1
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Szymanska I, Bauernfried S, Komar T, Hornung V. Vaccinia virus F1L blocks the ribotoxic stress response to subvert ZAKα-dependent NLRP1 inflammasome activation. Eur J Immunol 2024; 54:e2451135. [PMID: 39086059 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are essential for host defense, recognizing foreign or stress signals to trigger immune responses, including maturation of IL-1 family cytokines and pyroptosis. Here, NLRP1 is emerging as an important sensor of viral infection in barrier tissues. NLRP1 is activated by various stimuli, including viral double-stranded (ds) RNA, ribotoxic stress, and inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidases 8 and 9 (DPP8/9). However, certain viruses, most notably the vaccinia virus, have evolved strategies to subvert inflammasome activation or effector functions. Using the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as a model, we investigated how the vaccinia virus inhibits inflammasome activation. We confirmed that the early gene F1L plays a critical role in inhibiting NLRP1 inflammasome activation. Interestingly, it blocks dsRNA and ribotoxic stress-dependent NLRP1 activation without affecting its DPP9-inhibition-mediated activation. Complementation and loss-of-function experiments demonstrated the sufficiency and necessity of F1L in blocking NLRP1 activation. Furthermore, we found that F1L-deficient, but not wild-type MVA, induced ZAKα activation. Indeed, an F1L-deficient virus was found to disrupt protein translation more prominently than an unmodified virus, suggesting that F1L acts in part upstream of ZAKα. These findings underscore the inhibitory role of F1L on NLRP1 inflammasome activation and provide insight into viral evasion of host defenses and the intricate mechanisms of inflammasome activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Szymanska
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Bauernfried
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Komar
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU München, Munich, Germany
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2
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Chakravarty N, Hemani D, Paravastu R, Ahmad Z, Palani SN, Arumugaswami V, Kumar A. Mpox Virus and its ocular surface manifestations. Ocul Surf 2024; 34:108-121. [PMID: 38972544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The Mpox virus (MPXV) is the causative agent of human Mpox disease - a debilitating rash illness similar to smallpox. Although Clade I MPXV has remained endemic to West and Central Africa, Clade II MPXV has been responsible for many outbreaks worldwide. The most recent outbreak in 2022 resulted from the rapid spread of a new clade of MPXV, classified into Clade IIb - a distinct lineage from the previously circulating viral strains. The rapid spread and increased severity of Mpox disease by the Clade IIb strain have raised the serious public health imperative of better understanding the host and viral determinants during MPXV infection. In addition to typical skin rashes, including in the periorbital area, MPXV causes moderate to severe ophthalmic manifestations - most commonly, ocular surface complications (e.g., keratitis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis). While ocular manifestations of Clade I Mpox within the Congo basin have been well-reported, global incidence trends of ocular Mpox cases by Clade IIb are still emerging. Given the demonstrated ability of all MPXV strains to auto-inoculate ocular tissue, alongside the enhanced transmissibility of the Clade IIb virus, there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanisms by which MPXV causes ocular anomalies. In this review, we discuss the viral and genomic structures of MPXV, the epidemiology, and pathology of systemic and ocular Mpox, as well as potential prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Chakravarty
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, Colton, CA, USA
| | - Darshi Hemani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ramya Paravastu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sankara Naynar Palani
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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3
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Hsu J, Kim S, Anandasabapathy N. Vaccinia Virus: Mechanisms Supporting Immune Evasion and Successful Long-Term Protective Immunity. Viruses 2024; 16:870. [PMID: 38932162 PMCID: PMC11209207 DOI: 10.3390/v16060870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus is the most successful vaccine in human history and functions as a protective vaccine against smallpox and monkeypox, highlighting the importance of ongoing research into vaccinia due to its genetic similarity to other emergent poxviruses. Moreover, vaccinia's ability to accommodate large genetic insertions makes it promising for vaccine development and potential therapeutic applications, such as oncolytic agents. Thus, understanding how superior immunity is generated by vaccinia is crucial for designing other effective and safe vaccine strategies. During vaccinia inoculation by scarification, the skin serves as a primary site for the virus-host interaction, with various cell types playing distinct roles. During this process, hematopoietic cells undergo abortive infections, while non-hematopoietic cells support the full viral life cycle. This differential permissiveness to viral replication influences subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. Dendritic cells (DCs), key immune sentinels in peripheral tissues such as skin, are pivotal in generating T cell memory during vaccinia immunization. DCs residing in the skin capture viral antigens and migrate to the draining lymph nodes (dLN), where they undergo maturation and present processed antigens to T cells. Notably, CD8+ T cells are particularly significant in viral clearance and the establishment of long-term protective immunity. Here, we will discuss vaccinia virus, its continued relevance to public health, and viral strategies permissive to immune escape. We will also discuss key events and populations leading to long-term protective immunity and remaining key gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Hsu
- Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Suyon Kim
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- Department of Dermatology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
- Englander Institute of Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
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4
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Georgana I, Scutts SR, Gao C, Lu Y, Torres AA, Ren H, Emmott E, Men J, Oei K, Smith GL. Filamin B restricts vaccinia virus spread and is targeted by vaccinia virus protein C4. J Virol 2024; 98:e0148523. [PMID: 38412044 PMCID: PMC10949515 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01485-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large DNA virus that encodes scores of proteins that modulate the host immune response. VACV protein C4 is one such immunomodulator known to inhibit the activation of both the NF-κB signaling cascade and the DNA-PK-mediated DNA sensing pathway. Here, we show that the N-terminal region of C4, which neither inhibits NF-κB nor mediates interaction with DNA-PK, still contributes to virus virulence. Furthermore, this domain interacts directly and with high affinity to the C-terminal domain of filamin B (FLNB). FLNB is a large actin-binding protein that stabilizes the F-actin network and is implicated in other cellular processes. Deletion of FLNB from cells results in larger VACV plaques and increased infectious viral yield, indicating that FLNB restricts VACV spread. These data demonstrate that C4 has a new function that contributes to virulence and engages the cytoskeleton. Furthermore, we show that the cytoskeleton performs further previously uncharacterized functions during VACV infection. IMPORTANCE Vaccinia virus (VACV), the vaccine against smallpox and monkeypox, encodes many proteins to counteract the host immune response. Investigating these proteins provides insights into viral immune evasion mechanisms and thereby indicates how to engineer safer and more immunogenic VACV-based vaccines. Here, we report that the N-terminal domain of VACV protein C4 interacts directly with the cytoskeletal protein filamin B (FLNB), and this domain of C4 contributes to virus virulence. Furthermore, VACV replicates and spreads better in cells lacking FLNB, thus demonstrating that FLNB has antiviral activity. VACV utilizes the cytoskeleton for movement within and between cells; however, previous studies show no involvement of C4 in VACV replication or spread. Thus, C4 associates with FLNB for a different reason, suggesting that the cytoskeleton has further uncharacterized roles during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Georgana
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon R. Scutts
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chen Gao
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yongxu Lu
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alice A. Torres
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Emmott
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jinghao Men
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Keefe Oei
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey L. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Alakunle E, Kolawole D, Diaz-Cánova D, Alele F, Adegboye O, Moens U, Okeke MI. A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1360586. [PMID: 38510963 PMCID: PMC10952103 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is the etiological agent of monkeypox (mpox), a zoonotic disease. MPXV is endemic in the forested regions of West and Central Africa, but the virus has recently spread globally, causing outbreaks in multiple non-endemic countries. In this paper, we review the characteristics of the virus, including its ecology, genomics, infection biology, and evolution. We estimate by phylogenomic molecular clock that the B.1 lineage responsible for the 2022 mpox outbreaks has been in circulation since 2016. We interrogate the host-virus interactions that modulate the virus infection biology, signal transduction, pathogenesis, and host immune responses. We highlight the changing pathophysiology and epidemiology of MPXV and summarize recent advances in the prevention and treatment of mpox. In addition, this review identifies knowledge gaps with respect to the virus and the disease, suggests future research directions to address the knowledge gaps, and proposes a One Health approach as an effective strategy to prevent current and future epidemics of mpox.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Daniel Kolawole
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Diana Diaz-Cánova
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Faith Alele
- School of Health, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Oyelola Adegboye
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, Australia
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, UIT – The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
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6
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Desingu PA, Rubeni TP, Nagarajan K, Sundaresan NR. Molecular evolution of 2022 multi-country outbreak-causing monkeypox virus Clade IIb. iScience 2024; 27:108601. [PMID: 38188513 PMCID: PMC10770499 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The monkeypox virus (Mpoxv) Clade IIb viruses that caused an outbreak in 2017-18 in Nigeria and its genetically related viruses have been detected in many countries and caused multi-country outbreak in 2022. Since the pandemic-causing Mpoxv Clade IIb viruses are closely related to Clade IIa viruses which mostly cause endemic, the Clade IIb Mpoxv might have certain specific genetic variations that are still largely unknown. Here, we have systematically analyzed genetic alterations in different clades of Mpox viruses. The results suggest that the Mpoxv Clade IIb have genetic variations in terms of genomic gaps, frameshift mutations, in-frame nonsense mutations, amino acid tandem repeats, and APOBEC3 mutations. Further, we observed specific genetic variations in the multiple genes specific for Clade I and Clade IIb, and exclusive genetic variations for Clade IIa and Clade IIb. Collectively, findings shed light on the evolution and genetic variations in the outbreak of 2022 causing Mpoxv Clade IIb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perumal Arumugam Desingu
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | | | - K. Nagarajan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Madras Veterinary College, Vepery, Chennai 600007, Tamil Nadu
- Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS)
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7
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Verma RK, Gangwar AK. Characterization of Fowlpox Virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:55-74. [PMID: 38801571 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The complex cytoplasmic DNA virus known as the fowlpox virus (FWPV) is a member of the avipoxvirus genus, Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and Family Poxviridae. The large genome size of FWPV makes it a potential vector for the creation of vaccines against a range of serious veterinary and human ailments. It also allows for multiple gene insertion and the generation of abortive infection in mammalian cells. The virus, which causes fowlpox in chickens and turkeys, is mainly transmitted to poultry through aerosols or biting insects. Fowlpox is a highly contagious disease that affects both domestic and wild birds, causing cutaneous and/or diphtheritic illnesses. To control the illness, strict hygiene practices and immunization with FWPV attenuated strains or antigenically similar pigeon pox virus vaccines are employed. Recent years have seen an increase in fowlpox outbreaks in chicken flocks, primarily due to the introduction of novel forms of FWPV. It is believed that the pathogenic characteristics of these strains are enhanced by the integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus sequences of variable lengths into the FWPV genome. The standard laboratory diagnosis of FPV involves histopathological analysis, electron microscopy, virus isolation on chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs or cell cultures, and serologic techniques. For quick and consistent diagnosis, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has proven to be the most sensitive method. PCR is used in concert with restriction endonuclease enzyme analysis (REA) to identify, differentiate, and characterize the molecular makeup of isolates of the fowlpox virus. Sequencing of the amplified fragments is then done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Verma
- Assistant Professor (Veterinary Microbiology), College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 224229, India.
| | - A K Gangwar
- Professor and Head Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh, 224229, India
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8
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Nucera F, Bonina L, Cipolla A, Pirina P, Hansbro PM, Adcock IM, Caramori G. Poxviridae Pneumonia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1451:183-204. [PMID: 38801579 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Poxviridae family includes several viruses that infecting humans usually causes skin lesions only, but in some cases their clinical course is complicated by viral pneumonia (with or without bacterial superinfections). Historically variola virus has been the poxviridae most frequently associated with the development of pneumonia with many large outbreaks worldwide before its eradication in 1980. It is still considered a biological threat for its potential in biological warfare and bioterrorism. Smallpox pneumonia can be severe with the onset of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and death. Vaccinia virus, used for vaccination against smallpox exceptionally, in immunocompromised patients, can induce generalized (with also lung involvement) severe disease after vaccination. MPXV virus occasionally can cause pneumonia particularly in immunocompromised patients. The pathophysiology of poxviridae pneumonia is still an area of active research; however, in animal models these viruses can cause both direct damage to the lower airways epithelium and a hyperinflammatory syndrome, like a cytokine storm. Multiple mechanisms of immune evasion have also been described. The treatment of poxviridae pneumonia is mainly based on careful supportive care. Despite the absence of randomized clinical trials in patients with poxviridae pneumonia there are antiviral drugs, such as tecovirimat, cidofovir and brincidofovir, FDA-approved for use in smallpox and also available under an expanded access protocol for treatment of MPXV. There are 2 (replication-deficient modified vaccinia Ankara and replication-competent vaccinia virus) smallpox vaccines FDA-approved with the first one also approved for prevention of MPXV in adults that are at high risk of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Nucera
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali (BIOMORF), Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Letterio Bonina
- Virologia, Dipartimento di Patologia delle Malattie Umane "G. Barresi", Università degli Studi di Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Cipolla
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Pietro Pirina
- Pneumologia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Chirurgia e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ian M Adcock
- Airway Disease Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gaetano Caramori
- Pulmonology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Kumar A, Gupta N, Fayaz A, Mageswary R, Bano R, ChandraSekar S, Muthuchelvan D, Dhama K, Pandey AB, Ramakrishnan MA. Molecular epidemiology of swinepox viruses circulating in India. Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 36408854 PMCID: PMC9828724 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2022.2150791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Swinepox is a sporadic virus disease of domestic and wild pigs that mainly occurs during the rainy season. Though the disease is known for a century, research on swinepox especially genetic characterization is scanty. Self-limiting nature of the disease, the non-availability of specific diagnostics as well as the resemblance of clinical signs with other pathogens are some of the issues in the slow progress in swinepox-related research. Recent whole genome sequencing data from the USA, India, and Germany enhanced our understanding of the biology of swinepox virus (SWPV). The objective of the present study is to investigate the molecular epidemiology of two swinepox outbreaks that occurred in 2015 and 2016 one each in Uttar Pradesh, and the Haryana states of India. The appearance of clinical signs in different swine breeds was recorded. The scab samples from infected pigs were collected, DNA extracted, host range genes of SWPV were PCR amplified, sequenced and analyzed for genetic and phylogenetic characterization. Desi (nondescript breed), Yorkshire White pigs, and Landrace cross were found to be infected with SWPV. Host range genes of SWPV analyzed from clinical samples showed very high nucleotide identity with each other. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that SWPVs circulating in India are distinct (Indian lineage) from the SWPV of the USA, Germany, and Russia (European-North American lineage). Our study affirms the existence of two distinct lineages of SWPV globally with differences in clinical lesions between breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nikunj Gupta
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Arfa Fayaz
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rajangam Mageswary
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Rukhsana Bano
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shanmugam ChandraSekar
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Dhanavelu Muthuchelvan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Awadh B. Pandey
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Muthannan Andavar Ramakrishnan
- Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand, India,CONTACT Muthannan Andavar Ramakrishnan Division of Virology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar, Uttarakhand263 138, India
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10
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Wu N, Zheng C, Xu J, Ma S, Jia H, Yan M, An F, Zhou Y, Qi J, Bian H. Race between virus and inflammasomes: inhibition or escape, intervention and therapy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1173505. [PMID: 37465759 PMCID: PMC10351387 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1173505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a multiprotein complex that further regulates cell pyroptosis and inflammation by activating caspase-1. The assembly and activation of inflammasome are associated with a variety of diseases. Accumulative studies have shown that inflammasome is a key modulator of the host's defense response to viral infection. Indeed, it has been established that activation of inflammasome occurs during viral infection. At the same time, the host has evolved a variety of corresponding mechanisms to inhibit unnecessary inflammasome activation. Therefore, here, we review and summarize the latest research progress on the interaction between inflammosomes and viruses, highlight the assembly and activation of inflammosome in related cells after viral infection, as well as the corresponding molecular regulatory mechanisms, and elucidate the effects of this activation on virus immune escape and host innate and adaptive immune defenses. Finally, we also discuss the potential therapeutic strategies to prevent and/or ameliorate viral infection-related diseases via targeting inflammasomes and its products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nijin Wu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunzhi Zheng
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases and Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiarui Xu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shujun Ma
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huimin Jia
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Meizhu Yan
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Fuxiang An
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianni Qi
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongjun Bian
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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11
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Guan H, Gul I, Xiao C, Ma S, Liang Y, Yu D, Liu Y, Liu H, Zhang CY, Li J, Qin P. Emergence, phylogeography, and adaptive evolution of mpox virus. New Microbes New Infect 2023; 52:101102. [PMID: 36815201 PMCID: PMC9937731 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2023.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mpox (Monkeypox) is a zoonotic disease caused by mpox virus (MPXV). A multi-country MPXV outbreak in non-endemic demographics was identified in May 2022. A systematic evaluation of MPXV evolutionary trajectory and genetic diversity could be a timely addition to the MPXV diagnostics and prophylaxis. Herein, we integrated a systematic evolution analysis including phylogenomic and phylogeographic, followed by an in-depth analysis of the adaptive evolution and amino acid variations in type I interferon binding protein (IFNα/βBP). Mutations in IFNα/βBP protein may impair its binding capacity, affecting the MPXV immune evasion strategy. Based on the equilibrated data, we found an evolutionary rate of 7.75 × 10 - 5 substitutions/site/year, and an earlier original time (2021.25) of the clade IIb. We further discovered significant genetic variations in MPXV genomes from different regions and obtained six plausible spread trajectories from its intricate viral flow network, implying that North America might have acted as a bridge for the spread of MPXV from Africa to other continents. We identified two amino acids under positive selection in the Rifampicin resistance protein and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) type-I membrane glycoprotein, indicating a role in adaptive evolution. Our research sheds light on the emergence, dispersal, and adaptive evolution of MPXV, providing theoretical support for mitigating and containing its expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Guan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ijaz Gul
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chufan Xiao
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuyue Ma
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yingshan Liang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Dongmei Yu
- School of Mechanical, Electrical & Information Engineering, Shandong University, Weihai, Shandong, 264209, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Food Inspection & Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Custom, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Food Inspection & Quarantine Center, Shenzhen Custom, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, China
| | - Can Yang Zhang
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Juan Li
- Advanced Research Institute for Multidisciplinary Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Peiwu Qin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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12
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Depierreux DM, Smith GL, Ferguson BJ. Transcriptional reprogramming of natural killer cells by vaccinia virus shows both distinct and conserved features with mCMV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1093381. [PMID: 36911702 PMCID: PMC9995584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1093381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells have an established role in controlling poxvirus infection and there is a growing interest to exploit their capabilities in the context of poxvirus-based oncolytic therapy and vaccination. How NK cells respond to poxvirus-infected cells to become activated is not well established. To address this knowledge gap, we studied the NK cell response to vaccinia virus (VACV) in vivo, using a systemic infection murine model. We found broad alterations in NK cells transcriptional activity in VACV-infected mice, consistent with both direct target cell recognition and cytokine exposure. There were also alterations in the expression levels of specific NK surface receptors (NKRs), including the Ly49 family and SLAM receptors, as well as upregulation of memory-associated NK markers. Despite the latter observation, adoptive transfer of VACV-expercienced NK populations did not confer protection from infection. Comparison with the NK cell response to murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection highlighted common features, but also distinct NK transcriptional programmes initiated by VACV. Finally, there was a clear overlap between the NK transcriptional response in humans vaccinated with an attenuated VACV, modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), demonstrating conservation between the NK response in these different host species. Overall, this study provides new data about NK cell activation, function, and homeostasis during VACV infection, and may have implication for the design of VACV-based therapeutics.
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13
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Mukherjee AG, Wanjari UR, Kannampuzha S, Das S, Murali R, Namachivayam A, Renu K, Ramanathan G, Doss C GP, Vellingiri B, Dey A, Valsala Gopalakrishnan A. The pathophysiological and immunological background of the monkeypox virus infection: An update. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28206. [PMID: 36217803 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the COVID-19 waves, the globe is facing global monkeypox (MPX) outbreak. MPX is an uncommon zoonotic infection characterized by symptoms similar to smallpox. It is caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a double-stranded DNA virus that belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus (OPXV). MPXV, which causes human disease, has been confined to Africa for many years, with only a few isolated cases in other areas. Outside of Africa, the continuing MPXV outbreak in multiple countries in 2022 is the greatest in recorded history. The current outbreak, with over 10 000 confirmed cases in over 50 countries between May and July 2022, demonstrates that MPXV may travel rapidly among humans and pose a danger to human health worldwide. The rapid spread of such outbreaks in recent times has elevated MPX to the status of a rising zoonotic disease with significant epidemic potential. While the MPXV is not as deadly or contagious as the variola virus that causes smallpox, it poses a threat because it could evolve into a more potent human pathogen. This review assesses the potential threat to the human population and provides a brief overview of what is currently known about this reemerging virus. By analyzing the biological effects of MPXV on human health, its shifting epidemiological footprint, and currently available therapeutic options, this review has presented the most recent insights into the biology of the virus. This study also clarifies the key potential causes that could be to blame for the present MPX outbreak and draw attention to major research questions and promising new avenues for combating the current MPX epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Goutam Mukherjee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Uddesh Ramesh Wanjari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sandra Kannampuzha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Reshma Murali
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arunraj Namachivayam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanasambandan Ramanathan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - George Priya Doss C
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Wassenaar TM, Wanchai V, Ussery DW. Comparison of Monkeypox virus genomes from the 2017 Nigeria outbreak and the 2022 outbreak. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:3690-3698. [PMID: 36074056 PMCID: PMC9828465 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The current Monkeypox virus (MPX) outbreak is not only the largest known outbreak to date caused by a strain belonging to the West-African clade, but also results in remarkably different clinical and epidemiological features compared to previous outbreaks of this virus. Here, we consider the possibility that mutations in the viral genome may be responsible for its changed characteristics. METHODS AND RESULTS Six genome sequences of isolates from the current outbreak were compared to five genomes of isolates from the 2017 outbreak in Nigeria and to two historic genomes, all belonging to the West-African clade. We report differences that are consistently present in the 2022 isolates but not in the others. Although some variation in repeat units was observed, only two were consistently found in the 2022 genomes only, and these were located in intergenic regions. A total of 55 single nucleotide polymorphisms were consistently present in the 2022 isolates compared to the 2017 isolates. Of these, 25 caused an amino acid substitution in a predicted protein. CONCLUSIONS The nature of the substitution and the annotation of the affected protein identified potential candidates that might affect the virulence of the virus. These included the viral DNA helicase and transcription factors. SIGNIFICANCE This bioinformatic analysis provides guidance for wet-lab research to identify changed properties of the MPX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Visanu Wanchai
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
| | - David W. Ussery
- Department of Biomedical InformaticsUniversity of Arkansas for Medical SciencesLittle RockArkansasUSA
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15
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Forni D, Cagliani R, Molteni C, Clerici M, Sironi M. Monkeypox virus: The changing facets of a zoonotic pathogen. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 105:105372. [PMID: 36202208 PMCID: PMC9534092 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the last five years, the prevalence of monkeypox has been increasing both in the regions considered endemic for the disease (West and Central Africa) and worldwide. Indeed, in July 2022, the World Health Organization declared the ongoing global outbreak of monkeypox a public health emergency of international concern. The disease is caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes variola virus (the causative agent of smallpox) and vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox eradication campaign). Here, we review aspects of MPXV genetic diversity and epidemiology, with an emphasis on its genome structure, host range, and relationship with other orthopoxviruses. We also summarize the most recent findings deriving from the sequencing of outbreak MPXV genomes, and we discuss the apparent changing of MPXV evolutionary trajectory, which is characterized by the accumulation of point mutations rather than by gene gains/losses. Whereas the availability of a vaccine, the relatively mild presentation of the disease, and its relatively low transmissibility speak in favor of an efficient control of the global outbreak, the wide host range of MPXV raises concerns about the possible establishment of novel reservoirs. We also call for the deployment of field surveys and genomic surveillance programs to identify and control the MPXV reservoirs in West and Central Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Forni
- IRCCS E. MEDEA, Bioinformatics, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | | | | | - Mario Clerici
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Don C. Gnocchi Foundation ONLUS, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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16
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Zhang RY, Pallett MA, French J, Ren H, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus BTB-Kelch proteins C2 and F3 inhibit NF-κB activation. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:10.1099/jgv.0.001786. [PMID: 36301238 PMCID: PMC7614845 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes scores of proteins that suppress host innate immunity and many of these target intracellular signalling pathways leading to activation of inflammation. The transcription factor NF-κB plays a critical role in the host response to infection and is targeted by many viruses, including VACV that encodes 12 NF-κB inhibitors that interfere at different stages in this signalling pathway. Here we report that VACV proteins C2 and F3 are additional inhibitors of this pathway. C2 and F3 are BTB-Kelch proteins that are expressed early during infection, are non-essential for virus replication, but affect the outcome of infection in vivo. Using reporter gene assays, RT-qPCR analyses of endogenous gene expression, and ELISA, these BTB-Kelch proteins are shown here to diminish NF-κB activation by reducing translocation of p65 into the nucleus. C2 and F3 are the 13th and 14th NF-κB inhibitors encoded by VACV. Remarkably, in every case tested, these individual proteins affect virulence in vivo and therefore have non-redundant functions. Lastly, immunisation with a VACV strain lacking C2 induced a stronger CD8+ T cell response and better protection against virus challenge.
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17
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Reus JB, Rex EA, Gammon DB. How to Inhibit Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling: Lessons from Poxviruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091061. [PMID: 36145493 PMCID: PMC9502310 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Nuclear Factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family of transcription factors regulates key host inflammatory and antiviral gene expression programs, and thus, is often activated during viral infection through the action of pattern-recognition receptors and cytokine–receptor interactions. In turn, many viral pathogens encode strategies to manipulate and/or inhibit NF-κB signaling. This is particularly exemplified by vaccinia virus (VV), the prototypic poxvirus, which encodes at least 18 different inhibitors of NF-κB signaling. While many of these poxviral NF-κB inhibitors are not required for VV replication in cell culture, they virtually all modulate VV virulence in animal models, underscoring the important influence of poxvirus–NF-κB pathway interactions on viral pathogenesis. Here, we review the diversity of mechanisms through which VV-encoded antagonists inhibit initial NF-κB pathway activation and NF-κB signaling intermediates, as well as the activation and function of NF-κB transcription factor complexes.
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18
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Sheppard EC, Martin CA, Armstrong C, González-Quevedo C, Illera JC, Suh A, Spurgin LG, Richardson DS. Genomic associations with poxvirus across divergent island populations in Berthelot's pipit. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3154-3173. [PMID: 35395699 PMCID: PMC9321574 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms and genes that enable animal populations to adapt to pathogens is important from an evolutionary, health and conservation perspective. Berthelot's pipit (Anthus berthelotii) experiences extensive and consistent spatial heterogeneity in avian pox infection pressure across its range of island populations, thus providing an excellent system with which to examine how pathogen-mediated selection drives spatial variation in immunogenetic diversity. Here we test for evidence of genetic variation associated with avian pox at both an individual and population-level. At the individual level, we find no evidence that variation in MHC class I and TLR4 (both known to be important in recognising viral infection) was associated with pox infection within two separate populations. However, using genotype-environment association (Bayenv) in conjunction with genome-wide (ddRAD-seq) data, we detected strong associations between population-level avian pox prevalence and allele frequencies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at a number of sites across the genome. These sites were located within genes involved in cellular stress signalling and immune responses, many of which have previously been associated with responses to viral infection in humans and other animals. Consequently, our analyses indicates that pathogen-mediated selection may play a role in shaping genomic variation among relatively recently colonised island bird populations and highlights the utility of genotype-environment associations for identifying candidate genes potentially involved in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor C Sheppard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Claudia A Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Claire Armstrong
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Catalina González-Quevedo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Grupo Ecología y Evolución de Vertebrados, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Illera
- Biodiversity Research Institute (CSIC-Oviedo University-Principality of Asturias), University of Oviedo, Campus of Mieres, Research Building, 5th Floor, c/ Gonzalo Gutiérrez Quirós, s/n, 33600 Mieres, Asturias, Spain
| | - Alexander Suh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK.,Department of Ecology and Genetics - Evolutionary Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre (EBC), Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lewis G Spurgin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - David S Richardson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
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19
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Tummers B, Green DR. The evolution of regulated cell death pathways in animals and their evasion by pathogens. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:411-454. [PMID: 34898294 PMCID: PMC8676434 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00002.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The coevolution of host-pathogen interactions underlies many human physiological traits associated with protection from or susceptibility to infections. Among the mechanisms that animals utilize to control infections are the regulated cell death pathways of pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Over the course of evolution these pathways have become intricate and complex, coevolving with microbes that infect animal hosts. Microbes, in turn, have evolved strategies to interfere with the pathways of regulated cell death to avoid eradication by the host. Here, we present an overview of the mechanisms of regulated cell death in Animalia and the strategies devised by pathogens to interfere with these processes. We review the molecular pathways of regulated cell death, their roles in infection, and how they are perturbed by viruses and bacteria, providing insights into the coevolution of host-pathogen interactions and cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Tummers
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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20
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus ORF116 gene encodes an antagonist of the interferon response. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34890310 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Genetic and functional studies have revealed ORFV has multiple immunomodulatory genes that manipulate innate immune responses, during the early stage of infection. ORF116 is a novel gene of ORFV with hitherto unknown function. Characterization of an ORF116 deletion mutant showed that it replicated in primary lamb testis cells with reduced levels compared to the wild-type and produced a smaller plaque phenotype. ORF116 was shown to be expressed prior to DNA replication. The potential function of ORF116 was investigated by gene-expression microarray analysis in HeLa cells infected with wild-type ORFV or the ORF116 deletion mutant. The analysis of differential cellular gene expression revealed a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) differentially expressed at either 4 or 6 h post infection. IFI44 showed the greatest differential expression (4.17-fold) between wild-type and knockout virus. Other ISGs that were upregulated in the knockout included RIG-I, IFIT2, MDA5, OAS1, OASL, DDX60, ISG20 and IFIT1 and in addition the inflammatory cytokine IL-8. These findings were validated by infecting HeLa cells with an ORF116 revertant recombinant virus and analysis of transcript expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). These observations suggested a role for the ORFV gene ORF116 in modulating the IFN response and inflammatory cytokines. This study represents the first functional analysis of ORF116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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21
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Girdhar K, Powis A, Raisingani A, Chrudinová M, Huang R, Tran T, Sevgi K, Dogus Dogru Y, Altindis E. Viruses and Metabolism: The Effects of Viral Infections and Viral Insulins on Host Metabolism. Annu Rev Virol 2021; 8:373-391. [PMID: 34586876 PMCID: PMC9175272 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-091919-102416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, there have been tremendous efforts to understand the cross-talk between viruses and host metabolism. Several studies have elucidated the mechanisms through which viral infections manipulate metabolic pathways including glucose, fatty acid, protein, and nucleotide metabolism. These pathways are evolutionarily conserved across the tree of life and extremely important for the host's nutrient utilization and energy production. In this review, we focus on host glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid metabolism and highlight the pathways manipulated by the different classes of viruses to increase their replication. We also explore a new system of viral hormones in which viruses mimic host hormones to manipulate the host endocrine system. We discuss viral insulin/IGF-1-like peptides and their potential effects on host metabolism. Together, these pathogenesis mechanisms targeting cellular signaling pathways create a multidimensional network of interactions between host and viral proteins. Defining and better understanding these mechanisms will help us to develop new therapeutic tools to prevent and treat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khyati Girdhar
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
| | - Amaya Powis
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
| | - Amol Raisingani
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
| | - Martina Chrudinová
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
| | - Ruixu Huang
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
| | - Tu Tran
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
| | - Kaan Sevgi
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
| | - Yusuf Dogus Dogru
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, USA;
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22
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Beaudoin CA, Jamasb AR, Alsulami AF, Copoiu L, van Tonder AJ, Hala S, Bannerman BP, Thomas SE, Vedithi SC, Torres PH, Blundell TL. Predicted structural mimicry of spike receptor-binding motifs from highly pathogenic human coronaviruses. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:3938-3953. [PMID: 34234921 PMCID: PMC8249111 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential coronavirus spike protein mimicry revealed by structural comparison. Human and non-human protein potential interactions with virus identified. Predicted structural mimicry corroborated by protein–protein docking. Epitope-based alignments may help guide vaccine efforts.
Viruses often encode proteins that mimic host proteins in order to facilitate infection. Little work has been done to understand the potential mimicry of the SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV spike proteins, particularly the receptor-binding motifs, which could be important in determining tropism and druggability of the virus. Peptide and epitope motifs have been detected on coronavirus spike proteins using sequence homology approaches; however, comparing the three-dimensional shape of the protein has been shown as more informative in predicting mimicry than sequence-based comparisons. Here, we use structural bioinformatics software to characterize potential mimicry of the three coronavirus spike protein receptor-binding motifs. We utilize sequence-independent alignment tools to compare structurally known protein models with the receptor-binding motifs and verify potential mimicked interactions with protein docking simulations. Both human and non-human proteins were returned for all three receptor-binding motifs. For example, all three were similar to several proteins containing EGF-like domains: some of which are endogenous to humans, such as thrombomodulin, and others exogenous, such as Plasmodium falciparum MSP-1. Similarity to human proteins may reveal which pathways the spike protein is co-opting, while analogous non-human proteins may indicate shared host interaction partners and overlapping antibody cross-reactivity. These findings can help guide experimental efforts to further understand potential interactions between human and coronavirus proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Beaudoin
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Arian R. Jamasb
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
- Department of Computer Science & Technology, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Ave, Cambridge CB3 0FD, United Kingdom
| | - Ali F. Alsulami
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Liviu Copoiu
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Andries J. van Tonder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Sharif Hala
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre – Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bridget P. Bannerman
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Sherine E. Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Sundeep Chaitanya Vedithi
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro H.M. Torres
- Laboratório de Modelagem e Dinâmica Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tom L. Blundell
- Department of Biochemistry, Sanger Building, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Rd, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom
- Corresponding authors.
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23
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Yu H, Bruneau RC, Brennan G, Rothenburg S. Battle Royale: Innate Recognition of Poxviruses and Viral Immune Evasion. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070765. [PMID: 34356829 PMCID: PMC8301327 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are molecular signatures shared by different pathogens. Recognition of PAMPs by PRRs initiate innate immune responses via diverse signaling pathways. Over recent decades, advances in our knowledge of innate immune sensing have enhanced our understanding of the host immune response to poxviruses. Multiple PRR families have been implicated in poxvirus detection, mediating the initiation of signaling cascades, activation of transcription factors, and, ultimately, the expression of antiviral effectors. To counteract the host immune defense, poxviruses have evolved a variety of immunomodulators that have diverse strategies to disrupt or circumvent host antiviral responses triggered by PRRs. These interactions influence the outcomes of poxvirus infections. This review focuses on our current knowledge of the roles of PRRs in the recognition of poxviruses, their elicited antiviral effector functions, and how poxviral immunomodulators antagonize PRR-mediated host immune responses.
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Berthet N, Descorps-Declère S, Besombes C, Curaudeau M, Nkili Meyong AA, Selekon B, Labouba I, Gonofio EC, Ouilibona RS, Simo Tchetgna HD, Feher M, Fontanet A, Kazanji M, Manuguerra JC, Hassanin A, Gessain A, Nakoune E. Genomic history of human monkey pox infections in the Central African Republic between 2001 and 2018. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13085. [PMID: 34158533 PMCID: PMC8219716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92315-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is an emerging infectious disease, which has a clinical presentation similar to smallpox. In the two past decades, Central Africa has seen an increase in the frequency of cases, with many monkeypox virus (MPXV) isolates detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and the Central African Republic (CAR). To date, no complete MPXV viral genome has been published from the human cases identified in the CAR. The objective of this study was to sequence the full genome of 10 MPXV isolates collected during the CAR epidemics between 2001 and 2018 in order to determine their phylogenetic relationships among MPXV lineages previously described in Central Africa and West Africa. Our phylogenetic results indicate that the 10 CAR isolates belong to three lineages closely related to those found in DRC. The phylogenetic pattern shows that all of them emerged in the rainforest block of the Congo Basin. Since most human index cases in CAR occurred at the northern edge of western and eastern rainforests, transmissions from wild animals living in the rainforest is the most probable hypothesis. In addition, molecular dating estimates suggest that periods of intense political instability resulting in population movements within the country often associated also with increased poverty may have led to more frequent contact with host wild animals. The CAR socio-economic situation, armed conflicts and ecological disturbances will likely incite populations to interact more and more with wild animals and thus increase the risk of zoonotic spillover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Berthet
- The Center for Microbes, Development and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai-Chinese Academy of Sciences, Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, No. 320 Yueyang Road, XuHui District, Shanghai, 200031, China.
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France.
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon.
| | - Stéphane Descorps-Declère
- Institut Pasteur, Centre of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Integrative Biology (C3BI), Paris, France
| | - Camille Besombes
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Manon Curaudeau
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, EPHE, UA, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Ingrid Labouba
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Franceville, Gabon
| | | | | | | | - Maxence Feher
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Fontanet
- Institut Pasteur, Emerging Diseases Epidemiology Unit, Paris, France
- Unité Pasteur-CNAM Risques Infectieux et Emergents (PACRI), Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers, Paris, France
| | - Mirdad Kazanji
- Institut Pasteur de Bangui, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Cellule d'Intervention Biologique d'Urgence, Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Paris, France
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR3569, Paris, France
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25
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Mavian C, López-Bueno A, Martín R, Nitsche A, Alcamí A. Comparative Pathogenesis, Genomics and Phylogeography of Mousepox. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061146. [PMID: 34203773 PMCID: PMC8232671 DOI: 10.3390/v13061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV), the causative agent of mousepox, has threatened laboratory mouse colonies worldwide for almost a century. Mousepox has been valuable for the understanding of poxvirus pathogenesis and immune evasion. Here, we have monitored in parallel the pathogenesis of nine ECTVs in BALB/cJ mice and report the full-length genome sequence of eight novel ECTV isolates or strains, including the first ECTV isolated from a field mouse, ECTV-MouKre. This approach allowed us to identify several genes, absent in strains attenuated through serial passages in culture, that may play a role in virulence and a set of putative genes that may be involved in enhancing viral growth in vitro. We identified a putative strong inhibitor of the host inflammatory response in ECTV-MouKre, an isolate that did not cause local foot swelling and developed a moderate virulence. Most of the ECTVs, except ECTV-Hampstead, encode a truncated version of the P4c protein that impairs the recruitment of virions into the A-type inclusion bodies, and our data suggest that P4c may play a role in viral dissemination and transmission. This is the first comprehensive report that sheds light into the phylogenetic and geographic relationship of the worldwide outbreak dynamics for the ECTV species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Mavian
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Alberto López-Bueno
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Rocío Martín
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Highly Pathogenic Viruses (ZBS1), Robert Koch Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Antonio Alcamí
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus de Cantoblanco, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (C.M.); (A.L.-B.); (R.M.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Verzosa AL, McGeever LA, Bhark SJ, Delgado T, Salazar N, Sanchez EL. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection of Neuronal and Non-Neuronal Cells Elicits Specific Innate Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2021; 12:644664. [PMID: 34135889 PMCID: PMC8201405 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.644664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaherpesviruses (α-HV) are a large family of double-stranded DNA viruses which cause many human and animal diseases. There are three human α-HVs: Herpes Simplex Viruses (HSV-1 and HSV-2) and Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV). All α-HV have evolved multiple strategies to suppress or exploit host cell innate immune signaling pathways to aid in their infections. All α-HVs initially infect epithelial cells (primary site of infection), and later spread to infect innervating sensory neurons. As with all herpesviruses, α-HVs have both a lytic (productive) and latent (dormant) stage of infection. During the lytic stage, the virus rapidly replicates in epithelial cells before it is cleared by the immune system. In contrast, latent infection in host neurons is a life-long infection. Upon infection of mucosal epithelial cells, herpesviruses immediately employ a variety of cellular mechanisms to evade host detection during active replication. Next, infectious viral progeny bud from infected cells and fuse to neuronal axonal terminals. Here, the nucleocapsid is transported via sensory neuron axons to the ganglion cell body, where latency is established until viral reactivation. This review will primarily focus on how HSV-1 induces various innate immune responses, including host cell recognition of viral constituents by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), induction of IFN-mediated immune responses involving toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways, and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING). This review focuses on these pathways along with other mechanisms including autophagy and the complement system. We will summarize and discuss recent evidence which has revealed how HSV-1 is able to manipulate and evade host antiviral innate immune responses both in neuronal (sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglia) and non-neuronal (epithelial) cells. Understanding the innate immune response mechanisms triggered by HSV-1 infection, and the mechanisms of innate immune evasion, will impact the development of future therapeutic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Verzosa
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Lea A McGeever
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shun-Je Bhark
- Biology Department, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Tracie Delgado
- Biology Department, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Nicole Salazar
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Erica L Sanchez
- Biology Department, College of Science and Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA, United States
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27
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Lidbury BA. Ross River Virus Immune Evasion Strategies and the Relevance to Post-viral Fatigue, and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis Onset. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:662513. [PMID: 33842517 PMCID: PMC8024622 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.662513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ross River virus (RRV) is an endemic Australian arbovirus, and member of the Alphavirus family that also includes Chikungunya virus (CHIK). RRV is responsible for the highest prevalence of human disease cases associated with mosquito-borne transmission in Australia, and has long been a leading suspect in cases of post-viral fatigue syndromes, with extrapolation of this link to Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME). Research into RRV pathogenesis has revealed a number of immune evasion strategies, impressive for a virus with a genome size of 12 kb (plus strand RNA), which resonate with insights into viral pathogenesis broadly. Drawing from observations on RRV immune evasion, mechanisms of relevance to long term idiopathic fatigue are featured as a perspective on infection and eventual ME symptoms, which include considerations of; (1) selective pro-inflammatory gene suppression post antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of RRV infection, (2) Evidence from other virus families of immune disruption and evasion post-ADE, and (3) how virally-driven immune evasion may impact on mitochondrial function via target of rapamycin (TOR) complexes. In light of these RRV measures to counter the host immune - inflammatory responses, links to recent discoveries explaining cellular, immune and metabolomic markers of ME will be explored and discussed, with the implications for long-COVID post SARS-CoV-2 also considered. Compelling issues on the connections between virally-induced alterations in cytokine expression, for example, will be of particular interest in light of energy pathways, and how these perturbations manifest clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Lidbury
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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28
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Aggio JB, Krmeská V, Ferguson BJ, Wowk PF, Rothfuchs AG. Vaccinia Virus Infection Inhibits Skin Dendritic Cell Migration to the Draining Lymph Node. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:776-784. [PMID: 33419767 PMCID: PMC7851745 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a paucity of information on dendritic cell (DC) responses to vaccinia virus (VACV), including the traffic of DCs to the draining lymph node (dLN). In this study, using a mouse model of infection, we studied skin DC migration in response to VACV and compared it with the tuberculosis vaccine Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), another live attenuated vaccine administered via the skin. In stark contrast to BCG, skin DCs did not relocate to the dLN in response to VACV. Infection with UV-inactivated VACV or modified VACV Ankara promoted DC movement to the dLN, indicating that interference with skin DC migration requires replication-competent VACV. This suppressive effect of VACV was capable of mitigating responses to a secondary challenge with BCG in the skin, ablating DC migration, reducing BCG transport, and delaying CD4+ T cell priming in the dLN. Expression of inflammatory mediators associated with BCG-triggered DC migration were absent from virus-injected skin, suggesting that other pathways invoke DC movement in response to replication-deficient VACV. Despite adamant suppression of DC migration, VACV was still detected early in the dLN and primed Ag-specific CD4+ T cells. In summary, VACV blocks skin DC mobilization from the site of infection while retaining the ability to access the dLN to prime CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Bernardi Aggio
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba PR 81310-020, Brazil; and
| | - Veronika Krmeská
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Brian J Ferguson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Pryscilla Fanini Wowk
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Instituto Carlos Chagas, FIOCRUZ, Curitiba PR 81310-020, Brazil; and
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29
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Van Den Eeckhout B, Tavernier J, Gerlo S. Interleukin-1 as Innate Mediator of T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2021; 11:621931. [PMID: 33584721 PMCID: PMC7873566 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.621931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-signal paradigm tries to capture how the innate immune system instructs adaptive immune responses in three well-defined actions: (1) presentation of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC molecules, which allows for a specific T cell response; (2) T cell co-stimulation, which breaks T cell tolerance; and (3) secretion of polarizing cytokines in the priming environment, thereby specializing T cell immunity. The three-signal model provides an empirical framework for innate instruction of adaptive immunity, but mainly discusses STAT-dependent cytokines in T cell activation and differentiation, while the multi-faceted roles of type I IFNs and IL-1 cytokine superfamily members are often neglected. IL-1α and IL-1β are pro-inflammatory cytokines, produced following damage to the host (release of DAMPs) or upon innate recognition of PAMPs. IL-1 activity on both DCs and T cells can further shape the adaptive immune response with variable outcomes. IL-1 signaling in DCs promotes their ability to induce T cell activation, but also direct action of IL-1 on both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, either alone or in synergy with prototypical polarizing cytokines, influences T cell differentiation under different conditions. The activities of IL-1 form a direct bridge between innate and adaptive immunity and could therefore be clinically translatable in the context of prophylactic and therapeutic strategies to empower the formation of T cell immunity. Understanding the modalities of IL-1 activity during T cell activation thus could hold major implications for rational development of the next generation of vaccine adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Van Den Eeckhout
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Orionis Biosciences BV, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah Gerlo
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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30
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Hazlewood JE, Dumenil T, Le TT, Slonchak A, Kazakoff SH, Patch AM, Gray LA, Howley PM, Liu L, Hayball JD, Yan K, Rawle DJ, Prow NA, Suhrbier A. Injection site vaccinology of a recombinant vaccinia-based vector reveals diverse innate immune signatures. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009215. [PMID: 33439897 PMCID: PMC7837487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Poxvirus systems have been extensively used as vaccine vectors. Herein a RNA-Seq analysis of intramuscular injection sites provided detailed insights into host innate immune responses, as well as expression of vector and recombinant immunogen genes, after vaccination with a new multiplication defective, vaccinia-based vector, Sementis Copenhagen Vector. Chikungunya and Zika virus immunogen mRNA and protein expression was associated with necrosing skeletal muscle cells surrounded by mixed cellular infiltrates. The multiple adjuvant signatures at 12 hours post-vaccination were dominated by TLR3, 4 and 9, STING, MAVS, PKR and the inflammasome. Th1 cytokine signatures were dominated by IFNγ, TNF and IL1β, and chemokine signatures by CCL5 and CXCL12. Multiple signatures associated with dendritic cell stimulation were evident. By day seven, vaccine transcripts were absent, and cell death, neutrophil, macrophage and inflammation annotations had abated. No compelling arthritis signatures were identified. Such injection site vaccinology approaches should inform refinements in poxvirus-based vector design. Poxvirus vector systems have been widely developed for vaccine applications. Despite considerable progress, so far only one recombinant poxvirus vectored vaccine has to date been licensed for human use, with ongoing efforts seeking to enhance immunogenicity whilst minimizing reactogenicity. The latter two characteristics are often determined by early post-vaccination events at the injection site. We therefore undertook an injection site vaccinology approach to analyzing gene expression at the vaccination site after intramuscular inoculation with a recombinant, multiplication defective, vaccinia-based vaccine. This provided detailed insights into inter alia expression of vector-encoded immunoregulatory genes, as well as host innate and adaptive immune responses. We propose that such injection site vaccinology can inform rational vaccine vector design, and we discuss how the information and approach elucidated herein might be used to improve immunogenicity and limit reactogenicity of poxvirus-based vaccine vector systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessamine E. Hazlewood
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Troy Dumenil
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Thuy T. Le
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andrii Slonchak
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Stephen H. Kazakoff
- Clinical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ann-Marie Patch
- Clinical Genomics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lesley-Ann Gray
- Australian Genome Research Facility Ltd., Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John D. Hayball
- Sementis Ltd., Hackney, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kexin Yan
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Rawle
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Natalie A. Prow
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- Inflammation Biology Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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31
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Poxvirus-encoded TNF receptor homolog dampens inflammation and protects from uncontrolled lung pathology during respiratory infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:26885-26894. [PMID: 33046647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004688117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectromelia virus (ECTV) causes mousepox, a surrogate mouse model for smallpox caused by variola virus in humans. Both orthopoxviruses encode tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) homologs or viral TNFR (vTNFR). These homologs are termed cytokine response modifier (Crm) proteins, containing a TNF-binding domain and a chemokine-binding domain called smallpox virus-encoded chemokine receptor (SECRET) domain. ECTV encodes one vTNFR known as CrmD. Infection of ECTV-resistant C57BL/6 mice with a CrmD deletion mutant virus resulted in uniform mortality due to excessive TNF secretion and dysregulated inflammatory cytokine production. CrmD dampened pathology, leukocyte recruitment, and inflammatory cytokine production in lungs including TNF, IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ. Blockade of TNF, IL-6, or IL-10R function with monoclonal antibodies reduced lung pathology and provided 60 to 100% protection from otherwise lethal infection. IFN-γ caused lung pathology only when both the TNF-binding and SECRET domains were absent. Presence of the SECRET domain alone induced significantly higher levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10, likely overcoming any protective effects that might have been afforded by anti-IFN-γ treatment. The use of TNF-deficient mice and those that express only membrane-associated but not secreted TNF revealed that CrmD is critically dependent on host TNF for its function. In vitro, recombinant Crm proteins from different orthopoxviruses bound to membrane-associated TNF and dampened inflammatory gene expression through reverse signaling. CrmD does not affect virus replication; however, it provides the host advantage by enabling survival. Host survival would facilitate virus spread, which would also provide an advantage to the virus.
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32
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Mühlemann B, Vinner L, Margaryan A, Wilhelmson H, de la Fuente Castro C, Allentoft ME, de Barros Damgaard P, Hansen AJ, Holtsmark Nielsen S, Strand LM, Bill J, Buzhilova A, Pushkina T, Falys C, Khartanovich V, Moiseyev V, Jørkov MLS, Østergaard Sørensen P, Magnusson Y, Gustin I, Schroeder H, Sutter G, Smith GL, Drosten C, Fouchier RAM, Smith DJ, Willerslev E, Jones TC, Sikora M. Diverse variola virus (smallpox) strains were widespread in northern Europe in the Viking Age. Science 2020; 369:369/6502/eaaw8977. [PMID: 32703849 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw8977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Smallpox, one of the most devastating human diseases, killed between 300 million and 500 million people in the 20th century alone. We recovered viral sequences from 13 northern European individuals, including 11 dated to ~600-1050 CE, overlapping the Viking Age, and reconstructed near-complete variola virus genomes for four of them. The samples predate the earliest confirmed smallpox cases by ~1000 years, and the sequences reveal a now-extinct sister clade of the modern variola viruses that were in circulation before the eradication of smallpox. We date the most recent common ancestor of variola virus to ~1700 years ago. Distinct patterns of gene inactivation in the four near-complete sequences show that different evolutionary paths of genotypic host adaptation resulted in variola viruses that circulated widely among humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mühlemann
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lasse Vinner
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ashot Margaryan
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Molecular Biology, National Academy of Sciences of Armenia, 0014 Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Helene Wilhelmson
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden.,Sydsvensk Arkeologi AB, 291 22 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | | | - Morten E Allentoft
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, 6102 Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Peter de Barros Damgaard
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Johannes Hansen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie Holtsmark Nielsen
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa Mariann Strand
- Department of Archaeology and Cultural History, Norwegian University of Science and Technology University Museum, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan Bill
- Museum of Cultural History, University of Oslo, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandra Buzhilova
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 125009, Russian Federation
| | - Tamara Pushkina
- Department of Archaeology, Faculty of History, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russian Federation
| | - Ceri Falys
- Thames Valley Archaeological Services, Reading RG1 5NR, UK
| | - Valeri Khartanovich
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav Moiseyev
- Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera) RAS, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Marie Louise Schjellerup Jørkov
- Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ingrid Gustin
- Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hannes Schroeder
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, GLOBE Institute, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, LMU University of Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3015 CN Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Derek J Smith
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.,Danish Institute for Advanced Study, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Terry C Jones
- Centre for Pathogen Evolution, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK. .,Institute of Virology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Associated Partner Site, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Sikora
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Center, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Pelin A, Boulton S, Tamming LA, Bell JC, Singaravelu R. Engineering vaccinia virus as an immunotherapeutic battleship to overcome tumor heterogeneity. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1083-1097. [PMID: 32297534 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1757066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving area of cancer therapeutics aimed at driving a systemic immune response to fight cancer. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are at the cutting-edge of innovation in the immunotherapy field. Successful OV platforms must be effective in reshaping the tumor microenvironment and controlling tumor burden, but also be highly specific to avoid off-target side effects. Large DNA viruses, like vaccinia virus (VACV), have a large coding capacity, enabling the encoding of multiple immunostimulatory transgenes to reshape the tumor immune microenvironment. VACV-based OVs have shown promising results in both pre-clinical and clinical studies, including safe and efficient intravenous delivery to metastatic tumors. AREA COVERED This review summarizes attenuation strategies to generate a recombinant VACV with optimal tumor selectivity and immunogenicity. In addition, we discuss immunomodulatory transgenes that have been introduced into VACV and summarize their effectiveness in controlling tumor burden. EXPERT OPINION VACV encodes several immunomodulatory genes which aid the virus in overcoming innate and adaptive immune responses. Strategic deletion of these virulence factors will enable an optimal balance between viral persistence and immunogenicity, robust tumor-specific expression of payloads and promotion of a systemic anti-cancer immune response. Rational selection of therapeutic transgenes will maximize the efficacy of OVs and their synergy in combinatorial immunotherapy schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Pelin
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen Boulton
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Levi A Tamming
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ragunath Singaravelu
- Centre for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Ottawa , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Neidel S, Torres AA, Ren H, Smith GL. Leaky scanning translation generates a second A49 protein that contributes to vaccinia virus virulence. J Gen Virol 2020; 101:533-541. [PMID: 32100702 PMCID: PMC7414448 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) strain Western Reserve gene A49L encodes a small intracellular protein with a Bcl-2 fold that is expressed early during infection and has multiple functions. A49 co-precipitates with the E3 ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP and thereby prevents ubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation of IκBα, and consequently blocks activation of NF-κB. In a similar way, A49 stabilizes β-catenin, leading to activation of the wnt signalling pathway. However, a VACV strain expressing a mutant A49 that neither co-precipitates with β-TrCP nor inhibits NF-κB activation, is more virulent than a virus lacking A49, indicating that A49 has another function that also contributes to virulence. Here we demonstrate that gene A49L encodes a second, smaller polypeptide that is expressed via leaky scanning translation from methionine 20 and is unable to block NF-κB activation. Viruses engineered to express either only the large protein or only the small A49 protein both have lower virulence than wild-type virus and greater virulence than an A49L deletion mutant. This demonstrates that the small protein contributes to virulence by an unknown mechanism that is independent of NF-κB inhibition. Despite having a large genome with about 200 genes, this study illustrates how VACV makes efficient use of its coding potential and from gene A49L expresses a protein with multiple functions and multiple proteins with different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Neidel
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Alice A. Torres
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
- Present address: Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Geoffrey L. Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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35
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Ma J, Ramachandran M, Jin C, Quijano-Rubio C, Martikainen M, Yu D, Essand M. Characterization of virus-mediated immunogenic cancer cell death and the consequences for oncolytic virus-based immunotherapy of cancer. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:48. [PMID: 31969562 PMCID: PMC6976683 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2236-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses have the potential to induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) that may provoke potent and long-lasting anti-cancer immunity. Here we aimed to characterize the ICD-inducing ability of wild-type Adenovirus (Ad), Semliki Forest virus (SFV) and Vaccinia virus (VV). We did so by investigating the cell death and immune-activating properties of virus-killed tumor cells. Ad-infection of tumor cells primarily activates autophagy, but also activate events of necroptotic and pyroptotic cell death. SFV infection on the other hand primarily activates immunogenic apoptosis while VV activates necroptosis. All viruses mediated lysis of tumor cells leading to the release of danger-associated molecular patterns, triggering of phagocytosis and maturation of dendritic cells (DCs). However, only SFV-infected tumor cells triggered significant T helper type 1 (Th1)-cytokine release by DCs and induced antigen-specific T-cell activation. Our results elucidate cell death processes activated upon Ad, SFV, and VV infection and their potential to induce T cell-mediated anti-tumor immune responses. This knowledge provides important insight for the choice and design of therapeutically successful virus-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mohanraj Ramachandran
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chuan Jin
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Clara Quijano-Rubio
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.,Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, 8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Miika Martikainen
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Di Yu
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Magnus Essand
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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36
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Ehmann R, Brandes K, Antwerpen M, Walter M, V Schlippenbach K, Stegmaier E, Essbauer S, Bugert J, Teifke JP, Meyer H. Molecular and genomic characterization of a novel equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus. J Gen Virol 2020; 102. [PMID: 31922947 PMCID: PMC8515872 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cases of pox-like lesions in horses and donkeys have been associated with poxviruses belonging to different genera of the family Poxviridae. These include the orthopoxviruses vaccinia virus (VACV), horsepoxvirus (HPXV) and cowpoxvirus (CPXV), as well as a potentially novel parapoxvirus and molluscum contagiosum virus (MOCV). However, with the exception of VACV, HPXV and CPXV, the genomic characterization of the causative agents remains largely elusive with only single short genome fragments available. Here we present the first full-length genome sequence of an equine molluscum contagiosum-like virus (EMCLV) directly determined from skin biopsies of a horse with generalized papular dermatitis. Histopathological analysis of the lesions revealed severe epidermal hyperplasia with numerous eosinophilic inclusion bodies within keratinocytes. Virions were detected in the lesions in embedded tissue by transmission electron microscopy. The genome sequence determined by next- and third-generation sequencing comprises 166 843 nt with inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) of 3473 nt. Overall, 20 of the predicted 159 ORFs have no equivalents in other poxviruses. Intriguingly, two of these ORFs were identified to encode homologues of mammalian proteins involved in immune signalling pathways, namely secreted and transmembrane protein 1 (SECTM1) and insulin growth factor-like family receptor 1 (IGFLR1), that were not described in any virus family so far. Phylogenetic analysis with all relevant representatives of the Poxviridae suggests that EMCLV should be nominated as a new species within the genus Molluscipoxvirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina Ehmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - K Brandes
- Animal Pathology Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - M Antwerpen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - M Walter
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - S Essbauer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - J Bugert
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - J P Teifke
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald - Insel Riems, Germany
| | - H Meyer
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
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Jordan I, Horn D, Thiele K, Haag L, Fiddeke K, Sandig V. A Deleted Deletion Site in a New Vector Strain and Exceptional Genomic Stability of Plaque-Purified Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA). Virol Sin 2019; 35:212-226. [PMID: 31833037 PMCID: PMC7198643 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vectored vaccines based on highly attenuated modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) are reported to be immunogenic, tolerant to pre-existing immunity, and able to accommodate and stably maintain very large transgenes. MVA is usually produced on primary chicken embryo fibroblasts, but production processes based on continuous cell lines emerge as increasingly robust and cost-effective alternatives. An isolate of a hitherto undescribed genotype was recovered by passage of a non-plaque-purified preparation of MVA in a continuous anatine suspension cell line (CR.pIX) in chemically defined medium. The novel isolate (MVA-CR19) replicated to higher infectious titers in the extracellular volume of suspension cultures and induced fewer syncytia in adherent cultures. We now extend previous studies with the investigation of the point mutations in structural genes of MVA-CR19 and describe an additional point mutation in a regulatory gene. We furthermore map and discuss an extensive rearrangement of the left telomer of MVA-CR19 that appears to have occurred by duplication of the right telomer. This event caused deletions and duplications of genes that may modulate immunologic properties of MVA-CR19 as a vaccine vector. Our characterizations also highlight the exceptional genetic stability of plaque-purified MVA: although the phenotype of MVA-CR19 appears to be advantageous for replication, we found that all genetic markers that differentiate wildtype and MVA-CR19 are stably maintained in passages of recombinant viruses based on either wildtype or MVA-CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Jordan
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Deborah Horn
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Thiele
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086, Berlin, Germany.,Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Erwin-Rentschler-Str 21, 88471, Laupheim, Germany
| | - Lars Haag
- Vironova AB, Gävlegatan 22, 113 30, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Universitetsjukhuset i Huddinge, 14152, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Volker Sandig
- ProBioGen AG, Herbert-Bayer-Straße 8, 13086, Berlin, Germany
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38
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Scutts SR, Ember SW, Ren H, Ye C, Lovejoy CA, Mazzon M, Veyer DL, Sumner RP, Smith GL. DNA-PK Is Targeted by Multiple Vaccinia Virus Proteins to Inhibit DNA Sensing. Cell Rep 2019; 25:1953-1965.e4. [PMID: 30428360 PMCID: PMC6250978 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection is sensed by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) detecting virus nucleic acids and initiating an innate immune response. DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) is a PRR that binds cytosolic DNA and is antagonized by vaccinia virus (VACV) protein C16. Here, VACV protein C4 is also shown to antagonize DNA-PK by binding to Ku and blocking Ku binding to DNA, leading to a reduced production of cytokines and chemokines in vivo and a diminished recruitment of inflammatory cells. C4 and C16 share redundancy in that a double deletion virus has reduced virulence not seen with single deletion viruses following intradermal infection. However, non-redundant functions exist because both single deletion viruses display attenuated virulence compared to wild-type VACV after intranasal infection. It is notable that VACV expresses two proteins to antagonize DNA-PK, but it is not known to target other DNA sensors, emphasizing the importance of this PRR in the response to infection in vivo. DNA-PK is a pattern recognition receptor that binds cytosolic DNA Vaccinia virus proteins C4 and C16 antagonize DNA-PK by blocking DNA binding C4 and C16 inhibit IRF3 signaling, cytokine production, and immune cell recruitment C4 and C16 share redundant and non-redundant functions in vivo
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Scutts
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Stuart W Ember
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Hongwei Ren
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Chao Ye
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Christopher A Lovejoy
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Michela Mazzon
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - David L Veyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Rebecca P Sumner
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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39
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Huang Q, Kahn CR, Altindis E. Viral Hormones: Expanding Dimensions in Endocrinology. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2165-2179. [PMID: 31310273 PMCID: PMC6736053 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses have developed different mechanisms to manipulate their hosts, including the process of viral mimicry in which viruses express important host proteins. Until recently, examples of viral mimicry were limited to mimics of growth factors and immunomodulatory proteins. Using a comprehensive bioinformatics approach, we have shown that viruses possess the DNA/RNA with potential to encode 16 different peptides with high sequence similarity to human peptide hormones and metabolically important regulatory proteins. We have characterized one of these families, the viral insulin/IGF-1-like peptides (VILPs), which we identified in four members of the Iridoviridae family. VILPs can bind to human insulin and IGF-1 receptors and stimulate classic postreceptor signaling pathways. Moreover, VILPs can stimulate glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo and stimulate DNA synthesis. DNA sequences of some VILP-carrying viruses have been identified in the human enteric virome. In addition to VILPs, sequences with homology to 15 other peptide hormones or cytokines can be identified in viral DNA/RNA sequences, some with a very high identity to hormones. Recent data by others has identified a peptide that resembles and mimics α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone's anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro and in vivo models. Taken together, these studies reveal novel mechanisms of viral and bacterial pathogenesis in which the microbe can directly target or mimic the host endocrine system. These findings also introduce the concept of a system of microbial hormones that provides new insights into the evolution of peptide hormones, as well as potential new roles of microbial hormones in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Huang
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
| | - C Ronald Kahn
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Boston College Biology Department, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
- Correspondence: Emrah Altindis, PhD, Boston College Biology Department, Higgins Hall 515, 140 Commonwealth Avenue, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467. E-mail:
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40
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Biswas S, Smith GL, Roy EJ, Ward B, Shisler JL. A comparison of the effect of molluscum contagiosum virus MC159 and MC160 proteins on vaccinia virus virulence in intranasal and intradermal infection routes. J Gen Virol 2019; 99:246-252. [PMID: 29393023 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) causes persistent, benign skin neoplasm in children and adults. MCV is refractive to growth in standard tissue culture and there is no relevant animal model of infection. Here we investigated whether another poxvirus (vaccinia virus; VACV) could be used to examine MCV immunoevasion protein properties in vivo. The MCV MC159L or MC160L genes, which encode NF-κB antagonists, were inserted into an attenuated VACV lacking an NF-κB antagonist (vΔA49), creating vMC159 and vMC160. vMC160 slightly increased vΔA49 virulence in the intranasal and intradermal routes of inoculation. vMC159 infection was less virulent than vΔA49 in both inoculation routes. vMC159-infected ear pinnae did not form lesions, but virus replication still occurred. Thus, the lack of lesions was not due to abortive virus replication. This system provides a new approach to examine MCV immunoevasion proteins within the context of a complete and complex immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunetra Biswas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge University, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Edward J Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brian Ward
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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41
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NF-κB activation is a turn on for vaccinia virus phosphoprotein A49 to turn off NF-κB activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5699-5704. [PMID: 30819886 PMCID: PMC6431142 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813504116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) encodes many proteins that inhibit innate immunity. For instance, protein A49 inhibits NF-κB activation by binding to β-TrCP. Here we show that A49 is phosphorylated on serine 7 and that this is necessary for binding β-TrCP and inhibition of NF-κB activation. Further, this phosphorylation occurs when the NF-κB pathway is stimulated and the kinase IKKβ is activated. Thus, A49 shows beautiful biological regulation, for activation of the pathway also activates the virus inhibitor of the pathway. The significance is seen in vivo, since VACVs expressing A49 S7A or S7E are less virulent than wild-type virus but more virulent than a virus lacking A49. Vaccinia virus protein A49 inhibits NF-κB activation by molecular mimicry and has a motif near the N terminus that is conserved in IκBα, β-catenin, HIV Vpu, and some other proteins. This motif contains two serines, and for IκBα and β-catenin, phosphorylation of these serines enables recognition by the E3 ubiquitin ligase β-TrCP. Binding of IκBα and β-catenin by β-TrCP causes their ubiquitylation and thereafter proteasome-mediated degradation. In contrast, HIV Vpu and VACV A49 are not degraded. This paper shows that A49 is phosphorylated at serine 7 but not serine 12 and that this is necessary and sufficient for binding β-TrCP and antagonism of NF-κB. Phosphorylation of A49 S7 occurs when NF-κB signaling is activated by addition of IL-1β or overexpression of TRAF6 or IKKβ, the kinase needed for IκBα phosphorylation. Thus, A49 shows beautiful biological regulation, for it becomes an NF-κB antagonist upon activation of NF-κB signaling. The virulence of viruses expressing mutant A49 proteins or lacking A49 (vΔA49) was tested. vΔA49 was attenuated compared with WT, but viruses expressing A49 that cannot bind β-TrCP or bind β-TrCP constitutively had intermediate virulence. So A49 promotes virulence by inhibiting NF-κB activation and by another mechanism independent of S7 phosphorylation and NF-κB antagonism. Last, a virus lacking A49 was more immunogenic than the WT virus.
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42
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Abstract
The extracellular forms of the IL-1 cytokines are active through binding to specific receptors on the surface of target cells. IL-1 ligands bind to the extracellular portion of their ligand-binding receptor chain. For signaling to take place, a non-binding accessory chain is recruited into a heterotrimeric complex. The intracellular approximation of the Toll-IL-1-receptor (TIR) domains of the 2 receptor chains is the event that initiates signaling. The family of IL-1 receptors (IL-1R) includes 10 structurally related members, and the distantly related soluble protein IL-18BP that acts as inhibitor of the cytokine IL-18. Over the years the receptors of the IL-1 family have been known with many different names, with significant confusion. Thus, we will use here a recently proposed unifying nomenclature. The family includes several ligand-binding chains (IL-1R1, IL-1R2, IL-1R4, IL-1R5, and IL-1R6), 2 types of accessory chains (IL-1R3, IL-1R7), molecules that act as inhibitors of signaling (IL-1R2, IL-1R8, IL-18BP), and 2 orphan receptors (IL-1R9, IL-1R10). In this review, we will examine how the receptors of the IL-1 family regulate the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of the IL-1 cytokines and are, more at large, involved in modulating defensive and pathological innate immunity and inflammation. Regulation of the IL-1/IL-1R system in the brain will be also described, as an example of the peculiarities of organ-specific modulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Boraschi
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Italiani
- Institute of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Weil
- Immunology FB08, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Michael U Martin
- Immunology FB08, Justus-Liebig-Universitat Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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43
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The L83L ORF of African swine fever virus strain Georgia encodes for a non-essential gene that interacts with the host protein IL-1β. Virus Res 2018; 249:116-123. [PMID: 29605728 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a contagious and frequently lethal disease of pigs causing significant economic consequences to the swine industry. The ASFV genome encodes for more than 150 genes, but only a few of them have been studied in detail. Here we report the characterization of open reading frame L83L which encodes a highly conserved protein across all ASFV isolates. A recombinant ASFV harboring a HA tagged L83L protein was developed (ASFV-G-L83L-HA) and used to demonstrate that L83L is a transiently expressed early virus protein. A recombinant ASFV lacking the L83L gene (ASFV-G-ΔL83L) was developed from the highly virulent field isolate Georgia2007 (ASFV-G) and was used to show that L83L is a non-essential gene. ASFV-G-ΔL83L had similar replication in primary swine macrophage cells when compared to its parental virus ASFV-G. Analysis of host-protein interactions for L83L identified IL-1β as its host ligand. Experimental infection of domestic pigs showed that ASFV-G-ΔL83L is as virulent as the parental virus ASFV-G.
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44
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Albarnaz JD, Torres AA, Smith GL. Modulating Vaccinia Virus Immunomodulators to Improve Immunological Memory. Viruses 2018; 10:E101. [PMID: 29495547 PMCID: PMC5869494 DOI: 10.3390/v10030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing frequency of monkeypox virus infections, new outbreaks of other zoonotic orthopoxviruses and concern about the re-emergence of smallpox have prompted research into developing antiviral drugs and better vaccines against these viruses. This article considers the genetic engineering of vaccinia virus (VACV) to enhance vaccine immunogenicity and safety. The virulence, immunogenicity and protective efficacy of VACV strains engineered to lack specific immunomodulatory or host range proteins are described. The ultimate goal is to develop safer and more immunogenic VACV vaccines that induce long-lasting immunological memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas D Albarnaz
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Alice A Torres
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
| | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK.
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Vaccinia Virus Protein C6: A Multifunctional Interferon Antagonist. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1052:1-7. [PMID: 29785476 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7572-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Farré D, Martínez-Vicente P, Engel P, Angulo A. Immunoglobulin superfamily members encoded by viruses and their multiple roles in immune evasion. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:780-796. [PMID: 28383780 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have developed a plethora of strategies to undermine host immune defenses in order to guarantee their survival. For large DNA viruses, these immune evasion mechanisms frequently rely on the expression of genes acquired from host genomes. Horizontally transferred genes include members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, whose products constitute the most diverse group of proteins of vertebrate genomes. Their promiscuous immunoglobulin domains, which comprise the building blocks of these molecules, are involved in a large variety of functions mediated by ligand-binding interactions. The flexible structural nature of the immunoglobulin domains makes them appealing targets for viral capture due to their capacity to generate high functional diversity. Here, we present an up-to-date review of immunoglobulin superfamily gene homologs encoded by herpesviruses, poxviruses, and adenoviruses, that include CD200, CD47, Fc receptors, interleukin-1 receptor 2, interleukin-18 binding protein, CD80, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules, and signaling lymphocyte activation molecules. We discuss their distinct structural attributes, binding properties, and functions, shaped by evolutionary pressures to disarm specific immune pathways. We include several novel genes identified from extensive genome database surveys. An understanding of the properties and modes of action of these viral proteins may guide the development of novel immune-modulatory therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Jensen LE. Interleukin-36 cytokines may overcome microbial immune evasion strategies that inhibit interleukin-1 family signaling. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/492/eaan3589. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Deletion of the K1L Gene Results in a Vaccinia Virus That Is Less Pathogenic Due to Muted Innate Immune Responses, yet Still Elicits Protective Immunity. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00542-17. [PMID: 28490586 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00542-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
All viruses strategically alter the antiviral immune response to their benefit. The vaccinia virus (VACV) K1 protein has multiple immunomodulatory effects in tissue culture models of infection, including NF-κB antagonism. However, the effect of K1 during animal infection is poorly understood. We determined that a K1L-less vaccinia virus (vΔK1L) was less pathogenic than wild-type VACV in intranasal and intradermal models of infection. Decreased pathogenicity was correlated with diminished virus replication in intranasally infected mice. However, in intradermally inoculated ears, vΔK1L replicated to levels nearly identical to those of VACV, implying that the decreased immune response to vΔK1L infection, not virus replication, dictated lesion size. Several lines of evidence support this theory. First, vΔK1L induced slightly less edema than vK1L, as revealed by histopathology and noninvasive quantitative ultrasound technology (QUS). Second, infiltrating immune cell populations were decreased in vΔK1L-infected ears. Third, cytokine and chemokine gene expression was decreased in vΔK1L-infected ears. While these results identified the biological basis for smaller lesions, they remained puzzling; because K1 antagonizes NF-κB in vitro, antiviral gene expression was expected to be higher during vΔK1L infection. Despite these diminished innate immune responses, vΔK1L vaccination induced a protective VACV-specific CD8+ T cell response and protected against a lethal VACV challenge. Thus, vΔK1L is the first vaccinia virus construct reported that caused a muted innate immune gene expression profile and decreased immune cell infiltration in an intradermal model of infection yet still elicited protective immunity.IMPORTANCE The vaccinia virus (VACV) K1 protein inhibits NF-κB activation among its other antagonistic functions. A virus lacking K1 (vΔK1L) was predicted to be less pathogenic because it would trigger a more robust antiviral immune response than VACV. Indeed, vΔK1L was less pathogenic in intradermally infected mouse ear pinnae. However, vΔK1L infection unexpectedly elicited dramatically reduced infiltration of innate immune cells into ears. This was likely due to decreased expression of cytokine and chemokine genes in vΔK1L-infected ears. As such, our finding contradicted observations from cell culture systems. Interestingly, vΔK1L conferred protective immunity against lethal VACV challenge. This suggests that the muted immune response triggered during vΔK1L infection remained sufficient to mount an effective protective response. Our results highlight the complexity and unpredictable nature of virus-host interactions, a relationship that must be understood to better comprehend virus pathogenesis or to manipulate viruses for use as vaccines.
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Tian T, Jin MQ, Dubin K, King SL, Hoetzenecker W, Murphy GF, Chen CA, Kupper TS, Fuhlbrigge RC. IL-1R Type 1-Deficient Mice Demonstrate an Impaired Host Immune Response against Cutaneous Vaccinia Virus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:4341-4351. [PMID: 28468973 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The IL-1 superfamily of cytokines and receptors has been studied extensively. However, the specific roles of IL-1 elements in host immunity to cutaneous viral infection remain elusive. In this study, we applied vaccinia virus (VACV) by scarification to IL-1R1 knockout mice (IL-1R1-/-) and found that these mice developed markedly larger lesions with higher viral genome copies in skin than did wild-type mice. The phenotype of infected IL-1R1-/- mice was similar to eczema vaccinatum, a severe side effect of VACV vaccination that may develop in humans with atopic dermatitis. Interestingly, the impaired cutaneous response of IL-1R1-/- mice did not reflect a systemic immune deficiency, because immunized IL-1R1-/- mice survived subsequent lethal VACV intranasal challenge, or defects of T cell activation or T cell homing to the site of inoculation. Histologic evaluation revealed that VACV infection and replication after scarification were limited to the epidermal layer of wild-type mice, whereas lack of IL-1R1 permitted extension of VACV infection into dermal layers of the skin. We explored the etiology of this discrepancy and determined that IL-1R1-/- mice contained significantly more macrophages and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in the dermis after VACV scarification. These cells were vulnerable to VACV infection and may augment the transmission of virus to adjacent skin, thus leading to larger skin lesions and satellite lesions in IL-1R1-/- mice. These results suggest new therapeutic strategies for treatment of eczema vaccinatum and inform assessment of risks in patients receiving IL-1 blocking Abs for treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | | | - Krista Dubin
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065
| | - Sandra L King
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Wolfram Hoetzenecker
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - George F Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | | | - Thomas S Kupper
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
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Veyer DL, Carrara G, Maluquer de Motes C, Smith GL. Vaccinia virus evasion of regulated cell death. Immunol Lett 2017; 186:68-80. [PMID: 28366525 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulated cell death is a powerful anti-viral mechanism capable of aborting the virus replicative cycle and alerting neighbouring cells to the threat of infection. The biological importance of regulated cell death is illustrated by the rich repertoire of host signalling cascades causing cell death and by the multiple strategies exhibited by viruses to block death signal transduction and preserve cell viability. Vaccinia virus (VACV), a poxvirus and the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox, encodes multiple proteins that interfere with apoptotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic signalling. Here the current knowledge on cell death pathways and how VACV proteins interact with them is reviewed. Studying the mechanisms evolved by VACV to counteract host programmed cell death has implications for its successful use as a vector for vaccination and as an oncolytic agent against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Veyer
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20 Rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Guia Carrara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | | | - Geoffrey L Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom.
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