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Główka N, Malik J, Podgórski T, Stemplewski R, Maciaszek J, Ciążyńska J, Zawieja EE, Chmurzynska A, Nowaczyk PM, Durkalec-Michalski K. The dose-dependent effect of caffeine supplementation on performance, reaction time and postural stability in CrossFit - a randomized placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2024; 21:2301384. [PMID: 38226646 PMCID: PMC10795626 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2301384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caffeine (CAF) ingestion improves performance in a broad range of exercise tasks. Nevertheless, the CAF-induced, dose-dependent effect on discipline-specific performance and cognitive functions in CrossFit/High-Intensity Functional Training (HIFT) has not been sufficiently investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of acute supplementation of three different doses of CAF and placebo (PLA) on specific performance, reaction time (RTime), postural stability (PStab), heart rate (HR) and perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS In a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design, acute pre-exercise supplementation with CAF (3, 6, or 9 mg/kg body mass (BM)) and PLA in 26 moderately trained CrossFit practitioners was examined. The study protocol involved five separate testing sessions using the Fight Gone Bad test (FGB) as the exercise performance evaluation and biochemical analyses, HR and RPE monitoring, as well as the assessment of RTime and PStab, with regard to CYP1A2 (rs762551) and ADORA2A (rs5751876) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). RESULTS Supplementation of 6 mgCAF/kgBM induced clinically noticeable improvements in FGBTotal results, RTime and pre-exercise motor time. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between any CAF doses and PLA in FGBTotal, HRmax, HRmean, RPE, pre/post-exercise RTime, PStab variables or pyruvate concentrations. Lactate concentration was higher (p < 0.05) before and after exercise in all CAF doses than in PLA. There was no effect of CYP1A2 or ADORA2A SNPs on performance. CONCLUSIONS The dose-dependent effect of CAF supplementation appears to be limited to statistically nonsignificant but clinically considered changes on specific performance, RTime, PStab, RPE or HR. However, regarding practical CAF-induced performance implications in CrossFit/HIFT, 6 mgCAF/kgBM may be supposed as the most rational supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Główka
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jakub Malik
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Tomasz Podgórski
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Rafał Stemplewski
- Department of Digital Technologies in Physical Activity, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Janusz Maciaszek
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Julia Ciążyńska
- Department of Physical Activity and Health Promotion Science, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Emilia E. Zawieja
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agata Chmurzynska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paulina M. Nowaczyk
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski
- Department of Sports Dietetics, Poznań University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- Sport Sciences–Biomedical Department, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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King A, Kwan K, Jukic I, Zinn C, Helms E. Fueling for and recovering from resistance training: The periworkout nutrition practices of competitive powerlifters. Nutrition 2024; 122:112389. [PMID: 38428220 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2024.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nutrient timing is a concept that emphasizes the intentional ingestion of whole or fortified foods, and dietary supplements, to adequately fuel for, and recover from, acute and chronic exercise. The nutrition strategies used by powerlifters around training sessions have not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study explored the self-reported periworkout (before, during, and after) nutrition practices of competitive powerlifters, including what, why, and information source that informed practice, with comparison to current sport nutrition guidelines. METHODS Actively competing male (n = 240) and female (n = 65) powerlifters completed a cross-sectional online survey of self-reported periworkout nutrition practices in the pre-, intra-, and postexercise periods, fasted training, and supplementation. Data are presented as the number (n) and percentage (%) of all powerlifters practicing a given strategy followed by a % of responses reporting various practices or beliefs within this strategy. Categorical subgroups (sex, age, and weight class; and competitive caliber) were analyzed with a chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and denoted where significant (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS Most powerlifters reported paying specific attention to nutrition practices in the pre-exercise period (n = 261; 85.6%) by ingesting more carbohydrate (CHO) rich foods (n = 234; 89.6%) for the purpose of assisting in training performance (n = 222; 85.1%). Most powerlifters reported intraexercise nutrition strategies (n = 211; 69.2%), of which most included ingesting more CHO rich foods (n = 159; 74.5%) for the purpose of feeling less hungry and/or boosting energy levels during training (n = 129; 61.1%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to postexercise nutrition (n = 244; 80%), by ingesting more protein rich foods (n = 182; 74.6%) for the purpose of recovering better for the whole day (n = 152; 62.3%) and enhancing the benefits of training (n = 149; 61.1%). Most powerlifters did not complete training sessions in the fasted state (n = 262; 85.9%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to supplementation before training (n = 237; 77.7%), of which preworkout formulas (n = 137; 57.8%), energy drinks (n = 101; 42.6%), creatine (n = 88; 37.1%), and caffeine pills (n = 70; 29.5%) were most reported. Supplementation was used to assist in training performance (n = 197; 83.1%) and increase wakefulness/alertness (n = 183; 77.2%). Males reported more often than females that they informed multiple elements of their nutrition practices with the information they read or watched somewhere (P = 0.002-0.012). CONCLUSION The periworkout nutrition practices used by competitive powerlifters followed current sport nutrition guidelines, by using CHO sources to fuel for training and ensuring the provision of protein postexercise. Competitive powerlifters may wish to exert caution with supplementation, as there is a risk of harm or inadvertent doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew King
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Kedric Kwan
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Caryn Zinn
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Eric Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand; Department of Exercise Science and Health Promotion, Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
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Nishikawa T, Hirono T, Holobar A, Kunugi S, Okudaira M, Ohya T, Watanabe K. Acute effects of caffeine or quercetin ingestion on motor unit firing pattern before and after resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1645-1658. [PMID: 38193908 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05376-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of caffeine or quercetin ingestion on motor unit firing patterns and muscle contractile properties before and after resistance exercise. High-density surface electromyography (HDs-EMG) during submaximal contractions and electrically elicited torque in knee extensor muscles were measured before (PRE) and 60 min after (POST1) ingestion of caffeine, quercetin glycosides, or placebo, and after resistance exercise (POST2) in ten young males. The Convolution Kernel Compensation technique was used to identify individual motor units of the vastus lateralis muscle for the recorded HDs-EMG. Ingestion of caffeine or quercetin induced significantly greater decreases in recruitment thresholds (RTs) from PRE to POST1 compared with placebo (placebo: 94.8 ± 9.7%, caffeine: 84.5 ± 16.2%, quercetin: 91.9 ± 36.7%), and there were significant negative correlations between the change in RTs (POST1-PRE) and RT at PRE for caffeine (rs = - 0.448, p < 0.001) and quercetin (rs = - 0.415, p = 0.003), but not placebo (rs = - 0.109, p = 0.440). Significant positive correlations between the change in firing rates (POST2-POST1) and RT at PRE were noted with placebo (rs = 0.380, p = 0.005) and quercetin (rs = 0.382, p = 0.007), but not caffeine (rs = 0.069, p = 0.606). No significant differences were observed in electrically elicited torque among the three conditions. These results suggest that caffeine or quercetin ingestion alters motor unit firing patterns after resistance exercise in different threshold-dependent manners in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Kaizu-Cho, Tokodachi, Toyota, 470-0093, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Kaizu-Cho, Tokodachi, Toyota, 470-0093, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aleš Holobar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Shun Kunugi
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Kaizu-Cho, Tokodachi, Toyota, 470-0093, Japan
- Center for General Education, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, Japan
| | - Masamichi Okudaira
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Kaizu-Cho, Tokodachi, Toyota, 470-0093, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohya
- Laboratory for Exercise Physiology and Biomechanics, Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Kaizu-Cho, Tokodachi, Toyota, 470-0093, Japan.
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Ortiz-Sánchez D, Bravo-Sánchez A, Ramírez-delaCruz M, Abián P, Abián-Vicén J. Placebo Effect of Caffeine on Physiological Parameters and Physical Performance. Nutrients 2024; 16:1405. [PMID: 38794643 PMCID: PMC11123970 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the placebo effect associated with a high dose of caffeine (9 mg/kg) on heart rate and its variability and on strength tests. METHODS 18 participants experienced in strength training (19.7 ± 2.3 years; 72.2 ± 15.0 kg; 169.6 ± 9.0 cm) performed two days of trials (caffeine-informed/placebo-ingested (placebo) and non-ingested (control)). Firstly, heart rate and its variability were measured while participants lay down for 15 min. After that, bench press and squat tests were performed at 3 different loads (50%, 75% and 90% of 1RM). Perception of performance, effort and side effects were also evaluated. RESULTS no differences were found in the vast majority of strength variables analysed. Resting heart rate decreased in the placebo trial (60.39 ± 10.18 bpm control vs. 57.56 ± 9.50 bpm placebo, p = 0.040), and mean RR increased (1020.1 ± 172.9 ms control vs. 1071.5 ± 185.7 ms placebo, p = 0.032). Heart rate variability and perception of performance and effort were similar between conditions (p > 0.05 in all cases). Side effects such as activeness and nervousness were reported while consuming the placebo. CONCLUSIONS the placebo effect did not modify performance in the majority of the strength test variables, HRV and perception of performance and effort. However, resting heart rate was reduced, mean RR increased, and some side effects appeared in the placebo trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortiz-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
| | - Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - María Ramírez-delaCruz
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
| | - Pablo Abián
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, Calle. Alberto Aguilera 23, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
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Li Z, Ding T, Gao Y, Han X, Liu Y, Zhou Z. A comparison of the effects of two protocols of concurrent resistance and aerobic training on physical fitness in middle school students. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17294. [PMID: 38680888 PMCID: PMC11048074 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to compare the effects of two concurrent training (CT) protocols on the physical fitness of middle school students. Method A 12-week quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test study was conducted with 157 middle school students (age = 12.48 ± 0.34, n = 90 females) divided into three groups: CT group A (CT-0h) received combined resistance training (RT) and aerobic training (AT) in each physical education session, CT group B (CT-48h) received RT and AT across two separate physical education classes 48 h apart, and a control group (Con) received no training. Training occurred twice a week. Test indicators included cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) measured by estimated VO2max and 20 m shuttle run (laps), as well as muscle strength assessed through long jump, vertical jump, and handgrip strength. Results The intervention groups exhibited significant increases in estimated VO2max and muscle strength compared to their baseline values (p < 0.05). Both CT-0h and CT-48h groups demonstrated significant improvements in 20 m shuttle run (laps) (mean difference: 8.88 laps, p < 0.01; mean difference: 4.81 laps, p < 0.01, respectively), standing long jump (mean difference: 6.20 cm, p < 0.01; mean difference: 3.68 cm, p < 0.01, respectively), vertical jump (mean difference: 4.95 cm, p < 0.01; mean difference: 4.04 cm, p < 0.01, respectively), and handgrip strength (mean difference: 11.17 kg, p < 0.01; mean difference: 6.99 kg, p < 0.01, respectively). CT-0h group exhibited significantly increased estimated VO2max (mean difference: 1.47 ml/kg/min, p < 0.01) compared to the CT-48h group. Conclusion Both CT programs effectively improved adolescents' physical fitness indicators. However, the program that integrated RT and AT within the same physical education class demonstrated superior enhancement in adolescents' CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Teng Ding
- School of Physical Education, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yanan Gao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Hebei Institute of International Business and Economics, Qinhuangdao, Hebei, China
| | - Zhixiong Zhou
- Institute of Artificial Intelligence in Sports, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
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Abdoli F, Davoudi M, Momeni F, Djafari F, Dolatshahi B, Hosseinzadeh S, Aliyaki H, Khalili Z. Estimate the prevalence of daily caffeine consumption, caffeine use disorder, caffeine withdrawal and perceived harm in Iran: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7644. [PMID: 38561480 PMCID: PMC10984976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58496-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the informal diagnoses in DSM-5 is Caffeine Use Disorder (CUD). CUD and high levels of caffeine consumption could impact mental health conditions. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CUD, caffeine consumption, caffeine-related harms, and related psychiatric symptoms in Iran. A cross-sectional survey with a convenience sample of 1228 adults were conducted in Iran. Caffeine consumption was assessed across 20 products in Iran. Caffeine Use Disorder Questionnaire (CUDQ), Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms Questionnaire (CWSQ), 14-item Caffeine-related Harm Screening (CHS), and Symptom Checklist-25 (SCL-25) were used in the present study. We used SPSS (desktop version 26.0) to analyze the data using descriptive statistics, chi-square, and the least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test. The daily average caffeine consumption was 146.67 mg. The prevalence of CUD and caffeine withdrawal (C.W.) were estimated at 19.5% and 46.62%, respectively. Also, 12.9% of responders received CUD and C.W.s simultaneously. The prevalence of CUD was higher in men than females (25.08% vs. 13.93%). 95% of participants (n = 1166) reported using at least one caffeine product yesterday. Moreover, the most reported caffeine-related harms were the desire for sugar (42.9%), insomnia (39.3%), and caffeine dependence (38.3%). Age significantly correlates with CUD (- 0.07) and daily caffeine intake (0.08). Moreover, all SCL-90 subscales had a significant correlation with daily caffeine intake. Finally, responders at younger ages reported higher levels of CUD and caffeine consumption than older adults(P < 0.05). High rates of C.W. and CUD in the Iranian population suggest that it is necessary to develop evidence-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Abdoli
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Davoudi
- Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fereshte Momeni
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhang Djafari
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrooz Dolatshahi
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Hosseinzadeh
- Biostatistics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Aliyaki
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Khalili
- Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Behavioral Sciences, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nishikawa T, Hirono T, Takeda R, Okudaira M, Ohya T, Watanabe K. Effects of 7-day quercetin intervention on motor unit activity and muscle contractile properties before and after resistance exercise in young adults randomized controlled trials. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:447-458. [PMID: 38033306 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the alteration of the motor unit recruitment threshold (MURT) caused by quercetin ingestion intervention for 7 days modifies motor unit activation patterns before and after a single session of resistance exercise. Twenty young male and female adults were divided into two groups: ingestion of placebo (PLA) or quercetin glycosides at 200 mg/day (QUE). High-density surface electromyography during submaximal contractions was measured to assess the motor unit firing rate (MUFR) and MURT of the vastus lateralis muscle before (PRE) and after (POST) resistance exercise (DAY1). The same measurements were repeated after 7 days of placebo or quercetin glycoside ingestion (DAY8). In QUE, MURT decreased more from DAY1-PRE to DAY8-PRE (29.1 ± 9.1 to 27.1 ± 9.5% MVC, p < 0.001) but not in PLA (29.8 ± 10.4 to 28.9 ± 9.7% MVC, p < 0.167). For percentage change in MUFR following resistance exercise, there was a significant interaction (day × group, p < 0.001). The degree of changes in MURT from DAY1-PRE to DAY8-PRE was significantly correlated with the percentage change of MUFR from DAY8-PRE to DAY8-POST in QUE (p = 0.014, r = -0.363) but not in PLA (p = 0.518). The study suggests that 7-day quercetin ingestion alters the motor unit recruitment pattern, and this may induce changes in motor unit firing patterns during a single session of resistance training (Trial registration: UMIN000052255, R000059650).
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Nishikawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hirono
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takeda
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Masamichi Okudaira
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohya
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Chukyo University, Toyota, Japan
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Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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Watanabe K, Kunugi S, Holobar A. The dose-response relationship of quercetin on the motor unit firing patterns and contractile properties of muscle in men and women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2265140. [PMID: 37786989 PMCID: PMC10548840 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2265140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Quercetin is one type of ergogenic aid and its effects on the neuromuscular system have recently attracted interest, but its dose-effect is not yet fully understood. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different doses of quercetin ingestion on motor unit firing patterns and muscle contractile properties in humans. Thirteen young males and females conducted neuromuscular performance tests before (PRE) and 60 min after (POST) ingestions of 500 or 200 mg of quercetin glycosides (Qg500/Qg200, respectively) or placebo (PLA) on three different days. At PRE and POST, motor unit firing rates were calculated from high-density surface electromyography of the vastus lateralis muscle during 120-s isometric contraction of knee extension at 10% of maximal voluntary contraction. Electrically elicited forces in knee extensor muscles were also measured. After 60 s of voluntary contraction, motor unit firing rates, normalized by the exerted muscle force at POST, were significantly lower at POST than PRE with Qg500 and Qg200 (p < 0.05), but not with PLA (p > 0.05). Changes in motor unit firing rates normalized by the exerted force from PRE to POST were significantly greater with Qg500 than Qg200 at the end of contraction (p < 0.05). Under all three conditions, the electrically elicited force did not significantly change from PRE to POST (p > 0.05). These results suggest that both 500 and 200-mg quercetin ingestions alter motor unit firing patterns, and that quercetin's effect is at least partially dose-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Watanabe
- Chukyo University, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Toyota, Japan
| | - Shun Kunugi
- Chukyo University, Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Toyota, Japan
| | - Aleš Holobar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Maribor, Slovenia
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10
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Lowery LM, Anderson DE, Scanlon KF, Stack A, Escalante G, Campbell SC, Kerksick CM, Nelson MT, Ziegenfuss TN, VanDusseldorp TA, Kalman DS, Campbell BI, Kreider RB, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: coffee and sports performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2237952. [PMID: 37498180 PMCID: PMC10375938 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2237952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on review and critical analysis of the literature regarding the contents and physiological effects of coffee related to physical and cognitive performance conducted by experts in the field and selected members of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN), the following conclusions represent the official Position of the Society:(1) Coffee is a complex matrix of hundreds of compounds. These are consumed with broad variability based upon serving size, bean type (e.g. common Arabica vs. Robusta), and brew method (water temperature, roasting method, grind size, time, and equipment).(2) Coffee's constituents, including but not limited to caffeine, have neuromuscular, antioxidant, endocrine, cognitive, and metabolic (e.g. glucose disposal and vasodilation) effects that impact exercise performance and recovery.(3) Coffee's physiologic effects are influenced by dose, timing, habituation to a small degree (to coffee or caffeine), nutrigenetics, and potentially by gut microbiota differences, sex, and training status.(4) Coffee and/or its components improve performance across a temporal range of activities from reaction time, through brief power exercises, and into the aerobic time frame in most but not all studies. These broad and varied effects have been demonstrated in men (mostly) and in women, with effects that can differ from caffeine ingestion, per se. More research is needed.(5) Optimal dosing and timing are approximately two to four cups (approximately 473-946 ml or 16-32 oz.) of typical hot-brewed or reconstituted instant coffee (depending on individual sensitivity and body size), providing a caffeine equivalent of 3-6 mg/kg (among other components such as chlorogenic acids at approximately 100-400 mg per cup) 60 min prior to exercise.(6) Coffee has a history of controversy regarding side effects but is generally considered safe and beneficial for healthy, exercising individuals in the dose range above.(7) Coffee can serve as a vehicle for other dietary supplements, and it can interact with nutrients in other foods.(8) A dearth of literature exists examining coffee-specific ergogenic and recovery effects, as well as variability in the operational definition of "coffee," making conclusions more challenging than when examining caffeine in its many other forms of delivery (capsules, energy drinks, "pre-workout" powders, gum, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie M Lowery
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
- Nutrition, Exercise and Wellness Associates, Cuyahoga Falls, USA
| | - Dawn E Anderson
- Indiana Institute of Technology, Department of Biological and Physical Sciences, Fort Wayne, USA
| | - Kelsey F Scanlon
- Walsh University, Department of Exercise Science, North Canton, OH, USA
| | - Abigail Stack
- University of Mount Union, Department of Exercise, Nutrition, and Sport Science Alliance, USA
| | | | - Sara C Campbell
- The State University of New Jersey, Department of Kinesiology and Health, Rutgers, New Brunswick, USA
| | - Chad M Kerksick
- Lindenwood University, Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, St. Charles, USA
| | | | | | - Trisha A VanDusseldorp
- Bonafide Health, LLC p/b JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, USA
- Jacksonville University, Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Douglas S Kalman
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Nutrition, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Lauderdale, USA
| | - Bill I Campbell
- University of South Florida, Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, Tampa, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Texas A&M University, Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sports Management, College Station, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Nova Southeastern University, Department of Health and Human Performance, Davie, USA
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11
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Jagim AR, Harty PS, Tinsley GM, Kerksick CM, Gonzalez AM, Kreider RB, Arent SM, Jager R, Smith-Ryan AE, Stout JR, Campbell BI, VanDusseldorp T, Antonio J. International society of sports nutrition position stand: energy drinks and energy shots. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2023; 20:2171314. [PMID: 36862943 PMCID: PMC9987737 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2023.2171314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Position Statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) bases the following position stand on a critical analysis of the literature regarding the effects of energy drink (ED) or energy shot (ES) consumption on acute exercise performance, metabolism, and cognition, along with synergistic exercise-related performance outcomes and training adaptations. The following 13 points constitute the consensus of the Society and have been approved by the Research Committee of the Society: Energy drinks (ED) commonly contain caffeine, taurine, ginseng, guarana, carnitine, choline, B vitamins (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, and B12), vitamin C, vitamin A (beta carotene), vitamin D, electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium), sugars (nutritive and non-nutritive sweeteners), tyrosine, and L-theanine, with prevalence for each ingredient ranging from 1.3 to 100%. Energy drinks can enhance acute aerobic exercise performance, largely influenced by the amount of caffeine (> 200 mg or >3 mg∙kg bodyweight [BW-1]) in the beverage. Although ED and ES contain several nutrients that are purported to affect mental and/or physical performance, the primary ergogenic nutrients in most ED and ES based on scientific evidence appear to be caffeine and/or the carbohydrate provision. The ergogenic value of caffeine on mental and physical performance has been well-established, but the potential additive benefits of other nutrients contained in ED and ES remains to be determined. Consuming ED and ES 10-60 minutes before exercise can improve mental focus, alertness, anaerobic performance, and/or endurance performance with doses >3 mg∙kg BW-1. Consuming ED and ES containing at least 3 mg∙kg BW-1 caffeine is most likely to benefit maximal lower-body power production. Consuming ED and ES can improve endurance, repeat sprint performance, and sport-specific tasks in the context of team sports. Many ED and ES contain numerous ingredients that either have not been studied or evaluated in combination with other nutrients contained in the ED or ES. For this reason, these products need to be studied to demonstrate efficacy of single- and multi-nutrient formulations for physical and cognitive performance as well as for safety. Limited evidence is available to suggest that consumption of low-calorie ED and ES during training and/or weight loss trials may provide ergogenic benefit and/or promote additional weight control, potentially through enhanced training capacity. However, ingestion of higher calorie ED may promote weight gain if the energy intake from consumption of ED is not carefully considered as part of the total daily energy intake. Individuals should consider the impact of regular coingestion of high glycemic index carbohydrates from ED and ES on metabolic health, blood glucose, and insulin levels. Adolescents (aged 12 through 18) should exercise caution and seek parental guidance when considering the consumption of ED and ES, particularly in excessive amounts (e.g. > 400 mg), as limited evidence is available regarding the safety of these products among this population. Additionally, ED and ES are not recommended for children (aged 2-12), those who are pregnant, trying to become pregnant, or breastfeeding and those who are sensitive to caffeine. Diabetics and individuals with preexisting cardiovascular, metabolic, hepatorenal, and/or neurologic disease who are taking medications that may be affected by high glycemic load foods, caffeine, and/or other stimulants should exercise caution and consult with their physician prior to consuming ED. The decision to consume ED or ES should be based upon the beverage's content of carbohydrate, caffeine, and other nutrients and a thorough understanding of the potential side effects. Indiscriminate use of ED or ES, especially if multiple servings per day are consumed or when consumed with other caffeinated beverages and/or foods, may lead to adverse effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an update to the position stand of the International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) integrating current literature on ED and ES in exercise, sport, and medicine. The effects of consuming these beverages on acute exercise performance, metabolism, markers of clinical health, and cognition are addressed, as well as more chronic effects when evaluating ED/ES use with exercise-related training adaptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin – La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Grant M. Tinsley
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, La Crosse, WI, USA
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA
| | - Adam M. Gonzalez
- Department of Allied Health and Kinesiology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Shawn M Arent
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | | | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise & Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Stout
- School of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Trisha VanDusseldorp
- Bonafede Health, LLC, JDS Therapeutics, Harrison, NY, USA
- Department of Health and Exercise Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
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12
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Roberts MD, Moulding B, Forbes SC, Candow DG. Evidence-based nutritional approaches to enhance exercise adaptations. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2023; 26:514-520. [PMID: 37650704 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this opinion paper is to provide current-day and evidence-based information regarding dietary supplements that support resistance training adaptations or acutely enhance strength-power or endurance performance. RECENT FINDINGS Several independent lines of evidence support that higher protein diets, which can be readily achieved through animal-based protein supplements, optimize muscle mass during periods of resistance training, and this likely facilitates strength increases. Creatine monohydrate supplementation and peri-exercise caffeine consumption also enhance strength and power through distinct mechanisms. Supplements that favorably affect aspects of endurance performance include peri-exercise caffeine, nitrate-containing supplements (e.g., beet root juice), and sodium bicarbonate consumption. Further, beta-alanine supplementation can enhance high-intensity endurance exercise efforts. SUMMARY Select dietary supplements can enhance strength and endurance outcomes, and take-home recommendations will be provided for athletes and practitioners aiming to adopt these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake Moulding
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
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13
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Haugen ME, Vårvik FT, Grgic J, Studsrud H, Austheim E, Zimmermann EM, Falch HN, Larsen S, van den Tillaar R, Bjørnsen T. Effect of isolated and combined ingestion of caffeine and citrulline malate on resistance exercise and jumping performance: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:2963-2975. [PMID: 37450275 PMCID: PMC10468939 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-023-03212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to explore the isolated and combined effects of caffeine and citrulline malate (CitMal) on jumping performance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and pain perception in resistance-trained participants. METHODS Using a randomized and double-blind study design, 35 resistance-trained males (n = 18) and females (n = 17) completed four testing sessions following the ingestion of isolated caffeine (5 mg/kg), isolated CitMal (12 g), combined doses of caffeine and CitMal, and placebo. Supplements were ingested 60 min before performing a countermovement jump (CMJ) test (outcomes included jump height, rate of force development, peak force, and peak power), one-repetition maximum (1RM) squat and bench press, and repetitions to muscular failure in the squat and bench press with 60% of 1RM. Pain perception was evaluated following the repetitions to failure tests. The study was registered at ISRCTN (registration number: ISRCTN11694009). RESULTS Compared to the placebo condition, isolated caffeine ingestion and co-ingestion of caffeine and CitMal significantly enhanced strength in 1RM bench press (Cohen's d: 0.05-0.06; 2.5-2.7%), muscular endurance in the squat (d: 0.46-0.58; 18.6-18.7%) and bench press (d: 0.48-0.64; 9.3-9.5%). However, there was no significant difference between isolated caffeine ingestion and caffeine co-ingested with CitMal, and isolated CitMal supplementation did not have an ergogenic effect in any outcome. No main effect of condition was found in the analysis for CMJ-derived variables, 1RM squat and pain perception. CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion appears to be ergogenic for muscular strength and muscular endurance, while adding CitMal does not seem to further enhance these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fredrik Tonstad Vårvik
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Henrik Studsrud
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | - Espen Austheim
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | | | | | - Stian Larsen
- Department of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Nord University, Levanger, Norway
| | | | - Thomas Bjørnsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sports, Oslo, Norway
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14
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Gao L, Liu X, Luo X, Lou X, Li P, Li X, Liu X. Antiaging effects of dietary supplements and natural products. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1192714. [PMID: 37441528 PMCID: PMC10333707 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1192714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable process influenced by genetics, lifestyles, and environments. With the rapid social and economic development in recent decades, the proportion of the elderly has increased rapidly worldwide, and many aging-related diseases have shown an upward trend, including nervous system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, and cancer. The rising burden of aging-related diseases has become an urgent global health challenge and requires immediate attention and solutions. Natural products have been used for a long time to treat various human diseases. The primary cellular pathways that mediate the longevity-extending effects of natural products involve nutrient-sensing pathways. Among them, the sirtuin, AMP-activated protein kinase, mammalian target of rapamycin, p53, and insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling pathways are most widely studied. Several studies have reviewed the effects of individual natural compounds on aging and aging-related diseases along with the underlying mechanisms. Natural products from food sources, such as polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, and polysaccharides, are classified as antiaging compounds that promote health and prolong life via various mechanisms. In this article, we have reviewed several recently identified natural products with potential antiaging properties and have highlighted their cellular and molecular mechanisms. The discovery and use of dietary supplements and natural products that can prevent and treat multiple aging-related diseases in humans will be beneficial. Thus, this review provides theoretical background for existing dietary supplements and natural products as potential antiaging agents.
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15
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Dos Santos MPP, Spineli H, Dos Santos BP, Lima-Silva AE, Gitaí DLG, Bishop DJ, de Araujo GG. The effect of caffeine on exercise performance is not influenced by ADORA2A genotypes, alone or pooled with CYP1A2 genotypes, in adolescent athletes. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1041-1050. [PMID: 36385314 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the influence of the different genotypes of ADORA2A (1976 C > T, rs 5751876), alone or pooled with CYP1A2 (163 C > A rs 762551) genotypes, on the ergogenic effects of caffeine (CAF) on various aspects of physical performance in male adolescent athletes. METHODS Ninety male adolescent athletes (age = 15.5 ± 2 years) were classified according to their genotypes for 1976 C > T ADORA2A (TT homozygous or CADORA2A allele carriers) and 163 C > A CYP1A2 (AA homozygous or CCYP1A2 allele carriers). Participants were further divided in four groups (1-TTADORA2A + AACYP1A2; 2-TTADORA2A + AC/CCCYP1A2; 3-AACYP1A2 + CT/CCADORA2A;4-AC/CCCYP1A2 + CT/CCADORA2A). Using a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced, and double-blind design, participants ingested CAF (6 mg kg-1) or a placebo (PLA, 300 mg of cellulose) one hour before performing a sequence of physical tests: handgrip strength, agility test, countermovement jump (CMJ), Spike Jump (SJ), sit-ups, push-ups, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). RESULTS CAF enhanced handgrip strength (CAF: 35.0 ± 9.2 kg force; PLA: 33.5 ± 8.9 kg force; p = 0.050), CMJ height (CAF: 49.6 ± 12.3 cm; PLA: 48.3 ± 13.6 cm; p = 0.013), SJ height (CAF: 54.7 ± 13.3 cm; PLA: 53.1 ± 14.8 cm; p = 0.013), number of sit-ups (CAF: 37 ± 8; PLA: 35 ± 8; p = 0.001), and distance covered on the Yoyo IR1 test (CAF: 991.6 ± 371.0 m; PLA: 896.0 ± 311.0 m; p = 0.001), This CAF-induced improvement on exercise performance was, however, independent of genotypes groups (all p > 0.05). CAF had no effect on agility (CAF: 15.8 ± 1.2 s; PLA: 15.9 ± 1.3 s; p = 0.070) and push-up (CAF: 26.6 ± 12.0; PLA: 25.0 ± 11.0; p = 0.280) tests. CONCLUSION The acute caffeine intake of 6.0 mg.kg-1 improves several aspects of physical performance, which seems to be independent of ADORA2A genotypes, alone or in combination with CYP1A2 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryssa P Pinto Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science (LACAE), Research Group Applied to Sport Science-GPCAE, Institute of Physical Education and Sport-IEFE, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Higor Spineli
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science (LACAE), Research Group Applied to Sport Science-GPCAE, Institute of Physical Education and Sport-IEFE, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Estácio-FAL, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Bruna P Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory-LBCM, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel L G Gitaí
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory-LBCM, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living. School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VU, Australia
| | - Gustavo Gomes de Araujo
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceió, AL, CEP: 57072-900, Brazil.
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16
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Robles-González L, Ramírez Maldonado M, Alcalá-Escamilla JC, Jurado-Fasoli L, Miras-Moreno S, Soriano MA, García-Ramos A, Ruiz JR, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Caffeine ingestion attenuates diurnal variation of lower-body ballistic performance in resistance-trained women. Eur J Sport Sci 2023; 23:381-392. [PMID: 35109780 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2038274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the effect of an acute intake of caffeine on the diurnal variation of neuromuscular performance in resistance-trained women. A total of 15 resistance-trained women participated in the current triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental study. We assessed neuromuscular performance (i.e. ballistic (countermovement jump [CMJ] height and bench press throw [BPT] peak velocity), maximal strength (squat and bench press [BP] one-repetition maximum [1RM]), and strength-endurance [average velocity of the set during squat and number of repetitions-to-failure in BP]) four times at within 7 days. The participants ingested an acute dose of caffeine (3 mg/kg) or a placebo at 9-11 am and/or 17-19 pm. CMJ height (P = .016) and BP peak velocity (P = .012) were higher in the afternoon than in the morning. Compared to placebo, caffeine intake increased CMJ height by 3.1% in the morning and 1.6% in the afternoon (P = .035), but it had no effect on BPT peak velocity (P = .381). Maximal strength and strength-endurance performances were not affected by the time-of-day or caffeine intake (all P > .3). No significant interaction (time-of-day x substance) was observed in any of the above-mentioned outcomes (all P > .1). In conclusion, an acute dose of caffeine in the morning was effective to restore CMJ performance to levels found in the afternoon, while this effect was not observed neither in BPTpeak velocity nor in lower- and upper-body maximal strength and strength-endurance performance. Moreover, lower- and upper-body ballistic performance were greater in the afternoon than in the morning in resistance-trained women, while the acute intake of caffeine was only effective to increase CMJ height.HighlightsBallistic performance is probably higher in the afternoon than in the morning in resistance-trained women.An acute intake of caffeine is effective to increase countermovement jump performance.The ingestion of an acute dose of caffeine in the morning restored countermovement jump performance to levels found in the afternoon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Robles-González
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Mauricio Ramírez Maldonado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Alcalá-Escamilla
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Sergio Miras-Moreno
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marcos A Soriano
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain.,Strength Training & Neuromuscular, Performance Research Group, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amador García-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health through physical activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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17
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Lattari E, Vieira LAF, Santos LER, Jesus Abreu MA, Rodrigues GM, de Oliveira BRR, Machado S, Maranhão Neto GA, Santos TM. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With or Without Caffeine: Effects on Training Volume and Pain Perception. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:45-54. [PMID: 35025723 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1939251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of tDCS combined with caffeine intake on training volume and pain perception in the bench press in resistance-trained males. The correlation between training volume and pain perception was also assessed in all interventions. Methods: Sixteen healthy males (age = 25.2 ± 4.7 years, body mass = 82.8 ± 9.1 kg, and height = 178.3 ± 5.7 cm), advanced in RT, were randomized and counterbalanced for the following experimental conditions: Sham tDCS with placebo intake (Sham+Pla), Sham tDCS with caffeine intake (Sham+Caff), anodal tDCS with placebo intake (a-tDCS+Pla), and anodal tDCS with caffeine intake (a-tDCS+Caff). The caffeine or placebo ingestion (both with 5 mg.kg-1) occurred 40 minutes before the tDCS sessions. The tDCS was applied over the left DLPFC for 20 minutes, with a 2 mA current intensity. After the tDCS sessions, participants performed the bench press with an 80% of 1RM load, where training volume and pain perception were measured. Results: Training volume was higher in the 1st and 2nd sets in both a-tDCS+Caff and Sham+Caff conditions, compared to the Sham+Pla condition (P < .05). Both a-tDCS+Caff and a-tDCS+Pla showed an increased pain perception during the third set compared to the first set. Also, no correlation was found between the number of repetitions and pain perception in any condition (P > .05). Conclusion: This research revealed that caffeine intake alone could be used as an ergogenic aid during resistance training programs in resistance-trained males.
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18
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Fernandes JFT, Arede J, Clarke H, Garcia-Ramos A, Perez-Castilla A, Norris JP, Wilkins CA, Dingley AF. Kinetic and Kinematic Assessment of the Band-Assisted Countermovement Jump. J Strength Cond Res 2023:00124278-990000000-00210. [PMID: 36735295 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Fernandes, JFT, Arede, J, Clarke, H, Garcia-Ramos, A, Perez-Castilla, A, Norris, JP, Wilkins, CA, and Dingley, AF. Kinetic and kinematic assessment of the band-assisted countermovement jump. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2022-This study sought to elucidate kinetic and kinematic differences between unloaded and band-assisted countermovement jumps (CMJs). In a randomized order, 20 healthy subjects (mass 84.5 ± 18.6 kg) completed 3 repetitions of CMJs across 3 conditions: unloaded (at body mass), low, and moderate band (8.4 ± 1.9 and 13.3 ± 3.3 kg body weight reduction, respectively). For all repetitions, a force platform and linear position transducer were used to record and calculate kinetic and kinematic data. Body weight was significantly different between the unloaded, low, and moderate band conditions (p < 0.05). Peak velocity, absolute peak, and mean force and movement duration displayed a trend that was mostly related to the condition (i.e., unloaded > low > moderate) (p < 0.05). The opposing trend (i.e., moderate > low > unloaded) was generally observed for relative peak and mean force, reactive strength index modified, and flight time (p < 0.05). No differences were observed for mean velocity, movement duration, and absolute and relative landing forces (p > 0.05). The use of band assistance during CMJs can alter force, time, and velocity variables. Practitioners should be aware of the potential positive and negative effects of band assistance during CMJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F T Fernandes
- School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Arede
- Department of Sports Sciences, Exercise and Health, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal.,School of Education, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu, Portugal.,Department of Sports, Higher Institute of Educational Sciences of the Douro, Penafiel, Portugal.,School of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Campus de Villaviciosa de Odón, Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain
| | - Hannah Clarke
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Hartpury, United Kingdom
| | - Amador Garcia-Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alejandro Perez-Castilla
- Department of Education, University of Almería, Almería, Spain.,SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Jonty P Norris
- Strength and Conditioning, Sunderland Association Football Club, Sunderland, United Kingdom; and
| | - Celeste A Wilkins
- Higher Education Sport, Hartpury University, Hartpury, United Kingdom
| | - Amelia F Dingley
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University, London, United Kingdom
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Caetano M, Souza M, Loureiro L, Capistrano Junior V. The effects of acute caffeine supplementation on performance in trained CrossFit® athletes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, and crossover trial. Sci Sports 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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20
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López-Torres O, Rodríguez-Longobardo C, Capel-Escoriza R, Fernández-Elías VE. Ergogenic Aids to Improve Physical Performance in Female Athletes: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010081. [PMID: 36615738 PMCID: PMC9823656 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Most intervention studies investigating the effects of ergogenic aids (EAs) on sports performance have been carried out in the male population. Thus, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects in the existing literature of EAs used by female athletes on performance. A literature research was conducted, and a descriptive analysis of the articles included in the systematic review was carried out. Meta-analyses could be performed on 32 of the included articles, evaluating performance in strength, sprint, and cardiovascular capacity. A random-effects model and the standardized mean differences (SMD) ± 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. The results showed that caffeine helped to improve jumping performance, isometric strength values, and the number of repetitions until failure. Caffeine and sodium phosphate helped to improve sprint performance. Aerobic tests could be improved with the use of taurine, caffeine, and beta-alanine. No conclusive effects of beetroot juice, polyphenols, or creatine in improving aerobic performance were shown. In terms of anaerobic variables, both caffeine and sodium phosphate could help to improve repeated sprint ability. More studies are needed in female athletes that measure the effects of different EAs on sports performance, such as beetroot juice, beta-alanine or sodium phosphate, as the studies to date are scarce and there are many types of EA that need to be further considered in this population, such as creatine and taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga López-Torres
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Celia Rodríguez-Longobardo
- Social Sciences of Physical Activity, Sport and Leisure Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Raquel Capel-Escoriza
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain
- Raquel Wellness Instituto de Nutrición y Salud, 28050 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Nutritional Compounds to Improve Post-Exercise Recovery. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235069. [PMID: 36501099 PMCID: PMC9736198 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolic and mechanical stresses associated with muscle-fatiguing exercise result in perturbations to bodily tissues that lead to exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), a state of fatigue involving oxidative stress and inflammation that is accompanied by muscle weakness, pain and a reduced ability to perform subsequent training sessions or competitions. This review collates evidence from previous research on a wide range of nutritional compounds that have the potential to speed up post-exercise recovery. We show that of the numerous compounds investigated thus far, only two-tart cherry and omega-3 fatty acids-are supported by substantial research evidence. Further studies are required to clarify the potential effects of other compounds presented here, many of which have been used since ancient times to treat conditions associated with inflammation and disease.
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22
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Ferreira LHB, Forbes SC, Barros MP, Smolarek AC, Enes A, Lancha-Junior AH, Martins GL, Souza-Junior TP. High Doses of Caffeine Increase Muscle Strength and Calcium Release in the Plasma of Recreationally Trained Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:4921. [PMID: 36432607 PMCID: PMC9697598 DOI: 10.3390/nu14224921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of acute caffeine supplementation on muscular strength remain unclear. We examined the effects of two different doses of caffeine on muscle strength and calcium in plasma compared to placebo using a crossover, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design. Twenty-one (n = 21) recreationally resistance-trained participants were randomly assigned into three experimental conditions: 6 mg·kg bw−1 of caffeine (CF6); 8 mg·kg bw−1 of caffeine (CF8); or placebo (PLA), with a 7-day washout period between conditions. Muscular strength assessments were made for both upper (bench press) and lower body muscles (squat and deadlift). Calcium release in plasma was measured on five different occasions. Bench press (CF8: 100.1 ± 1.9 kg; PLA: 94.2 ± 2.5 kg), deadlift (CF8: 132.8 ± 3.5 kg; PLA: 120.7 ± 5.7 kg), and squat (CF8: 130.1 ± 4.9 kg; PLA 119.4 ± 5.4 kg) strength were all significantly (p < 0.001) improved in CF8 compared to PLA. Calcium release in plasma was significantly increased in CF8, whereas no changes were observed in CF6 or PLA. Overall, 8 mg·kg bw−1 of caffeine appears to be an effective dose to optimize upper and lower body muscular strength and calcium release in recreationally trained participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H. B. Ferreira
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group (GPMENUTF), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Scott C. Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada
| | - Marcelo P. Barros
- Institute of Physical Activity Sciences and Sports, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo 07115-000, SP, Brazil
| | - André C. Smolarek
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group (GPMENUTF), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Alysson Enes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group (GPMENUTF), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Antonio H. Lancha-Junior
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation: Experimental Surgery (LIM 26), Clinic’s Hospital of Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel L. Martins
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation: Experimental Surgery (LIM 26), Clinic’s Hospital of Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-030, SP, Brazil
| | - Tacito P. Souza-Junior
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group (GPMENUTF), Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
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Tamilio RA, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ, Morris RO, Tallis J. How Repeatable Is the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine? Limited Reproducibility of Acute Caffeine (3 mg.kg -1) Ingestion on Muscular Strength, Power, and Muscular Endurance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204416. [PMID: 36297102 PMCID: PMC9611362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of 3 mg.kg−1 acute caffeine ingestion on muscular strength, power and strength endurance and the repeatability of potential ergogenic effects across multiple trials. Twenty-two university standard male rugby union players (20 ± 2 years) completed the study. Using a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced within-subject experimental design. Participants completed six experimental trials (three caffeine and three placebo) where force time characteristic of the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull (IMTP), Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop Jumps (DJ) were assessed followed by assessments of Chest Press (CP), Shoulder Press (SP), Squats (SQ), and Deadlifts (DL) Repetitions Until Failure (RTF at 70% 1 RM). ANOVA indicated that caffeine improved both the CMJ and DJ (p < 0.044) and increased RTF in all RTF assessments (p < 0.002). When individual caffeine trials were compared to corresponding placebo trials, effect sizes ranged from trivial-large favoring caffeine irrespective of a main effect of treatment being identified in the ANOVA. These results demonstrate for the first time that the performance enhancing effects of caffeine may not be repeatable between days, where our data uniquely indicates that this is in part attributable to between sessions variation in caffeine’s ergogenic potential.
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Acute Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physical Performance, Physiological Responses, Perceived Exertion, and Technical-Tactical Skills in Combat Sports: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14142996. [PMID: 35889953 PMCID: PMC9315598 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the effects of caffeine supplementation on combat sports performance have been extensively investigated, there is currently no consensus regarding its ergogenic benefits.This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to summarize the studies investigating the effects of caffeine supplementation on different aspects of performance in combat sports and to quantitatively analyze the results of these studies to better understand the ergogenic effect of caffeine on combat sports outcomes. A systematic search for randomized placebo-controlled studies investigating the effects of caffeine supplementation on combat sports’ performance was performed through Scopus, Pubmed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases up to 18 April 2022. Random-effects meta-analyses of standardized mean differences (Hedge’s g) were performed to analyze the data. Twenty-six studies of good and excellent methodological quality (based on the Pedro scale) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The meta-analysis results revealed caffeine has a small but evident effect size (ES) on handgrip strength (ES = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.52; p = 0.02), and total number of throws during the special judo fitness test (SJFT) (ES = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.78; p = 0.02). Regarding the physiological responses, caffeine increased blood lactate concentration ([La]) in anaerobic exercise (ES = 1.23; 95% CI: 0.29 to 2.18; p = 0.01) and simulated combat (ES = 0.91; 95% CI: 0.34 to 1.47; p = 0.002). For Heart Rate (HR), caffeine increased HR final (ES = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.52; p = 0.003), and HR 1min (ES = 0.20; 95% CI 0.004 to 0.40; p = 0.045). However, caffeine had no impact on the countermovement jump height, the SJFT index, the judogi strength-endurance test, the number and duration of offensive actions, HR at the end of the fight, and the rating of perceived exertion. Caffeine supplementation may be ergogenic for a range of combat sports aspects involving isometric strength, anaerobic power, reaction time, and anaerobic metabolism. However, supplementation effects might be ineffective under certain circumstances, indicating supplementation needs to take into account the performance metric in question prior to creating a dosing protocol.
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25
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Apostolidis A, Mougios V, Smilios I, Hadjicharalambous M. Higher and lower caffeine consumers: exercise performance and biological responses during a simulated soccer-game protocol following caffeine ingestion. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:4135-4143. [PMID: 35857131 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02955-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Research on whether caffeine habituation reduces its ergogenicity is scarce and conflicting. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of habitual caffeine consumption on exercise performance and biological responses during a simulated soccer-game protocol following acute caffeine ingestion. METHODS Twenty professional male soccer players were categorized as higher (n = 9) or lower caffeine consumers (n = 11) after answering a validated questionnaire. Participants performed a simulated treadmill soccer-game protocol on treadmill following either caffeine (6 mg kg-1) or placebo ingestion, during which several variables were evaluated. RESULTS Time to exhaustion, countermovement jump height, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, plasma glucose, and lactate were higher (P ≤ 0.001), while rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was lower (P = 0.002), following caffeine compared to placebo ingestion, with no differences between groups (P > 0.05). Plasma non-esterified fatty acids exhibited a higher response to caffeine in the higher vs lower caffeine consumers. Reaction time, plasma glycerol and epinephrine, carbohydrate and fat oxidation, and energy expenditure were not affected by caffeine (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion largely improved cardiovascular and neuromuscular performance, while reducing RPE, in both higher and lower caffeine consuming athletes during prolonged intermitted exercise to exhaustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Apostolidis
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life & Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., P.O. Box 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassilis Mougios
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education & Sport Science at Thessaloniki, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ilias Smilios
- School of Physical Education & Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, Greece
| | - Marios Hadjicharalambous
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Life & Health Sciences, University of Nicosia, 46 Makedonitissas Ave., P.O. Box 2417, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Giráldez-Costas V, Aguilar-Navarro M, González-García J, Del Coso J, Salinero JJ. Acute caffeine supplementation enhances several aspects of shot put performance in trained athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2022; 19:366-380. [PMID: 35813843 PMCID: PMC9261737 DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2022.2096415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this investigation was to determine the effect of a moderate dose of caffeine (3 mg/kg/b.m.) on muscular power and strength and shot put performance in trained athletes. Methods. Thirteen shot putters (eight men and five women) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized experiment. In two different trials, participants ingested either 3 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine or a placebo. Forty-five min after substance ingestion, athletes performed a handgrip dynamometry test, a countermovement jump (CMJ), a squat jump (SJ), and a maximum-velocity push-up. The athletes also performed three types of throws: a backwards throw, a standing shot put and a complete shot put. Results. In comparison with the placebo, caffeine ingestion increased CMJ height (32.25 ± 7.26 vs. 33.83 ± 7.72 cm, respectively; effect size (ES) = 0.82, p = 0.012; +5.0%;) and SJ height (29.93 ± 7.88 vs. 31.40 ± 7.16 cm; ES = 0.63, p = 0.042; +6.4%) and distance in the standing shot put (10.27 ± 1.77 m vs. 10.55 ± 1.94 m; ES = 0.87, p = 0.009; +2.6%). However, caffeine ingestion did not increase strength in the handgrip test, power in the ballistic push-up, or distance in the backwards throw (all p > 0.05). Shot put performance changed from 11.24 ± 2.54 to 11.35 ± . 2.57 m (ES = 0.33, p = 0.26; +1.0%), although the difference did not reach statistically significant differences. Caffeine ingestion did not increase the prevalence of side effects (nervousness, gastrointestinal problems, activeness, irritability, muscular pain, headache, and diuresis) in comparison with the placebo (p > 0.05). Conclusion. In summary, caffeine ingestion with a dose equivalent to 3 mg/kg/b.m. elicited moderate improvements in several aspects of physical performance in trained shot putters but with a small effect on distance in a complete shot put.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Juan Del Coso
- Camilo José Cela University, Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Madrid, Spain.,Rey Juan Carlos University, Centre for Sport Studies, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Juan José Salinero
- Castilla-La Mancha University, Faculty of Sport Sciences. Sport Training Laboratory (GIRD), Toledo, Spain
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Santana O, Vieira-Cavalcante V, Caetano Paulo A, Rodacki C, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE, Cristina-Souza G. Caffeine reverts loss of muscular performance during the early-follicular phase in resistance-trained naturally menstruating women. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1592-1601. [PMID: 35819352 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2094560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of caffeine ingestion on muscular performance during the early-follicular and mid-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle. Fourteen resistance-trained naturally menstruating women performed countermovement jump (CMJ), maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), one-repetition maximum (1-RM), and repetitions-to-failure (RF) at 80% of 1-RM in the half-squat exercise, in early-follicular and mid-luteal phases, after placebo or caffeine ingestion. The early-follicular and mid-luteal phases were identified via calendar-based counting method. The MVIC was lower in the early-follicular than mid-luteal phase (-6.2 ± 15.2 N, p < 0.05) and higher with caffeine than placebo ingestion regardless of the menstrual cycle phase (+16.8 ± 26.7 N, p < 0.05). The magnitude of gains (supplement x phase interaction, p < 0.026) in 1-RM, CMJ, and RF with caffeine ingestion was higher in the early-follicular (+16.6 ± 7.1 kg, +2.5 ± 1.6 cm, and +4.5 ± 2.6 repetitions, respectively) than in the mid-luteal phase (+7.7 ± 4.8 kg, +1.5 ± 2.0 cm, and +2.4 ± 3.1 repetitions, respectively). In conclusion, the greater ergogenic effect of caffeine during the early-follicular phase supports its use to mitigate the decline in muscular performance in this phase of the menstrual cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavio Santana
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Anderson Caetano Paulo
- Physical and Sports Training, Health and Performance Research Group (TFESP), Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Cintia Rodacki
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.,Physical and Sports Training, Health and Performance Research Group (TFESP), Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gislaine Cristina-Souza
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.,Nutrition and Exercise Research Group, State University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Indirect Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review of Human Trials. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091769. [PMID: 35565741 PMCID: PMC9099525 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of caffeine on mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is still poorly understood, but it was hypothesized that caffeine could contribute to decreasing delayed onset muscle soreness, attenuating temporary loss of strength, and reducing circulating levels of blood markers of muscle damage. However, evidence is not conclusive and beneficial effects of caffeine ingestion on EIMD are not always observed. Factors, such as the type of exercise that induces muscle damage, supplementation protocol, and type of marker analyzed contribute to the differences between the studies. To expand knowledge on the role of caffeine supplementation in EIMD, this systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation on different markers of muscle damage. Fourteen studies were included, evaluating the effect of caffeine on indirect muscle damage markers, including blood markers (nine studies), pain perception (six studies), and MVC maximal voluntary contraction force (four studies). It was observed in four studies that repeated administration of caffeine between 24 and 72 h after muscle damage can attenuate the perception of pain in magnitudes ranging from 3.9% to 26%. The use of a single dose of caffeine pre-exercise (five studies) or post-exercise (one study) did not alter the circulating blood levels of creatine kinase (CK). Caffeine supplementation appears to attenuate pain perception, but this does not appear to be related to an attenuation of EIMD, per se. Furthermore, the effect of caffeine supplementation after muscle damage on strength recovery remains inconclusive due to the low number of studies found (four studies) and controversial results for both dynamic and isometric strength tests.
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Correia-Oliveira C, Lopes-Silva JP. Caffeine Combined With Sodium Bicarbonate Improves Pacing and Overall Performance During a High-Intensity Time Trial. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35436422 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2022.2031847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: No study has demonstrated the effects of sodium bicarbonate plus caffeine (NaHCO3 + CAF) on power output (PO) distribution (e.g., pacing), physiological parameters and energy system contribution during a 4-km cycling time trial (TT). Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of NaHCO3 + CAF on pacing, physiological parameters, and energy system contribution during a 4-km cycling TT. Methods: Using a double-blind and counterbalanced design, 10 cyclists performed three ingestion protocols (NaHCO3 + CAF, NaHCO3 and placebo) followed by a 4-km cycling TT. Results: 100 min after substance ingestion, the magnitude of change in blood pH and bicarbonate concentration [HCO3-] for NaHCO3 + CAF (+0.04 ± 0.03 and +5.9 ± 1.6 mmol·L-1, respectively, P < .05) and NaHCO3 (+0.02 ± 0.03 and +4.1 ± 2.0 mmol·L-1, respectively, P < .05) was more pronounced than in placebo (-0.01 ± 0.02 and 0.4 ± 0.9 mmol·L-1, respectively). The increase in plasma lactate concentration was more pronounced in NaHCO3 + CAF than in NaHCO3 and placebo (P < .05). Mean ventilation and carbon dioxide production were higher in NaHCO3 + CAF compared to NaHCO3 and placebo (P < .05). The PO and anaerobic power output were increased at the beginning of the 4-km TT (P < .05) in NaHCO3 + CAF compared to the other two conditions, resulting in an improved overall performance (P < .05). Conclusion: NaHCO3 + CAF results in a higher PO and increased anaerobic contribution and respiratory parameters during a 4-km cycling TT.
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Krawczyk R, Krzysztofik M, Kostrzewa M, Komarek Z, Wilk M, Del Coso J, Filip-Stachnik A. Preliminary Research towards Acute Effects of Different Doses of Caffeine on Strength-Power Performance in Highly Trained Judo Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:2868. [PMID: 35270556 PMCID: PMC8910536 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although several previous studies examined the effect of pre-exercise caffeine ingestion on judo-specific performance, the optimal dose of caffeine to maximise the ergogenic effects for judoka is not clear. The main purpose of this study was to analyse the effects of oral administration of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine on a battery of physical tests associated with judo performance. Ten highly trained national-level judoka (6 men and 4 women, age: 24.1 ± 4.7 years, body mass: 73.4 ± 12.9 kg, 15.1 ± 5.2 years of judo training experience, 2.6 mg/kg/day of habitual caffeine intake) participated in a randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled and double-blind experiment. Each judoka performed three identical experimental sessions after: (a) ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-3); (b) ingestion of 6 mg/kg of caffeine (CAF-6); (c) ingestion of a placebo (PLAC). After 60 min for substance absorption, participants performed the following tests: (a) bench press exercise with 50% of the load representing one-repetition maximum (1RM), including three sets of three repetitions; (b) bench pull exercise with 50% of 1RM including three sets of three repetitions; (c) countermovement jump; (d) maximal isometric handgrip strength test; (e) dynamic and isometric versions of the Judogi Grip Strength Test. In comparison with PLAC, the ingestion of CAF-3 and CAF-6 increased peak bar velocity in the bench press exercise (1.27 ± 0.11 vs. 1.34 ± 0.13 and 1.34 ± 0.15 m/s, respectively; p < 0.01) and mean bar velocity in the bench pull exercise (1.03 ± 0.15 vs. 1.13 ± 0.13 and 1.17 ± 0.15 m/s; p < 0.05). Only CAF-6 increased mean bar velocity in the bench press exercise when compared with PLAC (0.96 ± 0.09 vs. 1.02 ± 0.11 m/s; p < 0.05). Both CAF-3 and CAF-6 significantly increased the number of repetitions in the Judogi Grip Strength Test (17 ± 10 vs. 20 ± 10 and 20 ± 10 repetitions; p < 0.05). There were no differences between PLAC and caffeine doses in the remaining tests. The pre-exercise ingestion of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine effectively obtained meaningful improvements in several aspects associated with judo performance. From a practical viewpoint, the selection between 3 or 6 mg/kg of caffeine may depend on previously tested individual responses during simulated competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Krawczyk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Maciej Kostrzewa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Zuzanna Komarek
- Nutrition and Sports Performance Research Group, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28942 Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, 40-065 Katowice, Poland; (R.K.); (M.K.); (M.K.); (M.W.)
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Jagim AR, Harty PS, Barakat AR, Erickson JL, Carvalho V, Khurelbaatar C, Camic CL, Kerksick CM. Prevalence and Amounts of Common Ingredients Found in Energy Drinks and Shots. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020314. [PMID: 35057494 PMCID: PMC8780606 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Energy drinks are one of the most popular packaged beverage products consumed within the United States (US). Energy drinks are considered a functional beverage, a category that also includes sports drinks and nutraceutical beverages. PURPOSE The focus of the current study was to examine the nutrition fact panels of the top selling commercially available energy drink and energy shot products within the US to characterize common ingredient profiles to help establish a standard definition and ingredient profile of energy drinks and energy shots for consumers, health care practitioners, and researchers. METHODS The top 75 commercially available energy drinks and shots were identified and compiled from multiple commercial retail websites as of September 2021. For the purpose of this study, an energy drink must have met the following criteria: (A) marketed as an energy drink; (B) purported to improve energy, focus, or alertness; (C) not sold as a dietary supplement (no supplement fact panels); (D) manufactured as a pre-packaged and ready-to-drink beverage; and (E) contains at least three of (1) caffeine, (2) B-vitamins, (3) sugar, (4) taurine, (5) creatine, (6) quercetin, (7) guarana, (8) ginseng, (9) coenzyme Q10, or (10) branched chain amino acids. Energy shots must have met similar criteria to be included: (A) marketed as an energy shot; (B) purported to improve energy, focus, or alertness; (C) sold as a dietary supplement; (D) manufactured as a pre-packaged beverage with a small volume (<3.5 mL); and (E) contains at least three of the ingredients stated above. RESULTS Twenty energy shots and fifty-five energy drinks were included in this analysis. The number of ingredients per product (mean ± SD) was 18.2 ± 5.7, with 15 products containing proprietary blends with undisclosed ingredient amounts. The relative prevalence and average amounts of the top ingredients were as follows: caffeine (100%; 174.4 ± 81.1 mg), vitamin B6 (72%; 366.9 ± 648.1 percent daily value (%DV)), vitamin B3 (67%; 121.44 ± 69.9% DV), vitamin B12 (67%; 5244.5 ± 10,474.6% DV), vitamin B5 (37.3%; 113.6 ± 76.6% DV), and taurine (37.3%; amounts undisclosed). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a high prevalence of caffeine and B-vitamins in these energy products, with many of the formulations containing well above the recommended daily value of B-vitamins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Jagim
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (A.R.B.); (J.L.E.); (V.C.)
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrick S. Harty
- Energy Balance and Body Composition Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA;
| | - Abdelrahman R. Barakat
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (A.R.B.); (J.L.E.); (V.C.)
| | - Jacob L. Erickson
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (A.R.B.); (J.L.E.); (V.C.)
| | - Victoria Carvalho
- Sports Medicine, Mayo Clinic Health System, Onalaska, WI 54650, USA; (A.R.B.); (J.L.E.); (V.C.)
| | - Chinguun Khurelbaatar
- Exercise & Sport Science, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54603, USA;
| | - Clayton L. Camic
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115, USA;
| | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise & Performance Nutrition Laboratory, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO 63301, USA;
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Grgic J. Exploring the minimum ergogenic dose of caffeine on resistance exercise performance: a meta-analytical approach. Nutrition 2022; 97:111604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marinho AH, Gonçalves JS, Araújo PK, Lima-Silva AE, Ataide-Silva T, de Araujo GG. Effects of creatine and caffeine ingestion in combination on exercise performance: A systematic review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-14. [PMID: 34845944 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2007470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Creatine (CRE) and caffeine (CAF) have been used as ergogenic aids to improve exercise performance. The present study reviewed the current evidence supporting the additional use of CAF intake during or after the CRE loading on exercise performance. The search was carried out in eight databases, with the methodological quality of the studies assessed via the QualSyst tool. From ten studies that met the criteria for inclusion, six had strong, three moderate, and one weak methodological quality. CAF was ingested ∼1 h before the performance trial (5-7 mg.kg-1) after a CRE loading period (5-6 days with 0.3 g.kg-1.d-1) in five studies, with the combination CAF + CRE providing additional ergogenic effect compared to CRE alone in three of these studies. Furthermore, CAF was ingested daily during the CRE loading protocol in five studies, with CAF showing additive benefits compared to CRE alone only in one study (3 g.d-1 of CRE during 3 days + 6 mg.kg-1 of CAF for 3 days). The combination CAF + CRE seems to provide additional benefits to exercise performance when CAF is acutely ingested after a CRE loading. There is, however, no apparent benefit in ingesting CAF during a CRE loading period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson H Marinho
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | | | - Palloma K Araújo
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thays Ataide-Silva
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Gustavo G de Araujo
- Post Graduate Nutrition Program, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
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Tamilio RA, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ, Morris R, Grgic J, Tallis J. Can 3 mg·kg -1 of Caffeine Be Used as An Effective Nutritional Supplement to Enhance the Effects of Resistance Training in Rugby Union Players? Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103367. [PMID: 34684368 PMCID: PMC8539282 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study uniquely examined the effect of 3 mg·kg−1 chronic caffeine consumption on training adaptations induced by 7-weeks resistance training and assessed the potential for habituation to caffeine’s ergogenicity. Thirty non-specifically resistance-trained university standard male rugby union players (age (years): 20 ± 2; height (cm): 181 ± 7; body mass (kg): 92 ± 17) completed the study), who were moderate habitual caffeine consumers (118 ± 110 mg), completed the study. Using a within-subject double-blind, placebo-controlled experimental design, the acute effects of caffeine intake on upper and lower limb maximal voluntary concentric and eccentric torque were measured using isokinetic dynamometry (IKD) prior to and immediately following a resistance training intervention. Participants were split into strength-matched groups and completed a resistance-training program for seven weeks, consuming either caffeine or a placebo before each session. Irrespective of group, acute caffeine consumption improved peak eccentric torque of the elbow extensors (p < 0.013), peak concentric torque of the elbow flexors (p < 0.005), total eccentric work of the elbow flexors (p < 0.003), total concentric work of the knee extensors (p < 0.001), and total concentric and eccentric work of the knee flexors (p < 0.046) following repeated maximal voluntary contractions. Many of these acute caffeine effects were still prevalent following chronic exposure to caffeine throughout the intervention. The training intervention resulted in significant improvements in upper and lower body one-repetition maximum strength (p < 0.001). For the most part, the effect of the training intervention was equivalent in both the caffeine and placebo groups, despite a small but significant increase (p < 0.037) in the total work performed in the participants that consumed caffeine across the course of the intervention. These results infer that caffeine may be beneficial to evoke acute improvements in muscular strength, with acute effects prevalent following chronic exposure to the experimental dose. However, individuals that consumed caffeine during the intervention did not elicit superior post-intervention training- induced adaptations in muscular strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Tamilio
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Neil D. Clarke
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Michael J. Duncan
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Rhys Morris
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
| | - Jason Tallis
- Centre for Applied Biological and Exercise Sciences, Alison Gingell Building, Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry CV 15FB, UK; (R.A.T.); (N.D.C.); (M.J.D.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Acute Effects of High Doses of Caffeine on Bar Velocity during the Bench Press Throw in Athletes Habituated to Caffeine: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Crossover Study. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194380. [PMID: 34640398 PMCID: PMC8509759 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic intake of caffeine may produce a reduction in the potential performance benefits obtained with the acute intake of this substance. For this reason, athletes habituated to caffeine often use high doses of caffeine (≥9 mg/kg) to overcome tolerance to caffeine ergogenicity due to chronic intake. The main objective of the current investigation was to evaluate the effects of high caffeine doses on bar velocity during an explosive bench press throw in athletes habituated to caffeine. Twelve resistance-trained athletes, with a moderate-to-high chronic intake of caffeine (~5.3 mg/kg/day) participated in a randomized double-blind and randomized experimental design. Each participant performed three identical experimental sessions 60 min after the intake of a placebo (PLAC) or after the intake of 9 (CAF-9) or 12 mg/kg (CAF-12) of caffeine. In each experimental session, the athletes performed five sets of two repetitions of the bench press throw exercise with a load equivalent to 30% of their one-repetition maximum. In comparison to PLAC, the intake of caffeine increased peak and mean velocity (p < 0.01) during the five sets of the bench press throw exercise. There were no significant differences in peak and mean bar velocity between the two doses of caffeine (CAF-9 vs. CAF-12; p = 0.91, = 0.96, respectively). The ingestion of high doses of caffeine was effective in producing an increase in mean and peak bar velocity during the bench press throw in a group of habitual caffeine users. However, using CAF-12 did not offer additional benefits for performance with respect to CAF-9.
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Jones L, Johnstone I, Day C, Le Marquer S, Hulton AT. The Dose-Effects of Caffeine on Lower Body Maximal Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Rating of Perceived Exertion in Strength-Trained Females. Nutrients 2021; 13:3342. [PMID: 34684343 PMCID: PMC8539274 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeine supplementation has shown to be an effective ergogenic aid enhancing athletic performance, although limited research within female populations exists. Therefore, the aim of the investigation was to assess the effect of pre-exercise caffeine supplementation on strength performance and muscular endurance in strength-trained females. In a double-blind, randomised, counterbalanced design, fourteen strength-trained females using hormonal contraception consumed either 3 or 6 mg·kg-1 BM of caffeine or placebo (PLA). Following supplementation, participants performed a one-repetition maximum (1RM) leg press and repetitions to failure (RF) at 60% of their 1RM. During the RF test, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded every five repetitions and total volume (TV) lifted was calculated. Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that RF (p = 0.010) and TV (p = 0.012) attained significance, with pairwise comparisons indicating a significant difference between 3 mg·kg-1 BM and placebo for RF (p = 0.014), with an effect size of 0.56, and for 6 mg·kg-1 BM (p = 0.036) compared to the placebo, with an effect size of 0.65. No further significance was observed for 1RM or for RPE, and no difference was observed between caffeine trials. Although no impact on lower body muscular strength was observed, doses of 3 and 6 mg·kg-1 BM of caffeine improved lower body muscular endurance in resistance-trained females, which may have a practical application for enhancing resistance training stimuli and improving competitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Andrew T. Hulton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK; (L.J.); (I.J.); (C.D.); (S.L.M.)
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Blazer HJ, Jordan CL, Pederson JA, Rogers RR, Williams TD, Marshall MR, Ballmann CG. Effects of Time-of-Day Training Preference on Resistance-Exercise Performance. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2021; 92:492-499. [PMID: 32633217 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2020.1751032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate how time-of-day training preference influences resistance-exercise performance. Methods: Resistance trained males (n = 12) were recruited for this study. In a crossover, counterbalanced design, participants completed two separate bench-press exercise trials at different times of day: (a) morning (AM; 8:00 hr) and (b) evening (PM; 16:00 hr). Participants answered a questionnaire on time-of-day training preference and completed a preferred (PREF) and nonpreferred (NON-PREF) time-of-day trial. For each trial, motivation was measured using a visual analog scale prior to exercise. Participants completed 2 sets × 2 repetitions at 75% 1-RM with maximum explosiveness separated by 5 min of rest. Mean barbell velocity was measured using a linear position transducer. Participants then completed 1 set × repetitions to failure (RTF) at 75% 1-RM. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured immediately following exercise. Results: Regardless of preference, velocity (p = .025; effect size (ES) = 0.43) was higher during the PM versus AM trial. However, there were no significant differences in velocity (p = .368; ES = 0.37) between PREF and NON-PREF time of day. There were no significant differences for repetitions between PREF and NON-PREF times (p = .902; ES = 0.03). Motivation was higher in the PREF time versus NON-PREF (p = .015; ES = 0.68). Furthermore, RPE was significantly lower during the PREF time of day (p = .048; 0.55). Conclusions: Despite higher barbell velocity collectively at PM times, time-of-training preference did not largely influence resistance-exercise performance, while motivation is higher and RPE is lower during preferred times.
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Effects of Caffeine on Resistance Exercise: A Review of Recent Research. Sports Med 2021; 51:2281-2298. [PMID: 34291426 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01521-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In the last few years, a plethora of studies have explored the effects of caffeine on resistance exercise, demonstrating that this field of research is growing fast. This review evaluates and summarizes the most recent findings. Given that toxic doses of caffeine are needed to increase skeletal muscle contractility, the binding of caffeine to adenosine receptors is likely the primary mechanism for caffeine's ergogenic effects on resistance exercise. There is convincing evidence that caffeine ingestion is ergogenic for (i) one-repetition maximum, isometric, and isokinetic strength; and (ii) muscular endurance, velocity, and power in different resistance exercises, loads, and set protocols. Furthermore, there is some evidence that caffeine supplementation also may enhance adaptations to resistance training, such as gains in strength and power. Caffeine ingestion is ergogenic for resistance exercise performance in females, and the magnitude of these effects seems to be similar to that observed in men. Habitual caffeine intake and polymorphisms within CYP1A2 and ADORA2A do not seem to modulate caffeine's ergogenic effects on resistance exercise. Consuming lower doses of caffeine (e.g., 2-3 mg/kg) appears to be comparably ergogenic to consuming high doses of caffeine (e.g., 6 mg/kg). Minimal effective doses of caffeine seem to be around 1.5 mg/kg. Alternate caffeine sources such as caffeinated chewing gum, gel, and coffee are also ergogenic for resistance exercise performance. With caffeine capsules, the optimal timing of ingestion seems to be 30-60 min before exercise. Caffeinated chewing gums and gels may enhance resistance exercise performance even when consumed 10 min before exercise. It appears that caffeine improves performance in resistance exercise primarily due to its physiological effects. Nevertheless, a small portion of the ergogenic effect of caffeine seems to be placebo-driven.
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Ferreira RES, Pacheco RL, de Oliveira Cruz Latorraca C, Riera R, Eid RG, Martimbianco ALC. Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Physical Performance of Soccer Players: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Health 2021; 13:347-358. [PMID: 33666113 PMCID: PMC8645316 DOI: 10.1177/1941738121998712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Caffeine is 1 of the most popular supplements consumed by athletes, and the evidence for improving soccer performance remains limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate and update the effects (benefits and harms) of caffeine to improve performance on soccer players. DATA SOURCES Electronic search in Medline (via PubMed), CENTRAL, Embase, SPORTDiscus, and LILACS, from inception to March 28, 2020. STUDY SELECTION Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of caffeine on the performance of soccer players. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 1. DATA EXTRACTION Data extraction was conducted independently by 2 authors using a piloted form. We assessed methodological quality (Cochrane risk-of-bias [RoB] table) and the certainty of the evidence (GRADE [Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation] approach). RESULTS Sixteen RCTs were included. Overall methodological quality was classified as unclear to low risk of bias. When assessing aerobic endurance, meta-analyses did not demonstrate the differences between caffeine and placebo (mean difference [MD], 44.9 m; 95% confidence interval [CI], -77.7 to 167.6). Similarly, no difference was observed during time to fatigue test (MD, 169.8 seconds; 95% CI, -71.8 to 411.6). Considering anaerobic power, meta-analyses also did not find differences for vertical jump (MD, 1.01 cm; 95% CI, -0.68 to 2.69) and repeated sprint tests (MD, -0.02 seconds; 95% CI, -0.09 to 0.04), as well as reaction time agility test (MD, 0.02 seconds; 95% CI, -0.01 to 0.04) and rating of perceived exertion (MD, 0.16 points; 95% CI, -0.55 to 0.87). Regarding safety, a few minor adverse events were reported. Based on the GRADE approach, the certainty of this evidence was classified as very low to low. CONCLUSION We found no significant improvement in soccer-related performance with caffeine compared with placebo or no intervention. However, caffeine appears to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Leite Pacheco
- Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Rachel Riera
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Centre of Health Technology Assessment, Hospital Sírio-Libanês, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Prado E, Magalhães-Neto A, Neto JR, Bassini A, Cameron LC. Caffeine decreases ammonemia in athletes using a ketogenic diet during prolonged exercise. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111377. [PMID: 34273681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both exercise and a ketogenic (low-carbohydrate) diet favor glycogen depletion and increase ammonemia, which can impair physical performance. Caffeine supplementation has been routinely used to improve exercise performance. Herein, the effect of xanthine was evaluated on ammonemia in cyclists who were placed on a ketogenic diet and engaged in prolonged exercise. METHODS Fourteen male cyclists followed a ketogenic diet for 2 d before and during the experimental trial. The cyclists were assigned to either the caffeine- (CEx; n = 7) or placebo-supplemented (LEx; n = 7) group. Blood samples were obtained during cycling and the recovery periods. RESULTS The CEx group showed a significant decrease (up to 25%) in blood ammonia at 60, 90, and 120 min after beginning exercise compared with the LEx group. A higher concentration of apparent blood urea was observed in the LEx group than in the CEx group at 60 to 90 min of exercise (~10%). In addition, a significant increase in blood glucose levels was evident at 30 min of exercise (~28%), and an increase in blood lactate levels was visible during the first 30 to 60 min of exercise (~80%) in the CEx group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the consumption of caffeine might attenuate the increase in ammonemia that occurs during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Prado
- Laboratory for Research in Physical Exercise and Metabolism, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Aníbal Magalhães-Neto
- Biological and Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - José Rezende Neto
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bassini
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz-Claudio Cameron
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Alqrache A, Mostafa M, Ghabrah O, Ghabrah Z, Kamal N, Ghabrah T, Atta H. Knowledge and Patterns of Dietary Supplement Use among Students Attending King Abdulaziz University in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 2021; 58:469580211020882. [PMID: 34053321 PMCID: PMC8743916 DOI: 10.1177/00469580211020882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Oral dietary supplements (DSs) include vitamins, minerals, amino acids, energy drinks, and herbal products. The use of DSs is increasing and their manufacturers promote their benefits. Studies have validated some of these benefits, but have also indicated that some DSs can have adverse effects, especially if used without the appropriate supervision. Little information on DS use among Saudis is available. This study assessed the use of dietary supplements among male and female university students with the goal of educating the community about DSs and the dangers associated with their misuse. Online and paper validated questionnaires were administered to King Abdulaziz University (KAU) students between September 2019 and January 2020. The responses were collected and analyzed statistically. Of the 954 KAU students who completed the survey, one-third used DSs (42.9% women vs 25.7% men). Of these, 51.7% believed that DSs are essential for health, 41.7% classified them as both food and drugs, 67.2% were aware that DSs could not replace a healthy diet, and 25.8% were aware of their potentially harmful effects. Multivitamins and minerals were the most used DSs. DS awareness among KAU students is limited. Additional health education is necessary to assist students in their selection of the most suitable DSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mostafa Mostafa
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Omar Ghabrah
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Ghabrah
- Maternity and Children Hospital, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nezar Kamal
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Hazem Atta
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Dos Santos Quaresma MVL, Campos R, Tavares-Silva E, Marques CG, Thomatieli-Santos RV. Effect of acute caffeine supplementation before intermittent high-intensity exercise on cytokine levels and psychobiological parameters: A randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial. Cytokine 2021; 144:155583. [PMID: 34074584 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2021.155583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to verify the effects of caffeine supplementation on psychobiological parameters and its relationship with inflammatory cytokines in non-athlete subjects. We hypothesized that IL-10 may be responsible for the reduction in fatigue perception in response to caffeine supplementation. It was a randomized, double-blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled study. Ten non-athlete subjects (26.9 ± 4.01 years old; 73.44 ± 9.57 kg; 15.94 ± 4.32 body fat kg) were evaluated. Sixty-min after caffeine (6 mg-1.kg-1 body mass) or placebo supplementation, high-intensity interval exercise test (1 min at 90% of Wmax and 2 min at 50% of Wmax) was performed to maximum voluntary exhaustion. Cytokine concentrations and psychobiological parameters were evaluated before (BE), immediately after (post-PE) and 1 h after exercise (1 h post-PE). We verify that IL-6 (0.35; 95% CI: 0.13 to 0.56; z = 3.24; p = 0.001; d = 1.14) and IL-10 (9.06; 95% CI 0.41 to 17.70; z = 2.05; p = 0.04; d = 1.12) increases post-PE in CAF group versus PLA group. Still, IL-10 levels were higher in CAF group 1 h post-PE (25.04; 95% CI: 8.95 to 41.31; z = 3.05; p = 0.002; d = 1.9) than PLA group. Moreover, 1 h post-PE vigor level was higher in the CAF group versus PLA group (4.53; 95% CI: 1.27 to 7.80; z = 2.72; p = 0.006; d = 0.46), and fatigue was lower in CAF group than PLA group (-5.08; 95% CI: -9.93 to -0.227; z = -2.05; p = 0.040; d = 0.67). We conclude that 1 h post-PE caffeine was able to decrease fatigue and increase vigor perception. IL-10 levels were higher 1 h post-PE in CAF group, suggesting, according to our hypothesis, that IL-10 may be associated with decrease fatigue perceptions after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus V L Dos Santos Quaresma
- Curso de Nutrição, Centro Universitário São Camilo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Pós-graduação em Nutrição e Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Campos
- Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edgar Tavares-Silva
- Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ronaldo Vagner Thomatieli-Santos
- Pós-graduação em Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, SP, Brazil.
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Ergogenic Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Muscular Endurance and Muscular Strength in Women: A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115773. [PMID: 34072182 PMCID: PMC8199301 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This meta-analysis aimed to explore the effects of caffeine ingestion on muscular endurance and muscular strength in women. Five databases were searched to find relevant studies. A random-effects meta-analysis of standardized mean differences (SMD) was performed for data analysis. Subgroup meta-analyses explored the effects of caffeine on upper-body and lower-body muscular endurance and muscular strength. Eight crossover placebo-controlled studies were included in the review. In the main meta-analysis that considered data from all included studies, there was a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine on muscular endurance (SMD = 0.25; p = 0.027) and muscular strength (SMD = 0.18; p < 0.001). In a subgroup analysis that considered only upper-body exercises, there was a significant ergogenic effect of caffeine on muscular endurance (SMD = 0.20; p = 0.007) and muscular strength (SMD = 0.17; p < 0.001). In a subgroup analysis that considered only lower-body exercises, there was no significant difference between caffeine and placebo for muscular endurance (SMD = 0.43; p = 0.092) or muscular strength (SMD = 0.16; p = 0.109). The main finding of this meta-analysis is that caffeine ingestion has a significant ergogenic effect on muscular endurance and muscular strength in women. The effects reported in this analysis are similar to those previously observed in men and suggest that women may use caffeine supplementation as an ergogenic aid for muscular performance. Future research is needed to explore the effects of caffeine on lower-body muscular endurance and muscular strength in this population.
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Effects of Acute Caffeine Intake on Power Output and Movement Velocity During a Multiple-Set Bench Press Exercise Among Mild Caffeine Users. J Hum Kinet 2021; 78:219-228. [PMID: 34025879 PMCID: PMC8120957 DOI: 10.2478/hukin-2021-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an acute dose of caffeine (6 mg/kg body mass (b.m.)) on power output and bar velocity during a bench press multiple-set resistance training session in participants with mild daily caffeine consumption (in the range of 1 to 3 mg/kg/b.m). Thirteen recreationally active male participants (age: 21.9 ± 1.2 years, body mass: 74.4 ± 5.3 kg, body mass index: 23.1 ± 1.6 kg/m2, bench press onerepetition maximum (1RM): 79.2 ± 14.9 kg), with daily caffeine ingestion of 1.56 ± 0.56 mg/kg/b.m., participated in the study with a randomized double-blind experimental design. Each participant performed two identical experimental sessions, 60 min after the intake of a placebo (PLAC) or 6 mg/kg/b.m. of caffeine (CAF-6). In each experimental session, participants performed 5 sets of 5 repetitions of the bench press exercise with a load equivalent to 70% 1RM. The eccentric and concentric phases of the bench press exercise were performed at maximal possible velocity in each repetition. Bar velocity was recorded with a linear position transducer and power output was calculated using velocity and load data. A two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated no significant substance x set interaction for mean power output (MP), mean bar velocity (MV), peak power output (PP) and peak bar velocity (PV). However, there was a significant main effect of substance on MP (p < 0.01; η2 = 0.47) and MV (p < 0.01; η2 =0.45). Post hoc analysis for main effect revealed that MP and MV values in the CAF-6 group were higher than in the PLAC group in all 5 sets of the exercise (p < 0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that an acute dose of caffeine before resistance exercise increased mean power output and mean bar velocity during a multiple-set bench press exercise protocol among mild caffeine users.
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Pakulak A, Candow DG, Totosy de Zepetnek J, Forbes SC, Basta D. Effects of Creatine and Caffeine Supplementation During Resistance Training on Body Composition, Strength, Endurance, Rating of Perceived Exertion and Fatigue in Trained Young Adults. J Diet Suppl 2021; 19:587-602. [PMID: 33759701 DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2021.1904085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The primary purpose was to determine the separate and combined effects of creatine and caffeine supplementation during resistance training on body composition and muscle performance in trained young adults. Twenty-eight participants were randomized to supplement with creatine and caffeine (CR-CAF; n = 9, 22 ± 4 years; 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of creatine monohydrate + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of caffeine anhydrous micronized powder); creatine (CR; n = 7, 22 ± 4 years, 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of creatine + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of micronized cellulose), caffeine (CAF; n = 6, 19 ± 1 years, 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 of caffeine + 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of maltodextrin) or placebo (PLA; n = 6, 23 ± 7 years, 0.1 g·kg-1·d-1 of maltodextrin + 3 mg·kg-1·d-1 micronized cellulose) one hour prior to performing resistance training for 6 weeks. Before and after training and supplementation, fat-free and fat mass (air-displacement plethysmography), muscle thickness (elbow and knee flexors and extensors; ultrasound), muscle strength (1-repetition maximum [1-RM] for the leg press and chest press), and endurance (one set of repetitions to volitional fatigue using 50% baseline 1-RM for leg press and chest press) were assessed. There was a group x time interaction (p = 0.049) for knee extensor muscle thickness with CR experiencing an increase over time with no changes in the other groups. There were no other between group differences for any variable. In conclusion, creatine supplementation and resistance training results in a small improvement in knee extensor muscle accretion in trained young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery Pakulak
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, Canada
| | | | - Scott C Forbes
- Faculty of Education, Department of Physical Education, Brandon University, Brandon, Canada
| | - Daniele Basta
- University Sport Center, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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Watanabe K, Holobar A. Quercetin ingestion modifies human motor unit firing patterns and muscle contractile properties. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:1567-1579. [PMID: 33742251 PMCID: PMC8144122 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06085-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Quercetin is a polyphenolic flavonoid that has reported to block the binding of adenosine to A1 receptors at central nervous system and increase calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum at skeletal muscle. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effect of quercetin ingestion on motor unit activation and muscle contractile properties. High-density surface electromyography during submaximal contractions and electrically elicited contraction torque in knee extensor muscles were measured before (PRE) and 60 min after (POST) quercetin glycosides or placebo ingestions in 13 young males. Individual motor units of the vastus lateralis muscle were identified from high-density surface electromyography by the Convolution Kernel Compensation technique. Firing rates of motor units recruited at 30–50% of the maximal voluntary contraction torque (MVC) were increased from PRE to POST only with quercetin (9.0 ± 2.3 to 10.5 ± 2.0 pps, p = 0.034). Twitch torque during doublet stimulation was decreased from PRE to POST with placebo (77.1 ± 17.1 to 73.9 ± 17.6 Nm, p = 0.005), but not with quercetin (p > 0.05). For motor units recruited at < 10% of MVC, normalized firing rate were decreased with quercetin (1.52 ± 0.33 to 1.58 ± 0.35%MVC/pps, p = 0.002) but increased with placebo (1.61 ± 0.32 to 1.57 ± 0.31%MVC/pps, p = 0.005). These results suggest that ingested quercetin has the functional roles to: mitigate reduction in the muscle contractile properties, enhance activations of relatively higher recruitment threshold motor units, and inhibit activation of relatively lower recruitment threshold motor units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Watanabe
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Biomechanics, Faculty of Liberal Studies and Sciences and School of International Liberal Studies, Chukyo University, Showa-ku, YagotohonmachiNagoya, 466-8666, Japan.
| | - Aleš Holobar
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
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Dall'Acqua F, Cristina-Souza G, Santos-Mariano AC, Bertuzzi R, Rodacki C, Lima-Silva AE. Caffeine ingestion improves specific artistic swimming tasks. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 54:e10346. [PMID: 33624730 PMCID: PMC7894387 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x202010346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The main movements of artistic swimming demand various physical capacities such as flexibility, strength, power, and muscular endurance. The use of ergogenic resources to potentialize performance in this sport, however, is underexplored and deserves investigation. In the present study, we tested whether caffeine ingestion would improve the execution of movements that are essential in a typical figure competition or routines in artistic swimming (i.e., amplitude in the Ariana, height in the Boost and Barracuda, and time maintained in the Stationary Scull techniques). Sixteen experienced female athlete artistic swimmers (17.4±3.2 years of age, 5.6±2.8 years of artistic swimming practice) performed several movements of artistic swimming after having ingested a capsule containing caffeine (5 mg/kg body mass) or cellulose (placebo). Compared to the placebo, caffeine improved latero-lateral amplitude during the Ariana (P=0.035), the height of the Boost and Barracuda (P=0.028 and 0.009), and maintained duration in Stationary Sculling (P=0.012). Bayes factor analysis, however, indicated substantial evidence of a positive effect of caffeine only on the Barracuda and Stationary Scull techniques. These findings indicated that caffeine improved performance during specific artistic swimming movements. Coaches and athletes should consider caffeine ingestion in their supplementation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dall'Acqua
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Departamento Acadêmico de Educação Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - G Cristina-Souza
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Departamento Acadêmico de Educação Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Nutrição e Exercício, Academia do Campus de Passos, Universidade Estadual de Minas Gerais, Passos, MG, Brasil
| | - A C Santos-Mariano
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Departamento Acadêmico de Educação Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - R Bertuzzi
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio, Departamento de Esporte, Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - C Rodacki
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Departamento Acadêmico de Educação Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - A E Lima-Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Departamento Acadêmico de Educação Física, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Departamento de Educação Física, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
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48
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Lopes-Silva JP, Rocha ALSD, Rocha JCC, Silva VFDS, Correia-Oliveira CR. Caffeine ingestion increases the upper-body intermittent dynamic strength endurance performance of combat sports athletes. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:227-236. [PMID: 33413030 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1874058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine ingestion on upper-body intermittent strength endurance performance of combat sports athletes. Using a double-blind and placebo-controlled crossover design, ten experienced judo and jiu-jitsu athletes performed an upper-body intermittent strength endurance protocol (four set of judogi dynamic strength endurance test, interspersed by 3-min recovery intervals) 60 min after ingesting either caffeine (5 mg·kg-1) or placebo. Compared with placebo condition, caffeine ingestion significantly increased the total number of repetitions (+ 7%, P = 0.04; d = 0.44) and the maximal isometric handgrip strength (+ 5%, P = 0.03, ηp2 = 0.41). Rating of perceived exertion, heart rate and blood lactate concentration increased linearly throughout the test (P < 0.05), but without significant differences between caffeine and placebo conditions (P > 0.05). Caffeine ingestion improved the upper-body intermittent strength endurance performance and maximal isometric strength of combat sports athletes. This suggests that caffeine could help to maintain high levels of maximal handgrip and endurance strength in upper limbs, especially forearm muscles, which are responsible for maintaining the grip on the opponent's judogi.Highlights Caffeine ingestion improved upper-body intermittent strength endurance of grappling athletes.Caffeine ingestion increased maximal isometric handgrip strength of grappling athletes.Heart rate, lactate concentration or rating of perceived exertion were not affected by caffeine ingestion.Our findings suggest that caffeine could help to maintain high levels of maximal handgrip and endurance strength in upper limbs, especially forearm muscles, which are responsible for maintaining the grip on the opponent's judogi.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- Applied Research Group to Performance and Health, CESMAC University Center, Maceió, Brazil
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Ramírez-Maldonado M, Jurado-Fasoli L, Del Coso J, R Ruiz J, Amaro-Gahete FJ. Caffeine increases maximal fat oxidation during a graded exercise test: is there a diurnal variation? J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2021; 18:5. [PMID: 33413459 PMCID: PMC7792284 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00400-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is evidence that caffeine increases the maximal fat oxidation rate (MFO) and aerobic capacity, which are known to be lower in the morning than in the afternoon. This paper examines the effect of caffeine intake on the diurnal variation of MFO during a graded exercise test in active men. METHODS Using a triple-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover experimental design, 15 active caffeine-naïve men (age: 32 ± 7 years) completed a graded exercise test four times at seven-day intervals. The subjects ingested 3 mg/kg of caffeine or a placebo at 8 am in the morning and 5 pm in the afternoon (each subject completed tests under all four conditions in a random order). A graded cycling test was performed. MFO and maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) were measured by indirect calorimetry, and the intensity of exercise that elicited MFO (Fatmax) calculated. RESULTS MFO, Fatmax and VO2max were significantly higher in the afternoon than in the morning (all P < 0.05). Compared to the placebo, caffeine increased mean MFO by 10.7% (0.28 ± 0.10 vs. 0.31 ± 0.09 g/min respectively, P < 0.001) in the morning, and by a mean 29.0% (0.31 ± 0.09 vs. 0.40 ± 0.10 g/min, P < 0.001) in the afternoon. Caffeine also increased mean Fatmax by 11.1% (36.9 ± 14.4 [placebo] vs. 41.0 ± 13.1%, P = 0.005) in the morning, and by 13.1% (42.0 ± 11.6 vs. 47.5 ± 10.8%, P = 0.008) in the afternoon. CONCLUSION These findings confirm the previously reported diurnal variation in the whole-body fat oxidation rate during graded exercise in active caffeine-naïve men, and indicate that the acute ingestion of 3 mg/kg of caffeine increases MFO, Fatmax and VO2max independent of the time of day. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT04320446 . Registered 25 March 2020 - Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Ramírez-Maldonado
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. Conocimiento S/n, 18011, Granada, Spain
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Av. Conocimiento S/n, 18011, Granada, Spain.
- PROFITH "PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity" Research Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.
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50
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Barreto G, Grecco B, Merola P, Reis CEG, Gualano B, Saunders B. Novel insights on caffeine supplementation, CYP1A2 genotype, physiological responses and exercise performance. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:749-769. [PMID: 33403509 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04571-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a popular ergogenic aid due to its primary physiological effects that occur through antagonism of adenosine receptors in the central nervous system. This leads to a cascade of physiological reactions which increases focus and volition, and reduces perception of effort and pain, contributing to improved exercise performance. Substantial variability in the physiological and performance response to acute caffeine consumption is apparent, and a growing number of studies are implicating a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the CYP1A2 gene, responsible for caffeine metabolism, as a key factor that influences the acute responses to caffeine ingestion. However, existing literature regarding the influence of this polymorphism on the ergogenic effects of caffeine is controversial. Fast caffeine metabolisers (AA homozygotes) appear most likely to benefit from caffeine supplementation, although over half of studies showed no differences in the responses to caffeine between CYP1A2 genotypes, while others even showed either a possible advantage or disadvantage for C-allele carriers. Contrasting data are limited by weak study designs and small samples sizes, which did not allow separation of C-allele carriers into their sub-groups (AC and CC), and insufficient mechanistic evidence to elucidate findings. Mixed results prevent practical recommendations based upon genotype while genetic testing for CYP1A2 is also currently unwarranted. More mechanistic and applied research is required to elucidate how the CYP1A2 polymorphism might alter caffeine's ergogenic effect and the magnitude thereof, and whether CYP1A2 genotyping prior to caffeine supplementation is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Grecco
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | - Pietro Merola
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil.,Food Research Center, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo (Sao Paulo, SP, BR), University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo, SP, 01246903, Brazil. .,Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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