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Mitaka T, Ichinohe N, Tanimizu N. "Small Hepatocytes" in the Liver. Cells 2023; 12:2718. [PMID: 38067145 PMCID: PMC10705974 DOI: 10.3390/cells12232718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mature hepatocytes (MHs) in an adult rodent liver are categorized into the following three subpopulations based on their proliferative capability: type I cells (MH-I), which are committed progenitor cells that possess a high growth capability and basal hepatocytic functions; type II cells (MH-II), which possess a limited proliferative capability; and type III cells (MH-III), which lose the ability to divide (replicative senescence) and reach the final differentiated state. These subpopulations may explain the liver's development and growth after birth. Generally, small-sized hepatocytes emerge in mammal livers. The cells are characterized by being morphologically identical to hepatocytes except for their size, which is substantially smaller than that of ordinary MHs. We initially discovered small hepatocytes (SHs) in the primary culture of rat hepatocytes. We believe that SHs are derived from MH-I and play a role as hepatocytic progenitors to supply MHs. The population of MH-I (SHs) is distributed in the whole lobules, a part of which possesses a self-renewal capability, and decreases with age. Conversely, injured livers of experimental models and clinical cases showed the emergence of SHs. Studies demonstrate the involvement of SHs in liver regeneration. SHs that appeared in the injured livers are not a pure population but a mixture of two distinct origins, MH-derived and hepatic-stem-cell-derived cells. The predominant cell-derived SHs depend on the proliferative capability of the remaining MHs after the injury. This review will focus on the SHs that appeared in the liver and discuss the significance of SHs in liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiro Mitaka
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Norihisa Ichinohe
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
| | - Naoki Tanimizu
- Department of Tissue Development and Regeneration, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan; (N.I.); (N.T.)
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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He F, Zhang P, Liu J, Wang R, Kaufman RJ, Yaden BC, Karin M. ATF4 suppresses hepatocarcinogenesis by inducing SLC7A11 (xCT) to block stress-related ferroptosis. J Hepatol 2023; 79:362-377. [PMID: 36996941 PMCID: PMC11332364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a leading cause of cancer-related death, is associated with viral hepatitis, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and alcohol-related steatohepatitis, all of which trigger endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, hepatocyte death, inflammation, and compensatory proliferation. Using ER stress-prone MUP-uPA mice, we established that ER stress and hypernutrition cooperate to cause NASH and HCC, but the contribution of individual stress effectors, such as activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), to HCC and their underlying mechanisms of action remained unknown. METHODS Hepatocyte-specific ATF4-deficient MUP-uPA mice (MUP-uPA/Atf4Δhep) and control MUP-uPA/Atf4F/F mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce NASH-related HCC, and Atf4F/F and Atf4Δhep mice were injected with diethylnitrosamine to model carcinogen-induced HCC. Histological, biochemical, and RNA-sequencing analyses were performed to identify and define the role of ATF4-induced solute carrier family 7a member 11 (SLC7A11) expression in hepatocarcinogenesis. Reconstitution of SLC7A11 in ATF4-deficient primary hepatocytes and mouse livers was used to study its effects on ferroptosis and HCC development. RESULTS Hepatocyte ATF4 ablation inhibited hepatic steatosis, but increased susceptibility to ferroptosis, resulting in accelerated HCC development. Although ATF4 activates numerous genes, ferroptosis susceptibility and hepatocarcinogenesis were reversed by ectopic expression of a single ATF4 target, Slc7a11, coding for a subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter xCT, which is needed for glutathione synthesis. A ferroptosis inhibitor also reduced liver damage and inflammation. ATF4 and SLC7A11 amounts were positively correlated in human HCC and livers of patients with NASH. CONCLUSIONS Despite ATF4 being upregulated in established HCC, it serves an important protective function in normal hepatocytes. By maintaining glutathione production, ATF4 inhibits ferroptosis-dependent inflammatory cell death, which is known to promote compensatory proliferation and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ferroptosis inhibitors or ATF4 activators may also blunt HCC onset. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Liver cancer or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with multiple aetiologies. Most HCC aetiologies cause hepatocyte stress and death, as well as subsequent inflammation, and compensatory proliferation, thereby accelerating HCCdevelopment. The contribution of individual stress effectors to HCC and their underlying mechanisms of action were heretofore unknown. This study shows that the stress-responsive transcription factor ATF4 blunts liver damage and cancer development by suppressing iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis). Although ATF4 ablation prevents hepatic steatosis, it also increases susceptibility to ferroptosis, due to decreased expression of the cystine/glutamate antiporter SLC7A11, whose expression in human HCC and NASH correlates with ATF4. These findings reinforce the notion that benign steatosis may be protective and does not increase cancer risk unless accompanied by stress-induced liver damage. These results have important implications for prevention of liver damage and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Peng Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Junlai Liu
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruolei Wang
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Randal J Kaufman
- Degenerative Diseases Program, Center for Genetic Disorders and Aging Research, SBP Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin C Yaden
- Diabetes Novel Therapies and External Innovation, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
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3
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Passman AM, Haughey MJ, Carlotti E, Williams MJ, Cereser B, Lin ML, Devkumar S, Gabriel JP, Gringeri E, Cillo U, Russo FP, Hoare M, ChinAleong J, Jansen M, Wright NA, Kocher HM, Huang W, Alison MR, McDonald SAC. Hepatocytes undergo punctuated expansion dynamics from a periportal stem cell niche in normal human liver. J Hepatol 2023; 79:417-432. [PMID: 37088309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS While normal human liver is thought to be generally quiescent, clonal hepatocyte expansions have been observed, though neither their cellular source nor their expansion dynamics have been determined. Knowing the hepatocyte cell of origin, and their subsequent dynamics and trajectory within the human liver will provide an important basis to understand disease-associated dysregulation. METHODS Herein, we use in vivo lineage tracing and methylation sequence analysis to demonstrate normal human hepatocyte ancestry. We exploit next-generation mitochondrial sequencing to determine hepatocyte clonal expansion dynamics across spatially distinct areas of laser-captured, microdissected, clones, in tandem with computational modelling in morphologically normal human liver. RESULTS Hepatocyte clones and rare SOX9+ hepatocyte progenitors commonly associate with portal tracts and we present evidence that clones can lineage-trace with cholangiocytes, indicating the presence of a bipotential common ancestor at this niche. Within clones, we demonstrate methylation CpG sequence diversity patterns indicative of periportal not pericentral ancestral origins, indicating a portal to central vein expansion trajectory. Using spatial analysis of mitochondrial DNA variants by next-generation sequencing coupled with mathematical modelling and Bayesian inference across the portal-central axis, we demonstrate that patterns of mitochondrial DNA variants reveal large numbers of spatially restricted mutations in conjunction with limited numbers of clonal mutations. CONCLUSIONS These datasets support the existence of a periportal progenitor niche and indicate that clonal patches exhibit punctuated but slow growth, then quiesce, likely due to acute environmental stimuli. These findings crucially contribute to our understanding of hepatocyte dynamics in the normal human liver. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS The liver is mainly composed of hepatocytes, but we know little regarding the source of these cells or how they multiply over time within the disease-free human liver. In this study, we determine a source of new hepatocytes by combining many different lab-based methods and computational predictions to show that hepatocytes share a common cell of origin with bile ducts. Both our experimental and computational data also demonstrate hepatocyte clones are likely to expand in slow waves across the liver in a specific trajectory, but often lie dormant for many years. These data show for the first time the expansion dynamics of hepatocytes in normal liver and their cell of origin enabling the accurate measurment of changes to their dynamics that may lead to liver disease. These findings are important for researchers determining cancer risk in human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Passman
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Magnus J Haughey
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Emanuela Carlotti
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Marc J Williams
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Bianca Cereser
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Meng-Lay Lin
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Shruthi Devkumar
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan P Gabriel
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Enrico Gringeri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Russo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matthew Hoare
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Marnix Jansen
- Department of Cellular Pathology, University College London, London, UK; UCL Cancer Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Wright
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hermant M Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Cancer Tissue Bank, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Barts and the London HPB Centre, The Royal London Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Weini Huang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK; Group of Theoretical Biology, The State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Science, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Malcolm R Alison
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Stuart A C McDonald
- Centre for Cancer Genomics and Computational Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Shafritz DA, Ebrahimkhani MR, Oertel M. Therapeutic Cell Repopulation of the Liver: From Fetal Rat Cells to Synthetic Human Tissues. Cells 2023; 12:529. [PMID: 36831196 PMCID: PMC9954009 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Progenitor cells isolated from the fetal liver can provide a unique cell source to generate new healthy tissue mass. Almost 20 years ago, it was demonstrated that rat fetal liver cells repopulate the normal host liver environment via a mechanism akin to cell competition. Activin A, which is produced by hepatocytes, was identified as an important player during cell competition. Because of reduced activin receptor expression, highly proliferative fetal liver stem/progenitor cells are resistant to activin A and therefore exhibit a growth advantage compared to hepatocytes. As a result, transplanted fetal liver cells are capable of repopulating normal livers. Important for cell-based therapies, hepatic stem/progenitor cells containing repopulation potential can be separated from fetal hematopoietic cells using the cell surface marker δ-like 1 (Dlk-1). In livers with advanced fibrosis, fetal epithelial stem/progenitor cells differentiate into functional hepatic cells and out-compete injured endogenous hepatocytes, which cause anti-fibrotic effects. Although fetal liver cells efficiently repopulate the liver, they will likely not be used for human cell transplantation. Thus, utilizing the underlying mechanism of repopulation and developed methods to produce similar growth-advantaged cells in vitro, e.g., human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), this approach has great potential for developing novel cell-based therapies in patients with liver disease. The present review gives a brief overview of the classic cell transplantation models and various cell sources studied as donor cell candidates. The advantages of fetal liver-derived stem/progenitor cells are discussed, as well as the mechanism of liver repopulation. Moreover, this article reviews the potential of in vitro developed synthetic human fetal livers from iPSCs and their therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Shafritz
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Mo R. Ebrahimkhani
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Michael Oertel
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center (PLRC), University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Du Y, Zhang W, Qiu H, Xiao C, Shi J, Reid LM, He Z. Mouse Models of Liver Parenchyma Injuries and Regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:903740. [PMID: 35721478 PMCID: PMC9198899 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.903740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice have genetic and physiological similarities with humans and a well-characterized genetic background that is easy to manipulate. Murine models have become the most favored, robust mammalian systems for experimental analyses of biological processes and disease conditions due to their low cost, rapid reproduction, a wealth of mouse strains with defined genetic conditions (both native ones as well as ones established experimentally), and high reproducibility with respect to that which can be done in experimental studies. In this review, we focus on murine models for liver, an organ with renown regenerative capacity and the organ most central to systemic, complex metabolic and physiological functions for mammalian hosts. Establishment of murine models has been achieved for all aspects of studies of normal liver, liver diseases, liver injuries, and regenerative repair mechanisms. We summarize key information on current mouse systems that partially model facets of clinical scenarios, particularly those associated with drug-induced acute or chronic liver injuries, dietary related, non-alcoholic liver disease (NAFLD), hepatitis virus infectious chronic liver diseases, and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). In addition, we also include mouse models that are suitable for studying liver cancers (e.g., hepatocellular carcinomas), the aging process (senescence, apoptosis), and various types of liver injuries and regenerative processes associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Du
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Qiu
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Canjun Xiao
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
| | - Jun Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
| | - Lola M. Reid
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physiology, Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, UNC School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
| | - Zhiying He
- Department of General Surgery, Ji’an Hospital, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Ji’an, China
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Stem Cell Research and Clinical Translation, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Stem Cells Translational Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiying He, ; Lola M. Reid, , ; Jun Shi,
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Yamada T. Application of humanized mice to toxicology studies: Evaluation of the human relevance of the mode of action for rodent liver tumor formation by activators of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR). J Toxicol Pathol 2021; 34:283-297. [PMID: 34629731 PMCID: PMC8484926 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2021-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR)-mediated mode of action (MOA) for phenobarbital (PB)-induced rodent liver tumor formation has been established, with increased hepatocyte proliferation, which is a key event in tumor formation. Previous studies have demonstrated that PB and other CAR-activators stimulate proliferation in cultured rodent hepatocytes, but not in cultured human hepatocytes. However, in the genetically humanized CAR and pregnane X receptor (PXR) mouse (hCAR/hPXR mouse, downstream genes are still mouse), PB increased hepatocyte proliferation and tumor production in vivo. In contrast to the hCAR/hPXR mouse, studies with chimeric mice with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse, both receptor and downstream genes are human) demonstrated that PB did not increase human hepatocyte proliferation in vivo. PB increased hepatocyte proliferation in a chimeric mouse model with rat hepatocytes, indicating that the lack of human hepatocyte proliferation is not due to any functional defect in the chimeric mouse liver environment. Gene expression analysis demonstrated that the downstream genes of CAR/PXR activation were similar in hCAR/hPXR and CD-1 mice, but differed from those observed in chimeric mice with human hepatocytes. These findings strongly support the conclusion that the MOA for CAR-mediated rodent liver tumor formation is qualitatively implausible for humans. Indeed, epidemiological studies have found no causal link between PB and human liver tumors. There are many similarities with respect to hepatic effects and species differences between rodent CAR and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activators. Based on our research, the chimeric mouse with human hepatocytes (PXB-mouse) is reliable for human cancer risk assessment of test chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoya Yamada
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., 3-1-98 Kasugade-naka, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-8558, Japan
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Zhang X, Wang X, Wu M, Ghildyal R, Yuan Z. Animal Models for the Study of Hepatitis B Virus Pathobiology and Immunity: Past, Present, and Future. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:715450. [PMID: 34335553 PMCID: PMC8322840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.715450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global public health problem that plagues approximately 240 million people. Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) often leads to liver inflammation and aberrant repair which results in diseases ranging from liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, to hepatocellular carcinoma. Despite its narrow species tropism, researchers have established various in vivo models for HBV or its related viruses which have provided a wealth of knowledge on viral lifecycle, pathogenesis, and immunity. Here we briefly revisit over five decades of endeavor in animal model development for HBV and summarize their advantages and limitations. We also suggest directions for further improvements that are crucial for elucidation of the viral immune-evasion strategies and for development of novel therapeutics for a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaonan Zhang
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomeng Wang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Wu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Centre for Research in Therapeutic Solutions, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Zhenghong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Liu Y, Maya S, Ploss A. Animal Models of Hepatitis B Virus Infection-Success, Challenges, and Future Directions. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050777. [PMID: 33924793 PMCID: PMC8146732 DOI: 10.3390/v13050777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects more than 250 million people worldwide, which greatly increases the risk for terminal liver diseases, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Even though current approved antiviral therapies, including pegylated type I interferon (IFN) and nucleos(t)ide analogs, can effectively suppress viremia, HBV infection is rarely cured. Since HBV exhibits a narrow species tropism and robustly infects only humans and higher primates, progress in HBV research and preclinical testing of antiviral drugs has been hampered by the scarcity of suitable animal models. Fortunately, a series of surrogate animal models have been developed for the study of HBV. An increased understanding of the barriers towards interspecies transmission has aided in the development of human chimeric mice and has greatly paved the way for HBV research in vivo, and for evaluating potential therapies of chronic hepatitis B. In this review, we summarize the currently available animal models for research of HBV and HBV-related hepadnaviruses, and we discuss challenges and future directions for improvement.
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9
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Lai F, Wee CYY, Chen Q. Establishment of Humanized Mice for the Study of HBV. Front Immunol 2021; 12:638447. [PMID: 33679796 PMCID: PMC7933441 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.638447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hepatitis particularly Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is still an ongoing health issue worldwide. Despite the vast technological advancements in research and development, only HBV vaccines, typically given during early years, are currently available as a preventive measure against acquiring the disease from a secondary source. In general, HBV can be cleared naturally by the human immune system if detected at low levels early. However, long term circulation of HBV in the peripheral blood may be detrimental to the human liver, specifically targeting human hepatocytes for cccDNA integration which inevitably supports HBV life cycle for the purpose of reinfection in healthy cells. Although there is some success in using nucleoside analogs or polyclonal antibodies targeting HBV surface antigens (HBsAg) in patients with acute or chronic HBV+ (CHB), majority of them would either respond only partially or succumb to the disease entirely unless they undergo liver transplants from a fully matched healthy donor and even so may not necessarily guarantee a 100% chance of survival. Indeed, in vitro/ex vivo cultures and various transgenic animal models have already provided us with a good understanding of HBV but they primarily lack human specificity or virus-host interactions in the presence of human immune surveillance. Therefore, the demand of utilizing humanized mice has increased over the last decade as a pre-clinical platform for investigating human-specific immune responses against HBV as well as identifying potential immunotherapeutic strategies in eradicating the virus. Basically, this review covers some of the recent developments and key advantages of humanized mouse models over other conventional transgenic mice platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Lai
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cherry Yong Yi Wee
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qingfeng Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Burwitz BJ, Zhou Z, Li W. Animal models for the study of human hepatitis B and D virus infection: New insights and progress. Antiviral Res 2020; 182:104898. [PMID: 32758525 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a member of the Hepadnaviridae family and infects hepatocytes, leading to liver pathology in acutely and chronically infected individuals. Co-infection with Hepatitis D virus (HDV), which requires the surface proteins of HBV to replicate, can exacerbate this disease progression. Thus, the >250 million people living with chronic HBV infection, including 13 million co-infected with HDV, would significantly benefit from an effective and affordable curative treatment. Animal models are crucial to the development of innovative disease therapies, a paradigm repeated again and again throughout the fields of immunology, neurology, reproduction, and development. Unfortunately, HBV has a highly-restricted species tropism, infecting limited species including humans, chimpanzees, and treeshrews. The first experimentally controlled studies of HBV infection were following inoculation of human volunteers in 1942, which identified the transmissibility of hepatitis through serum transfer and led to the hypothesis that the etiological agent was viral. Subsequent research in chimpanzees (Desmyter et al., 1971; Lichter, 1969) and later in other species, such as the treeshrews (Walter et al., 1996; Yan et al., 1996), further confirmed the viral origin of hepatitis B. Shortly thereafter, HBV-like viral infections were identified in woodchucks (Summers et al., 1978; Werner et al., 1979) and ducks, and much of our understanding of HBV replication can be attributed to these important models. However, with the exodus of chimpanzees from research and the limited reagents and historical data for treeshrews and other understudied species, there remains an urgent need to identify physiologically relevant models of chronic HBV infection. While large strides have been made in generating such models, particularly over the past two decades, there is still no available model that faithfully recapitulates the immunity and pathogenesis of HBV infection. Here, we discuss recent advancements in the generation of murine and non-human primate (NHP) models of HBV/HDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Burwitz
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, 97006, USA.
| | - Zhongmin Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, 102206, China; Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102206, China.
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11
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Ploss A, Kapoor A. Animal Models of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2020; 10:cshperspect.a036970. [PMID: 31843875 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important and underreported infectious disease, causing chronic infection in ∼71 million people worldwide. The limited host range of HCV, which robustly infects only humans and chimpanzees, has made studying this virus in vivo challenging and hampered the development of a desperately needed vaccine. The restrictions and ethical concerns surrounding biomedical research in chimpanzees has made the search for an animal model all the more important. In this review, we discuss different approaches that are being pursued toward creating small animal models for HCV infection. Although efforts to use a nonhuman primate species besides chimpanzees have proven challenging, important advances have been achieved in a variety of humanized mouse models. However, such models still fall short of the overarching goal to have an immunocompetent, inheritably susceptible in vivo platform in which the immunopathology of HCV could be studied and putative vaccines development. Alternatives to overcome this include virus adaptation, such as murine-tropic HCV strains, or the use of related hepaciviruses, of which many have been recently identified. Of the latter, the rodent/rat hepacivirus from Rattus norvegicus species-1 (RHV-rn1) holds promise as a surrogate virus in fully immunocompetent rats that can inform our understanding of the interaction between the immune response and viral outcomes (i.e., clearance vs. persistence). However, further characterization of these animal models is necessary before their use for gaining new insights into the immunopathogenesis of HCV and for conceptualizing HCV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Amit Kapoor
- Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio 43205, USA
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12
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The Cancer Stem Cell in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030684. [PMID: 32183251 PMCID: PMC7140091 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recognition of intra-tumoral cellular heterogeneity has given way to the concept of the cancer stem cell (CSC). According to this concept, CSCs are able to self-renew and differentiate into all of the cancer cell lineages present within the tumor, placing the CSC at the top of a hierarchical tree. The observation that these cells—in contrast to bulk tumor cells—are able to exclusively initiate new tumors, initiate metastatic spread and resist chemotherapy implies that CSCs are solely responsible for tumor recurrence and should be therapeutically targeted. Toward this end, dissecting and understanding the biology of CSCs should translate into new clinical therapeutic approaches. In this article, we review the CSC concept in cancer, with a special focus on hepatocellular carcinoma.
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13
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Whitlock RS, Yang T, Vasudevan SA, Woodfield SE. Animal Modeling of Pediatric Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12020273. [PMID: 31979130 PMCID: PMC7072332 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the most common pediatric liver malignancy. Management of HB requires multidisciplinary efforts. The 5-year overall survival of this disease is about 80% in developed countries. Despite advances in the care of these patients, survival in recurrent or treatment-refractory disease is lower than 50%. This is due to more complex tumor biology, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-like mutations and expression of aggressive gene signatures leading to chemoresistance, vascular invasion, and metastatic spread. The current treatment protocols for pediatric liver cancer do not incorporate targeted therapies, and the ability to test these therapies is limited due to the inaccessibility of cell lines and mouse models. In this review, we discuss the current status of preclinical animal modeling in pediatric liver cancer, primarily HB. Although HB is a rare cancer, the research community has worked together to develop a range of interesting and relevant mouse models for diverse preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Whitlock
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children’s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children’s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.S.W.); (S.A.V.)
| | - Tianyou Yang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510623, Guangdong, China
| | - Sanjeev A. Vasudevan
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children’s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children’s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.S.W.); (S.A.V.)
| | - Sarah E. Woodfield
- Divisions of Pediatric Surgery and Surgical Research, Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgical Oncology Laboratory, Texas Children’s Surgical Oncology Program, Texas Children’s Liver Tumor Program, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (R.S.W.); (S.A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-832-824-4591
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14
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Characterization and applications of chimeric mice with humanized livers for preclinical drug development. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:2. [PMID: 32206609 PMCID: PMC7081693 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-019-0032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have succeeded in stable mass production of chimeric PXB-mice, whose liver is repopulated by human hepatocytes at a ratio of more than 70%, and we are providing these mice to academia and pharmaceutical companies to support the development of new drugs or studies of liver function. Furthermore, we isolated human hepatocytes, called PXB-cells, from the chimeric mice, and provide them for clients weekly for in vitro studies. In this review, we summarize the existing characterizations of PXB-mice and PXB-cells and their present and future applications.
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15
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Sayed IM, Meuleman P. Updates in Hepatitis E virus (HEV) field; lessons learned from human liver chimeric mice. Rev Med Virol 2019; 30:e2086. [PMID: 31835277 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of viral hepatitis globally, and it is an emerging pathogen in developed countries. In vivo studies of HEV have long been hindered due to the lack of an efficient small animal model. Recently, human liver chimeric mice were described as an elegant model to study chronic HEV infection. HEV infection was established in mice with humanized liver that were challenged with stool preparations containing HEV genotype (gt)1 and/or gt3. An increase in viral load and the level of HEV Ag in mouse samples were markers of active infection. Plasma-derived HEV preparations were less infectious. The kinetics of HEV ORF2 Ag during HEV infection and its impact on HEV diagnosis were described in this model. In addition, the nature of HEV particles and HEV ORF2 Ag were characterized. Moreover, humanized mice were used to study the impact of HEV infection on the hepatic innate transcriptome and evaluation of anti-HEV therapies. This review highlights recent advances in the HEV field gathered from well-established experimental mouse models, with an emphasis on this model as a tool for elucidating the course of HEV infection, the study of the HEV life cycle, the interaction of the virus with the host, and the evaluation of new anti-HEV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Sayed
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.,Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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16
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Animal Models for Hepatitis E virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060564. [PMID: 31216711 PMCID: PMC6630473 DOI: 10.3390/v11060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underdiagnosed pathogen with approximately 20 million infections each year and currently the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis. HEV was long considered to be confined to developing countries but there is increasing evidence that it is also a medical problem in the Western world. HEV that infects humans belongs to the Orthohepevirus A species of the Hepeviridae family. Novel HEV-like viruses have been observed in a variety of animals and some have been shown to be able to cross the species barrier, causing infection in humans. Several cell culture models for HEV have been established in the past years, but their efficiency is usually relatively low. With the circulation of this virus and related viruses in a variety of species, several different animal models have been developed. In this review, we give an overview of these animal models, indicate their main characteristics, and highlight how they may contribute to our understanding of the basic aspects of the viral life cycle and cross-species infection, the study of pathogenesis, and the evaluation of novel preventative and therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Humanized Mouse Models for the Study of Hepatitis C and Host Interactions. Cells 2019; 8:cells8060604. [PMID: 31213010 PMCID: PMC6627916 DOI: 10.3390/cells8060604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is commonly attributed as a major cause of chronic hepatotropic diseases, such as, steatosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As HCV infects only humans and primates, its narrow host tropism hampers in vivo studies of HCV-mammalian host interactions and the development of effective therapeutics and vaccines. In this context, we will focus our discussion on humanized mice in HCV research. Here, these humanized mice are defined as animal models that encompass either only human hepatocytes or both human liver and immune cells. Aspects related to immunopathogenesis, anti-viral interventions, drug testing and perspectives of these models for future HCV research will be discussed.
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18
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Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects more than 257 million people globally, resulting in progressively worsening liver disease, manifesting as fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The exceptionally narrow species tropism of HBV restricts its natural hosts to humans and non-human primates, including chimpanzees, gorillas, gibbons, and orangutans. The unavailability of completely immunocompetent small-animal models has contributed to the lack of curative therapeutic interventions. Even though surrogates allow the study of closely related viruses, their host genetic backgrounds, immune responses, and molecular virology differ from those of HBV. Various different models, based on either pure murine or xenotransplantation systems, have been introduced over the past years, often making the choice of the optimal model for any given question challenging. Here, we offer a concise review of in vivo model systems employed to study HBV infection and steps in the HBV life cycle or pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine Cherry
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Harry Gunn
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Section of Virology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, W2 1PGLondon, U.K
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19
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Agarwal N, Popovic B, Martucci NJ, Fraunhoffer NA, Soto-Gutierrez A. Biofabrication of Autologous Human Hepatocytes for Transplantation: How Do We Get There? Gene Expr 2019; 19:89-95. [PMID: 30143060 PMCID: PMC6466180 DOI: 10.3727/105221618x15350366478989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Directed differentiation of hepatocytes from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds promise as source material for treating some liver disorders. The unlimited availability of perfectly differentiated iPSC-derived hepatocytes will dramatically facilitate cell therapies. While systems to manufacture large quantities of iPSC-derived cells have been developed, we have been unable to generate and maintain stable and mature adult liver cells ex vivo. This short review highlights important challenges and possible solutions to the current state of hepatocyte biofabrication for cellular therapies to treat liver diseases. Successful cell transplantation will require optimizing the best cell function, overcoming limitations to cell numbers and safety, as well as a number of other challenges. Collaboration among scientists, clinicians, and industry is critical for generating new autologous stem cell-based therapies to treat liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Agarwal
- *School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
- †Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Branimir Popovic
- †Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicole J. Martucci
- †Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Nicolas A. Fraunhoffer
- †Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- ‡Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Carrera de Medicina, Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- §Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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20
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Hirai-Yuki A, Whitmire JK, Joyce M, Tyrrell DL, Lemon SM. Murine Models of Hepatitis A Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2019; 9:cshperspect.a031674. [PMID: 29661811 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic analyses of hepatitis A virus (HAV)-induced pathogenesis have long been thwarted by the lack of tractable small animal models that recapitulate disease observed in humans. Several approaches have shown success, including infection of chimeric mice with human liver cells. Other recent studies show that HAV can replicate to high titer in mice lacking expression of the type I interferon (IFN) receptor (IFN-α/β receptor) or mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein. Mice deficient in the IFN receptor show critical features of type A hepatitis in humans when challenged with human HAV, including histological evidence of liver damage, leukocyte infiltration, and the release of liver enzymes into blood. Acute pathogenesis is caused by MAVS-dependent signaling that leads to intrinsic apoptosis of hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Hirai-Yuki
- Division of Experimental Animal Research, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Jason K Whitmire
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Michael Joyce
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - D Lorne Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute for Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Stanley M Lemon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27517
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21
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Abstract
The complete life cycle of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) can be recapitulated in vivo using immunodeficient mice that have had their livers extensively repopulated with human hepatocytes. These human liver chimeric mouse models have enabled the study of many aspects of the HCV life cycle, including antiviral interventions that have helped to shape the curative landscape that is available today. The first human liver chimeric mouse model capable of supporting the HCV life cycle was generated in SCID-uPA mice. Although other human liver chimeric mouse models have since been developed, the SCID-uPA mouse model remains one of the most robust in vivo systems available for HCV studies. This chapter reviews development, validation and application of the SCID-uPA mouse model, and discusses their potential application for studying other liver-centric diseases and pathogens and for the design and testing of vaccine candidates for the eradication of HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna N Douglas
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Norman M Kneteman
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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22
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Abstract
In spite of the immense progress in hepatitis C virus (HCV) research, efforts to prevent infection, such as generating a vaccine, have not yet been successful. The high price tag associated with current treatment options for chronic infection and the spike in new infections concurrent with growing opioid abuse are strong motivators for developing effective immunization and understanding neutralizing antibodies' role in preventing infection. Humanized mice-both human liver chimeras as well as genetically humanized models-are important platforms for testing both possible vaccine candidates as well as antibody-based therapies. This chapter details the variety of ways humanized mouse technology can be employed in pursuit of learning how HCV infection can be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna M Gaska
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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23
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Mouse models for hepatitis B virus research. Lab Anim Res 2018; 34:85-91. [PMID: 30310404 PMCID: PMC6170223 DOI: 10.5625/lar.2018.34.3.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major global health problem; indeed, there are 250 million carriers worldwide. The host range of HBV is narrow; therefore, few primates are susceptible to HBV infection. However, ethical constraints, high cost, and large size limit the use of primates as suitable animal models. Thus, in vivo testing of therapies that target HBV has been hampered by the lack of an appropriate in vivo research model. To address this, mouse model systems of HBV are being developed and several are used for studying HBV in vivo. In this review, we summarize the currently available mouse models, including HBV transgenic mice, hydrodynamic injection-mediated HBV replicon delivery systems, adeno-associated virus-mediated HBV replicon delivery systems, and human liver chimeric mouse models. These developed (or being developed) mouse model systems are promising and should be useful tools for studying HBV.
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24
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Brown ZJ, Heinrich B, Greten TF. Mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma: an overview and highlights for immunotherapy research. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 15:536-554. [PMID: 29904153 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-018-0033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mouse models are the basis of preclinical and translational research in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multiple methods exist to induce tumour formation in mice, including genetically engineered mouse models, chemotoxic agents, intrahepatic or intrasplenic injection of tumour cells and xenograft approaches. Additionally, as HCC generally develops in the context of diseased liver, methods exist to induce liver disease in mice to mimic viral hepatitis, fatty liver disease, fibrosis, alcohol-induced liver disease and cholestasis. Similar to HCC in humans, response to therapy in mouse models is monitored with imaging modalities such as CT or MRI, as well as additional techniques involving bioluminescence. As immunotherapy is increasingly applied to HCC, mouse models for these approaches are required for preclinical data. In studying cancer immunotherapy, it is important to consider aspects of antitumour immune responses and to produce a model that mimics the complexity of the immune system. This Review provides an overview of the different mouse models of HCC, presenting techniques to prepare an HCC mouse model and discussing different approaches to help researchers choose an appropriate model for a specific hypothesis. Specific aspects of immunotherapy research in HCC and the applied mouse models in this field are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Brown
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bernd Heinrich
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tim F Greten
- Gastrointestinal Malignancy Section, Thoracic and Gastrointestinal Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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25
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Bissig KD, Han W, Barzi M, Kovalchuk N, Ding L, Fan X, Pankowicz FP, Zhang QY, Ding X. P450-Humanized and Human Liver Chimeric Mouse Models for Studying Xenobiotic Metabolism and Toxicity. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1734-1744. [PMID: 30093418 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.083303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evaluation of drug candidates in experimental animal models is an essential step in drug development. Humanized mouse models have emerged as a promising alternative to traditional animal models. The purpose of this mini-review is to provide a brief survey of currently available mouse models for studying human xenobiotic metabolism. Here, we describe both genetic humanization and human liver chimeric mouse models, focusing on the advantages and limitations while outlining their key features and applications. Although this field of biomedical science is relatively young, these humanized mouse models have the potential to transform preclinical drug testing and eventually lead to a more cost-effective and rapid development of new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Weiguo Han
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Mercedes Barzi
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Nataliia Kovalchuk
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Liang Ding
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Xiaoyu Fan
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Francis P Pankowicz
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Qing-Yu Zhang
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
| | - Xinxin Ding
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas (K.-D.B., M.B., F.P.P.); and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (W.H., N.K., L.D., X.F., Q.-Y.Z., X.D.)
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26
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Karin M. New insights into the pathogenesis and treatment of non-viral hepatocellular carcinoma: a balancing act between immunosuppression and immunosurveillance. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2018; 1:21-28. [PMID: 30687560 PMCID: PMC6333043 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pby005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths
worldwide. HCC initiates as a consequence of chronic liver damage and inflammation caused
by hepatitis B and C virus infections, excessive alcohol consumption, or non-alcoholic
fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Until recently, no effective treatments for advanced HCC were
available and the 5-year survival rate had remained below 8% for many years. New insights
into the mechanisms that drive the development of NAFLD-related HCC indicate that loss of
T-cell-mediated immunosurveillance plays a cardinal role in tumor growth and malignant
progression, in addition to previously identified inflammation-driven compensatory
proliferation. Recently completed groundbreaking clinical studies have shown that
treatments that restore antitumor immunity represent a highly effective therapeutic option
for approximately 20% of advanced HCC patients. Understanding the causes of
inflammation-driven immunosuppression and immune system dysfunction in the 80% of patients
who fail to reignite antitumor immunity despite treatment with checkpoint inhibitors
should lead to further and even more dramatic improvements in HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, UC San Diego School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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Angarita SAK, Truong B, Khoja S, Nitzahn M, Rajbhandari AK, Zhuravka I, Duarte S, Lin MG, Lam AK, Cederbaum SD, Lipshutz GS. Human hepatocyte transplantation corrects the inherited metabolic liver disorder arginase deficiency in mice. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 124:114-123. [PMID: 29724658 PMCID: PMC5976549 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The transplantation, engraftment, and expansion of primary hepatocytes have the potential to be an effective therapy for metabolic disorders of the liver including those of nitrogen metabolism. To date, such methods for the treatment of urea cycle disorders in murine models has only been minimally explored. Arginase deficiency, an inherited disorder of nitrogen metabolism that presents in the first two years of life, has the potential to be treated by such methods. To explore the potential of this approach, we mated the conditional arginase deficient mouse with a mouse model deficient in fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) and with Rag2 and IL2-Rγ mutations to give a selective advantage to transplanted (normal) human hepatocytes. On day -1, a uroplasminogen-expressing adenoviral vector was administered intravenously followed the next day with the transplantation of 1 × 106 human hepatocytes (or vehicle alone) by intrasplenic injection. As the initial number of administered hepatocytes would be too low to prevent hepatotoxicity-induced mortality, NTBC cycling was performed to allow for hepatocyte expansion and repopulation. While all control mice died, all except one human hepatocyte transplanted mice survived. Four months after hepatocyte transplantation, 2 × 1011 genome copies of AAV-TBG-Cre recombinase was administered IV to disrupt endogenous hepatic arginase expression. While all control mice died within the first month, human hepatocyte transplanted mice did well. Ammonia and amino acids, analyzed in both groups before and after disruption of endogenous arginase expression, while well-controlled in the transplanted group, were markedly abnormal in the controls. Ammonium challenging further demonstrated the durability and functionality of the human repopulated liver. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate that human hepatocyte repopulation in the murine liver can result in effective treatment of arginase deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A K Angarita
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Brian Truong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suhail Khoja
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Matthew Nitzahn
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Abha K Rajbhandari
- Behavioral Testing Core Facility, Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Irina Zhuravka
- Behavioral Testing Core Facility, Department of Psychology and Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sergio Duarte
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Michael G Lin
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Alex K Lam
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Stephen D Cederbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gerald S Lipshutz
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Psychiatry, The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Semel Institute for Neuroscience, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States; Broad Center for Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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28
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Burm R, Collignon L, Mesalam AA, Meuleman P. Animal Models to Study Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1032. [PMID: 29867998 PMCID: PMC5960670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With more than 71 million chronically infected people, the hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global health concern. Although new direct acting antivirals have significantly improved the rate of HCV cure, high therapy cost, potential emergence of drug-resistant viral variants, and unavailability of a protective vaccine represent challenges for complete HCV eradication. Relevant animal models are required, and additional development remains necessary, to effectively study HCV biology, virus–host interactions and for the evaluation of new antiviral approaches and prophylactic vaccines. The chimpanzee, the only non-human primate susceptible to experimental HCV infection, has been used extensively to study HCV infection, particularly to analyze the innate and adaptive immune response upon infection. However, financial, practical, and especially ethical constraints have urged the exploration of alternative small animal models. These include different types of transgenic mice, immunodeficient mice of which the liver is engrafted with human hepatocytes (humanized mice) and, more recently, immunocompetent rodents that are susceptible to infection with viruses that are closely related to HCV. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently available animal models that have proven valuable for the study of HCV, and discuss their main benefits and weaknesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani Burm
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Laura Collignon
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ahmed Atef Mesalam
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.,Therapeutic Chemistry Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
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29
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Stevens KR, Scull MA, Ramanan V, Fortin CL, Chaturvedi RR, Knouse KA, Xiao JW, Fung C, Mirabella T, Chen AX, McCue MG, Yang MT, Fleming HE, Chung K, de Jong YP, Chen CS, Rice CM, Bhatia SN. In situ expansion of engineered human liver tissue in a mouse model of chronic liver disease. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/399/eaah5505. [PMID: 28724577 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Control of both tissue architecture and scale is a fundamental translational roadblock in tissue engineering. An experimental framework that enables investigation into how architecture and scaling may be coupled is needed. We fabricated a structurally organized engineered tissue unit that expanded in response to regenerative cues after implantation into mice with liver injury. Specifically, we found that tissues containing patterned human primary hepatocytes, endothelial cells, and stromal cells in a degradable hydrogel expanded more than 50-fold over the course of 11 weeks in mice with injured livers. There was a concomitant increase in graft function as indicated by the production of multiple human liver proteins. Histologically, we observed the emergence of characteristic liver stereotypical microstructures mediated by coordinated growth of hepatocytes in close juxtaposition with a perfused vasculature. We demonstrated the utility of this system for probing the impact of multicellular geometric architecture on tissue expansion in response to liver injury. This approach is a hybrid strategy that harnesses both biology and engineering to more efficiently deploy a limited cell mass after implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R Stevens
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering and Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Margaret A Scull
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Vyas Ramanan
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Chelsea L Fortin
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Departments of Bioengineering and Pathology, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ritika R Chaturvedi
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kristin A Knouse
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jing W Xiao
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Canny Fung
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Amanda X Chen
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Margaret G McCue
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Heather E Fleming
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kwanghun Chung
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Ype P de Jong
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher S Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Charles M Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Center for the Study of Hepatitis C, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sangeeta N Bhatia
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
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30
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Alwahsh SM, Rashidi H, Hay DC. Liver cell therapy: is this the end of the beginning? Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1307-1324. [PMID: 29181772 PMCID: PMC5852182 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of liver diseases is increasing globally. Orthotopic liver transplantation is widely used to treat liver disease upon organ failure. The complexity of this procedure and finite numbers of healthy organ donors have prompted research into alternative therapeutic options to treat liver disease. This includes the transplantation of liver cells to promote regeneration. While successful, the routine supply of good quality human liver cells is limited. Therefore, renewable and scalable sources of these cells are sought. Liver progenitor and pluripotent stem cells offer potential cell sources that could be used clinically. This review discusses recent approaches in liver cell transplantation and requirements to improve the process, with the ultimate goal being efficient organ regeneration. We also discuss the potential off-target effects of cell-based therapies, and the advantages and drawbacks of current pre-clinical animal models used to study organ senescence, repopulation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salamah M Alwahsh
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
| | - Hassan Rashidi
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - David C Hay
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Drive, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK.
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31
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Utoh R, Komori J, Kuge H, Tatsumi K, Yamada M, Hirohashi S, Tsutsumi M, Amanuma T, Yoshioka A, Nakajima Y, Wake K, Okano T, Lagasse E, Ohashi K. Adult hepatocytes direct liver organogenesis through non-parenchymal cell recruitment in the kidney. J Hepatol 2018; 68:744-753. [PMID: 29288124 PMCID: PMC6019609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Since the first account of the myth of Prometheus, the amazing regenerative capacity of the liver has fascinated researchers because of its enormous medical potential. Liver regeneration is promoted by multiple types of liver cells, including hepatocytes and liver non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), through complex intercellular signaling. However, the mechanism of liver organogenesis, especially the role of adult hepatocytes at ectopic sites, remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that hepatocytes alone spurred liver organogenesis to form an organ-sized complex 3D liver that exhibited native liver architecture and functions in the kidneys of mice. METHODS Isolated hepatocytes were transplanted under the kidney capsule of monocrotaline (MCT) and partial hepatectomy (PHx)-treated mice. To determine the origin of NPCs in neo-livers, hepatocytes were transplanted into MCT/PHx-treated green fluorescent protein transgenic mice or wild-type mice transplanted with bone marrow cells isolated from green fluorescent protein-mice. RESULTS Hepatocytes engrafted at the subrenal space of mice underwent continuous growth in response to a chronic hepatic injury in the native liver. More than 1.5 years later, whole organ-sized liver tissues with greater mass than those of the injured native liver had formed. Most remarkably, we revealed that at least three types of NPCs with similar phenotypic features to the liver NPCs were recruited from the host tissues including bone marrow. The neo-livers in the kidney exhibited liver-specific functions and architectures, including sinusoidal vascular systems, zonal heterogeneity, and emergence of bile duct cells. Furthermore, the neo-livers successfully rescued the mice with lethal liver injury. CONCLUSION Our data clearly show that adult hepatocytes play a leading role as organizer cells in liver organogenesis at ectopic sites via NPC recruitment. LAY SUMMARY The role of adult hepatocytes at ectopic locations has not been clarified. In this study, we demonstrated that engrafted hepatocytes in the kidney proliferated, recruited non-parenchymal cells from host tissues including bone marrow, and finally created an organ-sized, complex liver system that exhibited liver-specific architectures and functions. Our results revealed previously undescribed functions of hepatocytes to direct liver organogenesis through non-parenchymal cell recruitment and organize multiple cell types into a complex 3D liver at ectopic sites. Transcript profiling: Microarray data are deposited in GEO (GEO accession: GSE99141).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Utoh
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo
Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School
of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Junji Komori
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative
Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Surgery, Takamatsu Red Cross Hospital, Kagawa,
Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kuge
- Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Kohei Tatsumi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo
Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai
University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masumi Yamada
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School
of Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenjiro Wake
- Liver Research Unit, Minophagen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo
Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Lagasse
- Department of Pathology, McGowan Institute for Regenerative
Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kazuo Ohashi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan; Department of Surgery, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan; Laboratory of Drug Development and Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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32
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Thomaschewski M, Riecken K, Unrau L, Volz T, Cornils K, Ittrich H, Heim D, Wege H, Akgün E, Lütgehetmann M, Dieckhoff J, Köpke M, Dandri M, Benten D, Fehse B. Multi-color RGB marking enables clonality assessment of liver tumors in a murine xenograft model. Oncotarget 2017; 8:115582-115595. [PMID: 29383183 PMCID: PMC5777795 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently introduced red-green-blue (RGB) marking for clonal cell tracking based on individual color-coding. Here, we applied RGB marking to study clonal development of liver tumors. Immortalized, non-tumorigenic human fetal hepatocytes expressing the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (FH-hTERT) were RGB-marked by simultaneous transduction with lentiviral vectors encoding mCherry, Venus, and Cerulean. Multi-color fluorescence microscopy was used to analyze growth characteristics of RGB-marked FH-hTERT in vitro and in vivo after transplantation into livers of immunodeficient mice with endogenous liver damage (uPA/SCID). After initially polyclonal engraftment we observed oligoclonal regenerative nodules derived from transplanted RGB-marked FH-hTERT. Some mice developed monochromatic invasive liver tumors; their clonal origin was confirmed both on the molecular level, based on specific lentiviral-vector insertion sites, and by serial transplantation of one tumor. Vector insertions in proximity to the proto-oncogene MCF2 and the transcription factor MITF resulted in strong upregulation of mRNA expression in the respective tumors. Notably, upregulated MCF2 and MITF expression was also observed in 21% and 33% of 24 human hepatocellular carcinomas analyzed. In conclusion, liver repopulation with RGB-marked FH-hTERT is a useful tool to study clonal progression of liver tumors caused by insertional mutagenesis in vivo and will help identifying genes involved in liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thomaschewski
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludmilla Unrau
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Cornils
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Harald Ittrich
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Denise Heim
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Henning Wege
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ercan Akgün
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Dieckhoff
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Köpke
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Benten
- Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UMC Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Gastroenterology, Helios Klinikum Duisburg, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- Research Department of Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, University Medical Center (UMC) Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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33
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Ogoke O, Oluwole J, Parashurama N. Bioengineering considerations in liver regenerative medicine. J Biol Eng 2017; 11:46. [PMID: 29204185 PMCID: PMC5702480 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-017-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Liver disease contributes significantly to global disease burden and is associated with rising incidence and escalating costs. It is likely that innovative approaches, arising from the emerging field of liver regenerative medicine, will counter these trends. Main body Liver regenerative medicine is a rapidly expanding field based on a rich history of basic investigations into the nature of liver structure, physiology, development, regeneration, and function. With a bioengineering perspective, we discuss all major subfields within liver regenerative medicine, focusing on the history, seminal publications, recent progress within these fields, and commercialization efforts. The areas reviewed include fundamental aspects of liver transplantation, liver regeneration, primary hepatocyte cell culture, bioartificial liver, hepatocyte transplantation and liver cell therapies, mouse liver repopulation, adult liver stem cell/progenitor cells, pluripotent stem cells, hepatic microdevices, and decellularized liver grafts. Conclusion These studies highlight the creative directions of liver regenerative medicine, the collective efforts of scientists, engineers, and doctors, and the bright outlook for a wide range of approaches and applications which will impact patients with liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogechi Ogoke
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA
| | - Janet Oluwole
- Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, 907 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Natesh Parashurama
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA.,Clinical and Translation Research Center (CTRC), University at Buffalo (State University of New York), 875 Ellicott St., Buffalo, NY 14203 USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo (State University of New York), Furnas Hall, 907 Furnas Hall, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
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34
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Bierwolf J, Volz T, Lütgehetmann M, Allweiss L, Riecken K, Warlich M, Fehse B, Kalff JC, Dandri M, Pollok JM. Primary Human Hepatocytes Repopulate Livers of Mice After In Vitro Culturing and Lentiviral-Mediated Gene Transfer. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 22:742-53. [PMID: 27068494 PMCID: PMC4876526 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2015.0427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies represent a promising alternative to orthotopic liver transplantation. However, therapeutic effects are limited by low cell engraftment rates. We recently introduced a technique creating human hepatocyte spheroids for potential therapeutic application. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these spheroids are suitable for engraftment in diseased liver tissues. Intrasplenic spheroid transplantation into immunodeficient uPA/SCID/beige mice was performed. Hepatocyte transduction ability prior to transplantation was tested by lentiviral labeling using red-green-blue (RGB) marking. Eight weeks after transplantation, animals were sacrificed and livers were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. To investigate human hepatocyte-specific gene expression profiles in mice, quantitative real-time-PCR was applied. Human albumin and alpha-1-antitrypsin concentrations in mouse serum were quantified to assess the levels of human chimerism. Precultured human hepatocytes reestablished their physiological liver tissue architecture and function upon transplantation in mice. Positive immunohistochemical labeling of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen revealed that human hepatocytes retained their in vivo proliferation capacity. Expression profiles of human genes analyzed in chimeric mouse livers resembled levels determined in native human tissue. Extensive vascularization of human cell clusters was detected by demonstration of von Willebrand factor activity. To model gene therapy approaches, lentiviral transduction was performed ex vivo and fluorescent microscopic imaging revealed maintenance of RGB marking in vivo. Altogether, this is the first report demonstrating that cultured and retroviral transduced human hepatocyte spheroids are able to engraft and maintain their regenerative potential in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Bierwolf
- 1 Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany .,3 Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lena Allweiss
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristoffer Riecken
- 4 Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Warlich
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Boris Fehse
- 4 Department of Stem Cell Transplantation, Research Department Cell and Gene Therapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg C Kalff
- 1 Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Bonn , Bonn, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- 2 Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany .,5 German Center for Infection Research , Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Partner Site, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg-Matthias Pollok
- 1 Department for General, Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University Medical Center Bonn , Bonn, Germany
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35
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Tan AKY, Loh KM, Ang LT. Evaluating the regenerative potential and functionality of human liver cells in mice. Differentiation 2017; 98:25-34. [PMID: 29078082 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases afflict millions of patients worldwide. Currently, the only long-term treatment for liver failure is the transplantation of a new liver. However, intravenously transplanting a suspension of human hepatocytes might be a less-invasive approach to partially reconstitute lost liver functions in human patients as evinced by promising outcomes in clinical trials. The purpose of this essay is to emphasize outstanding questions that continue to surround hepatocyte transplantation. While adult primary human hepatocytes are the gold standard for transplantation, hepatocytes are heterogeneous. Whether all hepatocytes engraft equally and what specifically defines an "engraftable" hepatocyte capable of long-term liver reconstitution remains unclear. To this end, mouse models of liver injury enable the evaluation of human hepatocytes and their behavior upon transplantation into a complex injured liver environment. While mouse models may not be fully representative of the injured human liver and human hepatocytes tend to engraft mice less efficiently than mouse hepatocytes, valuable lessons have nonetheless been learned from transplanting human hepatocytes into mouse models. With an eye to the future, it will be crucial to eventually detail the optimal biological source (whether in vivo- or in vitro-derived) and presumptive heterogeneity of human hepatocytes and to understand the mechanisms through which they engraft and regenerate liver tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antson Kiat Yee Tan
- Stem Cell&Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Stanford-UC Berkeley Siebel Stem Cell Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lay Teng Ang
- Stem Cell&Developmental Biology Group, Genome Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore 138672, Singapore.
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Uchida T, Imamura M, Kan H, Hiraga N, Hayes CN, Tsuge M, Abe-Chayama H, Aikata H, Makokha GN, Miki D, Ochi H, Ishida Y, Tateno C, Chayama K. Usefulness of humanized cDNA-uPA/SCID mice for the study of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus virology. J Gen Virol 2017; 98:1040-1047. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michio Imamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Hiraga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - C. Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masataka Tsuge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiromi Abe-Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Aikata
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Grace Naswa Makokha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daiki Miki
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ochi
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Chise Tateno
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd, Higashihiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Science, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN), Hiroshima, Japan
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Fanti M, Gramignoli R, Serra M, Cadoni E, Strom SC, Marongiu F. Differentiation of amniotic epithelial cells into various liver cell types and potential therapeutic applications. Placenta 2017; 59:139-145. [PMID: 28411944 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of Regenerative Medicine is to replace or regenerate human cells, tissues or organs in order to restore normal function. Among all organs, the liver is endowed with remarkable regenerative capacity. Nonetheless, there are conditions in which this ability is impaired, and the use of isolated cells, including stem cells, is being considered as a possible therapeutic tool for the management of chronic hepatic disease. Placenta holds great promise for the field of regenerative medicine. It has long been used for the treatment of skin lesions and in ophthalmology, due to its ability to modulate inflammation and promote healing. More recently, cells isolated from the amniotic membrane are being considered as a possible resource for tissue regeneration, including in the context liver disease. Two cell types can be easily isolated from human amnion: epithelial cells (hAEC) and mesenchymal stromal cells (hAMSC). However only the first cell population has been demonstrated to be a possible source of proficient hepatic cells. This review will summarize current knowledge on the differentiation of hAEC into liver cells and their potential therapeutic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Fanti
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Roberto Gramignoli
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Serra
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Erika Cadoni
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Stephen C Strom
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fabio Marongiu
- University of Cagliari, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Unit of Experimental Medicine, Cagliari, Italy.
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38
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Grompe M. Fah Knockout Animals as Models for Therapeutic Liver Repopulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 959:215-230. [PMID: 28755199 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55780-9_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several animal models of Fah deficiency have been developed, including mice, pigs and most recently rats. Initially, the murine models were developed with the intent to mirror the human disease for pathophysiologic and therapeutic studies. However, it soon became apparent that Fah-positive hepatocytes have a potent selective growth advantage in mutant liver and can extensively repopulate the diseased organ. For this reason, Fah mutant mice have become a workhorse for liver biology and are widely used in liver stem cell and hepatic gene therapy research. Immune deficient Fah-knockout mice can be repopulated with human hepatocytes, creating "mice with human livers". These chimeric animals have become an important preclinical model for infectious diseases, metabolism and gene therapy. The potent expansion of human hepatocytes in Fah knockout mice has given rise to the concept of using Fah mutants as living bioreactors to produce large quantities of fully mature hepatocytes. As a consequence, larger animal models of Fah deficiency have recently been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239-3098, USA.
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Fomin ME, Beyer AI, Publicover J, Lu K, Bakkour S, Simmons G, Muench MO. Higher Serum Alanine Transaminase Levels in Male Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator-Transgenic Mice Are Associated With Improved Engraftment of Hepatocytes but not Liver Sinusoidal Endothelial Cells. CELL MEDICINE 2016; 9:117-125. [PMID: 28713641 DOI: 10.3727/215517916x693375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The effects of sex on the degree of liver damage and human cell engraftment were investigated in immunodeficient urokinase-type plasminogen activator-transgenic (uPA-NOG) mice. Liver damage, measured by serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels, was compared in male and female uPA-NOG mice of different ages. Male mice had significantly higher ALT levels than females with a median of 334 versus 158 U/L in transgenic homozygous mice, respectively. Mice were transplanted with human adult hepatocytes or fetal liver cells and analyzed for any correlation of engraftment of hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and hematopoietic cells with the degree of liver damage. Hepatocyte engraftment was measured by human albumin levels in the mouse serum. Higher ALT levels correlated with higher hepatocyte engraftment, resulting in albumin levels in male mice that were 9.6 times higher than in females. LSEC and hematopoietic cell engraftment were measured by flow cytometric analysis of the mouse liver and bone marrow. LSEC and hematopoietic engraftment did not differ between male and female transplant recipients. Thus, the sex of uPA-NOG mice affects the degree of liver damage, which is reflected in the levels of human hepatocyte engraftment. However, the high levels of LSEC engraftment observed in uPA-NOG mice are not further improved among male mice, suggesting that a lower threshold of liver damage is sufficient to enhance endothelial cell engraftment. Previously described sex differences in human hematopoietic stem cell engraftment in immunodeficient mice were not observed in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E Fomin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ashley I Beyer
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean Publicover
- †Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kai Lu
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sonia Bakkour
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,‡Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marcus O Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA.,‡Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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40
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Bissig KD, Paust S, Barzi M. Liver is liver and blood is blood, and finally the twain have met. J Hepatol 2016; 65:245-8. [PMID: 27221221 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Dimiter Bissig
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Silke Paust
- Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mercedes Barzi
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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41
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Mouse Systems to Model Hepatitis C Virus Treatment and Associated Resistance. Viruses 2016; 8:v8060176. [PMID: 27338446 PMCID: PMC4926196 DOI: 10.3390/v8060176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
While addition of the first-approved protease inhibitors (PIs), telaprevir and boceprevir, to pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy significantly increased sustained virologic response (SVR) rates, PI-based triple therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was prone to the emergence of resistant viral variants. Meanwhile, multiple direct acting antiviral agents (DAAs) targeting either the HCV NS3/4A protease, NS5A or NS5B polymerase have been approved and these have varying potencies and distinct propensities to provoke resistance. The pre-clinical in vivo assessment of drug efficacy and resistant variant emergence underwent a great evolution over the last decade. This field had long been hampered by the lack of suitable small animal models that robustly support the entire HCV life cycle. In particular, chimeric mice with humanized livers (humanized mice) and chimpanzees have been instrumental for studying HCV inhibitors and the evolution of drug resistance. In this review, we present the different in vivo HCV infection models and discuss their applicability to assess HCV therapy response and emergence of resistant variants.
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Connecting the Dots: Will a Better Understanding of Liver Cell Homeostasis Lead to Improved Therapies for Recovery After Transplantation? Transplantation 2016; 100:962-3. [PMID: 27116575 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Oldhafer F, Bock M, Falk CS, Vondran FWR. Immunological aspects of liver cell transplantation. World J Transplant 2016; 6:42-53. [PMID: 27011904 PMCID: PMC4801804 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Within the field of regenerative medicine, the liver is of major interest for adoption of regenerative strategies due to its well-known and unique regenerative capacity. Whereas therapeutic strategies such as liver resection and orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) can be considered standards of care for the treatment of a variety of liver diseases, the concept of liver cell transplantation (LCTx) still awaits clinical breakthrough. Success of LCTx is hampered by insufficient engraftment/long-term acceptance of cellular allografts mainly due to rejection of transplanted cells. This is in contrast to the results achieved for OLT where long-term graft survival is observed on a regular basis and, hence, the liver has been deemed an immune-privileged organ. Immune responses induced by isolated hepatocytes apparently differ considerably from those observed following transplantation of solid organs and, thus, LCTx requires refined immunological strategies to improve its clinical outcome. In addition, clinical usage of LCTx but also related basic research efforts are hindered by the limited availability of high quality liver cells, strongly emphasizing the need for alternative cell sources. This review focuses on the various immunological aspects of LCTx summarizing data available not only for hepatocyte transplantation but also for transplantation of non-parenchymal liver cells and liver stem cells.
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Witt-Kehati D, Bitton Alaluf M, Shlomai A. Advances and Challenges in Studying Hepatitis B Virus In Vitro. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010021. [PMID: 26784218 PMCID: PMC4728581 DOI: 10.3390/v8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus that infects the liver. Current anti-HBV drugs efficiently suppress viral replication but do not eradicate the virus due to the persistence of its episomal DNA. Efforts to develop reliable in vitro systems to model HBV infection, an imperative tool for studying HBV biology and its interactions with the host, have been hampered by major limitations at the level of the virus, the host and infection readouts. This review summarizes major milestones in the development of in vitro systems to study HBV. Recent advances in our understanding of HBV biology, such as the discovery of the bile-acid pump sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a receptor for HBV, enabled the establishment of NTCP expressing hepatoma cell lines permissive for HBV infection. Furthermore, advanced tissue engineering techniques facilitate now the establishment of HBV infection systems based on primary human hepatocytes that maintain their phenotype and permissiveness for infection over time. The ability to differentiate inducible pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells opens the door for studying HBV in a more isogenic background, as well. Thus, the recent advances in in vitro models for HBV infection holds promise for a better understanding of virus-host interactions and for future development of more definitive anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvora Witt-Kehati
- The Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Maya Bitton Alaluf
- Department of Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
| | - Amir Shlomai
- The Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
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von Schaewen M, Hrebikova G, Ploss A. Generation of Human Liver Chimeric Mice for the Study of Human Hepatotropic Pathogens. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1438:79-101. [PMID: 27150085 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3661-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Human liver chimeric mice have become valuable tools for the study of human hepatotropic pathogens and for the investigation of metabolism and pharmacokinetics of novel drugs. The evolution of the underlying mouse models has been rapid in the past years. The diverse fields of applications of those model systems and their technical challenges will be discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus von Schaewen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Gabriela Hrebikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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Sun JH, O’Boyle II DR, Fridell RA, Langley DR, Wang C, Roberts SB, Nower P, Johnson BM, Moulin F, Nophsker MJ, Wang YK, Liu M, Rigat K, Tu Y, Hewawasam P, Kadow J, Meanwell NA, Cockett M, Lemm JA, Kramer M, Belema M, Gao M. Resensitizing daclatasvir-resistant hepatitis C variants by allosteric modulation of NS5A. Nature 2015; 527:245-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nature15711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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47
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Tateno C, Kawase Y, Tobita Y, Hamamura S, Ohshita H, Yokomichi H, Sanada H, Kakuni M, Shiota A, Kojima Y, Ishida Y, Shitara H, Wada NA, Tateishi H, Sudoh M, Nagatsuka SI, Jishage KI, Kohara M. Generation of Novel Chimeric Mice with Humanized Livers by Using Hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142145. [PMID: 26536627 PMCID: PMC4633119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used homozygous albumin enhancer/promoter-driven urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficient (uPA/SCID) mice as hosts for chimeric mice with humanized livers. However, uPA/SCID mice show four disadvantages: the human hepatocytes (h-heps) replacement index in mouse liver is decreased due to deletion of uPA transgene by homologous recombination, kidney disorders are likely to develop, body size is small, and hemizygotes cannot be used as hosts as more frequent homologous recombination than homozygotes. To solve these disadvantages, we have established a novel host strain that has a transgene containing albumin promoter/enhancer and urokinase-type plasminogen activator cDNA and has a SCID background (cDNA-uPA/SCID). We applied the embryonic stem cell technique to simultaneously generate a number of transgenic lines, and found the line with the most appropriate levels of uPA expression—not detrimental but with a sufficiently damaged liver. We transplanted h-heps into homozygous and hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID mice via the spleen, and monitored their human albumin (h-alb) levels and body weight. Blood h-alb levels and body weight gradually increased in the hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID mice and were maintained until they were approximately 30 weeks old. By contrast, blood h-alb levels and body weight in uPA/SCID chimeric mice decreased from 16 weeks of age onwards. A similar decrease in body weight was observed in the homozygous cDNA-uPA/SCID genotype, but h-alb levels were maintained until they were approximately 30 weeks old. Microarray analyses revealed identical h-heps gene expression profiles in homozygous and hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID mice were identical to that observed in the uPA/SCID mice. Furthermore, like uPA/SCID chimeric mice, homozygous and hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID chimeric mice were successfully infected with hepatitis B virus and C virus. These results indicate that hemizygous cDNA-uPA/SCID mice may be novel and useful hosts for producing chimeric mice for use in future long-term studies, including hepatitis virus infection analysis or drug toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chise Tateno
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- * E-mail: (CT); (M. Kohara)
| | - Yosuke Kawase
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Tobita
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Ohshita
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Harumi Sanada
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Akira Shiota
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuha Kojima
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishida
- PhoenixBio Co., Ltd., Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima, Japan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shitara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko A. Wada
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Tateishi
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science, Inc., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Sudoh
- Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | - Michinori Kohara
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (CT); (M. Kohara)
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48
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Abstract
Most of what we know about a drug prior to human clinical studies is derived from animal testing. Because animals and humans have substantial differences in their physiology and in their drug metabolism pathways, we do not know very much about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behavior of a drug in humans until after it is administered to many people. Hence, drug-induced liver injury has become a significant public health problem, and we have a very inefficient drug development process with a high failure rate. Because the human liver is at the heart of these problems, chimeric mice with humanized livers could be used to address these issues. We examine recent evidence indicating that drug testing in chimeric mice could provide better information about a drug's metabolism, disposition, and toxicity (i.e., its "behavior") in humans and could aid in developing personalized medicine strategies, which would improve drug efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305;
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49
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Scheer N, Wilson ID. A comparison between genetically humanized and chimeric liver humanized mouse models for studies in drug metabolism and toxicity. Drug Discov Today 2015; 21:250-63. [PMID: 26360054 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mice that have been genetically humanized for proteins involved in drug metabolism and toxicity and mice engrafted with human hepatocytes are emerging and promising in vivo models for an improved prediction of the pharmacokinetic, drug-drug interaction and safety characteristics of compounds in humans. The specific advantages and disadvantages of these models should be carefully considered when using them for studies in drug discovery and development. Here, an overview on the corresponding genetically humanized and chimeric liver humanized mouse models described to date is provided and illustrated with examples of their utility in drug metabolism and toxicity studies. We compare the strength and weaknesses of the two different approaches, give guidance for the selection of the appropriate model for various applications and discuss future trends and perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ian D Wilson
- Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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50
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Castinetti F, Brinkmeier ML, Mortensen AH, Vella KR, Gergics P, Brue T, Hollenberg AN, Gan L, Camper SA. ISL1 Is Necessary for Maximal Thyrotrope Response to Hypothyroidism. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1510-21. [PMID: 26296153 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ISLET1 is a homeodomain transcription factor necessary for development of the pituitary, retina, motor neurons, heart, and pancreas. Isl1-deficient mice (Isl1(-/-)) die early during embryogenesis at embryonic day 10.5 due to heart defects, and at that time, they have an undersized pituitary primordium. ISL1 is expressed in differentiating pituitary cells in early embryogenesis. Here, we report the cell-specific expression of ISL1 and assessment of its role in gonadotropes and thyrotropes. Isl1 expression is elevated in pituitaries of Cga(-/-) mice, a model of hypothyroidism with thyrotrope hypertrophy and hyperplasia. Thyrotrope-specific disruption of Isl1 with Tshb-cre is permissive for normal serum TSH, but T4 levels are decreased, suggesting decreased thyrotrope function. Inducing hypothyroidism in normal mice causes a reduction in T4 levels and dramatically elevated TSH response, but mice with thyrotrope-specific disruption of Isl1 have a blunted TSH response. In contrast, deletion of Isl1 in gonadotropes with an Lhb-cre transgene has no obvious effect on gonadotrope function or fertility. These results show that ISL1 is necessary for maximal thyrotrope response to hypothyroidism, in addition to its role in development of Rathke's pouch.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Castinetti
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - M L Brinkmeier
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - A H Mortensen
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - K R Vella
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - P Gergics
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - T Brue
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - A N Hollenberg
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - L Gan
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
| | - S A Camper
- Human Genetics, University of Michigan (F.C., M.L.B., A.H.M., P.G., S.A.C.), Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (K.R.V., A.N.H.), Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215; Aix-Marseille University (F.C., T.B.), Centre de Recherche en Neurobiologie et Neurophysiologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté de Médecine de Marseille, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital de la Timone, Marseille, France 13000; and University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry (L.G.), Rochester, New York 14642
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