about packing snacks and fluid options while on the road. Practitioners should also plan for meals at hotels and during air travel for their players. Basketball players should aim for a minimum of 8 h of sleep per night and be encouraged to get extra sleep during congested schedules since back-to back games, high workloads, and travel may negatively influence night-time sleep. Regular sleep monitoring, education, and feedback may aid in optimizing sleep in basketball players. In addition, incorporating consistent training times may be beneficial to reduce bed and wake time variability. Hydrotherapy, compression garments, and massage may also provide an effective recovery modality to incorporate post-competition. Future research, however, is warranted to understand the influence these modalities have on enhancing recovery in basketball players. Overall, a strategic well-rounded approach, encompassing both nutrition and recovery modality strategies, should be carefully considered and implemented with teams to support basketball players' recovery for training and competition throughout the season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon K Davis
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo, Inc., 3800 Gaylord Parkway, Suite 210, Frisco, TX, 75034, USA.
| | - Sara Y Oikawa
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo, Inc., Bradenton, FL, 34210, USA
| | - Shona Halson
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Shane O'Riordan
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
| | - Kevin Luhrs
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo, Inc., Bradenton, FL, 34210, USA
| | - Bridget Sopena
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo, Inc., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| | - Lindsay B Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo, Inc., Barrington, IL, 60010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Bourdas DI, Souglis A, Zacharakis ED, Geladas ND, Travlos AK. Meta-Analysis of Carbohydrate Solution Intake during Prolonged Exercise in Adults: From the Last 45+ Years' Perspective. Nutrients 2021; 13:4223. [PMID: 34959776 PMCID: PMC8704222 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) supplementation during prolonged exercise postpones fatigue. However, the optimum administration timing, dosage, type of CHO intake, and possible interaction of the ergogenic effect with athletes' cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are not clear. Ninety-six studies (from relevant databases based on predefined eligibility criteria) were selected for meta-analysis to investigate the acute effect of ≤20% CHO solutions on prolonged exercise performance. The between-subject standardized mean difference [SMD = ([mean post-value treatment group-mean post-value control group]/pooled variance)] was assessed. Overall, SMD [95% CI] of 0.43 [0.35, 0.51] was significant (p < 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that SMD was reduced as the subjects' CRF level increased, with a 6-8% CHO solution composed of GL:FRU improving performance (exercise: 1-4 h); administration during the event led to a superior performance compared to administration before the exercise, with a 6-8% single-source CHO solution increasing performance in intermittent and 'stop and start' sports and an ~6% CHO solution appearing beneficial for 45-60 min exercises, but there were no significant differences between subjects' gender and age groups, varied CHO concentrations, doses, or types in the effect measurement. The evidence found was sound enough to support the hypothesis that CHO solutions, when ingested during endurance exercise, have ergogenic action and a possible crossover interaction with the subject's CRF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios I. Bourdas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Athanasios Souglis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Emmanouil D. Zacharakis
- Section of Didactics and Coaching in Sport Games, School of Physical Education & Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece; (A.S.); (E.D.Z.)
| | - Nickos D. Geladas
- Section of Sport Medicine & Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 41 Ethnikis Antistasis, 17237 Athens, Greece;
| | - Antonios K. Travlos
- Department of Sports Organization and Management, Faculty of Human Movement and Quality of Life Sciences, University of Peloponnese, Efstathiou and Stamatikis Valioti & Plataion Avenue, 23100 Tripoli, Greece;
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Burke LM. Nutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high-level sports competition. Exp Physiol 2021; 106:2304-2323. [PMID: 34762329 PMCID: PMC9299184 DOI: 10.1113/ep088188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
New Findings What is the topic of this review? The nutritional strategies that athletes use during competition events to optimize performance and the reasons they use them. What advances does it highlight? A range of nutritional strategies can be used by competitive athletes, alone or in combination, to address various event‐specific factors that constrain event performance. Evidence for such practices is constantly evolving but must be combined with understanding of the complexities of real‐life sport for optimal implementation.
Abstract High‐performance athletes share a common goal despite the unique nature of their sport: to pace or manage their performance to achieve the highest sustainable outputs over the duration of the event. Periodic or sustained decline in the optimal performance of event tasks, involves an interplay between central and peripheral phenomena that can often be reduced or delayed in onset by nutritional strategies. Contemporary nutrition practices undertaken before, during or between events include strategies to ensure the availability of limited muscle fuel stores. This includes creatine supplementation to increase muscle phosphocreatine content and consideration of the type, amount and timing of dietary carbohydrate intake to optimize muscle and liver glycogen stores or to provide additional exogenous substrate. Although there is interest in ketogenic low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diets and exogenous ketone supplements to provide alternative fuels to spare muscle carbohydrate use, present evidence suggests a limited utility of these strategies. Mouth sensing of a range of food tastants (e.g., carbohydrate, quinine, menthol, caffeine, fluid, acetic acid) may provide a central nervous system derived boost to sports performance. Finally, despite decades of research on hypohydration and exercise capacity, there is still contention around their effect on sports performance and the best guidance around hydration for sporting events. A unifying model proposes that some scenarios require personalized fluid plans while others might be managed by an ad hoc approach (ad libitum or thirst‐driven drinking) to fluid intake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise M Burke
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
The Personal Food Systems of Pre-Season NCAA Division 1 High-Contact, Low-Contact, and Non-Contact College Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13113670. [PMID: 34835926 PMCID: PMC8623026 DOI: 10.3390/nu13113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research indicates that dietary habits may differ between athletes of different sports. In this cross-sectional study, we hypothesize meal frequency, food choices, and food preferences will significantly differ between contact types. The participants were athletes (n = 92; men: n = 57, body fat percent (BF%): 14.8 ± 8.4%, body mass index (BMI): 25.5 ± 5.5 kg·m-2; women: n = 36, BF%: 26.7 ± 7.3%, BMI: 22.3 ± 2.7 kg·m-2) from high-contact (HCS), low-contact (LCS), and non-contact (NCS) sports. Meal frequency, food preference, and food choice questionnaires assessed factors influencing dietary habits. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measured lean body mass, fat mass, and body fat. A GLM multivariate analysis was used with significance accepted at p < 0.05. Significant body composition differences were observed between genders (p < 0.001) and among sports (p < 0.001). Dinner (83.7%), lunch (67.4%), and breakfast (55.4%) were the most frequently eaten meals, followed by evening snack (17.8%), afternoon snack (15.2%), and morning snack (8.7%). Greater preferences for starches were observed for HCS (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07) and for a greater preference for vegetables was found for NCS (p = 0.02; η2 = 0.09). Significant differences also existed in the importance of health (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07), weight control (p = 0.05; η2 = 0.11), natural content (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07), and price (p = 0.04; η2 = 0.07). These results support our hypothesis that food choices and food preferences differ between contact types. This may help sports dieticians create more individualized nutrition programs.
Collapse
|
38
|
Stimmt die Muskelproteinsynthese, stimmt auch die Leistung. ORTHOPÄDIE UND UNFALLCHIRURGIE 2021. [PMCID: PMC8492094 DOI: 10.1007/s41785-021-2915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
39
|
Ruiz-Castellano C, Espinar S, Contreras C, Mata F, Aragon AA, Martínez-Sanz JM. Achieving an Optimal Fat Loss Phase in Resistance-Trained Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093255. [PMID: 34579132 PMCID: PMC8471721 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Managing the body composition of athletes is a common practice in the field of sports nutrition. The loss of body weight (BW) in resistance-trained athletes is mainly conducted for aesthetic reasons (bodybuilding) or performance (powerlifting or weightlifting). The aim of this review is to provide dietary–nutritional strategies for the loss of fat mass in resistance-trained athletes. During the weight loss phase, the goal is to reduce the fat mass by maximizing the retention of fat-free mass. In this narrative review, the scientific literature is evaluated, and dietary–nutritional and supplementation recommendations for the weight loss phase of resistance-trained athletes are provided. Caloric intake should be set based on a target BW loss of 0.5–1.0%/week to maximize fat-free mass retention. Protein intake (2.2–3.0 g/kgBW/day) should be distributed throughout the day (3–6 meals), ensuring in each meal an adequate amount of protein (0.40–0.55 g/kgBW/meal) and including a meal within 2–3 h before and after training. Carbohydrate intake should be adapted to the level of activity of the athlete in order to training performance (2–5 g/kgBW/day). Caffeine (3–6 mg/kgBW/day) and creatine monohydrate (3–5 g/day) could be incorporated into the athlete’s diet due to their ergogenic effects in relation to resistance training. The intake of micronutrients complexes should be limited to special situations in which there is a real deficiency, and the athlete cannot consume through their diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergio Espinar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| | - Carlos Contreras
- Faculty of Health Sciences, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, 30107 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Fernando Mata
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Nutrición (CEAN), 14010 Córdoba, Spain;
| | - Alan A. Aragon
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, CA 91330, USA;
| | - José Miguel Martínez-Sanz
- Research Group on Food and Nutrition (ALINUT), Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abreu R, Figueiredo P, Beckert P, Marques JP, Amorim S, Caetano C, Carvalho P, Sá C, Cotovio R, Cruz J, Dias T, Fernandes G, Gonçalves E, Leão C, Leitão A, Lopes J, Machado E, Neves M, Oliveira A, Pereira AI, Pereira B, Ribeiro F, Silva LM, Sousa F, Tinoco T, Teixeira VH, Sousa M, Brito J. Portuguese Football Federation consensus statement 2020: nutrition and performance in football. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2021; 7:e001082. [PMID: 34527279 PMCID: PMC8395276 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrition is an undeniable part of promoting health and performance among football (soccer) players. Nevertheless, nutritional strategies adopted in elite football can vary significantly depending on culture, habit and practical constraints and might not always be supported by scientific evidence. Therefore, a group of 28 Portuguese experts on sports nutrition, sports science and sports medicine sought to discuss current practices in the elite football landscape and review the existing evidence on nutritional strategies to be applied when supporting football players. Starting from understanding football's physical and physiological demands, five different moments were identified: preparing to play, match-day, recovery after matches, between matches and during injury or rehabilitation periods. When applicable, specificities of nutritional support to young athletes and female players were also addressed. The result is a set of practical recommendations that gathered consensus among involved experts, highlighting carbohydrates periodisation, hydration and conscious use of dietary supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abreu
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal.,Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, CIDESD, University Institute of Maia, ISMAI, Maia, Portugal
| | - Paulo Beckert
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | - José P Marques
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| | | | | | - Pedro Carvalho
- Universidade Catolica Portuguesa Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Sá
- ISMAI, Castelo da Maia, Porto, Portugal.,Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Braganca, Portugal
| | | | - Joana Cruz
- Portimonense Futebol SAD, Portimao, Portugal
| | - Tiago Dias
- Clube Desportivo Santa Clara, Ponta Delgada, Portugal
| | | | | | - César Leão
- Instituto Politecnico de Viana do Castelo Escola Superior de Desporto e Lazer, Melgaco, Viana do Castelo, Portugal.,FC Paços de Ferreira, Paços de Ferreira, Portugal
| | | | - João Lopes
- Sporting Clube de Portugal, SAD, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Mónica Neves
- Vitória Futebol Clube, Setúbal, Portugal.,Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | | | | | - Bruno Pereira
- Sports Medicine Control Training Unit, Instituto Portugues do Desporto e Juventude, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal.,Moreirense FC, Moreira, Portugal
| | - Luis M Silva
- Centro de Medicina Desportiva do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipe Sousa
- Futebol Clube de Vizela, Vizela, Portugal.,Futbolniy Klub Shakhtar, Shakhtar, Ukraine
| | | | - Vitor H Teixeira
- Universidade do Porto Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Porto, Portugal.,Futebol Clube do Porto SAD, Porto, Portugal
| | - Monica Sousa
- Nutrition and Metabolism, Universidade Nova de Lisboa Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,NOVA Medical School, CINTESIS, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Brito
- Portugal Football School, Portuguese Football Federation, Cruz Quebrada, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Antonio Paoli A, Mancin L, Caprio M, Monti E, Narici MV, Cenci L, Piccini F, Pincella M, Grigoletto D, Marcolin G. Effects of 30 days of ketogenic diet on body composition, muscle strength, muscle area, metabolism, and performance in semi-professional soccer players. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:62. [PMID: 34530857 PMCID: PMC8447662 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-021-00459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A ketogenic diet (KD) is a nutritional approach, usually adopted for weight loss, that restricts daily carbohydrates under 30 g/day. KD showed contradictory results on sport performance, whilst no data are available on team sports. We sought to investigate the influence of a KD on different parameters in semi-professional soccer players. METHODS Subjects were randomly assigned to a iso-protein (1.8 g/Kg body weight/day) ketogenic diet (KD) or western diet (WD) for 30 days. Body weight and body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), cross sectional area (CSA) and isometric muscle strength of quadriceps, counter movement jump (CMJ) and yoyo intermittent recovery test time were measured. RESULTS There was a significantly higher decrease of body fat (p = 0.0359), visceral adipose tissue (VAT) (p = 0.0018), waist circumference (p = 0.0185) and extra-cellular water (p = 0.0060) in KD compared to WD group. Lean soft tissue, quadriceps muscle area, maximal strength and REE showed no changes in both groups. RER decreased significantly in KD (p = 0.0008). Yo-yo intermittent test improved significantly (p < 0.0001) in both groups without significant differences between groups. CMJ significantly improved (p = 0.0021) only in KD. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study investigating the effects of a KD on semi-professional soccer players. In our study KD athletes lost fat mass without any detrimental effects on strength, power and muscle mass. When the goal is a rapid weight reduction in such athletes, the use of a KD should be taken into account. TRIAL REGISTRATION registered retrospectively on Clinical Trial registration number NCT04078971 .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Antonio Paoli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy. .,Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM, Catholic University of Murcia, 30107, Murcia, Spain. .,Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | - Laura Mancin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy.,Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Caprio
- Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Monti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cenci
- Human Inspired Technology Research Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pincella
- Inter FC., Milan, Italy.,FIGC Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio (Italian Football Federation), Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Grigoletto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marcolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo, 3, 35131, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Oikawa SY, Brisbois TD, van Loon LJC, Rollo I. Eat like an athlete: insights of sports nutrition science to support active aging in healthy older adults. GeroScience 2021; 43:2485-2495. [PMID: 34283389 PMCID: PMC8599603 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00419-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mass losses with age are associated with negative health consequences, including an increased risk of developing metabolic disease and the loss of independence. Athletes adopt numerous nutritional strategies to maximize the benefits of exercise training and enhance recovery in pursuit of improving skeletal muscle quality, mass, or function. Importantly, many of the principles applied to enhance skeletal muscle health in athletes may be applicable to support active aging and prevent sarcopenia in the healthy (non-clinical) aging population. Here, we discuss the anabolic properties of protein supplementation in addition to ingredients that may enhance the anabolic effects of protein (e.g. omega 3 s, creatine, inorganic nitrate) in older persons. We conclude that nutritional strategies used in pursuit of performance enhancement in athletes are often applicable to improve skeletal muscle health in the healthy older population when implemented as part of a healthy active lifestyle. Further research is required to elucidate the mechanisms by which these nutrients may induce favourable changes in skeletal muscle and to determine the appropriate dosing and timing of nutrient intakes to support active aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Y Oikawa
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, 5500 34th Street West, Bradenton, FL, 34210, USA.
| | | | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School for Nutrition, Toxicology and Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, 5500 34th Street West, Bradenton, FL, 34210, USA.,School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Randell RK, Clifford T, Drust B, Moss SL, Unnithan VB, De Ste Croix MBA, Datson N, Martin D, Mayho H, Carter JM, Rollo I. Physiological Characteristics of Female Soccer Players and Health and Performance Considerations: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2021; 51:1377-1399. [PMID: 33844195 PMCID: PMC8222040 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01458-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Female soccer has seen a substantial rise in participation, as well as increased financial support from governing bodies over the last decade. Thus, there is an onus on researchers and medical departments to develop a better understanding of the physical characteristics and demands, and the health and performance needs of female soccer players. In this review, we discuss the current research, as well as the knowledge gaps, of six major topics: physical demands, talent identification, body composition, injury risk and prevention, health and nutrition. Data on female talent identification are scarce, and future studies need to elucidate the influence of relative age and maturation selection across age groups. Regarding the physical demands, more research is needed on the pattern of high-intensity sprinting during matches and the contribution of soccer-specific movements. Injuries are not uncommon in female soccer players, but targeting intrinsically modifiable factors with injury prevention programmes can reduce injury rates. The anthropometric and physical characteristics of female players are heterogeneous and setting specific targets should be discouraged in youth and sub-elite players. Menstrual cycle phase may influence performance and injury risk; however, there are few studies in soccer players. Nutrition plays a critical role in health and performance and ensuring adequate energy intake remains a priority. Despite recent progress, there is considerably less research in female than male soccer players. Many gaps in our understanding of how best to develop and manage the health and performance of female soccer players remain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca K Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK.
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
| | - Thomas Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Barry Drust
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samantha L Moss
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Viswanath B Unnithan
- Institute of Clinical Exercise and Health Science, Division of Sport and Exercise, School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Hamilton, Scotland, UK
| | | | - Naomi Datson
- Institute of Sport, University of Chichester, Chichester, UK
| | - Daniel Martin
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Hannah Mayho
- Sports Science Department, Manchester City Football Club, Manchester, UK
| | - James M Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Life Sciences R&D, PepsiCo, Leicester, UK
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Masoga S, Maja MT, Matsepane MP, Sethemane SC. Dietary practices of soccer athletes registered at the University of Limpopo, Limpopo Province, South Africa. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-021-00790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
There is a growing number of athletes participating in soccer sports within the higher institutions of learning. However, studies involving the dietary practices of these athletes remain relatively scarce.
Objective
To determine the dietary practices of soccer athletes registered at the University of Limpopo, Limpopo Province, South Africa.
Methodology
This was a descriptive quantitative study, which adopted a purposive sampling technique to obtain 31 out of 40 registered soccer athletes representing the University of Limpopo as a team. The approval was obtained from the Turfloop Research and Ethics Committee (TREC). Data were collected at the University of Limpopo sports grounds, in the afternoons before the commencement of the training. The demographic status which included the gender, weight, and duration of athletes involved in sports of soccer at the University were collected. The weights of the athletes were also measured using a digital scale from SECA to calculate the nutrient requirements. The dietary practices of athletes were collected using the modified 24-h recall questionnaire on three different days. Athletes were required to recall all food items consumed in the previous 24 h. The researchers used household measuring utensils and food models to assist athletes in estimating food quantities. Athletes were required to recall incidences that took place in the previous to associate with food items taken. Food Frequency Questionnaire was used to determine the regularity of consumption of different food items. The nutrient intake for the athletes was obtained from the average analysis of the three 24-h recall questionnaires through MRC Food Finder (version 3.0). The SPSS software (24.0) was then used to determine descriptive tests expressing variables as percentages, means, standard deviations (± SD), and minimum and maximum values. The obtained test results were then compared to the recommendations by the International Society of Sports Nutrition (2018).
Results
Majority (81.0%) of athletes engaged in soccer sport for ≤ 2 years while at University. Overall, 61% of athletes consumed three meals/day. Only 65% consumed meals 2–3 h before the training. Majority of the athletes (≥ 61%) consumed carbohydrates, protein, and fat below the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) recommendations. Additionally, more than 65% of the same athletes consumed vitamins and minerals below the recommendations. None of the athletes consumed any food immediately after training.
Conclusion
The dietary intakes were below the ISSN recommendations. The dietary practices of athletes involved in the sport of soccer at the University of Limpopo were not adhering to soccer nutritional guidelines. Therefore, athletes need to receive nutrition support through the appointment of nutrition experts or dietitians to assist in nutrition and dietary related practices of athletes. Involvement of other multidisciplinary members is also warranted in sports of soccer and other sports categories to improve athletes’ performance without compromising their health.
Collapse
|
45
|
O’Brien L, Collins K, Webb R, Davies I, Doran D, Amirabdollahian F. The Effects of Pre-Game Carbohydrate Intake on Running Performance and Substrate Utilisation during Simulated Gaelic Football Match Play. Nutrients 2021; 13:1392. [PMID: 33919043 PMCID: PMC8142997 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has reported that elite Gaelic football players' carbohydrate (CHO) intakes are sub-optimal, especially, in the lead up to competitive matches. Despite clear decrements in running performance across elite Gaelic football matches, there are no studies that have investigated nutrition interventions on match-related Gaelic football performance. The aim of this study was to determine whether a higher-CHO diet in line with sports nutrition guidelines can improve Gaelic football-related performance compared to lower CHO intakes previously observed in Gaelic footballers. METHODS Twelve Gaelic football players completed a Gaelic football simulation protocol (GFSP) on two occasions after consuming a high-CHO diet (7 g·kg-1) (HCHO) or an energy-matched lower-CHO diet (3.5 g·kg-1) (L-CHO) for 48 h. Movement demands and heart rate were measured using portable global positioning systems devices. Countermovement jump height (CMJ) and repeated-sprint ability (RSA) were measured throughout each trial. Expired respiratory gases were collected throughout the trial using a portable gas analyser. Blood samples were taken at rest, half-time, and post-simulation. RESULTS There was no significant difference in total distance (p = 0.811; η2 = 0.005) or high-speed running distance (HSRD) covered between both trials. However, in the second half of the HCHO trial, HSRD was significantly greater compared to the second half of the LCHO trial (p = 0.015). Sprint distance covered during GFSP was significantly greater in HCHO (8.1 ± 3.5 m·min-1) compared with LCHO (6.4 ± 3.2 m·min-1) (p = 0.011; η2 = 0.445). RSA performance (p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.735) and lower body power (CMJ) (p < 0.0001; η2 = 0.683) were significantly greater during the HCHO trial compared to LCHO. Overall CHO oxidation rates were significantly greater under HCHO conditions compared to LCHO (3.3 ± 0.5 vs. 2.7 ± 0.6 g·min-1) (p < 0.001; η2 = 0.798). Blood lactate concentrations were significantly higher during HCHO trial versus LCHO (p = 0.026; η2 = 0.375). There were no significant differences in plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and glycerol concentration between trials. In both trials, all blood metabolites were significantly elevated at half-time and post-trial compared to pre-trial. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that a higher-CHO diet can reduce declines in physical performance during simulated Gaelic football match play.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke O’Brien
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK; (R.W.); (F.A.)
| | - Kieran Collins
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University of Dublin, Tallaght, D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.D.)
| | - Richard Webb
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK; (R.W.); (F.A.)
| | - Ian Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK;
| | - Dominic Doran
- Gaelic Sports Research Centre, Technological University of Dublin, Tallaght, D24 FKT9 Dublin, Ireland; (K.C.); (D.D.)
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 5AF, UK;
| | - Farzad Amirabdollahian
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool L16 9JD, UK; (R.W.); (F.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
How Does the Dietary Intake of Female Field-Based Team Sport Athletes Compare to Dietary Recommendations for Health and Performance? A Systematic Literature Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041235. [PMID: 33918568 PMCID: PMC8069310 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Field-based team sports present large energetic demands given their intermittent high-intensity nature. Current evidence suggests that the dietary intake of female athletes may be insufficient to meet such demands, resulting in negative consequences for athletic performance and health. The primary aim of this review was to therefore assess the adequacy of dietary intake of female field-based team sport athletes when compared to dietary recommendations. A systematic search of databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and OpenGrey, was performed from the earliest record available until July 2020, obtaining an initial total of 2588 articles. To be included within the final review, articles were required to provide a quantitative assessment of baseline dietary intake specific to the target population. A total of 20 studies (n = 462) met the full eligibility criteria. A majority reported that the dietary intake of female field-based team sport athletes was insufficient in overall energy (2064 ± 309 kcal·day-1), carbohydrate (4.3 ± 1.2 g·kg·day-1), and iron intake (13.6 ± 6.2 mg·day-1) when compared to recommendations. Future research is required to establish why female team sport athletes consistently demonstrate deficient dietary practices, and to explore the potential negative consequences of this.
Collapse
|
47
|
Draghi PF, Bastos Fernandes JC, Petri G, Barbosa da Silva E, Perez MM, da Veiga GRL, Alves BDCA, Fonseca FLA. Magnesium Supplementation: Effect on the Expression of Inflammation Genes in Erlich's Tumor. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:483-498. [PMID: 33749469 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1897056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Magnesium supplementation may be beneficial for cancer patients due to its action as a modulator of cell proliferation and metabolism and its anti-inflammatory effect. Tumor metabolism can influence the bioavailability and absorption of nutrients, leading to an increase in the individual's nutritional needs. In this work, the effects of supplementing different dosages of magnesium chloride in mice with solid Ehrlich's tumors were investigated by analyzing their hematological, inflammatory and anthropometric biomarkers. Three dosages of magnesium chloride (MgCl2) were administered for 28 consecutive days. Animal welfare was assessed according to the criteria stipulated by the National Center for the Replacement, Refinement, and Reduction of Animals in Research (NC3Rs). The inverted grid method was used to analyze muscle strength and fatigue. Difference in expression of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) and the Growth Transformation Factor (TGF-β1) genes was determined by the 2-ΔCt method. The hematological evaluation consisted of the erythrogram, white blood cell and platelet counts were used for the hematological evaluation and treatment cytotoxicity. Difference in the expression of the TNF-α and TGF-β genes showed that the group that received a high dose of magnesium had a decrease in TNF-α and RNL, an improvement in well-being with a tendency to increase muscle strength and less tumor progression according to the days of treatment. The group that received a low dosage of magnesium had a smaller tumor volume and a more controlled tumor growth according to the days. The group that received an intermediate dosage presented cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Ferrante Draghi
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, ABC Medical School/ABC Health University Center - FMABC/CUSABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Giuliana Petri
- Bioterium, ABC Medical School/ABC Health University Center - FMABC/CUSABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Emerson Barbosa da Silva
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, ABC Medical School/ABC Health University Center - FMABC/CUSABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus Moreira Perez
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, ABC Medical School/ABC Health University Center - FMABC/CUSABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Glaucia Raquel Luciano da Veiga
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, ABC Medical School/ABC Health University Center - FMABC/CUSABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz da Costa Aguiar Alves
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, ABC Medical School/ABC Health University Center - FMABC/CUSABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Luiz Affonso Fonseca
- Clinical Analysis Laboratory, ABC Medical School/ABC Health University Center - FMABC/CUSABC, Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo - UNIFESP, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Perceptual and Physiological Responses to Carbohydrate and Menthol Mouth-Swilling Solutions: A Repeated Measures Cross-Over Preliminary Trial. BEVERAGES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/beverages7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate and menthol mouth-swilling have been used to enhance exercise performance in the heat. However, these strategies differ in mechanism and subjective experience. Participants (n = 12) sat for 60 min in hot conditions (35 °C; 15 ± 2%) following a 15 min control period, during which the participants undertook three 15 min testing blocks. A randomised swill (carbohydrate; menthol; water) was administered per testing block (one swill every three minutes within each block). Heart rate, tympanic temperature, thermal comfort, thermal sensation and thirst were recorded every three minutes. Data were analysed by ANOVA, with carbohydrate intake controlled for via ANCOVA. Small elevations in heart rate were observed after carbohydrate (ES: 0.22 ± 90% CI: −0.09–0.52) and water swilling (0.26; −0.04–0.54). Menthol showed small improvements in thermal comfort relative to carbohydrate (−0.33; −0.63–0.03) and water (−0.40; from −0.70 to −0.10), and induced moderate reductions in thermal sensation (−0.71; from −1.01 to −0.40 and −0.66; from −0.97 to −0.35, respectively). Menthol reduced thirst by a small to moderate extent. These effects persisted when controlling for dietary carbohydrate intake. Carbohydrate and water may elevate heart rate, whereas menthol elicits small improvements in thermal comfort, moderately improves thermal sensation and may mitigate thirst; these effects persist when dietary carbohydrate intake is controlled for.
Collapse
|
49
|
Rollo I, Randell RK, Baker L, Leyes JY, Medina Leal D, Lizarraga A, Mesalles J, Jeukendrup AE, James LJ, Carter JM. Fluid Balance, Sweat Na + Losses, and Carbohydrate Intake of Elite Male Soccer Players in Response to Low and High Training Intensities in Cool and Hot Environments. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020401. [PMID: 33513989 PMCID: PMC7912570 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypohydration increases physiological strain and reduces physical and technical soccer performance, but there are limited data on how fluid balance responses change between different types of sessions in professional players. This study investigated sweat and fluid/carbohydrate intake responses in elite male professional soccer players training at low and high intensities in cool and hot environments. Fluid/sodium (Na+) losses and ad-libitum carbohydrate/fluid intake of fourteen elite male soccer players were measured on four occasions: cool (wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT): 15 ± 7 °C, 66 ± 6% relative humidity (RH)) low intensity (rating of perceived exertion (RPE) 2–4, m·min−1 40–46) (CL); cool high intensity (RPE 6–8, m·min−1 82–86) (CH); hot (29 ± 1 °C, 52 ± 7% RH) low intensity (HL); hot high intensity (HH). Exercise involved 65 ± 5 min of soccer-specific training. Before and after exercise, players were weighed in minimal clothing. During training, players had ad libitum access to carbohydrate beverages and water. Sweat [Na+] (mmol·L−1), which was measured by absorbent patches positioned on the thigh, was no different between conditions, CL: 35 ± 9, CH: 38 ± 8, HL: 34 ± 70.17, HH: 38 ± 8 (p = 0.475). Exercise intensity and environmental condition significantly influenced sweat rates (L·h−1), CL: 0.55 ± 0.20, CH: 0.98 ± 0.21, HL: 0.81 ± 0.17, HH: 1.43 ± 0.23 (p =0.001), and percentage dehydration (p < 0.001). Fluid intake was significantly associated with sweat rate (p = 0.019), with no players experiencing hypohydration > 2% of pre-exercise body mass. Carbohydrate intake varied between players (range 0–38 g·h−1), with no difference between conditions. These descriptive data gathered on elite professional players highlight the variation in the hydration status, sweat rate, sweat Na+ losses, and carbohydrate intake in response to training in cool and hot environments and at low and high exercise intensities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Rollo
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +116-2348846
| | - Rebecca K. Randell
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lindsay Baker
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
| | - Javier Yanguas Leyes
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Daniel Medina Leal
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Antonia Lizarraga
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Jordi Mesalles
- FC Barcelona Medical Department, FC, 08014 Barcelona, Spain; (J.Y.L.); (D.M.L.); (A.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Asker E. Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - Lewis J. James
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire LE11 3TU, UK; (A.E.J.); (L.J.J.)
| | - James M. Carter
- Gatorade Sports Science Institute, PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Leicestershire LE4 1ET, UK; (R.K.R.); (L.B.); (J.M.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wynne JL, Ehlert AM, Wilson PB. Effects of high-carbohydrate versus mixed-macronutrient meals on female soccer physiology and performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1125-1134. [PMID: 33484335 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04597-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Athletes are often told to minimize intakes of fiber, fat, and protein in pre-competition meals to avoid gut distress, but this guidance is based on scant direct evidence. This study evaluated the physiological and perceptual effects of pre-competition mixed-macronutrient (MM) and high-carbohydrate (HCHO) meals in collegiate female soccer players. METHODS Fifteen players participated in this randomized, investigator-blinded, crossover study involving two ~ 1000-kcal meals (HCHO and MM) consumed 4 h prior to 70-min scrimmages. Assessments included global positioning system (GPS) tracking, heart rate (HR), perceived exertion (RPE), ratings of fatigue (ROF), gut symptoms, and perceptions of satiety, hunger, and fullness. Differences between conditions for HR, RPE, ROF, and gut symptoms were evaluated with Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. GPS data and hunger, satiety, and fullness scores were compared using within-subjects repeated measures ANOVAs. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found between the conditions at any time point for HR, RPE, ROF, or gut symptoms. Significant time effects were found for two GPS variables (total distance covered and high-speed running), indicating that participants covered less distance during the second half of the scrimmages in comparison to the first half. However, there were no significant condition or condition × time interactions for GPS data. Finally, there were no condition or condition × time interactions for hunger, fullness, and satiety, though significant time effects were observed. CONCLUSION A MM meal consumed 4 h prior to 70 min of soccer competition does not increase gut symptoms and can be similarly ergogenic as a HCHO meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaison L Wynne
- Human Performance Laboratory, Human Movement Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, 2003A Student Recreation Center, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Alex M Ehlert
- Human Performance Laboratory, Human Movement Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, 2003A Student Recreation Center, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - Patrick B Wilson
- Human Performance Laboratory, Human Movement Sciences Department, Old Dominion University, 2003A Student Recreation Center, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA.
| |
Collapse
|