1
|
Hahn H, Friedel M, Niessner C, Zipfel S, Mack I. Impact of physical activity on caloric and macronutrient intake in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2024; 21:76. [PMID: 39010114 PMCID: PMC11247817 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-024-01620-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity is widely promoted to maintain and improve health across all ages. Investigating how physical activity affects subsequent food intake provides insight into the factors that contribute to maintaining energy balance and effective weight management. OBJECTIVE This systematic review and meta-analysis summarizes the evidence on the effect of acute physical activity on subsequent food intake in children and adolescents. METHODS The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines (PRISMA) were applied. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) objectively measuring post-exercise energy intake in children and adolescents aged 5 to 18 years were included. Studies with self-reported food intake were excluded. The databases PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library were searched for RCTs, and the data were summarized at a qualitative and quantitative level. Version 2 of the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials was used to assess risk of bias. Changes in energy intake were examined with random effects meta-analysis. (PROSPERO: CRD42022324259). RESULTS Out of 9582 studies, 22 RCTs with cross-over design remained eligible for meta-analysis. The primary outcome was post-intervention energy intake up to the next 24 h. Heterogeneity of studies was moderate, with an I2 of 57%. The median (interquartile range, IQR) energy expended while exercising was 240 (158) kcal. Meta-analysis of 41 study arms (exercise n = 780 and control n = 478) showed no differences in total energy intake between the exercise and control group with a mean difference MD = 23.31 [-27.54, 74.15] kcal. No subgroup differences were found. Macronutrient intake and appetite sensations where not substantially affected. CONCLUSION Engaging in exercise is a suitable means of raising activity-induced energy expenditure, without causing any noticeable changes in food intake or hunger within a single day.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Hahn
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Manuel Friedel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Claudia Niessner
- Institute of Sports and Sport Science, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engler-Bunte-Ring 15, Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Stephan Zipfel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Isabelle Mack
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Hospital Tübingen, Osianderstr. 5, Tübingen, 72076, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rivadulla AR, Chen X, Cazzola D, Trewartha G, Preatoni E. Clustering analysis across different speeds reveals two distinct running techniques with no differences in running economy. Sports Biomech 2024:1-24. [PMID: 38990163 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2024.2372608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Establishing the links between running technique and economy remains elusive due to high inter-individual variability. Clustering runners by technique may enable tailored training recommendations, yet it is unclear if different techniques are equally economical and whether clusters are speed-dependent. This study aimed to identify clusters of runners based on technique and to compare cluster kinematics and running economy. Additionally, we examined the agreement of clustering partitions of the same runners at different speeds. Trunk and lower-body kinematics were captured from 84 trained runners at different speeds on a treadmill. We used Principal Component Analysis for dimensionality reduction and agglomerative hierarchical clustering to identify groups of runners with a similar technique, and we evaluated cluster agreement across speeds. Clustering runners at different speeds independently produced different partitions, suggesting single speed clustering can fail to capture the full speed profile of a runner. The two clusters identified using data from the whole range of speeds showed differences in pelvis tilt and duty factor. In agreement with self-optimisation theories, there were no differences in running economy, and no differences in participants' characteristics between clusters. Considering inter-individual technique variability may enhance the efficacy of training designs as opposed to 'one size fits all' approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Grant Trewartha
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miqueleiz U, Aguado-Jimenez R, Lecumberri P, Gorostiaga EM. Consistency of sex-based differences between treadmill and overground running using an inertial measurement unit (IMU). J Biomech 2024; 172:112202. [PMID: 38945010 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Differences in running gait between treadmill and overground running has been subject of study, while consistency of group differences between running surfaces has not been previously analysed. This study examined both the differences between running surfaces and the consistency of sex-based differences between surfaces in some spatiotemporal and kinematic variables measured by an inertial measurement unit fastened over the lumbar spine. Thirty-two (sixteen females) endurance runners firstly performed overground and then treadmill (1 % inclination) runs at speeds between 9-21 km∙h-1. Males showed lower flight time (FT) [moderate effect size (ES)] during treadmill running compared to overground, while females showed greater stride frequency (SF) (moderate ES), lower stride length (SL) (moderate ES), FT (moderate ES), and vertical (VT) trunk displacement (moderate ES), as well as greater medio-lateral (ML) trunk displacement (moderate ES). No differences in CT between surfaces were found (trivial to small). Furthermore, all the sex-differences were consistent between treadmill and overground running: Males showed lower SF (large and moderate ES, respectively), greater SL (large and moderate ES) and CT (moderate and large ES), lower FT (large ES), greater VT displacement (moderate to large ES), and lower ML displacement (moderate ES) than females. These results may be of interest to carefully transfer the running gait analyses between surfaces depending on sex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Unai Miqueleiz
- Department of Health Sciences, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain; Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Centre (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Pablo Lecumberri
- Department of Mathematics, Public University of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Esteban M Gorostiaga
- Studies, Research and Sports Medicine Centre (CEIMD), Government of Navarre, Pamplona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rahnama L, Soulis K, Geil MD. A review of evidence on mechanical properties of running specific prostheses and their relationship with running performance. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2024; 5:1402114. [PMID: 38962729 PMCID: PMC11220186 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2024.1402114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Although mechanical properties of running specific prostheses (RSPs) can affect running performance, manufacturers do not consistently report them. This study aimed to review existing literature on RSP mechanical and structural properties and their relationship with running performance. Methods A comprehensive search was conducted using keywords related to mechanical properties of RSPs and running performance. Search terms included stiffness and hysteresis, as well as performance outcomes including metabolic cost and running speed. Non-peer-reviewed and non-English publications were excluded. Results Twenty articles were included in the review. Sixteen studies used a material testing machine to measure RSP material properties, and four articles used other techniques including 2D/3D video capture and force platforms. Both measurement techniques and reporting of outcomes were inconsistent, which limits the ability to draw broad conclusions. Additionally, several studies did not report the numerical data for material properties despite measuring them. Relatively few articles measured both material properties and running performance and assessed correlations. Conclusion Several articles connected prosthesis properties to running performance. However, inconsistent measurement and reporting of mechanical properties, along with the multifactorial nature of the athlete-prosthesis system, limit the ability to draw broad conclusions regarding the relationship between material and structural properties and athlete performance. Current evidence may be useful for clinicians seeking ways to optimize RSP stiffness in a case-by-case basis; however, clinicians would benefit from more consistent and systematic comparisons of the attributes of different RSPs and their role in performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rahnama
- Rongxiang Xu College of Health and Human Services, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Kimberly Soulis
- Employee Wellness Department, Wellstar Health System, Marietta, GA, United States
| | - Mark D. Geil
- Wellstar College of Health and Human Services, Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pareja-Cano Á, Arjona JM, Caulfield B, Cuesta-Vargas A. Parameterization of Biomechanical Variables through Inertial Measurement Units (IMUs) in Occasional Healthy Runners. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2191. [PMID: 38610402 PMCID: PMC11014260 DOI: 10.3390/s24072191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Running is one of the most popular sports practiced today and biomechanical variables are fundamental to understanding it. The main objectives of this study are to describe kinetic, kinematic, and spatiotemporal variables measured using four inertial measurement units (IMUs) in runners during treadmill running, investigate the relationships between these variables, and describe differences associated with different data sampling and averaging strategies. A total of 22 healthy recreational runners (M age = 28 ± 5.57 yrs) participated in treadmill measurements, running at their preferred speed (M = 10.1 ± 1.9 km/h) with a set-up of four IMUs placed on tibias and the lumbar area. Raw data was processed and analysed over selections spanning 30 s, 30 steps and 1 step. Very strong positive associations were obtained between the same family variables in all selections. The temporal variables were inversely associated with the step rate variable in the selection of 30 s and 30 steps of data. There were moderate associations between kinetic (forces) and kinematic (displacement) variables. There were no significant differences between the biomechanics variables in any selection. Our results suggest that a 4-IMU set-up, as presented in this study, is a viable approach for parameterization of the biomechanical variables in running, and also that there are no significant differences in the biomechanical variables studied independently, if we select data from 30 s, 30 steps or 1 step for processing and analysis. These results can assist in the methodological aspects of protocol design in future running research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Pareja-Cano
- Grupo Clinimetría en Fisioterapia (CTS 631), Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.P.-C.); (J.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand) Grupo Clinimetria (F-14), 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - José María Arjona
- Grupo Clinimetría en Fisioterapia (CTS 631), Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.P.-C.); (J.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand) Grupo Clinimetria (F-14), 29590 Málaga, Spain
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University Isabel I, 09003 Burgos, Spain
| | - Brian Caulfield
- School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports, University College Dublin, D04 C1P1 Dublin, Ireland;
- Insight Centre, University College Dublin, D04 N2E5 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Antonio Cuesta-Vargas
- Grupo Clinimetría en Fisioterapia (CTS 631), Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (Á.P.-C.); (J.M.A.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma en Nanomedicina (IBIMA Plataforma Bionand) Grupo Clinimetria (F-14), 29590 Málaga, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mesquita RM, Willems PA, Catavitello G, Dewolf AH. Kinematics and mechanical changes with step frequency at different running speeds. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:607-622. [PMID: 37684396 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Running at a given speed can be achieved by taking large steps at a low frequency or on the contrary by taking small steps at a high frequency. The consequences of a change in step frequency, at a fixed speed, affects the stiffness of the lower limb differently. In this study, we compared the running mechanics and kinematics at different imposed step frequencies (from 2 step s-1 to 3.6 step s-1) to understand the relationship between kinematic and kinetic parameters. METHODS Eight recreational male runners ran on a treadmill at 5 different speeds and 5 different step frequencies. The lower-limb segment motion and the ground reaction forces were recorded. Mechanical powers, general gait parameters, lower-limb movements and coordination were investigated. RESULTS At low step frequencies, in order to limit the magnitude of the ground reaction force, the vertical stiffness is reduced and thus runners deviate from an elastic rebound. At high step frequencies, the stiffness is increased and the elastic rebound is optimised in its ability to absorb and restore energy during the contact phase. CONCLUSION We studied the consequences of a change in step frequency on the bouncing mechanics of running. We showed that the lower limb stiffness and the intersegmental coordination of the lower-limb segments are affected by running step frequency rather than speed. The runner rather adapts their lower limb stiffness to match a step frequency for a given speed than the opposite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R M Mesquita
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place P. de Coubertin, 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - P A Willems
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place P. de Coubertin, 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - G Catavitello
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place P. de Coubertin, 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - A H Dewolf
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Physiology of Locomotion, Institute of NeuroScience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Place P. de Coubertin, 1, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gonçalves AF, Miarka B, Maurício CDA, Teixeira RPA, Brito CJ, Ignácio Valenzuela Pérez D, Slimani M, Znazen H, Bragazzi NL, Reis VM. Enhancing performance: unveiling the physiological impact of submaximal and supramaximal tests on mixed martial arts athletes in the -61 kg and -66 kg weight divisions. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1257639. [PMID: 38283281 PMCID: PMC10811793 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1257639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
This study delves into the intricate details of Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) by examining key variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 peak), aerobic energy (EAER), anaerobic energy (EAN), and accumulated O2 deficit (DOA). By investigating associations and comparing athletes in the -61 kg bantamweight and -66 kg featherweight weight divisions, we aim to shed light on their physiological characteristics. The sample consisted of 20 male volunteers separated into two paired groups: ten athletes in the category up to 61 kg (age: 27.7 ± 5.9 years old, height: 170.9 ± 3.4 cm, body mass: 72.8 ± 1.4 kg, fat percentage: 9.5% ± 3.0%, professional experience: 7.5 ± 7.1 years) and ten athletes up to 66 kg (age: 27.6 ± 2.9 years old, height: 176.0 ± 5.5 cm, body mass: 77.0 ± 1.5 kg, fat percentage: 7.85% ± 0.3%, professional experience: 5.5 ± 1.5 years). Remarkably, our findings revealed striking similarities between the two weight divisions. Furthermore, we discovered a negative correlation between VO2 peak and the number of MMA fights, indicating a potential impact of professional experience on aerobic capacity (r = -0.65, p < 0.01). Additionally, the number of fights exhibited negative correlations with anaerobic energy (r = -0.53, p < 0.05) and total energy cost (r = -0.54, p < 0.05). These results provide valuable insights for designing training programs in the context of MMA. While training both weight divisions together can be beneficial, it is equally crucial to incorporate specific weight-class-focused training to address each division's unique physical demands and requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandro Ferreira Gonçalves
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bianca Miarka
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Clóvis de Albuquerque Maurício
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Pereira Azevedo Teixeira
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports and Combats, Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ciro José Brito
- Sciences of Physical Activity, Sports and Health School, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Maamer Slimani
- School of Public Health, Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Genoa University, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hela Znazen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, College of Education, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Van Hooren B, Willems P, Plasqui G, Meijer K. Changes in running economy and running technique following 6 months of running with and without wearable-based real-time feedback. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14565. [PMID: 38268070 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasing number of commercially available wearables provide real-time feedback on running biomechanics with the aim to reduce injury risk or improve performance. OBJECTIVE Investigate whether real-time feedback by wearable insoles (ARION) alters running biomechanics and improves running economy more as compared to unsupervised running training. We also explored the correlation between changes in running biomechanics and running economy. METHODS Forty recreational runners were randomized to an intervention and control group and performed ~6 months of in-field training with or without wearable-based real-time feedback on running technique and speed. Running economy and running biomechanics were measured in lab conditions without feedback pre and post intervention at four speeds. RESULTS Twenty-two individuals (13 control, 9 intervention) completed both tests. Both groups significantly reduced their energetic cost by an average of -6.1% and -7.7% for the control and intervention groups, respectively. The reduction in energy cost did not significantly differ between groups overall (-0.07 ± 0.14 J∙kg∙m-1 , -1.5%, p = 0.63). There were significant changes in spatiotemporal metrics, but their magnitude was minor and did not differ between the groups. There were no significant changes in running kinematics within or between groups. However, alterations in running biomechanics beyond typical session-to-session variation were observed during some in-field sessions for individuals that received real-time feedback. CONCLUSION Alterations in running biomechanics as observed during some in-field sessions for individuals receiving wearable-based real-time feedback did not result in significant differences in running economy or running biomechanics when measured in controlled lab conditions without feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Willems
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vickery-Howe DM, Bonanno DR, Dascombe BJ, Drain JR, Clarke AC, Hoolihan B, Willy RW, Middleton KJ. Physiological, perceptual, and biomechanical differences between treadmill and overground walking in healthy adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:2088-2120. [PMID: 38350022 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2312481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to compare physiological, perceptual and biomechanical outcomes between walking on a treadmill and overground surfaces. Five databases (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science) were searched until September 2022. Included studies needed to be a crossover design comparing biomechanical, physiological, or perceptual measures between motorised-treadmill and overground walking in healthy adults (18-65 years) walking at the same speed (<5% difference). The quality of studies were assessed using a modified Downs and Black Quality Index. Meta-analyses were performed to determine standardised mean difference ± 95% confidence intervals for all main outcome measures. Fifty-five studies were included with 1,005 participants. Relative oxygen consumption (standardised mean difference [95% confidence interval] 0.38 [0.14,0.63]) and cadence (0.22 [0.06,0.38]) are higher during treadmill walking. Whereas stride length (-0.36 [-0.62,-0.11]) and step length (-0.52 [-0.98,-0.06]) are lower during treadmill walking. Most kinetic variables are different between surfaces. The oxygen consumption, spatiotemporal and kinetic differences on the treadmill may be an attempt to increase stability due to the lack of control, discomfort and familiarity on the treadmill. Treadmill construction including surface stiffness and motor power are likely additional constraints that need to be considered and require investigation. This research was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) scholarship. Protocol registration is CRD42020208002 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews) in October 2020.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D M Vickery-Howe
- Sports, Performance and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D R Bonanno
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B J Dascombe
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, Australia
| | - J R Drain
- Human and Decision Sciences Division, Defence Science and Technology Group, Fishermans Bend, Australia
| | - A C Clarke
- Sports, Performance and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - B Hoolihan
- Applied Sport Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, Australia
| | - R W Willy
- School of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - K J Middleton
- Sports, Performance and Nutrition Research Group, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Catalá-Vilaplana I, Liu T, Vienneau J, Nigg SR, Pérez-Soriano P, Encarnación-Martínez A. Curved non-motorized treadmills do not biomechanically replicate overground running better than motorized treadmills. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1927-1933. [PMID: 38258795 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2307774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if curved non-motorized treadmills can reproduce overground running better than motorized treadmills by analysing the differences in joint kinematics (hip, knee, and ankle) using SPM. Nineteen recreational runners completed three randomized running tests on these surfaces. Kinematic data from the hip, knee, and ankle joints were collected. Two-tailed SPM t-tests were performed to analyse time-continuous gait cycles in three anatomical planes of each joint. Higher within-subject variability was observed in the frontal and transverse planes during curved non-motorized treadmill running. SPM analysis showed more significant differences (p < 0.05) between curved non-motorized treadmill and overground than between motorized treadmill and overground, mainly in knee (from 12% to 30% and 93% to 99% of the gait cycle) and ankle (from 19% to 23% of the gait cycle) in the sagittal plane. Therefore, running on curved non-motorized treadmills is more biomechanically different compared to overground than motorized treadmills, and might not be the best strategy to replicate overground running in terms of joint kinematics during highly controlled research studies. However, they could be an interesting tool in rehabilitation or training environments since the changes observed in joint kinematics were likely not functionally relevant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Catalá-Vilaplana
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Tao Liu
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jordyn Vienneau
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sandro R Nigg
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Pedro Pérez-Soriano
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alberto Encarnación-Martínez
- Research Group in Sports Biomechanics (GIBD), Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vähä-Ypyä H, Bretterhofer J, Husu P, Windhaber J, Vasankari T, Titze S, Sievänen H. Performance of Different Accelerometry-Based Metrics to Estimate Oxygen Consumption during Track and Treadmill Locomotion over a Wide Intensity Range. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115073. [PMID: 37299803 DOI: 10.3390/s23115073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Accelerometer data can be used to estimate incident oxygen consumption (VO2) during physical activity. Relationships between the accelerometer metrics and VO2 are typically determined using specific walking or running protocols on a track or treadmill. In this study, we compared the predictive performance of three different metrics based on the mean amplitude deviation (MAD) of the raw three-dimensional acceleration signal during maximal tests performed on a track or treadmill. A total of 53 healthy adult volunteers participated in the study, 29 performed the track test and 24 the treadmill test. During the tests, the data were collected using hip-worn triaxial accelerometers and metabolic gas analyzers. Data from both tests were pooled for primary statistical analysis. For typical walking speeds at VO2 less than 25 mL/kg/min, accelerometer metrics accounted for 71-86% of the variation in VO2. For typical running speeds starting from VO2 of 25 mL/kg/min up to over 60 mL/kg/min, 32-69% of the variation in VO2 could be explained, while the test type had an independent effect on the results, except for the conventional MAD metrics. The MAD metric is the best predictor of VO2 during walking, but the poorest during running. Depending on the intensity of locomotion, the choice of proper accelerometer metrics and test type may affect the validity of the prediction of incident VO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, 33500 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jakob Bretterhofer
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Pauliina Husu
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, 33500 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jana Windhaber
- Sports Medicine Performance and Movement Analysis, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, 33500 Tampere, Finland
| | - Sylvia Titze
- Institute of Human Movement Science, Sport and Health, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Harri Sievänen
- The UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, 33500 Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yaserifar M, Oliveira AS. Inter-muscular coordination during running on grass, concrete and treadmill. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:561-572. [PMID: 36342514 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Running is an exercise that can be performed in different environments that imposes distinct foot-floor interactions. For instance, running on grass may help reducing instantaneous vertical impact loading, while compromising natural speed. Inter-muscular coordination during running is an important factor to understand motor performance, but little is known regarding the impact of running surface hardness on inter-muscular coordination. Therefore, we investigated whether inter-muscular coordination during running is influenced by running surface. Surface electromyography (EMG) from 12 lower limb muscles were recorded from young male individuals (n = 9) while running on grass, concrete, and on a treadmill. Motor modules consisting of weighting coefficients and activation signals were extracted from the multi-muscle EMG datasets representing 50 consecutive running cycles using non-negative matrix factorization. We found that four motor modules were sufficient to represent the EMG from all running surfaces. The inter-subject similarity across muscle weightings was the lowest for running on grass (r = 0.76 ± 0.11) compared to concrete (r = 0.81 ± 0.07) and treadmill (r = 0.78 ± 0.05), but no differences in weighting coefficients were found when analyzing the number of significantly active muscles and residual muscle weightings (p > 0.05). Statistical parametric mapping showed no temporal differences between activation signals across running surfaces (p > 0.05). However, the activation duration (% time above 15% peak activation) was significantly shorter for treadmill running compared to grass and concrete (p < 0.05). These results suggest predominantly similar neuromuscular strategies to control multiple muscles across different running surfaces. However, individual adjustments in inter-muscular coordination are required when coping with softer surfaces or the treadmill's moving belt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Yaserifar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Anderson Souza Oliveira
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Fibigerstræde 16, Building 4, 9220, Aalborg Øst, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Van Hooren B, Lepers R. A physiological comparison of the new-over 70 years of age-marathon record holder and his predecessor: A case report. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122315. [PMID: 36860525 PMCID: PMC9969103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, fiber type and mitochondrial function, and training characteristics of a 71-year-old runner who broke the world record marathon of the men's 70-74 age category and held several other world records. The values were compared to those of the previous world-record holder. Methods: Body fat percentage was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. V ˙ O 2 max , running economy, and maximum heart rate were measured during treadmill running. Muscle fiber typology and mitochondrial function were evaluated using a muscle biopsy. Results: Body fat percentage was 13.5%, V ˙ O 2 max was 46.6 ml kg-1 min-1, and maximum heartrate was 160 beats∙min-1. At the marathon pace (14.5 km h-1), his running economy was 170.5 ml kg-1 km-1. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point occurred at 75.7% and 93.9% of the V ˙ O 2 max , i.e., 13 km h-1 and 15 km h-1, respectively. The oxygen uptake at the marathon pace corresponded to 88.5% of V ˙ O 2 max . Vastus lateralis fiber content was 90.3% type I and 9.7% type II. Average distance was 139 km∙w-1 in the year prior to the record. Conclusion: The 71-year-old world-record holder marathon showed a relatively similar V ˙ O 2 max , lower percentage of V ˙ O 2 max at marathon pace, but a substantially better running economy than his predecessor. The better running economy may result from an almost double weekly training volume compared to the predecessor and a high type I fiber content. He trained every day in the last ∼1.5 years and achieved international performance in his age group category with a small (<5% per decade) age-related decline in marathon performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Bas Van Hooren,
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Noseworthy M, Peddie L, Buckler EJ, Park F, Pham M, Pratt S, Singh A, Puterman E, Liu-Ambrose T. The Effects of Outdoor versus Indoor Exercise on Psychological Health, Physical Health, and Physical Activity Behaviour: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Trials. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1669. [PMID: 36767034 PMCID: PMC9914639 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research is exploring the potential added health benefits of exercise when performed outdoors in nature versus indoors. This systematic review aimed to compare the effects of exercise in outdoor environments versus indoor environments on psychological health, physical health, and physical activity behaviour. We searched nine databases from inception to March 2021 for English language, peer-reviewed articles: MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, SportsDiscus, GreenFile, and CENTRAL. We included randomized and non-randomized trials that compared multiple bouts of exercise in outdoor versus indoor environments, and that assessed at least one outcome related to physical health, psychological health, or physical activity behaviour. Due to minimal outcome overlap and a paucity of studies, we performed a narrative synthesis. We identified 10 eligible trials, including 7 randomized controlled trials, and a total of 343 participants. Participant demographics, exercise protocols, and outcomes varied widely. In the 10 eligible studies, a total of 99 comparisons were made between outdoor and indoor exercise; all 25 statistically significant comparisons favoured outdoor exercise. Interpretation of findings was hindered by an overall high risk of bias, unclear reporting, and high outcome heterogeneity. There is limited evidence for added health or behaviour benefits of outdoor exercise versus indoor exercise. Rigorous randomized controlled trials are needed with larger samples and clear reporting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matt Noseworthy
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Luke Peddie
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - E. Jean Buckler
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Faith Park
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Margaret Pham
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Spencer Pratt
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Arpreet Singh
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Eli Puterman
- School of Kinesiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Lab, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 2B5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee TL, Lee H, Kang N. A meta-analysis showing improved cognitive performance in healthy young adults with transcranial alternating current stimulation. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:1. [PMID: 36593247 PMCID: PMC9807644 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation used for improving cognitive functions via delivering weak electrical stimulation with a certain frequency. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of tACS protocols on cognitive functions in healthy young adults. We identified 56 qualified studies that compared cognitive functions between tACS and sham control groups, as indicated by cognitive performances and cognition-related reaction time. Moderator variable analyses specified effect size according to (a) timing of tACS, (b) frequency band of simulation, (c) targeted brain region, and (b) cognitive domain, respectively. Random-effects model meta-analysis revealed small positive effects of tACS protocols on cognitive performances. The moderator variable analyses found significant effects for online-tACS with theta frequency band, online-tACS with gamma frequency band, and offline-tACS with theta frequency band. Moreover, cognitive performances were improved in online- and offline-tACS with theta frequency band on either prefrontal and posterior parietal cortical regions, and further both online- and offline-tACS with theta frequency band enhanced executive function. Online-tACS with gamma frequency band on posterior parietal cortex was effective for improving cognitive performances, and the cognitive improvements appeared in executive function and perceptual-motor function. These findings suggested that tACS protocols with specific timing and frequency band may effectively improve cognitive performances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Lee Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hanall Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
- Division of Sport Science & Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Waiteman MC, Chia L, Ducatti MHM, Bazett-Jones DM, Pappas E, de Azevedo FM, Briani RV. Trunk Biomechanics in Individuals with Knee Disorders: A Systematic Review with Evidence Gap Map and Meta-analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:145. [PMID: 36503991 PMCID: PMC9742076 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00536-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trunk is the foundation for transfer and dissipation of forces throughout the lower extremity kinetic chain. Individuals with knee disorders may employ trunk biomechanical adaptations to accommodate forces at the knee or compensate for muscle weakness. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the literature comparing trunk biomechanics between individuals with knee disorders and injury-free controls. METHODS Five databases were searched from inception to January 2022. Observational studies comparing trunk kinematics or kinetics during weight-bearing tasks (e.g., stair negotiation, walking, running, landings) between individuals with knee disorders and controls were included. Meta-analyses for each knee disorder were performed. Outcome-level certainty was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), and evidence gap maps were created. RESULTS A total of 81 studies investigating trunk biomechanics across six different knee disorders were included (i.e., knee osteoarthritis [OA], total knee arthroplasty [TKA], patellofemoral pain [PFP], patellar tendinopathy [PT], anterior cruciate ligament deficiency [ACLD], and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction [ACLR]). Individuals with knee OA presented greater trunk flexion during squatting (SMD 0.88, 95% CI 0.58-1.18) and stepping tasks (SMD 0.56, 95% CI 0.13-.99); ipsilateral and contralateral trunk lean during walking (SMD 1.36; 95% CI 0.60-2.11) and sit-to-stand (SMD 1.49; 95% CI 0.90-2.08), respectively. Greater trunk flexion during landing tasks in individuals with PFP (SMD 0.56; 95% CI 0.01-1.12) or ACLR (SMD 0.48; 95% CI 0.21-.75) and greater ipsilateral trunk lean during single-leg squat in individuals with PFP (SMD 1.01; 95% CI 0.33-1.70) were also identified. No alterations in trunk kinematics of individuals with TKA were identified. Evidence gap maps outlined the lack of investigations for individuals with PT or ACLD, as well as for trunk kinetics across knee disorders. CONCLUSION Individuals with knee OA, PFP, or ACLR present with altered trunk kinematics in the sagittal and frontal planes. The findings of this review support the assessment of trunk biomechanics in these individuals in order to identify possible targets for rehabilitation and avoidance strategies. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019129257.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina C. Waiteman
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Physical Therapy, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 305, Roberto Simonsen Street, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo 19060-900 Brazil
| | - Lionel Chia
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XSydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW Australia ,Cleveland Guardians Baseball Company, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Matheus H. M. Ducatti
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Physical Therapy, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 305, Roberto Simonsen Street, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo 19060-900 Brazil
| | - David M. Bazett-Jones
- grid.267337.40000 0001 2184 944XSchool of Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Evangelos Pappas
- grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XSchool of Medicine and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, The University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW Australia
| | - Fábio M. de Azevedo
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Physical Therapy, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 305, Roberto Simonsen Street, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo 19060-900 Brazil
| | - Ronaldo V. Briani
- grid.410543.70000 0001 2188 478XDepartment of Physical Therapy, School of Science and Technology, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), 305, Roberto Simonsen Street, Presidente Prudente, Sao Paulo 19060-900 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shi L, Cai Z, Chen S, Han D. Acute effects of variable resistance training on force, velocity, and power measures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13870. [PMID: 35996662 PMCID: PMC9392455 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Acute effects of variable resistance training (VRT) and constant resistance training (CRT) on neuromuscular performance are still equivocal. We aimed to determine the differences between VRT and CRT in terms of force, velocity, and power outcomes. Methods We searched PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases for articles until June 2021. Crossover design studies comparing force, velocity, and power outcomes while performing VRT and CRT were included. Two reviewers independently applied the modified version of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool to assess the risk of bias. A three-level random effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were used to compute standardized mean differences (SMDs) and 95% confidence intervals. Results We included 16 studies with 207 participants in the quantitative synthesis. Based on the pooled results, VRT generated greater mean velocity (SMD = 0.675; moderate Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) quality evidence) and mean power (SMD = 1.022; low) than CRT. Subgroup analyses revealed that VRT considerably increased the mean velocity (SMD = 0.903; moderate) and mean power (SMD = 1.456; moderate) in the equated loading scheme and the mean velocity (SMD = 0.712; low) in the CRT higher loading scheme. However, VRT marginally significantly reduced peak velocity (SMD = -0.481; low) in the VRT higher loading scheme. Based on the meta-regression analysis, it was found that mean power (p = 0.014-0.043) was positively moderated by the contribution of variable resistance and peak velocity (p = 0.018) and peak power (p = 0.001-0.004) and RFD (p = 0.003) were positively moderated by variable resistance equipment, favoring elastic bands. Conclusions VRT provides practitioners with the means of emphasizing specific force, velocity, and power outcomes. Different strategies should be considered in context of an individual's needs. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42021259205.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Shi
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhidong Cai
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Sitong Chen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dong Han
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Comparison of physiological responses of running on a nonmotorized and conventional motor-propelled treadmill at similar intensities. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11626. [PMID: 35804037 PMCID: PMC9270331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13741-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to test the agreement of the incremental test's physiological responses between tethered running on a nonmotorized treadmill (NMT) to matched relative intensities while running on a conventional motorized treadmill (MT). Using a within-subject crossover design, nine male recreational runners (age = 22 ± 5 years; height = 175 ± 6 cm; weight = 68.0 ± 16.6 kg) underwent two test sessions: one was an incremental intensity protocol on an MT; the other was on an instrumented NMT. Intensity thresholds at \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\dot{\text V}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max, respiratory compensation point (iRCP), and lactate threshold (iLT) were registered for analysis, together with \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\dot{\text V}}$$\end{document}V˙˙O2, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\dot{\text V}}$$\end{document}V˙˙E, ƒR, and blood lactate concentration ([Lac]). Comparisons were based on hypothesis testing (Student's T-test), effect sizes (Cohen's d), ICC, and Bland Altman analysis. Statistical significance was accepted at p < 0.05. Attained \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\dot{\text V}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max (MT = 52.2 ± 7.3 mL·kg-1·min-1 vs NMT = 50.1 ± 8.1 mL·kg-1·min-1) and \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\dot{\text V}}$$\end{document}V˙˙O2 at iRCP (MT = 46.3 ± 7.2 mL·kg-1·min-1 vs NMT = 42.8 ± 9.3 mL·kg-1·min-1) were not different between ergometers (p = 0.15 and 0.13, respectively), with significant ICCs (0.84 and 0.70, respectively) and Pearson’s correlations (r = 0.87 and 0.76, respectively). The [Lac] at iLT presented poor agreement between conditions. Significant correlations were found (r between 0.72 and 0.83) for relative power values of i\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\dot{\text V}}$$\end{document}V˙O2max (6.56 ± 1.28 W·kg−1), iRCP (4.38 ± 1.50 W·kg−1), and iLT (4.15 ± 1.29 W·kg−1) related to their counterpart obtained on MT. Results show that running on an NMT offers a higher glycolytic demand under the same relative internal load as running on an MT but with a similar aerobic response and correlated intensity determination.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ferri-Caruana A, Mollà-Casanova S, Baquedano-Moreno M, Serra-Añó P. Electromyographic activity of posterior kinetic chain muscles during hamstring strengthening exercises. Phys Ther Sport 2022; 55:205-210. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
20
|
Theunissen K, Van Hooren B, Plasqui G, Meijer K. Self-paced and fixed speed treadmill walking yield similar energetics and biomechanics across different speeds. Gait Posture 2022; 92:2-7. [PMID: 34801952 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treadmill assessments are often performed at a fixed speed. Feedback-controlled algorithms allow users to adjust the treadmill speed, hereby potentially better resembling natural self-paced locomotion. However, it is currently unknown whether the energetics and biomechanics of self-paced differ from fixed-paced treadmill walking. Such information is important for clinicians and researchers using self-paced locomotion for assessing gait. RESEARCH QUESTION To investigate whether energy cost and biomechanics are different between self-paced and matched-speed fixed-paced locomotion. METHODS 18 healthy participants (9 males/9 females, mean ± standard deviation age 24.8 ± 3.3 years, height 1.71 ± 0.81 m, weight 65.9 ± 8.1 kg) walked at four different self-paced speeds (comfortable, slow, very slow, fast) in randomized order on an instrumented treadmill while three-dimensional motion capture and gas exchange were measured continuously. The average walking speed during the last 2 min of the self-paced trials was used to match the speed in fixed-paced conditions. Linear mixed models were used to assess differences in mean values and within-subject variations between conditions (self-paced and fixed-paced) and speeds. Statistical Parametric Mapping was used to assess differences in kinematics of the lower limb between conditions. RESULTS Although self-paced walking consistently resulted in a 4-6% higher net cost of walking, there were no significant differences in the net cost of walking between conditions. Further, there were also no differences of clinical relevance in spatiotemporal outcomes and sagittal-plane lower-limb kinematics between the self-paced and fixed-paced conditions. Within-trial variability was also not significantly different between conditions. SIGNIFICANCE Self-paced and fixed-paced treadmill walking yield similar energetics and kinematics in healthy young individuals when mean values or linear measures of variation are of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Theunissen
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands; Rehabilitation Research Center, REVAL, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hasselt University, Belgium; School of Care and Public Health Research Institute, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands.
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Plasqui
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Is treadmill walking biomechanically comparable to overground walking? A systematic review. Gait Posture 2022; 92:249-257. [PMID: 34890914 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The equivalency of treadmill and overground walking has been investigated in a large number of studies. However, no systematic review has been performed on this topic. RESEARCH QUESTION The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical, electromyographical and energy consumption outcomes of motorized treadmill and overground walking. METHODS Five databases, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, were searched until January 13, 2021. Studies written in English comparing lower limb biomechanics, electromyography and energy consumption during treadmill and overground walking in healthy young adults (20-40 years) were included. RESULTS Twenty-two studies (n = 409 participants) were included and evaluated via the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. These 22 studies showed that some kinematic (reduced pelvic ROM, maximum hip flexion angle for females, maximum knee flexion angle for males and cautious gait pattern), kinetic (sagittal plane joint moments: dorsiflexor moments, knee extensor moments and hip extensor moments and sagittal plane joint powers at the knee and hip joints, peak backwards, lateral and medial COP velocities and propulsive forces during late stance) and electromyographic (lower limbs muscles activities) outcome measures were significantly different for motorized treadmill and overground walking. SIGNIFICANCE Spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, electromyographic and energy consumption outcome measures were largely comparable for motorized treadmill and overground walking. However, the differences in kinematic, kinetic and electromyographic parameters should be taken into consideration by clinicians, trainers, and researchers when working on new protocols related to patient rehabilitation, fitness rooms or research as to be as close as possible to the outcome measures of overground walking. The protocol registration number is CRD42021236335 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).
Collapse
|
22
|
Larsen DB, Uth XJ, Arendt-Nielsen L, Petersen KK. Modulation of offset analgesia in patients with chronic pain and healthy subjects - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Pain 2022; 22:14-25. [PMID: 34644466 DOI: 10.1515/sjpain-2021-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Offset analgesia (OA) induces a brief pain inhibition and studies suggest OA impairment in patients with chronic pain when compared to healthy subjects. Conditioned pain modulation remains the most studied descending pain inhibitory control mechanism and is modulated by centrally-acting analgesics. Since OA may be mediated by similar neural substrates as conditioned pain modulation, understanding if OA is a peripheral or central proxy of pain modulation is important. The modulatory effect of centrally-acting drugs on OA in healthy and chronic pain populations has not yet been systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed, and this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to identify studies employing interventions for modulating OA magnitude. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library yielded 146 records of which 11 (172 healthy pain-free subjects, 106 chronic pain patients) were eligible for qualitative synthesis, and 10 for meta-analysis on overall modulatory effect of interventions on OA, and subgroup analysis of patients and healthy pain-free subjects. RESULTS Risk of bias was evident for study participation and study confounding in the included studies. Several different methods for assessing and calculating OA magnitude were identified, which may affect interpretability of findings and warrants standardization. The meta-analysis showed no modulatory effects on OA overall (standardized mean difference (SMD) [95%CI]: 0.04 [-0.22, 0.30], Z=0.29, p=0.77), or in the subgroup analysis for patients (SMD [95%CI]: -0.04 [-0.63, 0.71], Z=0.13, p=0.90) or healthy pain-free subjects (SMD [95%CI]: 0.01 [-0.21, 0.24], Z=0.11, p=0.91). Moderate to substantial heterogeneity was found for the overall analysis (I2=47%, p=0.03) and patient subgroup analysis (I2=75%, p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS The current systematic review and meta-analysis conclude that centrally-acting drugs and exercise do not influence OA. Evidence on the peripheral contribution to OA response requires further investigations. Preclinical models of OA should be established to identify the neurophysiology and -biology behind OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Boye Larsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Centre for Neuroplasticity and Pain, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Xenia Jørgensen Uth
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Centre for Neuroplasticity and Pain, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Centre for Neuroplasticity and Pain, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristian Kjær Petersen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Centre for Neuroplasticity and Pain, School of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
The Ergogenic Effects of Acute Carbohydrate Feeding on Resistance Exercise Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2691-2712. [PMID: 35809162 PMCID: PMC9584980 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01716-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion has an ergogenic effect on endurance training performance. Less is known about the effect of acute CHO ingestion on resistance training (RT) performance and equivocal results are reported in the literature. OBJECTIVE The current systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine if and to what degree CHO ingestion influences RT performance. METHODS PubMed, MEDLINE, SportDiscus, Scopus, and CINAHL databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles written in English that used a cross-over design to assess the acute effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance outcomes (e.g., muscle strength, power, and endurance) in healthy human participants compared to a placebo or water-only conditions. The Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool and GRADE approaches were used to assess risk of bias and certainty of evidence, respectively. Random effects meta-analyses were performed for total training session volume and post-exercise blood lactate and glucose. Sub-group meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed for categorical (session and fast durations) and continuous (total number of maximal effort sets, load used, and CHO dose) covariates, respectively. RESULTS Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria (n = 226 participants). Pooled results revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion in comparison to a placebo or control for total session training volume (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.61). Sub-group analysis revealed a significant benefit of CHO ingestion during sessions longer than 45 min (SMD = 1.02) and after a fast duration of 8 h or longer (SMD = 0.39). Pooled results revealed elevated post-exercise blood lactate (SMD = 0.58) and blood glucose (SMD = 2.36) with CHO ingestion. Meta-regression indicated that the number of maximal effort sets, but not CHO dose or load used, moderates the effect of CHO ingestion on RT performance (beta co-efficient [b] = 0.11). Carbohydrate dose does not moderate post-exercise lactate accumulation nor do maximal effort sets completed, load used, and CHO dose moderate the effect of CHO ingestion on post-exercise blood glucose. CONCLUSIONS Carbohydrate ingestion has an ergogenic effect on RT performance by enhancing volume performance, which is more likely to occur when sessions exceed 45 min and where the fast duration is ≥ 8 h. Further, the effect is moderated by the number of maximal effort sets completed, but not the load used or CHO dose. Post-exercise blood lactate is elevated following CHO ingestion but may come at the expense of an extended time-course of recovery due to the additional training volume performed. Post-exercise blood glucose is elevated when CHO is ingested during RT, but it is presently unclear if it has an impact on RT performance. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The original protocol was prospectively registered on the Open Science Framework (Project identifier: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/HJFBW ).
Collapse
|
24
|
Nicot F, Sabater-Pastor F, Samozino P, Millet GY, Rupp T. Effect of ground technicity on cardio-respiratory and biomechanical parameters in uphill trail running. Eur J Sport Sci 2021; 22:1836-1846. [PMID: 34663199 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2021.1995507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to analyse the effects of ground technicity on cardio-respiratory and biomechanical responses during uphill running. Ten experienced male trail-runners ran ∼10.5 min at racing pace on two trails with different (high and low) a priori technicity levels. These two runs were replicated (same slope, velocity, and distance) indoor on a motor-driven treadmill. Oxygen uptake, minute ventilation (V̇E), heart rate as well as step frequency and medio-lateral feet accelerations (i.e. objective indices of uneven terrain running patterns adjustments) were continuously measured throughout all sessions. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and perceived technicity were assessed at the end of each bout. Oxygen cost of running (O2Cr) (+10.5%; p < 0.001), V̇E (+21%; p < 0.004) and the range and variability of feet medio-lateral accelerations (+116% and +134%, respectively; p < 0.001), were significantly greater when running on trail compared to the treadmill, regardless of the a priori technicity level. Despite perceived technicity being lower on treadmill (p < 0.001), RPE was not different between trail and treadmill runs (p < 0.68). It is concluded that running uphill on a trail vs. a treadmill significantly elevates both O2Cr and magnitude/variability of feet medio-lateral accelerations but no difference could be identified between trails of different a priori technicities. These results strengthen the need for trainers and race organisers to consider terrain technicity per se as a challenging cardio-respiratory and biomechanical component in uphill trail running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Nicot
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France.,Université Grenoble-Alpes, INRAE, ETNA, Grenoble, France
| | - Frederic Sabater-Pastor
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | | | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology, Université Lyon, UJM-Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
| | - Thomas Rupp
- Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, Chambéry, France
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Busch A, Trounson K, Browne P, Robertson S. Effects of lower limb light-weight wearable resistance on running biomechanics. J Biomech 2021; 130:110903. [PMID: 34922193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Wearable resistance allows individualized loading for sport specific movements and can lead to specific strength adaptations benefiting the athlete. The objective was to determine biomechanical changes during running with lower limb light-weight wearable resistance. Fourteen participants (age: 28 ± 4 years; height: 180 ± 8 cm; body mass: 77 ± 6 kg) wore shorts and calf sleeves of a compression suit allowing attachment of light loads. Participants completed four times two mins 20-m over-ground shuttle running bouts at 3.3 m*s-1 alternated by three mins rest. The first running bout was unloaded and the other three bouts were under randomised loaded conditions (1%, 3% and 5% additional loading of the individual body mass). 3D motion cameras and force plates recorded kinematic and kinetic data at the midpoint of each 20-m shuttle. Friedman-test for repeated measures and linear mixed effect model analysis were used to determine differences between the loading conditions (α = 0.05). Increased peak vertical ground reaction force (2.7 N/kg to 2.74 N/kg), ground contact time (0.20 s to 0.21 s) and decreased step length (1.49 m to 1.45 m) were found with additional 5 % body mass loading compared to unloaded running (0.001 > p < 0.007). Marginally more knee flexion and hip extension and less plantarflexion was seen with higher loading. Differences in the assessed parameters were present between each loading condition but accompanied by subject variability. Further studies, also examining long term effects, should be conducted to further inform use of this training tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aglaja Busch
- University Outpatient Clinic, Sports Medicine & Sports Orthopedics, University of Potsdam, Germany; Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Karl Trounson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Peter Browne
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia; Western Bulldogs Football Club, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Sam Robertson
- Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Yaserifar M, Souza Oliveira A. Surface EMG variability while running on grass, concrete and treadmill. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2021; 62:102624. [PMID: 34906821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2021.102624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether inter-trial variability in muscle activity (electromyography, EMG) during running is influenced by the number of acquired steps and running surface. Nine healthy participants ran at preferred speed on treadmill, concrete, and grass. Tibial acceleration and surface EMG from 12 lower limb muscles were recorded. The coefficient of variation (CV) from the average EMG and peak EMG were computed from 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 steps in each running surface. Data average stability was computed using sequential estimation technique (SET) from 100 steps. The CV for average and peak EMG was lower during treadmill running compared to running on grass (-11 ± 2.88%) or concrete (-9 ± 2.94%) (p < 0.05), without differences across the different number of steps. Moreover, the peak EMG CV from peroneus longus was lower on concrete (p < 0.05), whereas gluteus maximus presented greater variability on grass compared to concrete (p < 0.05). The SET analysis revealed that average stability is reached with up to 10 steps across all running conditions. Therefore, treadmill running induced greater variability compared to overground, without influence of the number of steps on EMG variability. Moreover, average stability for EMG recordings may be reached with up to 10 steps.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Yaserifar
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Mazandaran, Mazandaran, Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee JH, Lee TL, Kang N. Transcranial direct current stimulation decreased cognition-related reaction time in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 70:101377. [PMID: 34089900 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the cognitive functions of healthy older adults by focusing on the changes in reaction time during cognitive tasks. METHOD A total of 31 studies qualified for this meta-analysis, and we acquired 36 comparisons from the included studies for data synthesis. The individual effect sizes were calculated by comparing the altered reaction time during the performance of a specific cognitive task between the active tDCS and sham groups. In two moderator variable analyses, we examined the potentially different effects of the tDCS protocols on the cognition-related reaction time based on the tDCS protocol used (i.e., online vs. offline tDCS) and the five cognitive domains: (a) perceptual-motor function, (b) learning and memory, (c) executive function / complex attention, (d) language, and (e) social cognition. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to estimate the relationship between demographic and tDCS parameter characteristics and the changes in reaction time. RESULTS The random-effects model meta-analysis revealed significant small effects of tDCS on cognition-related reaction time. Specifically, providing online tDCS significantly reduced the reaction time, and these patterns were observed during learning and memory and executive function / complex attention tasks. However, applying offline tDCS failed to find any significant reduction of reaction time across various cognitive tasks. The meta-regression analysis revealed that the effects of tDCS on the reaction time during the performance of cognitive tasks increased for the older people. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that providing online tDCS may effectively improve the ageing-induced reaction time related to specific cognitive functions of elderly people.
Collapse
|
28
|
Is Motorized Treadmill Running Biomechanically Comparable to Overground Running? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Over Studies. Sports Med 2021; 50:785-813. [PMID: 31802395 PMCID: PMC7069922 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Treadmills are often used in research, clinical practice, and training. Biomechanical investigations comparing treadmill and overground running report inconsistent findings. OBJECTIVE This study aimed at comparing biomechanical outcomes between motorized treadmill and overground running. METHODS Four databases were searched until June 2019. Crossover design studies comparing lower limb biomechanics during non-inclined, non-cushioned, quasi-constant-velocity motorized treadmill running with overground running in healthy humans (18-65 years) and written in English were included. Meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible. RESULTS 33 studies (n = 494 participants) were included. Most outcomes did not differ between running conditions. However, during treadmill running, sagittal foot-ground angle at footstrike (mean difference (MD) - 9.8° [95% confidence interval: - 13.1 to - 6.6]; low GRADE evidence), knee flexion range of motion from footstrike to peak during stance (MD 6.3° [4.5 to 8.2]; low), vertical displacement center of mass/pelvis (MD - 1.5 cm [- 2.7 to - 0.8]; low), and peak propulsive force (MD - 0.04 body weights [- 0.06 to - 0.02]; very low) were lower, while contact time (MD 5.0 ms [0.5 to 9.5]; low), knee flexion at footstrike (MD - 2.3° [- 3.6 to - 1.1]; low), and ankle sagittal plane internal joint moment (MD - 0.4 Nm/kg [- 0.7 to - 0.2]; low) were longer/higher, when pooled across overground surfaces. Conflicting findings were reported for amplitude of muscle activity. CONCLUSIONS Spatiotemporal, kinematic, kinetic, muscle activity, and muscle-tendon outcome measures are largely comparable between motorized treadmill and overground running. Considerations should, however, particularly be given to sagittal plane kinematic differences at footstrike when extrapolating treadmill running biomechanics to overground running. Protocol registration CRD42018083906 (PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).
Collapse
|
29
|
Howe CCF, Swann N, Spendiff O, Kosciuk A, Pummell EKL, Moir HJ. Performance determinants, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters during a treadmill ultramarathon. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1759-1771. [PMID: 33704547 PMCID: PMC8144128 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04643-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to investigate the changes in metabolic variables, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters during an 80.5 km treadmill ultramarathon and establish which key predictive variables best determine ultramarathon performance. Methods Twelve participants (9 male and 3 female, age 34 ± 7 years, and maximal oxygen uptake (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2max) 60.4 ± 5.8 ml·kg−1·min−1) completed an 80.5 km time trial on a motorised treadmill in the fastest possible time. Metabolic variables: oxygen consumption (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2), carbon dioxide production (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙CO2) and pulmonary ventilation (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E) were measured via indirect calorimetry every 16.1 km at a controlled speed of 8 km·h−1 and used to calculate respiratory exchange ratio (RER), the energy cost of running (Cr) and fractional utilisation of \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2max (F). Spatiotemporal gait parameters: stride length (SL) and cadence (SPM) were calculated via tri-axial accelerometery. Results Trial completion time was 09:00:18 ± 01:14:07 (hh:mm:ss). There were significant increases in \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙O2, Cr, F, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$\dot{V}$$\end{document}V˙E and heart rate (HR) (p < 0.01); a significant decrease in RER (p < 0.01) and no change in SL and SPM (p > 0.05) across the measured timepoints. F and Cr accounted for 61% of the variance in elapsed finish time (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$$R_{{{\text{adj}}}}^{{2}}$$\end{document}Radj2 = 0.607, p < 0.01). Conclusion A treadmill ultramarathon elicits significant changes in metabolic variables, running energetics and spatiotemporal gait parameters. With F and Cr explaining 61% of variance in finish time. Therefore, those able to maintain a higher F, while adopting strategies to minimise an increase in Cr may be best placed to maximise ultramarathon performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C F Howe
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK.
| | - Nicola Swann
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Owen Spendiff
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Anna Kosciuk
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Elizabeth K L Pummell
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| | - Hannah J Moir
- School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Science Engineering and Computing, Kingston University London, Penryhn Road, Kingston upon Thames, KT1 2EE, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Validity and Reliability of an Instrumented Treadmill with an Accelerometry System for Assessment of Spatio-Temporal Parameters and Impact Transmission. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21051758. [PMID: 33806324 PMCID: PMC7961446 DOI: 10.3390/s21051758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Running retraining programs focused on concurrent feedback of acceleration impacts have been demonstrated to be a good strategy to reduce running-related injuries (RRI), as well as to improve running economy and reduce acceleration impacts and injury running incidence. Traditionally, impacts have been registered by mean of accelerometers attached directly to the athletes, which is inaccessible to the entire population, because it requires laboratory conditions. This study investigated the validity and reliability of a new device integrated directly into the treadmill, compared to a traditional acceleration impact system. Thirty healthy athletes with no history of RRI were tested on two separate days over the instrumented treadmill (AccTrea) and simultaneously with an acceleration impact system attached to the participant (AccAthl). AccTrea was demonstrated to be a valid and reliable tool for measuring spatio-temporal parameters like step length (validity intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.94; reliability ICC = 0.92), step time (validity ICC = 0.95; reliability ICC = 0.96), and step frequency (validity ICC = 0.95; reliability ICC = 0.96) during running. Peak acceleration impact variables showed a high reliability for the left (reliability ICC = 0.88) and right leg (reliability ICC = 0.85), and peak impact asymmetry showed a modest validity (ICC = 0.55). These results indicated that the AccTrea system is a valid and reliable way to assess spatio-temporal variables, and a reliable tool for measuring acceleration impacts during running.
Collapse
|
31
|
A new method for measuring treadmill belt velocity fluctuations: effects of treadmill type, body mass and locomotion speed. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2244. [PMID: 33500528 PMCID: PMC7838258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81951-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Treadmills are essential to the study of human and animal locomotion as well as for applied diagnostics in both sports and medicine. The quantification of relevant biomechanical and physiological variables requires a precise regulation of treadmill belt velocity (TBV). Here, we present a novel method for time-efficient tracking of TBV using standard 3D motion capture technology. Further, we analyzed TBV fluctuations of four different treadmills as seven participants walked and ran at target speeds ranging from 1.0 to 4.5 m/s. Using the novel method, we show that TBV regulation differs between treadmill types, and that certain features of TBV regulation are affected by the subjects’ body mass and their locomotion speed. With higher body mass, the TBV reductions in the braking phase of stance became higher, even though this relationship differed between locomotion speeds and treadmill type (significant body mass × speed × treadmill type interaction). Average belt speeds varied between about 98 and 103% of the target speed. For three of the four treadmills, TBV reduction during the stance phase of running was more intense (> 5% target speed) and occurred earlier (before 50% of stance phase) unlike the typical overground center of mass velocity patterns reported in the literature. Overall, the results of this study emphasize the importance of monitoring TBV during locomotor research and applied diagnostics. We provide a novel method that is freely accessible on Matlab’s file exchange server (“getBeltVelocity.m”) allowing TBV tracking to become standard practice in locomotion research.
Collapse
|
32
|
Jukic I, Van Hooren B, Ramos AG, Helms ER, McGuigan MR, Tufano JJ. The Effects of Set Structure Manipulation on Chronic Adaptations to Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1061-1086. [PMID: 33417154 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01423-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The acute effects of resistance training (RT) set structure alteration are well established; however, less is known about their effects on chronic training adaptations. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to synthesise the available evidence on the effectiveness of traditional (TS), cluster (CS) and rest redistribution (RR) set structures in promoting chronic RT adaptations, and provide an overview of the factors which might differentially influence the magnitude of specific training adaptations between set structure types. METHODS This review was performed using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines encompassing the literature search of five databases. Studies in English that compared muscular strength, endurance, and/or hypertrophy adaptations, as well as vertical jump performance, velocity and power at submaximal loads and shifts in the slopes of force-velocity profiles between TS and CS or RR set structures (i.e., alternative set structures) were included. Risk of bias assessment was performed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. Random-effects meta-analyses and meta-regressions were performed where possible. RESULTS 17 studies met the inclusion criteria, none had more than one risk of bias item assessed as high risk. Pooled results revealed that none of the set structures were more effective at inducing strength (standardised mean difference (SMD) = - 0.06) or hypertrophy (SMD = - 0.03). TS were more effective at improving muscular endurance compared to alternative set structures (SMD = - 0.38), whereas alternative set structures tended to be more effective for vertical jump performance gains (SMD = 0.13), but this effect was not statistically significant (p = 0.190). Greater velocity and power outputs at submaximal loads (SMD = 0.18) were observed when using alternative set structures compared to TS. In addition, alternative set structures promoted greater shifts of the slope of force-velocity profiles towards more velocity dominant profiles compared to TS (SMD = 0.28). Sub-group analyses controlling for each alternative set structure independently showed mixed results likely caused by the relatively small number of studies available for some outcomes. CONCLUSION Modifying TS to an alternative set structure (CS or RR) has a negligible impact on strength and hypertrophy. Using CS and RR can lead to greater vertical jump performance, velocity and power at submaximal loads and shifts to more velocity dominant force-velocity profiles compared to training using TS. However, TS may provide more favourable effects on muscle endurance when compared to CS and RR. These findings demonstrate that altering TS to alternative set structures may influence the magnitude of specific muscular adaptations indicating set structure manipulation is an important consideration for RT program design. PROTOCOL REGISTRATION The original protocol was prospectively registered (CRD42019138954) with the PROSPERO (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Jukic
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Amador García Ramos
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,Department of Sports Sciences and Physical Conditioning, Faculty of Education, Universidad Católica de La Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eric R Helms
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael R McGuigan
- Sport Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brandão LHA, Chagas TPN, Vasconcelos ABS, de Oliveira VC, Fortes LDS, de Almeida MB, Mendes Netto RS, Del-Vecchio FB, Neto EP, Chaves LMS, Jimenez-Pavón D, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Physiological and Performance Impacts After Field Supramaximal High-Intensity Interval Training With Different Work-Recovery Duration. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1075. [PMID: 33162893 PMCID: PMC7580678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has numerous external load control variables. The management of these variables makes the physiological responses and performance presented by athletes also modify. The present study aimed to assess the activity of CK and LDH enzymes, performance and metabolic responses caused by two HIIT protocols above the maximum in male recreational runners. Fifteen recreational male runners performed two HIIT protocols in randomized order with multiple conditions: 1) H15 (n = 15), with a HIIT protocol of 15:15 work-recovery duration, and 2) H30 (n = 15) with a HIIT protocol of 30:30 work-recovery duration. Both protocols were performed at similar intensity (130% vV̇O2max), one set until voluntary exhaustion. Blood samples were collected and used to capture the levels and activities of blood lactate (BLac: mmol⋅L–1), glucose (GLU: mg⋅dL–1), creatine kinase (CK: U⋅L–1), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH: U⋅L–1). BLac and GLU were collected at pre, five, and ten minutes after the H15 and H30 protocols were performed. Blood samples were used to measure the activities of CK and LDH enzymes, which were verified 24 h before and 48 h after the protocols. The distance traveled (m), total time (s), and bouts performed (rep) were also registered. Significant differences between conditions H15 and H30 were observed in the bouts performed (p = 0.001; ES = 1.19). Several statistical differences were found over time for BLac [pre vs. post 5 (both conditions: p = 0.001), pre vs. post 10 (both conditions: p = 0.001), and post 5 vs. post 10 (H30: p = 0.004)], CK [pre vs. post 24 (H15: p < 0.001; ES = 0.97 and H30: p = 0.001; ES = 0.74) post 24 vs. post 48 (H30: p = 0.03; ES = 0.56)], and LDH [pre vs. post24 (H15: p = 0.008; ES = 1.07 and H30: p = 0.022; ES = 0.85). No statistical differences between conditions were observed for any blood parameter. Thus, the volunteers exhibited equal performance in both protocols, which resulted in a similar physiological response. Despite this similarity, in comparison to H15, the H30 protocol presented lower CK activity post 48 and lactate levels after 10 min post protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Henrique Albuquerque Brandão
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | - Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos
- Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Physiology Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ezequias Pereira Neto
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Leury Max Silva Chaves
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - David Jimenez-Pavón
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar, University Hospital University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Physiology Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li SN, Hobbins L, Morin JB, Ryu JH, Gaoua N, Hunter S, Girard O. Running mechanics adjustments to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1111-1116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
35
|
Mileti I, Serra A, Wolf N, Munoz-Martel V, Ekizos A, Palermo E, Arampatzis A, Santuz A. Muscle Activation Patterns Are More Constrained and Regular in Treadmill Than in Overground Human Locomotion. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:581619. [PMID: 33195143 PMCID: PMC7644811 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.581619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of motorized treadmills as convenient tools for the study of locomotion has been in vogue for many decades. However, despite the widespread presence of these devices in many scientific and clinical environments, a full consensus on their validity to faithfully substitute free overground locomotion is still missing. Specifically, little information is available on whether and how the neural control of movement is affected when humans walk and run on a treadmill as compared to overground. Here, we made use of linear and non-linear analysis tools to extract information from electromyographic recordings during walking and running overground, and on an instrumented treadmill. We extracted synergistic activation patterns from the muscles of the lower limb via non-negative matrix factorization. We then investigated how the motor modules (or time-invariant muscle weightings) were used in the two locomotion environments. Subsequently, we examined the timing of motor primitives (or time-dependent coefficients of muscle synergies) by calculating their duration, the time of main activation, and their Hurst exponent, a non-linear metric derived from fractal analysis. We found that motor modules were not influenced by the locomotion environment, while motor primitives were overall more regular in treadmill than in overground locomotion, with the main activity of the primitive for propulsion shifted earlier in time. Our results suggest that the spatial and sensory constraints imposed by the treadmill environment might have forced the central nervous system to adopt a different neural control strategy than that used for free overground locomotion, a data-driven indication that treadmills could induce perturbations to the neural control of locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Mileti
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora Serra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Nerses Wolf
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Munoz-Martel
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonis Ekizos
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eduardo Palermo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alessandro Santuz
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Petrone N, Costa G, Foscan G, Gri A, Mazzanti L, Migliore G, Cutti AG. Development of Instrumented Running Prosthetic Feet for the Collection of Track Loads on Elite Athletes. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:s20205758. [PMID: 33050513 PMCID: PMC7601311 DOI: 10.3390/s20205758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of loads acting on running specific prostheses (RSP), and in particular on running prosthetic feet (RPF), is crucial for evaluating athletes' technique, designing safe feet, and biomechanical modelling. The aim of this work was to develop a J-shaped and a C-shaped wearable instrumented running prosthetic foot (iRPF) starting from commercial RPF, suitable for load data collection on the track. The sensing elements are strain gauge bridges mounted on the foot in a configuration that allows decoupling loads parallel and normal to the socket-foot clamp during the stance phase. The system records data on lightweight athlete-worn loggers and transmits them via Wi-Fi to a base station for real-time monitoring. iRPF calibration procedure and static and dynamic validation of predicted ground-reaction forces against those measured by a force platform embedded in the track are reported. The potential application of this wearable system in estimating determinants of sprint performance is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Petrone
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (G.F.); (A.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Gianfabio Costa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (G.F.); (A.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Gianmario Foscan
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (G.F.); (A.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Antonio Gri
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (G.F.); (A.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Leonardo Mazzanti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, Via Venezia 1, 35131 Padova, Italy; (G.C.); (G.F.); (A.G.); (L.M.)
| | - Gianluca Migliore
- INAIL, Via Rabuina 14, 40054 Vigorso di Budrio, Italy; (G.M.); (A.G.C.)
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lepers R, Bontemps B, Louis J. Physiological Profile of a 59-Year-Old Male World Record Holder Marathoner. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:623-626. [PMID: 31652243 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the cardiorespiratory capacity and running economy (RE) of a 59-yr-old ex-Olympian athlete who ran a marathon in 2:30:15 in 2019. The athlete retired from running at 32 yr old (best marathon performance: 2:13:59) for a 16-yr period after his participation at the Olympics. METHODS Heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake (V˙O2), ventilation (VE), blood lactate concentration (La), step frequency, and RE were measured during a treadmill-running test. RESULTS His HRmax, VEmax, Lamax, and V˙O2max were 165 bpm, 115 L·min, 5.7 mmol·L, and 65.4 mL·kg·min, respectively. At his marathon pace, his RE was 210 mL·kg·min with a step frequency of 199 ± 0.55 s·min, and his V˙O2 corresponded to 91% of his V˙O2max. CONCLUSION This study shows that despite a 16-yr break in training, this 59-yr-old former Olympian marathoner has managed to limit the age-related decline in performance to ~5% per decade. More generally, these data suggest that high-level endurance masters athletes can limit the age-related decline in endurance performance at least until the age of 60 yr and can preserve their ability to sustain high-intensity effort (>90% of V˙O2max) for long-duration (2-3 h) exercises.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093, CAPS, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, FRANCE
| | | | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UNITED KINGDOM
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Running mechanics and leg muscle activity patterns during early and late acceleration phases of repeated treadmill sprints in male recreational athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:2785-2796. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
39
|
Acute Effects of Cluster and Rest Redistribution Set Structures on Mechanical, Metabolic, and Perceptual Fatigue During and After Resistance Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2020; 50:2209-2236. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
40
|
Colino E, Felipe JL, Van Hooren B, Gallardo L, Meijer K, Lucia A, Lopez-Fernandez J, Garcia-Unanue J. Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces Compared to Other Overground Sport Surfaces. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143822. [PMID: 32659884 PMCID: PMC7412192 DOI: 10.3390/s20143822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical properties of the surfaces used for exercising can affect sports performance and injury risk. However, the mechanical properties of treadmill surfaces remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the shock absorption (SA), vertical deformation (VD) and energy restitution (ER) of different treadmill models and to compare them with those of other sport surfaces. A total of 77 treadmills, 30 artificial turf pitches and 30 athletics tracks were assessed using an advanced artificial athlete device. Differences in the mechanical properties between the surfaces and treadmill models were evaluated using a repeated-measures ANOVA. The treadmills were found to exhibit the highest SA of all the surfaces (64.2 ± 2; p < 0.01; effect size (ES) = 0.96), while their VD (7.6 ± 1.3; p < 0.01; ES = 0.87) and ER (45 ± 11; p < 0.01; ES = 0.51) were between the VDs of the artificial turf and track. The SA (p < 0.01; ES = 0.69), VD (p < 0.01; ES = 0.90) and ER (p < 0.01; ES = 0.89) were also shown to differ between treadmill models. The differences between the treadmills commonly used in fitness centers were much lower than differences between the treadmills and track surfaces, but they were sometimes larger than the differences with artificial turf. The treadmills used in clinical practice and research were shown to exhibit widely varying mechanical properties. The results of this study demonstrate that the mechanical properties (SA, VD and ER) of treadmill surfaces differ significantly from those of overground sport surfaces such as artificial turf and athletics track surfaces but also asphalt or concrete. These different mechanical properties of treadmills may affect treadmill running performance, injury risk and the generalizability of research performed on treadmills to overground locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Colino
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Jose Luis Felipe
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-925-26-88-00
| | - Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.V.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Leonor Gallardo
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| | - Kenneth Meijer
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.V.H.); (K.M.)
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- School of Sport Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Jorge Lopez-Fernandez
- Research Institute Hospital 12 de Octubre (‘imas12’), 28041 Madrid, Spain;
- Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Science, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
| | - Jorge Garcia-Unanue
- IGOID Research Group, Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Department, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (E.C.); (L.G.); (J.G.-U.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cerezuela-Espejo V, Hernández-Belmonte A, Courel-Ibáñez J, Conesa-Ros E, Martínez-Cava A, Pallarés JG. Running power meters and theoretical models based on laws of physics: Effects of environments and running conditions. Physiol Behav 2020; 223:112972. [PMID: 32470479 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.112972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Training prescription and load monitoring in running activities have benefited from power output (PW) data offered by new technologies. Nevertheless, to date, the sensitivity of PW data provided by these tools is still not completely clear. The aim of this study was to analyze the level of agreement between the PW estimated by five commercial technologies and the two main internationally theoretical models based on laws of physics, in different environments and running conditions. Ten endurance-trained male athletes performed three submaximal running protocols on a treadmill (indoor) and an athletic track (outdoor), with changes in speed, body weight, and slope. PW was simultaneously registered by the commercial technologies Stryd (StrydApp and StrydWatch), RunScribe, GarminRP and PolarV, whereas theoretical power output (TPW) was calculated by the two mathematical models (TPW1 and TPW2). Statistics included, among others, the Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and standard error of measurement (SEM). The PolarV, and above all Stryd, showed the closest agreement with the TPW1 (Stryd: r ≥ 0.947, SEM ≤ 11 W; PolarV: r ≥ 0.931, SEM ≤ 64 W) and TPW2 (Stryd: r ≥ 0.933, SEM ≤ 60 W; PolarV: r ≥ 0.932, SEM ≤ 24 W), both indoors and outdoors. On the other hand, the devices GarminRP (r ≤ 0.765, SEM ≥ 59 W) and RunScribe. (r ≤ 0.508, SEM ≥ 125 W) showed the lowest agreement with the TPW1 and TPW2 models for all conditions and environments analyzed. The closest agreement of the Stryd and PolarV technologies with the TPW1 and TPW2 models suggest these tools as the most sensitive, among those analyzed, for PW measurement when changing environments and running conditions.
Collapse
|
42
|
A Proposed Method to Assess the Mechanical Properties of Treadmill Surfaces. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092724. [PMID: 32397664 PMCID: PMC7249199 DOI: 10.3390/s20092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define a reliable and sensitive test method for assessing Shock Absorption (SA), Vertical Deformation (VD), and Energy Restitution (ER) in treadmill surfaces. A total of 42 treadmills belonging to four different models were included in the study: (a) Technogym Jog700 Excite (n = 10), (b) Technogym Artis Run (n = 12), (c) LifeFitness Integrity Series 97T (n = 11), and (d) LifeFitness Integrity Series DX (n = 9). An advanced artificial athlete (AAA) device was used to assess SA, VD, and ER at three different locations along the longitudinal axis of each treadmill and in the support area of the athletes’ feet. For each location, our results show that the error assumed when performing one impact with the AAA instead of three (SA ≤ |0.1|%, VD ≤ |0.0| mm, and ER ≤ |0.2|%) is lower than the smallest changes that can be detected by the measuring device (SA = 0.4%, VD = 0.2 mm, and ER = 0.9%). Also, our results show the ability of the test method to detect meaningful differences between locations once the one-impact criterium is adopted, since absolute minimum differences between zones (SA: |0.6|%, VD: |0.3| mm, and ER: |1.2|%) were above the uncertainty of the measuring device. Therefore, performing a single impact with the AAA in each of the three locations described in this study can be considered a representative and reliable method for assessing SA, VD, and ER in treadmill surfaces.
Collapse
|
43
|
Boullosa D, Esteve-Lanao J, Casado A, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Gomes da Rosa R, Del Coso J. Factors Affecting Training and Physical Performance in Recreational Endurance Runners. Sports (Basel) 2020; 8:sports8030035. [PMID: 32183425 PMCID: PMC7183043 DOI: 10.3390/sports8030035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endurance running has become an immensely popular sporting activity, with millions of recreational runners around the world. Despite the great popularity of endurance running as a recreational activity during leisure time, there is no consensus on the best practice for recreational runners to effectively train to reach their individual objectives and improve physical performance in a healthy manner. Moreover, there are lots of anecdotal data without scientific support, while most scientific evidence on endurance running was developed from studies observing both recreational and professional athletes of different levels. Further, the transference of all this information to only recreational runners is difficult due to differences in the genetic predisposition for endurance running, the time available for training, and physical, psychological, and physiological characteristics. Therefore, the aim of this review is to present a selection of scientific evidence regarding endurance running to provide training guidelines to be used by recreational runners and their coaches. The review will focus on some key aspects of the training process, such as periodization, training methods and monitoring, performance prediction, running technique, and prevention and management of injuries associated with endurance running.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Boullosa
- Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul 79070-900, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-619-8250-2545
| | | | - Arturo Casado
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Isabel I de Castilla International University, Burgos, 09003 Castilla y León, Spain;
| | - Leonardo A. Peyré-Tartaruga
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil; (L.A.P.-T.); (R.G.d.R.)
| | - Rodrigo Gomes da Rosa
- Exercise Research Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul 90690-200, Brazil; (L.A.P.-T.); (R.G.d.R.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, 28943 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wight JT, Garman JEJ, Hooper DR, Robertson CT, Ferber R, Boling MC. Distance running stride-to-stride variability for sagittal plane joint angles. Sports Biomech 2020; 21:966-980. [PMID: 32129719 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2020.1713207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent research indicates that distance running stride-to-stride variability (SSV) is related to performance and injury. Previous studies have primarily focused on stride characteristics (stride length and time). We assessed SSV for sagittal plane joint angles with the primary purpose of testing for significant differences among the lower body joints. The secondary purpose was to determine if strong correlations exist among joint SSV measures. Thirty recreational adult runners participated in the study (8 females, 22 males, 39 ± 10 years; 53.1 ± 25.7 km/week). A 6-camera motion capture system (200 Hz) collected kinematic data during treadmill running at a preferred pace. A 2 by 3 repeated measures factorial ANOVA (phase-stance, swing; joint-hip, knee, ankle) was run (p = 0.05). There was a significant interaction effect (p < 0.001) and post hoc analysis revealed knee swing to be the most variable condition by far. For all three joints, there were strong correlations between stance and swing SSV (r = 0.80 to r = 0.88) and correlations among the joints were moderate to strong (r = 0.55 to 0.86). This study helps to better understand the joints/phases that contribute most to variability in the overall stride. Also, the strong correlations suggest that runners appear to have an overall SSV pattern that is similar across joints/phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff T Wight
- Department of Kinesiological Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jordon E J Garman
- Department of Kinesiological Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - David R Hooper
- Department of Kinesiological Sciences, Jacksonville University, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Michelle C Boling
- Department of Clinical & Applied Movement Sciences, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Veras PM, Moreira PF, Catharino LL, Filho JE, Fonseca DS, Felício DC. Incidence of injuries and associated factors in treadmill runners: a prospective cohort study. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-6574202000030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Diogo Carvalho Felício
- Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Girard O, Morin JB, Ryu J, Read P, Townsend N. Running Velocity Does Not Influence Lower Limb Mechanical Asymmetry. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:36. [PMID: 33344959 PMCID: PMC7739712 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of running velocity upon magnitude and range of asymmetry in the main kinetics and kinematics of treadmill running at constant, submaximal velocities. Nine well-trained, un-injured distance runners ran, in a random order, at seven running velocities (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, 20, 22.5, and 25 km.h-1) for 60 s (separated by > 90 s of rest) on an instrumented treadmill (ADAL3D-WR, Medical Development, France). Continuous measurement (1,000 Hz) of spatio-temporal, horizontal force production, and spring-mass characteristics was performed and data over 10 consecutive steps (5 right and 5 leg foot contacts after ~50 s of running) were used for subsequent comparisons. Group mean and the range of asymmetry scores were assessed from the "symmetry angle" (SA) formulae where a score of 0%/100% indicates perfect symmetry/asymmetry. Mean SA scores for spatio-temporal variables were lower than 2%: contact time (0.6 ± 0.1%; range: 0.4-0.7%), aerial time (1.7 ± 0.2%; range: 1.3-2.1%) as well as step length and step frequency (0.7 ± 0.2%; range: 0.5-0.9%). Mean loading rate (5.3 ± 1.1%; range: 4.1-6.9%) and spring mass model [peak vertical force: 3.2 ± 1.6% (range: 2.9-3.4%); maximal downward vertical displacement: 11.2 ± 6.0% (range: 9.2-14.0%); leg compression: 3.6 ± 1.9% (range: 2.9-5.6%); vertical stiffness: 8.8 ± 1.9% (range: 7.1-11.6%); leg stiffness: 1.6 ± 0.6% (range: 1.2-2.9%)] presented larger mean SA values. Mean SA scores ranged 1-4% for duration of braking (1.3 ± 0.3%; range: 0.9-2.0%) and push-off (1.6 ± 0.9%; range: 1.2-2.4%) phases, peak braking (2.4 ± 1.1%; range: 1.6-3.6%), and push-off (1.7 ± 0.9%; range: 1.2-2.2%) forces as well as braking (3.7 ± 2.0%; range: 2.8-5.8%) and push-off (2.1 ± 0.8%; range: 1.3-2.6%) impulses. However, with the exception of braking impulse (P = 0.005), there was no influence of running velocity on asymmetry scores for any of the mechanical variables studied (0.118
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | | | | | - Paul Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nathan Townsend
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre, Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
da Rosa RG, Oliveira HB, Gomeñuka NA, Masiero MPB, da Silva ES, Zanardi APJ, de Carvalho AR, Schons P, Peyré-Tartaruga LA. Landing-Takeoff Asymmetries Applied to Running Mechanics: A New Perspective for Performance. Front Physiol 2019; 10:415. [PMID: 31040793 PMCID: PMC6477028 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elastic bouncing is a physio-mechanical model that can elucidate running behavior in different situations, including landing and takeoff patterns and the characteristics of the muscle-tendon units during stretch and recoil in running. An increase in running speed improves the body's elastic mechanisms. Although some measures of elastic bouncing are usually carried out, a general description of the elastic mechanism has not been explored in running performance. This study aimed to compare elastic bouncing parameters between the higher- and lower-performing athletes in a 3000 m test. METHODS Thirty-eight endurance runners (men) were divided into two groups based on 3000 m performance: the high-performance group (Phigh; n = 19; age: 29 ± 5 years; mass: 72.9 ± 10 kg; stature: 177 ± 8 cm; 3000time: 656 ± 32 s) and the low-performance group (Plow; n = 19; age: 32 ± 6 years; mass: 73.9 ± 7 kg; stature: 175 ± 5 cm; 3000time: 751 ± 29 s). They performed three tests on different days: (i) 3000 m on a track; (ii) incremental running test; and (iii) a running biomechanical test on a treadmill at 13 different speeds from 8 to 20 km h-1. Performance was evaluated using the race time of the 3000 m test. The biomechanics variables included effective contact time (t ce), aerial time (t ae), positive work time (t push), negative work time (t break), step frequency (f step), and elastic system frequency (f sist), vertical displacement (S v) in t ce and t ae (S ce and S ae), vertical force, and vertical stiffness were evaluated in a biomechanical submaximal test on treadmill. RESULTS The t ae, f sist, vertical force and stiffness were higher (p < 0.05) and t ce and f step were lower (p < 0.05) in Phigh, with no differences between groups in t push and t break. CONCLUSION The elastic bouncing was optimized in runners of the best performance level, demonstrating a better use of elastic components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gomes da Rosa
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bianchi Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Natalia Andrea Gomeñuka
- Departamento de Investigación de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de las Misiones (UCAMI), Posadas, Argentina
| | | | - Edson Soares da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Janner Zanardi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Schons
- Laboratório de Pesquisa do Exercício, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|