1
|
Chou TC, Maggirwar NS, Marsden MD. HIV Persistence, Latency, and Cure Approaches: Where Are We Now? Viruses 2024; 16:1163. [PMID: 39066325 PMCID: PMC11281696 DOI: 10.3390/v16071163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir remains a major roadblock to curing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Currently available antiretroviral therapy (ART) can suppress active HIV replication, reduce viral loads to undetectable levels, and halt disease progression. However, antiretroviral drugs are unable to target cells that are latently infected with HIV, which can seed viral rebound if ART is stopped. Consequently, a major focus of the field is to study the latent viral reservoir and develop safe and effective methods to eliminate it. Here, we provide an overview of the major mechanisms governing the establishment and maintenance of HIV latency, the key challenges posed by latent reservoirs, small animal models utilized to study HIV latency, and contemporary cure approaches. We also discuss ongoing efforts to apply these approaches in combination, with the goal of achieving a safe, effective, and scalable cure for HIV that can be extended to the tens of millions of people with HIV worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa C. Chou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Nishad S. Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA; (T.C.C.); (N.S.M.)
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dimapasoc M, Moran JA, Cole SW, Ranjan A, Hourani R, Kim JT, Wender PA, Marsden MD, Zack JA. Defining the Effects of PKC Modulator HIV Latency-Reversing Agents on Natural Killer Cells. Pathog Immun 2024; 9:108-137. [PMID: 38765786 PMCID: PMC11101012 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v9i1.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Latency reversing agents (LRAs) such as protein kinase C (PKC) modulators can reduce rebound-competent HIV reservoirs in small animal models. Furthermore, administration of natural killer (NK) cells following LRA treatment improves this reservoir reduction. It is currently unknown why the combination of a PKC modulator and NK cells is so potent and whether exposure to PKC modulators may augment NK cell function in some way. Methods Primary human NK cells were treated with PKC modulators (bryostatin-1, prostratin, or the designed, synthetic bryostatin-1 analog SUW133), and evaluated by examining expression of activation markers by flow cytometry, analyzing transcriptomic profiles by RNA sequencing, measuring cytotoxicity by co-culturing with K562 cells, assessing cytokine production by Luminex assay, and examining the ability of cytokines and secreted factors to independently reverse HIV latency by co-culturing with Jurkat-Latency (J-Lat) cells. Results PKC modulators increased expression of proteins involved in NK cell activation. Transcriptomic profiles from PKC-treated NK cells displayed signatures of cellular activation and enrichment of genes associated with the NFκB pathway. NK cell cytotoxicity was unaffected by prostratin but significantly decreased by bryostatin-1 and SUW133. Cytokines from PKC-stimulated NK cells did not induce latency reversal in J-Lat cell lines. Conclusions Although PKC modulators have some significant effects on NK cells, their contribution in "kick and kill" strategies is likely due to upregulating HIV expression in CD4+ T cells, not directly enhancing the effector functions of NK cells. This suggests that PKC modulators are primarily augmenting the "kick" rather than the "kill" arm of this HIV cure approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Dimapasoc
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jose A. Moran
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
| | - Steve W. Cole
- UCLA Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Alok Ranjan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Rami Hourani
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Jocelyn T. Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paul A. Wender
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Matthew D. Marsden
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Jerome A. Zack
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mudd JC. Quantitative and Qualitative Distinctions between HIV-1 and SIV Reservoirs: Implications for HIV-1 Cure-Related Studies. Viruses 2024; 16:514. [PMID: 38675857 PMCID: PMC11054464 DOI: 10.3390/v16040514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The persistence of the latent viral reservoir is the main hurdle to curing HIV-1 infection. SIV infection of non-human primates (NHPs), namely Indian-origin rhesus macaques, is the most relevant and widely used animal model to evaluate therapies that seek to eradicate HIV-1. The utility of a model ultimately rests on how accurately it can recapitulate human disease, and while reservoirs in the NHP model behave quantitatively very similar to those of long-term suppressed persons with HIV-1 (PWH) in the most salient aspects, recent studies have uncovered key nuances at the clonotypic level that differentiate the two in qualitative terms. In this review, we will highlight differences relating to proviral intactness, clonotypic structure, and decay rate during ART between HIV-1 and SIV reservoirs and discuss the relevance of these distinctions in the interpretation of HIV-1 cure strategies. While these, to some degree, may reflect a unique biology of the virus or host, distinctions among the proviral landscape in SIV are likely to be shaped significantly by the condensed timeframe of NHP studies. ART is generally initiated earlier in the disease course, and animals are virologically suppressed for shorter periods before receiving interventions. Because these are experimental variables dictated by the investigator, we offer guidance on study design for cure-related studies performed in the NHP model. Finally, we highlight the case of GS-9620 (Vesatolimod), an antiviral TLR7 agonist tested in multiple independent pre-clinical studies in which virological outcomes may have been influenced by study-related variables.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph C. Mudd
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Darmani H. The Role of p53 in HIV Infection. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2023; 20:419-427. [PMID: 38010468 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-023-00684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to elucidate the multifaceted role of the tumor suppressor protein p53 in the context of HIV infection. We explore how p53, a pivotal regulator of cellular processes, interacts with various facets of the HIV life cycle. Understanding these interactions could provide valuable insights into potential therapeutic interventions and the broader implications of p53 in viral infections. RECENT FINDINGS Recent research has unveiled a complex interplay between p53 and HIV. Several reports have highlighted the involvement of p53 in restricting the replication of HIV within both immune and nonimmune cells. Various mechanisms have been suggested to unveil how p53 enforces this restriction on HIV replication. However, HIV has developed strategies to manipulate p53, benefiting its replication and evading host defenses. In summary, p53 plays a multifaceted role in HIV infection, impacting viral replication and disease progression. Recent findings underscore the importance of understanding the intricate interactions between p53 and HIV for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches. Manipulating p53 pathways may offer potential avenues to suppress viral replication and ameliorate immune dysfunction, ultimately contributing to the management of HIV/AIDS. Further research is warranted to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of p53 in the context of HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan.
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Homa Darmani
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Bender AM, Zitzmann C, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Barouch DH, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Biphasic decay of intact SHIV genomes following initiation of antiretroviral therapy complicates analysis of interventions targeting the reservoir. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313209120. [PMID: 37844236 PMCID: PMC10614214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313209120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells persists despite antiretroviral therapy (ART) and precludes cure. Reservoir-targeting interventions are evaluated in ART-treated macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) or simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV). Efficacy is determined by reservoir measurements before and after the intervention. However, most proviruses persisting in the setting of ART are defective. In addition, intact HIV-1 and SIV genomes undergo complex, multiphasic decay observable when new infection events are blocked by ART. Intervention-induced elimination of latently infected cells must be distinguished from natural decay. Here, we address these issues for SHIV. We describe an intact proviral DNA assay that allows digital counting of SHIV genomes lacking common fatal defects. We show that intact SHIV genomes in circulating CD4+ T cells undergo biphasic decay during the first year of ART, with a rapid first phase (t1/2 = 30.1 d) and a slower second phase (t1/2 = 8.1 mo) that is still more rapid that the slow decay observed in people with HIV-1 on long-term ART (t1/2 = 3.7 y). In SHIV models, most interventions are tested during 2nd phase decay. Natural 2nd phase decay must be considered in evaluating interventions as most infected cells present at this time do not become part of the stable reservoir. In addition, for interventions tested during 2nd phase decay, a caveat is that the intervention may not be equally effective in people with HIV on long-term ART whose reservoirs are dominated by latently infected cells with a slower decay rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mithra R. Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Emily J. Fray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Alexandra M. Bender
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | | | | | | | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
| | - Janet D. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD21205
- HHMI, Baltimore, MD21205
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Roux HM, Figueiredo S, Sareoua L, Salmona M, Hamroune J, Adoux L, Migraine J, Hance A, Clavel F, Cheynier R, Dutrieux J. DNA ultra-sensitive quantification, a technology for studying HIV unintegrated linear DNA. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100443. [PMID: 37159665 PMCID: PMC10162948 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Unintegrated HIV DNA represents between 20% and 35% of the total viral DNA in infected patients. Only the linear forms (unintegrated linear DNAs [ULDs]) can be substrates for integration and for the completion of a full viral cycle. In quiescent cells, these ULDs may be responsible for pre-integrative latency. However, their detection remains difficult due to the lack of specificity and sensitivity of existing techniques. We developed an ultra-sensitive, specific, and high-throughput technology for ULD quantification called DUSQ (DNA ultra-sensitive quantification) combining linker-mediated PCR and next-generation sequencing (NGS) using molecular barcodes. Studying cells with different activity levels, we determined that the ULD half-life goes up to 11 days in resting CD4+ T cells. Finally, we were able to quantify ULDs in samples from patients infected with HIV-1, providing a proof of concept for the use of DUSQ in vivo to track pre-integrative latency. DUSQ can be adapted to the detection of other rare DNA molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Marie Roux
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Figueiredo
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lucas Sareoua
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Maud Salmona
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- INSERM U976, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Hamroune
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Lucie Adoux
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | | | - François Clavel
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint Louis, Laboratoire de Virologie, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Cheynier
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Jacques Dutrieux
- Université Paris Cité, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- Viral DNA Integration and Chromatin Dynamics Network (DyNAVir), France
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Azevedo-Pereira JM, Pires D, Calado M, Mandal M, Santos-Costa Q, Anes E. HIV/Mtb Co-Infection: From the Amplification of Disease Pathogenesis to an “Emerging Syndemic”. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040853. [PMID: 37110276 PMCID: PMC10142195 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are pathogens responsible for millions of new infections each year; together, they cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition, late-stage HIV infection increases the risk of developing tuberculosis (TB) by a factor of 20 in latently infected people, and even patients with controlled HIV infection on antiretroviral therapy (ART) have a fourfold increased risk of developing TB. Conversely, Mtb infection exacerbates HIV pathogenesis and increases the rate of AIDS progression. In this review, we discuss this reciprocal amplification of HIV/Mtb coinfection and how they influence each other’s pathogenesis. Elucidating the infectious cofactors that impact on pathogenesis may open doors for the design of new potential therapeutic strategies to control disease progression, especially in contexts where vaccines or the sterile clearance of pathogens are not effectively available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Azevedo-Pereira
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-P.); (E.A.)
| | - David Pires
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Health, Católica Medical School, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Estrada Octávio Pato, 2635-631 Rio de Mouro, Portugal
| | - Marta Calado
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Manoj Mandal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Quirina Santos-Costa
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Elsa Anes
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Unit, Research Institute for Medicines, iMed-ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (J.M.A.-P.); (E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang X, Deshmukh S, Mukim A, Zhang J, Beliakova-Bethell N. HIV Infection Elicits Differential Transcriptomic Remodeling in CD4+ T Cells with Variable Proliferative Responses to the T Cell Receptor Stimulus. Pathogens 2023; 12:511. [PMID: 37111397 PMCID: PMC10145558 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of a cellular biomarker of latent HIV infection will facilitate the latent reservoir detection, quantification, and targeting for elimination. Unfortunately, the latency biomarkers reported in the literature define only a fraction of the entire reservoir. The latent HIV reservoir may be established in dividing cells that subsequently return to quiescence and in resting cells. The strength of the T cell receptor (TCR) signaling at the time of infection affects characteristics of the established reservoir, such as the ability to reactivate with latency reversing agents. To better understand the cellular environments before latency establishment, we characterized transcriptomic remodeling induced by the initial HIV infection in cells with differential proliferative responses to the TCR stimulus. Cell proliferation was monitored using the viable dye carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester. Cells that divided many times, a few times, or remained non-dividing were subjected to single-cell RNA sequencing. A subset of identified transcriptional changes induced by HIV infection was independent of the number of cell divisions; however, responses unique to different cell subsets were also detected. Some of these early gene expression changes were consistent with reported markers of latently infected cells. We pose that the latency biomarkers may depend on the cellular proliferative state at the time of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlian Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (X.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Savitha Deshmukh
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Amey Mukim
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Jasen Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; (X.Z.); (J.Z.)
| | - Nadejda Beliakova-Bethell
- VA San Diego Healthcare System and Veterans Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fray EJ, Wu F, Simonetti FR, Zitzmann C, Sambaturu N, Molina-Paris C, Bender AM, Liu PT, Ventura JD, Wiseman RW, O'Connor DH, Geleziunas R, Leitner T, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Barouch DH, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Antiretroviral therapy reveals triphasic decay of intact SIV genomes and persistence of ancestral variants. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:356-372.e5. [PMID: 36809762 PMCID: PMC10583177 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
The decay kinetics of HIV-1-infected cells are critical to understand virus persistence. We evaluated the frequency of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected cells for 4 years of antiretroviral therapy (ART). The intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) and an assay for hypermutated proviruses revealed short- and long-term infected cell dynamics in macaques starting ART ∼1 year after infection. Intact SIV genomes in circulating CD4+T cells showed triphasic decay with an initial phase slower than the decay of the plasma virus, a second phase faster than the second phase decay of intact HIV-1, and a stable third phase reached after 1.6-2.9 years. Hypermutated proviruses showed bi- or mono-phasic decay, reflecting different selective pressures. Viruses replicating at ART initiation had mutations conferring antibody escape. With time on ART, viruses with fewer mutations became more prominent, reflecting decay of variants replicating at ART initiation. Collectively, these findings confirm ART efficacy and indicate that cells enter the reservoir throughout untreated infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Fray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra M Bender
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Po-Ting Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - John D Ventura
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - David H O'Connor
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | | | - Thomas Leitner
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | | | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu VH, Nordin JML, Nguyen S, Joy J, Mampe F, Del Rio Estrada PM, Torres-Ruiz F, González-Navarro M, Luna-Villalobos YA, Ávila-Ríos S, Reyes-Terán G, Tebas P, Montaner LJ, Bar KJ, Vella LA, Betts MR. Profound phenotypic and epigenetic heterogeneity of the HIV-1-infected CD4 + T cell reservoir. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:359-370. [PMID: 36536105 PMCID: PMC9892009 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the complexity of the long-lived HIV reservoir during antiretroviral therapy (ART) remains a considerable impediment in research towards a cure for HIV. To address this, we developed a single-cell strategy to precisely define the unperturbed peripheral blood HIV-infected memory CD4+ T cell reservoir from ART-treated people living with HIV (ART-PLWH) via the presence of integrated accessible proviral DNA in concert with epigenetic and cell surface protein profiling. We identified profound reservoir heterogeneity within and between ART-PLWH, characterized by new and known surface markers within total and individual memory CD4+ T cell subsets. We further uncovered new epigenetic profiles and transcription factor motifs enriched in HIV-infected cells that suggest infected cells with accessible provirus, irrespective of reservoir distribution, are poised for reactivation during ART treatment. Together, our findings reveal the extensive inter- and intrapersonal cellular heterogeneity of the HIV reservoir, and establish an initial multiomic atlas to develop targeted reservoir elimination strategies.
Collapse
Grants
- K08 AI136660 NIAID NIH HHS
- T32 AI007632 NIAID NIH HHS
- R21 AI172629 NIAID NIH HHS
- UM1 AI164570 NIAID NIH HHS
- P30 AI045008 NIAID NIH HHS
- R01 AI031338 NIAID NIH HHS
- U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
- Support for this study was provided by the following NIH grants: U19-A1-149680-02 (MRB), P01-AI31338 (MRB, KJB), K08-AI136660 (LAV), T32-AI007632 (VW), P30-AI045008 (Penn Center for AIDS Research) (MRB, LAV, KJB, PT, LJM), UM-1AI164570 (BEAT-HIV Collaboratory) which is co-supported by the National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and the Robert I. Jacobs Fund of The Philadelphia Foundation (MRB, KJB, PT, LJM). LJM is also supported by the Herbert Kean, M.D., Family Professorship. CIENI-INER is supported by the Mexican Government (Programa Presupuestal P016; Anexo 13 del Decreto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación).
- CIENI-INER is supported by the Mexican Government (Programa Presupuestal P016; Anexo 13 del Decreto del Presupuesto de Egresos de la Federación).
- LJM is also supported by the Herbert Kean, M.D., Family Professorship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent H Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jayme M L Nordin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Son Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Chemistry, and Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jaimy Joy
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Felicity Mampe
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Perla M Del Rio Estrada
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fernanda Torres-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mauricio González-Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Yara Andrea Luna-Villalobos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Santiago Ávila-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Terán
- Institutos Nacionales de Salud y Hospitales de Alta Especialidad, Secretaría de Salud de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pablo Tebas
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis J Montaner
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu Y. HIV Preintegration Transcription and Host Antagonism. Curr HIV Res 2023; 21:160-171. [PMID: 37345240 PMCID: PMC10661980 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x21666230621122637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Retrovirus integration is an obligatory step for the viral life cycle, but large amounts of unintegrated DNA (uDNA) accumulate during retroviral infection. For simple retroviruses, in the absence of integration, viral genomes are epigenetically silenced in host cells. For complex retroviruses such as HIV, preintegration transcription has been found to occur at low levels from a large population of uDNA even in the presence of host epigenetic silencing mechanisms. HIV preintegration transcription has been suggested to be a normal early process of HIV infection that leads to the syntheses of all three classes of viral transcripts: multiply-spliced, singly-spliced, and unspliced genomic RNA; only viral early proteins such as Nef are selectively translated at low levels in blood CD4 T cells and macrophages, the primary targets of HIV. The initiation and persistence of HIV preintegration transcription have been suggested to rely on viral accessory proteins, particularly virion Vpr and de novo Tat generated from uDNA; both proteins have been shown to antagonize host epigenetic silencing of uDNA. In addition, stimulation of latently infected resting T cells and macrophages with cytokines, PKC activator, or histone deacetylase inhibitors has been found to greatly upregulate preintegration transcription, leading to low-level viral production or even replication from uDNA. Functionally, Nef synthesized from preintegration transcription is biologically active in modulating host immune functions, lowering the threshold of T cell activation, and downregulating surface CD4, CXCR4/CCR5, and HMC receptors. The early Tat activity from preintegration transcription antagonizes repressive minichromatin assembled onto uDNA. The study of HIV preintegration transcription is important to understanding virus-host interaction and antagonism, viral persistence, and the mechanism of integrase drug resistance. The application of unintegrated lentiviral vectors for gene therapy also offers a safety advantage for minimizing retroviral vector-mediated insertional mutagenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Wu
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Palatella M, Guillaume SM, Linterman MA, Huehn J. The dark side of Tregs during aging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:940705. [PMID: 36016952 PMCID: PMC9398463 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.940705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last century, we have seen a dramatic rise in the number of older persons globally, a trend known as the grey (or silver) tsunami. People live markedly longer than their predecessors worldwide, due to remarkable changes in their lifestyle and in progresses made by modern medicine. However, the older we become, the more susceptible we are to a series of age-related pathologies, including infections, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and multi-morbidities. Therefore, a key challenge for our modern societies is how to cope with this fragile portion of the population, so that everybody could have the opportunity to live a long and healthy life. From a holistic point of view, aging results from the progressive decline of various systems. Among them, the distinctive age-dependent changes in the immune system contribute to the enhanced frailty of the elderly. One of these affects a population of lymphocytes, known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), as accumulating evidence suggest that there is a significant increase in the frequency of these cells in secondary lymphoid organs (SLOs) of aged animals. Although there are still discrepancies in the literature about modifications to their functional properties during aging, mounting evidence suggests a detrimental role for Tregs in the elderly in the context of bacterial and viral infections by suppressing immune responses against non-self-antigens. Interestingly, Tregs seem to also contribute to the reduced effectiveness of immunizations against many pathogens by limiting the production of vaccine-induced protective antibodies. In this review, we will analyze the current state of understandings about the role of Tregs in acute and chronic infections as well as in vaccination response in both humans and mice. Lastly, we provide an overview of current strategies for Treg modulation with potential future applications to improve the effectiveness of vaccines in older individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Palatella
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Huehn
- Department Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pharmacological Targeting of Sphingosine Kinases Impedes HIV-1 Infection of CD4 T Cells through SAMHD1 Modulation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0009622. [PMID: 35412343 PMCID: PMC9093127 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00096-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingolipid modulator of a myriad of cellular processes, and therapeutic targeting of S1P signaling is utilized clinically to treat multiple sclerosis. We have previously shown that functional antagonism of S1P receptors reduces cell-free, cell-to-cell, and latent HIV-1 infection in primary CD4 T cells. In this work, we examined whether targeting sphingosine kinase 1 or 2 (SPHK1/2) to inhibit S1P production would prevent infection using multiple HIV-1 primary isolates and infectious molecular clones. SPHK inhibition reduced HIV transmission between primary CD4 T cells in both cell-to-cell transmission and pretreatment coculture models. Mechanistically, pharmacological inhibition of SPHK reduced susceptibility to infection primarily by downregulating phosphorylated SAMHD1 (pSAMHD1), enhancing the activity of this innate HIV-1 restriction factor. Furthermore, genetic disruption of either SPHK1 or SPHK2 by CRISPR/Cas9 reduced phosphorylation of SAMHD1, demonstrating the role of these kinases in modulation of SAMHD1 activity. The effect of SPHK inhibition on limiting HIV-1 infection in CD4 T cells was observed irrespective of the biological sex or age of the donor, with neither variable significantly influencing the effectiveness of SPHK inhibition. Our results demonstrate that targeting SPHK inhibits transmission of HIV-1 via modulation of SAMHD1 phosphorylation to decrease permissiveness to infection in CD4 T cells and suggests that therapeutic targeting of this pathway early in infection enables development of strategies to prevent establishment of infection and hinder cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection, once established, requires lifelong treatment due to the ability of the virus to maintain latent infection in its host and become reactivated during an interruption in antiretroviral treatment (ART). Although preventing transmission and acquisition of HIV is an important goal, no ART thus far have exploited harnessing a component of the host immune system to combat transmission of the virus. We have previously shown that inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors, a component of S1P signaling, reduces HIV-1 infection in human CD4 T cells. We therefore investigated inhibition of sphingosine kinases, another element of this signaling system, in this work. We found that inhibition of sphingosine kinases 1 and 2 (SPHK1/2) could reduce HIV-1 transmission, both among CD4 T cells and between macrophages and CD4 T cells. Our research therefore suggests that therapeutic targeting of SPHK or S1P receptors may aid in the development of strategies to prevent establishment and transmission of HIV-1 infection among immune cells.
Collapse
|
14
|
Reuschl AK, Mesner D, Shivkumar M, Whelan MVX, Pallett LJ, Guerra-Assunção JA, Madansein R, Dullabh KJ, Sigal A, Thornhill JP, Herrera C, Fidler S, Noursadeghi M, Maini MK, Jolly C. HIV-1 Vpr drives a tissue residency-like phenotype during selective infection of resting memory T cells. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110650. [PMID: 35417711 PMCID: PMC9350556 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 replicates in CD4+ T cells, leading to AIDS. Determining how HIV-1 shapes its niche to create a permissive environment is central to informing efforts to limit pathogenesis, disturb reservoirs, and achieve a cure. A key roadblock in understanding HIV-T cell interactions is the requirement to activate T cells in vitro to make them permissive to infection. This dramatically alters T cell biology and virus-host interactions. Here we show that HIV-1 cell-to-cell spread permits efficient, productive infection of resting memory T cells without prior activation. Strikingly, we find that HIV-1 infection primes resting T cells to gain characteristics of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), including upregulating key surface markers and the transcription factor Blimp-1 and inducing a transcriptional program overlapping the core TRM transcriptional signature. This reprogramming is driven by Vpr and requires Vpr packaging into virions and manipulation of STAT5. Thus, HIV-1 reprograms resting T cells, with implications for viral replication and persistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Reuschl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| | - Dejan Mesner
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maitreyi Shivkumar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Matthew V X Whelan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Rajhmun Madansein
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa; Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4091, South Africa
| | - Kaylesh J Dullabh
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4091, South Africa; Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - John P Thornhill
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3XY, UK; Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Carolina Herrera
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London W2 1NY, UK; Imperial College NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, London W2 1NY, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Clare Jolly
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
White JA, Simonetti FR, Beg S, McMyn NF, Dai W, Bachmann N, Lai J, Ford WC, Bunch C, Jones JL, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS, Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. Complex decay dynamics of HIV virions, intact and defective proviruses, and 2LTR circles following initiation of antiretroviral therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120326119. [PMID: 35110411 PMCID: PMC8833145 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120326119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) who start antiretroviral therapy (ART), plasma virus decays in a biphasic fashion to below the detection limit. The first phase reflects the short half-life (<1 d) of cells that produce most of the plasma virus. The second phase represents the slower turnover (t1/2 = 14 d) of another infected cell population, whose identity is unclear. Using the intact proviral DNA assay (IPDA) to distinguish intact and defective proviruses, we analyzed viral decay in 17 PLWH initiating ART. Circulating CD4+ T cells with intact proviruses include few of the rapidly decaying first-phase cells. Instead, this population initially decays more slowly (t1/2 = 12.9 d) in a process that largely represents death or exit from the circulation rather than transition to latency. This more protracted decay potentially allows for immune selection. After ∼3 mo, the decay slope changes, and CD4+ T cells with intact proviruses decay with a half-life of 19 mo, which is still shorter than that of the latently infected cells that persist on long-term ART. Two-long-terminal repeat (2LTR) circles decay with fast and slow phases paralleling intact proviruses, a finding that precludes their use as a simple marker of ongoing viral replication. Proviruses with defects at the 5' or 3' end of the genome show equivalent monophasic decay at rates that vary among individuals. Understanding these complex early decay processes is important for correct use of reservoir assays and may provide insights into properties of surviving cells that can constitute the stable latent reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A White
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Subul Beg
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Natalie F McMyn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Weiwei Dai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Niklas Bachmann
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jun Lai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - William C Ford
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Christina Bunch
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Joyce L Jones
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Department of Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Department of Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
- HHMI, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Card CM, Abrenica B, McKinnon LR, Ball TB, Su RC. Endothelial Cells Promote Productive HIV Infection of Resting CD4 + T Cells by an Integrin-Mediated Cell Adhesion-Dependent Mechanism. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:111-126. [PMID: 34465136 PMCID: PMC8861939 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2021.0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Resting CD4+ T cells are primary targets of early HIV infection events in vivo, but do not readily support HIV replication in vitro. This barrier to infection can be overcome by exposing resting CD4+ T cells to endothelial cells (ECs). ECs line blood vessels and direct T cell trafficking into inflamed tissues. Cell trafficking pathways have been shown to have overlapping roles in facilitating HIV replication, but their relevance to EC-mediated enhancement of HIV susceptibility in resting CD4+ T cells has not previously been examined. We characterized the phenotype of primary human resting CD4+ T cells that became productively infected with HIV when cocultured with primary human blood and lymphatic ECs. The infected CD4+ T cells were primarily central memory cells enriched for high expression of the integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, the cognate ligands for LFA-1 and VLA-4, respectively, were expressed by the ECs in the coculture. Blocking LFA-1 and VLA-4 on resting CD4+ T cells inhibited infection by 65.4%–96.9%, indicating that engagement of these integrins facilitates EC-mediated enhancement of productive HIV infection in resting CD4+ T cells. The demonstration that ECs influence cellular HIV susceptibility of resting memory CD4+ T cells through cell trafficking pathways engaged during the transmigration of T cells into tissues highlights the physiological relevance of these findings for HIV acquisition and opportunities for intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M. Card
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Bernard Abrenica
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lyle R. McKinnon
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Center for the AIDS Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Terry Blake Ball
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruey-Chyi Su
- JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Center, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kleinman AJ, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. So Pathogenic or So What?-A Brief Overview of SIV Pathogenesis with an Emphasis on Cure Research. Viruses 2022; 14:135. [PMID: 35062339 PMCID: PMC8781889 DOI: 10.3390/v14010135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection requires lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) to control disease progression. Although ART has greatly extended the life expectancy of persons living with HIV (PWH), PWH nonetheless suffer from an increase in AIDS-related and non-AIDS related comorbidities resulting from HIV pathogenesis. Thus, an HIV cure is imperative to improve the quality of life of PWH. In this review, we discuss the origins of various SIV strains utilized in cure and comorbidity research as well as their respective animal species used. We briefly detail the life cycle of HIV and describe the pathogenesis of HIV/SIV and the integral role of chronic immune activation and inflammation on disease progression and comorbidities, with comparisons between pathogenic infections and nonpathogenic infections that occur in natural hosts of SIVs. We further discuss the various HIV cure strategies being explored with an emphasis on immunological therapies and "shock and kill".
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Kleinman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, DOM, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bryostatin-1 decreases HIV-1 infection and viral production in human primary macrophages. J Virol 2021; 96:e0195321. [PMID: 34878918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01953-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While combination antiretroviral therapy maintains undetectable viremia in People Living With HIV (PLWH), a life-long treatment is necessary to prevent viremic rebound after therapy cessation. This rebound seemed mainly caused by long lived HIV-1 latently infected cells reversing to a viral productive status. Reversing latency and elimination of these cells by the so-called shock and kill strategy is one of the main investigated leads to achieve an HIV-1 cure. Small molecules referred as latency reversal agents (LRAs) proved to efficiently reactivate latent CD4+ T cells. However, LRAs impact on de novo infection or HIV-1 production in productively infected macrophages remain elusive. Nontoxic doses of bryostatin-1, JQ1 and romidepsin were investigated in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Treatment with bryostatin-1 or romidepsin resulted in a downregulation of CD4 and CCR5 receptors respectively, accompanied by a reduction of R5 tropic virus infection. HIV-1 replication was mainly regulated by receptor modulation for bryostatin-1, while romidepsin effect rely on upregulation of SAMHD1 activity. LRA stimulation of chronically infected cells did not enhance neither HIV-1 production nor gene expression. Surprisingly, bryostatin-1 caused a major decrease in viral production. This effect was not viral strain specific but appears to occur only in myeloid cells. Bryostatin-1 treatment of infected MDMs led to decreased amounts of capsid and matrix mature proteins with little to no modulation of precursors. Our observations revealed that bryostatin-1-treated myeloid and CD4+ T cells are responding differently upon HIV-1 infection. Therefore, additional studies are warranted to more fully assess the efficiency of HIV-1 eradicating strategies. Importance HIV-1 persists in a cellular latent form despite therapy that quickly propagates infection upon treatment interruption. Reversing latency would contribute to eradicate these cells, closing a gap to a cure. Macrophages are an acknowledged HIV-1 reservoir during therapy and are suspected to harbor latency establishment in vivo. Yet, the impact of latency reversal agents (LRAs) on HIV-1 infection and viral production in human macrophages is poorly known but nonetheless crucial to probe the safety of this strategy. In this in vitro study, we discovered encouraging anti-replicative features of distinct LRAs in human macrophages. We also described a new viral production inhibition mechanism by protein kinase C agonists which is specific to myeloid cells. This study provides new insights on HIV-1 propagation restriction potentials by LRAs in human macrophages and underline the importance of assessing latency reversal strategy on all HIV-1 targeted cells.
Collapse
|
19
|
Prestimulation of CD2 confers resistance to HIV-1 latent infection in blood resting CD4 T cells. iScience 2021; 24:103305. [PMID: 34765923 PMCID: PMC8571718 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infects blood CD4 T cells through the use of CD4 and CXCR4 or CCR5 receptors, which can be targeted through blocking viral binding to CD4/CXCR4/CCR5 or virus-cell fusion. Here we describe a novel mechanism by which HIV-1 nuclear entry can also be blocked through targeting a non-entry receptor, CD2. Cluster of differentiation 2 (CD2) is an adhesion molecule highly expressed on human blood CD4, particularly, memory CD4 T cells. We found that CD2 ligation with its cell-free ligand LFA-3 or anti-CD2 antibodies rendered blood resting CD4 T cells highly resistant to HIV-1 infection. We further demonstrate that mechanistically, CD2 binding initiates competitive signaling leading to cofilin activation and localized actin polymerization around CD2, which spatially inhibits HIV-1-initiated local actin polymerization needed for viral nuclear migration. Our study identifies CD2 as a novel target to block HIV-1 infection of blood resting T cells. CD2 is highly expressed on human blood CD4 T cells, particularly memory T cells Prestimulation of CD2 rendered resting T cells highly resistant to HIV infection CD2 signaling activates cofilin and actin polymerization blocking HIV nuclear entry CD2 may serve as a novel target to inhibit HIV-1 infection of blood resting T cells
Collapse
|
20
|
Siliciano JD, Siliciano RF. In Vivo Dynamics of the Latent Reservoir for HIV-1: New Insights and Implications for Cure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2021; 17:271-294. [PMID: 34736342 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-050520-112001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) can reduce viremia to below the limit of detection and allow persons living with HIV-1 (PLWH) to lead relatively normal lives, viremia rebounds when treatment is interrupted. Rebound reflects viral persistence in a stable latent reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells. This reservoir is now recognized as the major barrier to cure and is the focus of intense international research efforts. Strategies to cure HIV-1 infection include interventions to eliminate this reservoir, to prevent viral rebound from the reservoir, or to enhance immune responses such that viral replication is effectively controlled. Here we consider recent developments in understanding the composition of the reservoir and how it can be measured in clinical studies. We also discuss exciting new insights into the in vivo dynamics of the reservoir and the reasons for its remarkable stability. Finally we discuss recent discoveries on the complex processes that govern viral rebound. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA;
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Devaux CA, Melenotte C, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Delteil C, Raoult D. Cyclosporin A: A Repurposable Drug in the Treatment of COVID-19? Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:663708. [PMID: 34552938 PMCID: PMC8450353 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.663708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now at the forefront of major health challenge faced globally, creating an urgent need for safe and efficient therapeutic strategies. Given the high attrition rates, high costs, and quite slow development of drug discovery, repurposing of known FDA-approved molecules is increasingly becoming an attractive issue in order to quickly find molecules capable of preventing and/or curing COVID-19 patients. Cyclosporin A (CsA), a common anti-rejection drug widely used in transplantation, has recently been shown to exhibit substantial anti-SARS-CoV-2 antiviral activity and anti-COVID-19 effect. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of action of CsA in order to highlight why this molecule seems to be an interesting candidate for the therapeutic management of COVID-19 patients. We conclude that CsA could have at least three major targets in COVID-19 patients: (i) an anti-inflammatory effect reducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines, (ii) an antiviral effect preventing the formation of the viral RNA synthesis complex, and (iii) an effect on tissue damage and thrombosis by acting against the deleterious action of angiotensin II. Several preliminary CsA clinical trials performed on COVID-19 patients report lower incidence of death and suggest that this strategy should be investigated further in order to assess in which context the benefit/risk ratio of repurposing CsA as first-line therapy in COVID-19 is the most favorable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A. Devaux
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Melenotte
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Dominique Piercecchi-Marti
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University Hospital Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Clémence Delteil
- Department of Legal Medicine, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille University Hospital Center, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, EFS, ADES, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Ismail SD, Pankrac J, Ndashimye E, Prodger JL, Abrahams MR, Mann JFS, Redd AD, Arts EJ. Addressing an HIV cure in LMIC. Retrovirology 2021; 18:21. [PMID: 34344423 PMCID: PMC8330180 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-021-00565-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 persists in infected individuals despite years of antiretroviral therapy (ART), due to the formation of a stable and long-lived latent viral reservoir. Early ART can reduce the latent reservoir and is associated with post-treatment control in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, even in post-treatment controllers, ART cessation after a period of time inevitably results in rebound of plasma viraemia, thus lifelong treatment for viral suppression is indicated. Due to the difficulties of sustained life-long treatment in the millions of PLWH worldwide, a cure is undeniably necessary. This requires an in-depth understanding of reservoir formation and dynamics. Differences exist in treatment guidelines and accessibility to treatment as well as social stigma between low- and-middle income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries. In addition, demographic differences exist in PLWH from different geographical regions such as infecting viral subtype and host genetics, which can contribute to differences in the viral reservoir between different populations. Here, we review topics relevant to HIV-1 cure research in LMICs, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa, the region of the world bearing the greatest burden of HIV-1. We present a summary of ART in LMICs, highlighting challenges that may be experienced in implementing a HIV-1 cure therapeutic. Furthermore, we discuss current research on the HIV-1 latent reservoir in different populations, highlighting research in LMIC and gaps in the research that may facilitate a global cure. Finally, we discuss current experimental cure strategies in the context of their potential application in LMICs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sherazaan D Ismail
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Joshua Pankrac
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
| | - Emmanuel Ndashimye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
- Center for AIDS Research Uganda Laboratories, Joint Clinical Research Centre, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jessica L Prodger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melissa-Rose Abrahams
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Jamie F S Mann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric J Arts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A5C1, Canada.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rausch JW, Le Grice SFJ. Characterizing the Latent HIV-1 Reservoir in Patients with Viremia Suppressed on cART: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities. Curr HIV Res 2021; 18:99-113. [PMID: 31889490 PMCID: PMC7475929 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x18666191231105438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can bring HIV-1 in blood plasma to level undetectable by standard tests, prevent the onset of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and allow a near-normal life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals. Unfortunately, cART is not curative, as within a few weeks of treatment cessation, HIV viremia in most patients rebounds to pre-cART levels. The primary source of this rebound, and the principal barrier to a cure, is the highly stable reservoir of latent yet replication-competent HIV-1 proviruses integrated into the genomic DNA of resting memory CD4+ T cells. In this review, prevailing models for how the latent reservoir is established and maintained, residual viremia and viremic rebound upon withdrawal of cART, and the types and characteristics of cells harboring latent HIV-1 will be discussed. Selected technologies currently being used to advance our understanding of HIV latency will also be presented, as will a perspective on which areas of advancement are most essential for producing the next generation of HIV-1 therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason W Rausch
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Stuart F J Le Grice
- Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Leyre L, Kroon E, Vandergeeten C, Sacdalan C, Colby DJ, Buranapraditkun S, Schuetz A, Chomchey N, de Souza M, Bakeman W, Fromentin R, Pinyakorn S, Akapirat S, Trichavaroj R, Chottanapund S, Manasnayakorn S, Rerknimitr R, Wattanaboonyoungcharoen P, Kim JH, Tovanabutra S, Schacker TW, O'Connell R, Valcour VG, Phanuphak P, Robb ML, Michael N, Trautmann L, Phanuphak N, Ananworanich J, Chomont N. Abundant HIV-infected cells in blood and tissues are rapidly cleared upon ART initiation during acute HIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/533/eaav3491. [PMID: 32132218 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav3491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The timing and location of the establishment of the viral reservoir during acute HIV infection remain unclear. Using longitudinal blood and tissue samples obtained from HIV-infected individuals at the earliest stage of infection, we demonstrate that frequencies of infected cells reach maximal values in gut-associated lymphoid tissue and lymph nodes as early as Fiebig stage II, before seroconversion. Both tissues displayed higher frequencies of infected cells than blood until Fiebig stage III, after which infected cells were equally distributed in all compartments examined. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) at Fiebig stages I to III led to a profound decrease in the frequency of infected cells to nearly undetectable level in all compartments. The rare infected cells that persisted were preferentially found in the lymphoid tissues. Initiation of ART at later stages (Fiebig stages IV/V and chronic infection) induced only a modest reduction in the frequency of infected cells. Quantification of HIV DNA in memory CD4+ T cell subsets confirmed the unstable nature of most of the infected cells at Fiebig stages I to III and the emergence of persistently infected cells during the transition to Fiebig stage IV. Our results indicate that although a large pool of cells is infected during acute HIV infection, most of these early targets are rapidly cleared upon ART initiation. Therefore, infected cells present after peak viremia have a greater ability to persist.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Leyre
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Eugène Kroon
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Carlo Sacdalan
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Donn J Colby
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Alexandra Schuetz
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nitiya Chomchey
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Mark de Souza
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wendy Bakeman
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute of Florida, FL 34987, USA
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Siriwat Akapirat
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Rapee Trichavaroj
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | | | | | | | | | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Timothy W Schacker
- Department of Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert O'Connell
- Department of Retrovirology, Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Victor G Valcour
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94117, USA
| | - Praphan Phanuphak
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.,Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Merlin L Robb
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nelson Michael
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Nittaya Phanuphak
- SEARCH, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jintanat Ananworanich
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.,U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Desrosiers V, Barat C, Breton Y, Ouellet M, Tremblay MJ. Thymidylate synthase is essential for efficient HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Virology 2021; 561:47-57. [PMID: 34146963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a key enzyme in nucleotide biosynthesis. A study performed by our group on human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) infected with HIV-1 showed that many enzymes related to the folate cycle pathway, such as TS, are upregulated in productively infected cells. Here, we suggest that TS is essential for an effective HIV-1 infection in MDMs. Indeed, a TS specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) as well as the TS specific inhibitor Raltitrexed (RTX) caused a reduction in productively infected cells. Quantitative PCR analysis showed that this treatment decreased the efficacy of the early steps of the viral cycle. The RTX inhibitory effect was counteracted by dNTP addition. These results suggest that TS is essential for the early stages of HIV-1 infection by providing optimal dNTP concentrations in MDMs. TS and its related pathway may thus be considered as a potential therapeutic target for HIV-1 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Desrosiers
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Corinne Barat
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Yann Breton
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel Ouellet
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Michel J Tremblay
- Axe des Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche Du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Pavillon CHUL, Québec, QC, G1V 4G2, Canada; Département de Microbiologie-infectiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Epigenetic Mechanisms of HIV-1 Persistence. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050514. [PMID: 34067608 PMCID: PMC8156729 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Eradicating HIV-1 in infected individuals will not be possible without addressing the persistence of the virus in its multiple reservoirs. In this context, the molecular characterization of HIV-1 persistence is key for the development of rationalized therapeutic interventions. HIV-1 gene expression relies on the redundant and cooperative recruitment of cellular epigenetic machineries to cis-regulatory proviral regions. Furthermore, the complex repertoire of HIV-1 repression mechanisms varies depending on the nature of the viral reservoir, although, so far, few studies have addressed the specific regulatory mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence in other reservoirs than the well-studied latently infected CD4+ T cells. Here, we present an exhaustive and updated picture of the heterochromatinization of the HIV-1 promoter in its different reservoirs. We highlight the complexity, heterogeneity and dynamics of the epigenetic mechanisms of HIV-1 persistence, while discussing the importance of further understanding HIV-1 gene regulation for the rational design of novel HIV-1 cure strategies.
Collapse
|
27
|
Guerrero-Martin SM, Rubin LH, McGee KM, Shirk EN, Queen SE, Li M, Bullock B, Carlson BW, Adams RJ, Gama L, Graham DR, Zink C, Clements JE, Mankowski JL, Metcalf Pate KA. Psychosocial Stress Alters the Immune Response and Results in Higher Viral Load During Acute SIV Infection in a Pigtailed Macaque Model of HIV. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:2113-2121. [PMID: 33970274 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While social distancing is a key public health response during viral pandemics, psychosocial stressors, such as social isolation, have been implicated in adverse health outcomes in general (1) and in the context of infectious disease, such as HIV (2,3). A comprehensive understanding of the direct pathophysiologic effects of psychosocial stress on viral pathogenesis is needed to provide strategic and comprehensive care to patients with viral infection. METHODS To determine the effect of psychosocial stress on HIV pathogenesis during acute viral infection without sociobehavioral confounders inherent in human cohorts, we compared commonly measured parameters of HIV progression between singly (n=35) and socially (n=41) housed SIV-infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). RESULTS Singly housed macaques had a higher viral load in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and demonstrated greater CD4 T cell declines and more CD4 and CD8 T cell activation compared to socially housed macaques throughout acute SIV infection. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that psychosocial stress directly impacts the pathogenesis of acute SIV infection and imply that it may act as an integral variable in the progression of HIV infection and potentially of other viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selena M Guerrero-Martin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Comparative Medicine and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leah H Rubin
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten M McGee
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon Bullock
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bess W Carlson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David R Graham
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Division of Comparative Medicine and Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Taylor HE, Calantone N, Lichon D, Hudson H, Clerc I, Campbell EM, D'Aquila RT. mTOR Overcomes Multiple Metabolic Restrictions to Enable HIV-1 Reverse Transcription and Intracellular Transport. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107810. [PMID: 32579936 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism governs the susceptibility of CD4 T cells to HIV-1 infection. Multiple early post-fusion steps of HIV-1 replication are restricted in resting peripheral blood CD4 T cells; however, molecular mechanisms that underlie metabolic control of these steps remain undefined. Here, we show that mTOR activity following T cell stimulatory signals overcomes metabolic restrictions in these cells by enabling the expansion of dNTPs to fuel HIV-1 reverse transcription (RT), as well as increasing acetyl-CoA to stabilize microtubules that transport RT products. We find that catalytic mTOR inhibition diminishes the expansion of pools of both of these metabolites by limiting glucose and glutamine utilization in several pathways, thereby suppressing HIV-1 infection. We demonstrate how mTOR-coordinated biosyntheses enable the early steps of HIV-1 replication, add metabolic mechanisms by which mTOR inhibitors block HIV-1, and identify some metabolic modules downstream of mTOR as druggable targets for HIV-1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry E Taylor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Nina Calantone
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Drew Lichon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Hannah Hudson
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Isabelle Clerc
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Edward M Campbell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | - Richard T D'Aquila
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Translational Research Center, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
VIRIYAPONG R, SAWANGTHIT S. STABILITY ANALYSIS AND OPTIMAL CONTROL OF AN INTRACELLULAR HIV INFECTION MODEL WITH ANTIRETROVIRAL TREATMENT. J BIOL SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1142/s021833902150008x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a deterministic model describing the dynamics of the in-host HIV infection of CD4[Formula: see text] T-cells is proposed. The model incorporates the presence of the CD[Formula: see text] T-cells and two types of antiretroviral drugs, for disrupting new infection and for inhibiting virus production, respectively. First, the existence, boundedness and positivity of the model solutions are shown, the basic reproduction number [Formula: see text] being then derived and shown to be a threshold value as far as the stability of the equilibria is concerned. When [Formula: see text] the infection-free equilibrium point is globally stable, whereas when [Formula: see text] the system is uniformly persistent and the infected equilibrium point is globally asymptotically stable. Further, we develop an optimal control model by taking the effect of the antiretroviral drugs to be control variables in order to minimize the HIV infection in different scenarios. By using Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle and solving the model numerically, the results show that each antiretroviral drug in isolation can play a key role in reducing the count of both infected CD4[Formula: see text] T-cells and HIV viruses. However, a combination of both drugs could reduce the in-host HIV infection more significantly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. VIRIYAPONG
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - S. SAWANGTHIT
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Anci E, Braun C, Marinosci A, Rodieux F, Midun E, Torres MJ, Caubet JC. Viral Infections and Cutaneous Drug-Related Eruptions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:586407. [PMID: 33776753 PMCID: PMC7988096 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.586407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the general population, up to 10% of children treated by antibiotics have cutaneous adverse drug reaction, but allergy is confirmed in less than 20% of patients. Most of the non-allergic reactions are probably due to virus, such as enterovirus acute infection or Ebstein-Barr Virus (EBV) acute infection or reactivation. Especially in children, viruses have the propensity to induce skin lesions (maculopapular rash, urticaria) due to their skin infiltration or immunologic response. In drug-related skin eruptions, a virus can participate by activating an immune predisposition. The culprit antibiotic is then the trigger for reacting. Even in severe drug-induced reactions, such as Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) syndrome, viruses take part in immune phenomena, especially herpes viruses. Understanding the mechanisms of both virus- and drug-induced skin reaction is important to develop our clinical reflection and give an adaptive care to the patient. Our aim is to review current knowledge on the different aspects and potential roles of viruses in the different type of drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHR). Although major advances have been made those past year, further studies are needed for a better understanding of the link between viruses and DHR, to improve management of those patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Anci
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Camille Braun
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Annalisa Marinosci
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédérique Rodieux
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elise Midun
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maria-Jose Torres
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Ibima-Bionand-Aradyal, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jean-Christoph Caubet
- Pediatric Allergy Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Veenhuis RT, Abreu CM, Shirk EN, Gama L, Clements JE. HIV replication and latency in monocytes and macrophages. Semin Immunol 2021; 51:101472. [PMID: 33648815 PMCID: PMC10171083 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The relevance of monocyte and macrophage reservoirs in virally suppressed people with HIV (vsPWH) has previously been debatable. Macrophages were assumed to have a moderate life span and lack self-renewing potential. However, recent studies have challenged this dogma and now suggest an important role of these cell as long-lived HIV reservoirs. Lentiviruses have a long-documented association with macrophages and abundant evidence exists that macrophages are important target cells for HIV in vivo. A critical understanding of HIV infection, replication, and latency in macrophages is needed in order to determine the appropriate method of measuring and eliminating this cellular reservoir. This review provides a brief discussion of the biology and acute and chronic infection of monocytes and macrophages, with a more substantial focus on replication, latency and measurement of the reservoir in cells of myeloid origin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca T Veenhuis
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Celina M Abreu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Erin N Shirk
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Vaccine Research Center, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Andrieu JM, Lu W. Evidence of a tolerogenic vaccine against AIDS in the Chinese macaque prefigures a potential human vaccine. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1273-1282. [PMID: 33507389 PMCID: PMC8036203 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04935-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2006 we discovered a new type of mucosal vaccine against simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in Chinese macaques. Here, we review 15 years of our published work on this vaccine, which consists of inactivated SIVmac239 particles adjuvanted with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, Lactobacillus plantarum, or Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Without adjuvant, the vaccine administered by the intragastric route induced the usual SIV-specific humoral and cellular immune responses but provided no protection against intrarectal challenge with SIVmac239. In contrast, out of 24 macaques immunized with the adjuvanted vaccine and challenged intrarectally with SIVmac239 or SIVB670, 23 were sterilely protected for up to five years, while all control macaques were infected. This protection was confirmed by an independent group from the Pasteur Institute. During the past 15 years, we have identified the mechanism of action of the vaccine and discovered that the vaccinated macaques produced a previously unrecognized class of MHC-Ib/E-restricted CD8+ T cells (which we refer to as tolerogenic CD8+ T cells) that suppressed the activation of SIV-RNA-infected CD4+ T cells and thereby inhibited the (activation-dependent) reverse transcription of the virus, which in turn prevented the establishment of SIV infection. Importantly, we discovered also that the tolerogenic CD8+ T cell subset observed in vaccinated Chinese macaques could also be found in human elite controllers, a small group of HIV-infected patients in whom these tolerogenic CD8+ T cells were shown to naturally suppress viral replication. Given that SIV and HIV require activated immune cells in which to replicate, the specific prevention of activation of SIV-RNA-containing CD4+ T cells by a tolerogenic vaccine approach offers an exciting new avenue in HIV vaccine research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marie Andrieu
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France. .,Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et l'Immunothérapie des Cancers et du SIDA, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France.
| | - Wei Lu
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, Université de Paris, 75013, Paris, France. .,Institut de Recherche sur les Vaccins et l'Immunothérapie des Cancers et du SIDA, Centre Universitaire des Saints Pères, Université de Paris, 75006, Paris, France. .,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), 13000, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Fromentin R, Chomont N. HIV persistence in subsets of CD4+ T cells: 50 shades of reservoirs. Semin Immunol 2021; 51:101438. [PMID: 33272901 PMCID: PMC8164644 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy controls HIV replication but does not eliminate the virus from the infected host. The persistence of a small pool of cells harboring integrated and replication-competent HIV genomes impedes viral eradication efforts. The HIV reservoir was originally described as a relatively homogeneous pool of resting memory CD4+ T cells. Over the past 20 years, the identification of multiple cellular subsets of CD4+ T cells endowed with distinct biological properties shed new lights on the heterogeneity of HIV reservoirs. It is now clear that HIV persists in a large variety of CD4+ T cells, which contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings indicating that specific biological features of well-characterized subsets of CD4+ T cells individually contribute to the persistence of HIV. These include an increased sensitivity to HIV infection, specific tissue locations, enhanced survival and heightened capacity to proliferate. We also discuss the relative abilities of these cellular reservoirs to contribute to viral rebound upon ART interruption. Together, these findings reveal that the HIV reservoir is not homogeneous and should be viewed as a mosaic of multiple cell types that all contribute to HIV persistence through different mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Jyoti Nath B, Dehingia K, Kumar Sarmah H. On dynamics of an HIV pathogenesis model with full logistic target cell growth and cure rate. ASIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH AND HEALTH CARE 2020. [DOI: 10.18311/ajprhc/2020/25775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
35
|
Tamalet C, Devaux C, Dubourg G, Colson P. Resistance to human immunodeficiency virus infection: a rare but neglected state. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1485:22-42. [PMID: 33009659 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is well understood. In most individuals sexually exposed to HIV, the risk of becoming infected depends on the viral load and on sexual practices and gender. However, a low percentage of individuals who practice frequent unprotected sexual intercourse with HIV-infected partners remain uninfected. Although the systematic study of these individuals has made it possible to identify HIV resistance factors including protective genetic patterns, such epidemiological situations remain paradoxical and not fully understood. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-free, unexposed blood donors are not equally susceptible to HIV infection; in addition, PBMCs from highly exposed seronegative individuals are generally resistant to infection by primary HIV clinical isolates. We review the literature on permissiveness of PBMCs from healthy blood donors and uninfected hyperexposed individuals to sustained infection and replication of HIV-1 in vitro. In addition, we focus on recent evidence indicating that the gut microbiota may either contribute to natural resistance to or delay replication of HIV infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Tamalet
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Christian Devaux
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Gregory Dubourg
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| | - Philippe Colson
- IHU Méditerranée Infection and Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), Microbes Evolution Phylogeny and Infections (MEPHI), Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Proulx J, Borgmann K, Park IW. Post-translational modifications inducing proteasomal degradation to counter HIV-1 infection. Virus Res 2020; 289:198142. [PMID: 32882242 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are integral to regulating a wide variety of cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, such as regulation of protein stability, alteration of celluar location, protein activity modulation, and regulation of protein interactions. HIV-1, like other eukaryotic viruses, and its infected host exploit the proteasomal degradation system for their respective proliferation and survival, using various PTMs, including but not limited to ubiquitination, SUMOylation, NEDDylation, interferon-stimulated gene (ISG)ylation. Essentially all viral proteins within the virions -- and in the HIV-1-infected cells -- interact with their cellular counterparts for this degradation, utilizing ubiquitin (Ub), and the Ub-like (Ubl) modifiers less frequently, to eliminate the involved proteins throughout the virus life cycle, from the entry step to release of the assembled virus particles. Such interplay is pivotal for, on the one hand, the cell to restrict proliferation of the infecting virus, and on the other, for molecular counteraction by the virus to overcome this cellular protein-imposed restriction. Recent reports indicate that not only viral/cellular proteins but also viral/viral protein interactions play vital roles in regulating viral protein stability. We hence give an overview of the molecular processes of PTMs involved in proteasomal degradation of the viral and cellular proteins, and the viral/viral and viral/cellular protein interplay in restriction and competition for HIV-1 vs. host cell survival. Insights in this realm could open new avenues for developing therapeutics against HIV-1 via targeting specific steps of the proteasome degradation pathway during the HIV-1 life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Proulx
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States
| | - In-Woo Park
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Wu Y, Pinkevych M, Xu Z, Keele BF, Davenport MP, Cromer D. Impact of fluctuation in frequency of human immunodeficiency virus/simian immunodeficiency virus reactivation during antiretroviral therapy interruption. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20200354. [PMID: 32811309 PMCID: PMC7482276 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) provides effective control of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and maintains viral loads of HIV at undetectable levels. Interruption of ART causes rapid recrudescence of HIV plasma viremia due to reactivation of latently HIV-infected cells. Here, we characterize the timing of both the initial and subsequent successful viral reactivations following ART interruption in macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). We compare these to previous results from HIV-infected patients. We find that on average the time until the first successful viral reactivation event is longer than the time between subsequent reactivations. Based on this result, we hypothesize that the reactivation frequency of both HIV and SIV may fluctuate over time, and that this may impact the treatment of HIV. We develop a stochastic model incorporating fluctuations in the frequency of viral reactivation following ART interruption that shows behaviours consistent with the observed data. Furthermore, we show that one of the impacts of a fluctuating reactivation frequency would be to significantly reduce the efficacy of 'anti-latency' interventions for HIV that aim to reduce the frequency of reactivation. It is therefore essential to consider the possibility of a fluctuating reactivation frequency when assessing the impact of such intervention strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhuang Wu
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mykola Pinkevych
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhuang Xu
- School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Deborah Cromer
- Infection Analytics Program, Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Resop RS, Fromentin R, Newman D, Rigsby H, Dubrovsky L, Bukrinsky M, Chomont N, Bosque A. Fingolimod inhibits multiple stages of the HIV-1 life cycle. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008679. [PMID: 32790802 PMCID: PMC7425850 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiretroviral drugs that target various stages of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) life cycle have been effective in curbing the AIDS epidemic. However, drug resistance, off-target effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART), and varying efficacy in prevention underscore the need to develop novel and alternative therapeutics. In this study, we investigated whether targeting the signaling molecule Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) would inhibit HIV-1 infection and generation of the latent reservoir in primary CD4 T cells. We show that FTY720 (Fingolimod), an FDA-approved functional antagonist of S1P receptors, blocks cell-free and cell-to-cell transmission of HIV and consequently reduces detectable latent virus. Mechanistically, FTY720 impacts the HIV-1 life cycle at two levels. Firstly, FTY720 reduces the surface density of CD4, thereby inhibiting viral binding and fusion. Secondly, FTY720 decreases the phosphorylation of the innate HIV restriction factor SAMHD1 which is associated with reduced levels of total and integrated HIV, while reducing the expression of Cyclin D3. In conclusion, targeting the S1P pathway with FTY720 could be a novel strategy to inhibit HIV replication and reduce the seeding of the latent reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel S. Resop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de recherche du CHUM and Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Newman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Hawley Rigsby
- Centre de recherche du CHUM and Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Larisa Dubrovsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Michael Bukrinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de recherche du CHUM and Department of microbiology, infectiology and immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapies (ARTs) potently inhibit HIV replication, they do not eradicate the virus. HIV persists in cellular and anatomical reservoirs that show minimal decay during ART. A large number of studies conducted during the past 20 years have shown that HIV persists in a small pool of cells harboring integrated and replication-competent viral genomes. The majority of these cells do not produce viral particles and constitute what is referred to as the latent reservoir of HIV infection. Therefore, although HIV is not considered as a typical latent virus, it can establish a state of nonproductive infection under rare circumstances, particularly in memory CD4+ T cells, which represent the main barrier to HIV eradication. While it was originally thought that the pool of latently infected cells was largely composed of cells harboring transcriptionally silent genomes, recent evidence indicates that several blocks contribute to the nonproductive state of these cells. Here, we describe the virological and immunological factors that play a role in the establishment and persistence of the pool of latently infected cells and review the current approaches aimed at eliminating the latent HIV reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Gantner
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology and
| | - Rémi Fromentin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology and
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ma T, Luo X, George AF, Mukherjee G, Sen N, Spitzer TL, Giudice LC, Greene WC, Roan NR. HIV efficiently infects T cells from the endometrium and remodels them to promote systemic viral spread. eLife 2020; 9:55487. [PMID: 32452381 PMCID: PMC7250576 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT) is the most common site of infection during HIV transmission to women, but viral remodeling complicates characterization of cells targeted for infection. Here, we report extensive phenotypic analyses of HIV-infected endometrial cells by CyTOF, and use a 'nearest neighbor' bioinformatics approach to trace cells to their original pre-infection phenotypes. Like in blood, HIV preferentially targets memory CD4+ T cells in the endometrium, but these cells exhibit unique phenotypes and sustain much higher levels of infection. Genital cell remodeling by HIV includes downregulating TCR complex components and modulating chemokine receptor expression to promote dissemination of infected cells to lymphoid follicles. HIV also upregulates the anti-apoptotic protein BIRC5, which when blocked promotes death of infected endometrial cells. These results suggest that HIV remodels genital T cells to prolong viability and promote viral dissemination and that interfering with these processes might reduce the likelihood of systemic viral spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tongcui Ma
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, United States
| | - Ashley F George
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gourab Mukherjee
- Department of Data Sciences and Operations, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Nandini Sen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Trimble L Spitzer
- Lt Col, United States AF; Women's Health Clinic, Naval Medical Center, Portsmouth, United States
| | - Linda C Giudice
- Center for Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Warner C Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nadia R Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW HIV-1 infection is incurable due to the existence of latent reservoirs that persist in the face of cART. In this review, we describe the existence of multiple HIV-1 reservoirs, the mechanisms that support their persistence, and the potential use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) to block several pathogenic processes secondary to HIV-1 infection. RECENT FINDINGS Dasatinib interferes in vitro with HIV-1 persistence by two independent mechanisms. First, dasatinib blocks infection and potential expansion of the latent reservoir by interfering with the inactivating phosphorylation of SAMHD1. Secondly, dasatinib inhibits the homeostatic proliferation induced by γc-cytokines. Since homeostatic proliferation is thought to be the main mechanism behind the maintenance of the latent reservoir, we propose that blocking this process will gradually reduce the size of the reservoir. TKIs together with cART will interfere with HIV-1 latent reservoir persistence, favoring the prospect for viral eradication.
Collapse
|
42
|
Pinzone MR, Bertuccio MP, VanBelzen DJ, Zurakowski R, O'Doherty U. Next-Generation Sequencing in a Direct Model of HIV Infection Reveals Important Parallels to and Differences from In Vivo Reservoir Dynamics. J Virol 2020; 94:e01900-19. [PMID: 32051279 PMCID: PMC7163122 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01900-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) represents a powerful tool to unravel the genetic make-up of the HIV reservoir, but limited data exist on its use in vitro Moreover, most NGS studies do not separate integrated from unintegrated DNA, even though selection pressures on these two forms should be distinct. We reasoned we could use NGS to compare the infection of resting and activated CD4 T cells in vitro to address how the metabolic state affects reservoir formation and dynamics. To address these questions, we obtained HIV sequences 2, 4, and 8 days after NL4-3 infection of metabolically activated and quiescent CD4 T cells (cultured with 2 ng/ml interleukin-7). We compared the composition of integrated and total HIV DNA by isolating integrated HIV DNA using pulsed-field electrophoresis before performing sequencing. After a single-round infection, the majority of integrated HIV DNA was intact in both resting and activated T cells. The decay of integrated intact proviruses was rapid and similar in both quiescent and activated T cells. Defective forms accumulated relative to intact ones analogously to what is observed in vivo Massively deleted viral sequences formed more frequently in resting cells, likely due to lower deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) levels and the presence of multiple restriction factors. To our surprise, the majority of these deleted sequences did not integrate into the human genome. The use of NGS to study reservoir dynamics in vitro provides a model that recapitulates important aspects of reservoir dynamics. Moreover, separating integrated from unintegrated HIV DNA is important in some clinical settings to properly study selection pressures.IMPORTANCE The major implication of our work is that the decay of intact proviruses in vitro is extremely rapid, perhaps as a result of enhanced expression. Gaining a better understanding of why intact proviruses decay faster in vitro might help the field identify strategies to purge the reservoir in vivo When used wisely, in vitro models are a powerful tool to study the selective pressures shaping the viral landscape. Our finding that massively deleted sequences rarely succeed in integrating has several ramifications. It demonstrates that the total HIV DNA can differ substantially in character from the integrated HIV DNA under certain circumstances. The presence of unintegrated HIV DNA has the potential to obscure selection pressures and confound the interpretation of clinical studies, especially in the case of trials involving treatment interruptions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Rita Pinzone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria Paola Bertuccio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - D Jake VanBelzen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Ryan Zurakowski
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Una O'Doherty
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Santer DM, Minty GES, Golec DP, Lu J, May J, Namdar A, Shah J, Elahi S, Proud D, Joyce M, Tyrrell DL, Houghton M. Differential expression of interferon-lambda receptor 1 splice variants determines the magnitude of the antiviral response induced by interferon-lambda 3 in human immune cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008515. [PMID: 32353085 PMCID: PMC7217487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFN-lambdas(λ)) are important cytokines that inhibit viruses and modulate immune responses by acting through a unique IFN-λR1/IL-10RB heterodimeric receptor. Until now, the primary antiviral function of IFN-λs has been proposed to be at anatomical barrier sites. Here, we examine the regulation of IFN-λR1 expression and measure the downstream effects of IFN-λ3 stimulation in primary human blood immune cells, compared with lung or liver epithelial cells. IFN-λ3 directly bound and upregulated IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in freshly purified human B cells and CD8+ T cells, but not monocytes, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and CD4+ T cells. Despite similar IFNLR1 transcript levels in B cells and lung epithelial cells, lung epithelial cells bound more IFN-λ3, which resulted in a 50-fold greater ISG induction when compared to B cells. The reduced response of B cells could be explained by higher expression of the soluble variant of IFN-λR1 (sIFN-λR1), which significantly reduced ISG induction when added with IFN-λ3 to peripheral blood mononuclear cells or liver epithelial cells. T-cell receptor stimulation potently, and specifically, upregulated membrane-bound IFNLR1 expression in CD4+ T cells, leading to greater antiviral gene induction, and inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Collectively, our data demonstrate IFN-λ3 directly interacts with the human adaptive immune system, unlike what has been previously shown in published mouse models, and that type III IFNs could be potentially utilized to suppress both mucosal and blood-borne viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M. Santer
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gillian E. S. Minty
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dominic P. Golec
- Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia Lu
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Julia May
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Afshin Namdar
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juhi Shah
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shokrollah Elahi
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- School of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - David Proud
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Joyce
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - D. Lorne Tyrrell
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael Houghton
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology and Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hsiao F, Frouard J, Gramatica A, Xie G, Telwatte S, Lee GQ, Roychoudhury P, Schwarzer R, Luo X, Yukl SA, Lee S, Hoh R, Deeks SG, Jones RB, Cavrois M, Greene WC, Roan NR. Tissue memory CD4+ T cells expressing IL-7 receptor-alpha (CD127) preferentially support latent HIV-1 infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008450. [PMID: 32353080 PMCID: PMC7192375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary reservoir for HIV is within memory CD4+ T cells residing within tissues, yet the features that make some of these cells more susceptible than others to infection by HIV is not well understood. Recent studies demonstrated that CCR5-tropic HIV-1 efficiently enters tissue-derived memory CD4+ T cells expressing CD127, the alpha chain of the IL7 receptor, but rarely completes the replication cycle. We now demonstrate that the inability of HIV to replicate in these CD127-expressing cells is not due to post-entry restriction by SAMHD1. Rather, relative to other memory T cell subsets, these cells are highly prone to undergoing latent infection with HIV, as revealed by the high levels of integrated HIV DNA in these cells. Host gene expression profiling revealed that CD127-expressing memory CD4+ T cells are phenotypically distinct from other tissue memory CD4+ T cells, and are defined by a quiescent state with diminished NFκB, NFAT, and Ox40 signaling. However, latently-infected CD127+ cells harbored unspliced HIV transcripts and stimulation of these cells with anti-CD3/CD28 reversed latency. These findings identify a novel subset of memory CD4+ T cells found in tissue and not in blood that are preferentially targeted for latent infection by HIV, and may serve as an important reservoir to target for HIV eradication efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Hsiao
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Frouard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Andrea Gramatica
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sushama Telwatte
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Guinevere Q. Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Pavitra Roychoudhury
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Roland Schwarzer
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven A. Yukl
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs (VA) Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sulggi Lee
- Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and the University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Hoh
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marielle Cavrois
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Departments of Medicine and Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Despite early antiretroviral therapy effector memory and follicular helper CD4 T cells are major reservoirs in visceral lymphoid tissues of SIV-infected macaques. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:149-160. [PMID: 31723251 PMCID: PMC6914669 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Whereas antiretroviral therapy (ART) suppresses viral replication, ART discontinuation results in viral rebound, indicating the presence of viral reservoirs (VRs) established within lymphoid tissues. Herein, by sorting CD4 T-cell subsets from the spleen, mesenteric and peripheral lymph nodes (LNs) of SIVmac251-infected rhesus macaques (RMs), we demonstrate that effector memory (TEM) and follicular helper (TFH) CD4+ T cells harbor the highest frequency of viral DNA and RNA, as well of early R-U5 transcripts in ART-naïve RMs. Furthermore, our results highlight that these two CD4 T cells subsets harbor viral DNA and early R-U5 transcripts in the spleen and mesenteric LNs (but not in peripheral LN) of RMs treated with ART at day 4 post infection suggesting that these two anatomical sites are important for viral persistence. Finally, after ART interruption, we demonstrate the rapid and, compared to peripheral LNs, earlier seeding of SIV in spleen and mesenteric LNs, thereby emphasizing the importance of these two anatomical sites for viral replication dynamics. Altogether our results advance understanding of early viral seeding in which visceral lymphoid tissues are crucial in maintaining TEM and TFH VRs.
Collapse
|
46
|
Bender AM, Simonetti FR, Kumar MR, Fray EJ, Bruner KM, Timmons AE, Tai KY, Jenike KM, Antar AAR, Liu PT, Ho YC, Raugi DN, Seydi M, Gottlieb GS, Okoye AA, Del Prete GQ, Picker LJ, Mankowski JL, Lifson JD, Siliciano JD, Laird GM, Barouch DH, Clements JE, Siliciano RF. The Landscape of Persistent Viral Genomes in ART-Treated SIV, SHIV, and HIV-2 Infections. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 26:73-85.e4. [PMID: 31295427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of HIV cure strategies is complicated by defective proviruses that persist in ART-treated patients but are irrelevant to cure. Non-human primates (NHP) are essential for testing cure strategies. However, the persisting proviral landscape in ART-treated NHPs is uncharacterized. Here, we describe viral genomes persisting in ART-treated, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected NHPs, simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV)-infected NHPs, and humans infected with HIV-2, an SIV-related virus. The landscapes of persisting SIV, SHIV, and HIV-2 genomes are also dominated by defective sequences. However, there was a significantly higher fraction of intact SIV proviral genomes compared to ART-treated HIV-1 or HIV-2 infected humans. Compared to humans with HIV-1, SIV-infected NHPs had more hypermutated genomes, a relative paucity of clonal SIV sequences, and a lower frequency of deleted genomes. Finally, we report an assay for measuring intact SIV genomes which may have value in cure research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Bender
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Francesco R Simonetti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Mithra R Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Emily J Fray
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katherine M Bruner
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Andrew E Timmons
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katherine Y Tai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Katharine M Jenike
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Annukka A R Antar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Po-Ting Liu
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Dana N Raugi
- Department of Medicine & Center of Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHNU-Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Department of Medicine & Center of Emerging & Re-Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Gregory Q Del Prete
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Janet D Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Greg M Laird
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Accelevir Diagnostics, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dan H Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Robert F Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Yuan H, Liu Z, Wu X, Wu M, Fang Q, Tully DC, Zhang T. Evolutionary characteristics and genetic transmission patterns of predominant HIV-1 subtypes among men who have sex with men in China. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 90:125-131. [PMID: 31682961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Men who have sex with men (MSM) represent one of the major risk groups for HIV-1 infection in China, and the predominant subtypes among this population has changed over the last two decades. The objective of this study was to determine the evolutionary characteristics and transmission patterns of the dominant HIV-1 strains in the Chinese MSM population. METHODS A total of 4980 published HIV-1 pol gene sequences from MSM in China were retrieved and comprehensive evolutionary and transmission analyses were then conducted. Bayesian coalescent-based methods and selection pressure analyses were used to reconstruct the time-scale and demographic history and to estimate other evolutionary parameters. Transmission patterns were characterized using network analyses. RESULTS There were 2546 (51.12%) CRF01_AE, 1263 (25.36%) CRF07_BC, and 623 (12.51%) subtype B, accounting for 88.99% of the total sequences. From 2000 to 2016, the prevalence of CRF01_AE was stable, comprising nearly half of all sequences over time (58.33-45.38%, p=0.071). CRF07_BC increased slightly from 13.3% to 22.49% (p<0.001), while subtype B decreased dramatically from 41.67% to 9.04% (p<0.001). Demographic reconstruction showed that the greatest expansion of the HIV epidemic occurred between 1999 and 2005. CRF01_AE had a higher estimated evolutionary rate (2.97×10-3 substitutions/site/year) and exhibited more sites under positive selection (25/351 codons) compared to the other subtypes. Network analyses showed that CRF07_BC (68.29%, 84/123) had a higher proportion of cross-region networks than CRF01_AE (49.1%, 174/354) and subtype B (36.46%, 35/96) (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS The predominant subtypes of HIV-1 in Chinese MSM have different evolutionary characteristics and transmission patterns, which poses a significant challenge to HIV treatment and disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huangbo Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenqiu Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuefu Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingshan Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwen Fang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Damien C Tully
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Showa SP, Nyabadza F, Hove-Musekwa SD. On the efficiency of HIV transmission: Insights through discrete time HIV models. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222574. [PMID: 31532803 PMCID: PMC6750597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are different views on which of the two forms of viral spread is more efficient in vivo between cell-free and cell-associated virus. In this study, discrete time human immunodeficiency virus models are formulated and analysed with the goal of determining the form of viral spread that is more efficient in vivo. It is shown that on its own, cell-free viral spread cannot sustain an infection owing to the low infectivity of cell-free virus and cell-associated virus can sustain an infection because of the high infectivity of cell-associated virus. When acting concurrently, cell-associated virus is more efficient in spreading the infection upon exposure to the virus. However, in the long term, the two forms of viral spread contribute almost equally. Both forms of viral spread are shown to be able to initiate an infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarudzai P Showa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| | - Farai Nyabadza
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Auckland Park Campus, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Senelani D Hove-Musekwa
- Department of Applied Mathematics, National University of Science and Technology, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Holbrook AK, Peterson HD, Bianchi SA, Macdonald BW, Bredahl EC, Belshan M, Siedlik JA. CD4 + T cell activation and associated susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro increased following acute resistance exercise in human subjects. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14234. [PMID: 31552706 PMCID: PMC6759488 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early studies in exercise immunology suggested acute bouts of exercise had an immunosuppressive effect in human subjects. However, recent data, show acute bouts of combined aerobic and resistance training increase both lymphocyte activation and proliferation. We quantified resistance exercise-induced changes in the activation state of CD4+ T lymphocytes via surface protein expression and using a medically relevant model of infection (HIV-1). Using a randomized cross-over design, 10 untrained subjects completed a control and exercise session. The control session consisted of 30-min seated rest while the exercise session entailed 3 sets × 10 repetitions of back squat, leg press, and leg extensions at 70% 1-RM with 2-min rest between each set. Venous blood samples were obtained pre/post each session. CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated from whole blood by negative selection. Expression of activation markers (CD69 & CD25) in both nonstimulated and stimulated (costimulation through CD3+ CD28) cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Resistance exercised-induced effects on intracellular activation was further evaluated via in vitro infection with HIV-1. Nonstimulated CD4+ T lymphocytes obtained postexercise exhibited elevated CD25 expression following 24 h in culture. Enhanced HIV-1 replication was observed in cells obtained postexercise. Our results demonstrate that an acute bout of resistance exercise increases the activation state of CD4+ T lymphocytes and results in a greater susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro. These findings offer further evidence that exercise induces activation of T lymphocytes and provides a foundation for the use of medically relevant pathogens as indirect measures of intracellular activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hunter D. Peterson
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre‐Health ProfessionsCreighton UniversityOmahaNebraska
| | - Samantha A. Bianchi
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre‐Health ProfessionsCreighton UniversityOmahaNebraska
| | - Brad W. Macdonald
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre‐Health ProfessionsCreighton UniversityOmahaNebraska
| | - Eric C. Bredahl
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre‐Health ProfessionsCreighton UniversityOmahaNebraska
| | - Michael Belshan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and ImmunologyCreighton UniversityOmahaNebraska
| | - Jacob A. Siedlik
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre‐Health ProfessionsCreighton UniversityOmahaNebraska
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Rojas VK, Park IW. Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) in the HIV-1 Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20122984. [PMID: 31248071 PMCID: PMC6628307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20122984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is the major protein degradation process in the regulation of a wide variety of cellular processes in eukaryotic cells, including alteration of cellular location, modulation of protein activity, and regulation of protein interaction, it is reasonable to suggest that the infecting HIV-1 and the invaded hosts exploit the UPS in a contest for survival and proliferation. However, to date, regulation of the HIV-1 life cycle has been mainly explained by the stage-specific expression of HIV-1 viral genes, not by elimination processes of the synthesized proteins after completion of their duties in the infected cells, which is also quintessential for understanding the molecular processes of the virus life cycle and thereby HIV-1 pathogenesis. In fact, several previous publications have indicated that the UPS plays a critical role in the regulation of the proteasomal degradation of viral and cellular counterparts at every step of the HIV-1 life cycle, from the virus entry to release of the assembled virus particles, which is integral for the regulation of survival and proliferation of the infecting HIV-1 and to replication restriction of the invading virus in the host. However, it is unknown whether and how these individual events taking place at different stages of the HIV-1 life cycle are orchestrated as an overall strategy to overcome the restrictions conferred by the host cells. Thus, in this review, we overview the interplay between HIV-1 viral and cellular proteins for restrictions/competitions for proliferation of the virus in the infected cell, which could open a new avenue for the development of therapeutics against HIV-1 via targeting a specific step of the proteasome degradation pathway during the HIV-1 life cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivian K Rojas
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|