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Cinar D, Altinoz E, Elbe H, Bicer Y, Cetinavci D, Ozturk I, Colak T. Therapeutic Effect of Melatonin on CCl 4-Induced Fibrotic Liver Model by Modulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and TGF-β1 Signaling Pathway in Pinealectomized Rats. Inflammation 2024:10.1007/s10753-024-02101-7. [PMID: 39007940 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-024-02101-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model in pinealectomized rats and biochemically, immunohistochemically, and histopathologically investigate the therapeutic effect of melatonin on liver fibrosis. The surgical procedure for pinealectomy was performed at the beginning of the study, and the sham and pinealectomized rats were administered CCl4 dissolved in corn oil (1:1) alone every other day to induce liver fibrosis or together with melatonin (10 mg/kg) therapy for 15 days. Melatonin is an essential therapeutic agent and offers an alternative therapeutic strategy in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and the TGF-β1 signaling pathway. Treatment with melatonin ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by restoring hepatocellular damage and reducing plasma AST, ALT, and ALP values. Melatonin increases the activity of SOD and CAT, which are important enzymes for antioxidant defence, and raises GSH levels, which further enhances antioxidant function. Also, melatonin reduced hepatic inflammation (IL-6 and IL-1β) and oxidative stress indices. Moreover, histopathological changes and immunohistochemical expression of TGF-β1 were restored following melatonin supplementation in the CCl4-induced liver fibrosis model in pinealectomized rats. Our study shows that melatonin supplementation has a beneficial effect in protecting the liver fibrosis induced by CCl4 in pinealectomized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Cinar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Health Science, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Eyup Altinoz
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Hulya Elbe
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Yasemin Bicer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Dilan Cetinavci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Mugla Training and Research Hospital, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ipek Ozturk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Karabuk University, Karabuk, Turkey
| | - Tuncay Colak
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Baghel M, Baghel I, Kumari P, Bharkatiya M, Joshi G, Sakure K, Badwaik H. Nano-delivery Systems and Therapeutic Applications of Phytodrug Mangiferin. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04906-6. [PMID: 38526662 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
In order to cure a range of ailments, scientists have investigated a number of bioactive antioxidant compounds produced from natural sources. Mangiferin, a C-glycosyl xanthone-structured yellow polyphenol, is abundant in mangoes and other dietary sources. In-depth examinations found that it is effective in the treatment of a variety of disorders due to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antigenotoxic, antiatherogenic, radioprotective, nephroprotective, antihyperlipidemic, and antidiabetic properties. However, it is recognised that mangiferin's poor bioavailability, volatility, and limited solubility restrict its therapeutic usefulness. Over time, effective solutions to these problems have arisen in the shape of effective delivery methods. The current articles present a summary of the several researches that have updated Mangiferin's biopharmaceutical characteristics. Additionally, strategies for enhancing the bioavailability, stability, and solubility of this phytodrug have been discussed. This review provides detailed information on the development of innovative Mangiferin delivery methods such as nanoparticles, liposomes, micelles, niosomes, microspheres, metal nanoparticles, and complexation, as well as its therapeutic applications in a variety of sectors. This article provides effective guidance for researchers who desire to work on the formulation and development of an effective delivery method for improved magniferin therapeutic effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Baghel
- Apollo College of Pharmacy, Anjora, Durg, 491001, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Ishita Baghel
- Foothill High School, 4375, Foothill Road, Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | | | - Meenakshi Bharkatiya
- Bhupal Nobles' Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhupal Nobles' University, Udaipur, 313001, India
| | - Garvita Joshi
- Mahakal Institute of Pharmaceutical Studies, Ujjain, India
| | - Kalyani Sakure
- Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Bhilai, 490023, CG, India
| | - Hemant Badwaik
- Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Junwani, Bhilai, 490020, Chhattisgarh, India.
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Sorour A, Aly RG, Ragab HM, Wahid A. Structure Modification Converts the Hepatotoxic Tacrine into Novel Hepatoprotective Analogs. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:2491-2503. [PMID: 38250371 PMCID: PMC10795119 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The liver is responsible for critical functions such as metabolism, secretion, storage, detoxification, and the excretion of various compounds. However, there is currently no approved drug treatment for liver fibrosis. Hence, this study aimed to explore the potential hepatoprotective effects of chlorinated and nonchlorinated 4-phenyl-tetrahydroquinoline derivatives. Originally developed as tacrine analogs with reduced hepatotoxicity, these compounds not only lacked hepatotoxicity but also displayed a remarkable hepatoprotective effect. Treatment with these derivatives notably prevented the chemically induced elevation of hepatic indicators associated with liver injury. Additionally, the compounds restored the activities of defense antioxidant enzymes as well as levels of inflammatory markers (TNF-α and IL-6), apoptotic proteins (Bax and Bcl2), and fibrogenic mediators (α-SMA and TGF-β) to normal levels. Histopathologic analysis confirmed the hepatoprotective activity of tetrahydroquinolines. Furthermore, computer-assisted simulation docking results were highly consistent with those of the observed in vivo activities. In conclusion, the designed tacrine analogs exhibited a hepatoprotective role in acute liver damage, possibly through their antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani
A. Sorour
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Rania G. Aly
- Department
of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria
University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Hanan M. Ragab
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Wahid
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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Djeungoue Petga MA, Kouam AF, Chougouo Kengne RD, Galani Tietcheu BR, Louokdom JS, Ngantchouko Ngalemo CB, Chuisseu Djamen PD, Moundipa PF. Comparative assessment of hepatoprotective properties of Artesunate and flavonoids from Artemisia annua on acetaminophen and carbon tetrachloride-induced cytotoxicity in primary mice hepatocytes. Metabol Open 2023; 18:100241. [PMID: 37089824 PMCID: PMC10114220 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2023.100241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Artesunate (ART) is a semi-synthetized molecule from Artemisinin, an active compound isolated from the medicinal plant Artemisia annua, widely used for the treatment of malaria. Previous studies reported that ART may exert a dual effect on the liver. Accordingly, this study investigated the potential protective action of ART against Acetaminophen (APAP) and Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in primary mice hepatocytes, in comparison to that of flavonoid extracted from A. annua (FAA). In addition, the antioxidant properties of FAA were also assessed. Methods The antioxidant activities of FAA and Ascorbic acid (ASC) (0.01-100 μg/mL) were assessed through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, reduction of ferric and phosphomolydenum, and hydroxyl and DPPH radicals scavenging assays. The hepatoprotective effects of FAA and ART (0.1-100 μg/mL) were evaluated against APAP (11 mM) or CCl4 (4 mM) induced oxidative damage in primary mouse hepatocytes. Biochemical parameters associated with hepatotoxicity assessed include cell viability, cell membrane integrity, cellular glutathione, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Results The obtained finding revealed FAA displayed a remarkable antioxidant activities as evidenced by the low IC50/EC50 values (3.85-19.32 μg/mL), comparable to that of ASC (3.26-18.04 μg/mL). When tested at 10 μg/mL, both FAA and ART significantly (p˂0.05) preserved cell viability, inhibited alanine aminotransferase leakage and lipid membrane peroxidation, and restored superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and glutathione content induced by APAP or CCl4 in a similar way as Silymarin. However, ART showed a significant (p˂0.05) cytotoxic effect on hepatocytes at 100 and 1000 μg/mL and did not confer obvious protection at 100 μg/mL. Conclusion Overall, our data demonstrated that ART harms mice hepatocytes at high concentration while conferring relative protection against APAP and CCl4-hepatotoxicity at low concentration. In contrast, FAA effectively protects liver cells without cytotoxicity effect, event at 100 μg/mL. Accordingly, ART should be given to the patient only under a medical prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnaud Fondjo Kouam
- Medical Research and Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde 1, Cameroon
- Corresponding author. Medical Research and Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon.
| | | | - Boris Rosnay Galani Tietcheu
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde 1, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Applied Biochemistry, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, PO Box 454, Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Josué Simo Louokdom
- Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, P.O. Box 208, Bangangté, Cameroon
| | | | - Pascal Dieudonné Chuisseu Djamen
- Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, P.O. Box 208, Bangangté, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde 1, Cameroon
- Corresponding author. Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, P.O. Box 208, Bangangté, Cameroon.
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, P.O. Box 812, Yaounde 1, Cameroon
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Chen YT, Tu CW, Hou CY, Chen YA, Xu RQ, Kuo CH, Wu CC, Hsieh SL. Evaluation of egg white hydrolysates on the hepatoprotective effect in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:1633-1641. [PMID: 37033317 PMCID: PMC10076489 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-023-05706-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
The small molecule characteristics and nutritional value of egg white hydrolysates have been widely used. In the present study, in vitro and in vivo models were used to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of egg protein hydrolysate (EWH) by regulating the expression of antioxidant enzymes. The in vitro experiment results showed that 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mg/mL of EWH enhanced antioxidant activity in HepG2 cells by increased glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity and reduced glutathione (GSH) levels. The in vivo experiment results showed that EWH (L) (38.5 mg/kg BW) and EWH (H) (385 mg/kg BW) alleviated carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats through reduced levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA). In addition, EWH also ameliorates CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in SD rats by increasing the antioxidant activity of GSH levels with a decrease in oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels. Besides, EWH ameliorates liver tissue injuries by CCl4-induction. EWH has the highest glutamic acid in free amino acid composition, the second highest was aspartic acid, and the third was cystine, 204, 141, and 125 mg/100 g, respectively. These results suggest EWH has hepatoprotective potential through reduced lipid peroxidation products and enhanced antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ting Chen
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chao-Wen Tu
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Yao Hou
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ruo-Qi Xu
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Hung Kuo
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Chung Wu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung, 43301 Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 142 Haijhuan Rd., Nanzih District, Kaohsiung City, 81157 Taiwan, R.O.C
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Comparison of the Antioxidant Activities and Polysaccharide Characterization of Fresh and Dry Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196654. [PMID: 36235191 PMCID: PMC9572727 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
It is generally believed that fresh Dendrobium officinale (FDO) has more significant pharmacological activity than dried Dendrobium officinale (DDO); however, the difference has not been clearly shown. Our study compared their antioxidant properties both in vitro and in vivo, and the molecular weight arrangement and monosaccharide composition of the fresh Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (FDOPs) and the dried Dendrobium officinale polysaccharides (DDOPs) were analyzed by HPLC-GPC and GC-MS. The results showed that the FDO and its polysaccharides had more significant effects on scavenging DPPH, ABTS, and hydroxyl radicals than the DDO. In addition, both the FDO and DDO significantly reduced lipid peroxidation levels and increased the SOD, T-AOC, CAT, and GSH levels in mice with acute liver damage caused by CCl4, while the FDO and its polysaccharides were more effective. Histopathological analysis further verified the protective effect of the Dendrobium polysaccharides on CCl4-induced liver injury. The determination of the polysaccharides revealed that the polysaccharide and mannose contents of the FDO were significantly higher than their dried counterparts, and the homogeneous arrangement of the polysaccharides in the FDO was degraded into three polysaccharide fragments of different molecular weights in the DDO. Overall, our data identified differences in the antioxidant activities of the FDO and DDO, as well as the reasons for these differences.
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García-Niño WR, Ibarra-Lara L, Cuevas-Magaña MY, Sánchez-Mendoza A, Armada E. Protective activities of ellagic acid and urolithins against kidney toxicity of environmental pollutants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 95:103960. [PMID: 35995378 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation are two possible mechanisms related to nephrotoxicity caused by environmental pollutants. Ellagic acid, a powerful antioxidant phytochemical, may have great relevance in mitigating pollutant-induced nephrotoxicity and preventing the progression of kidney disease. This review discusses the latest findings on the protective effects of ellagic acid, its metabolic derivatives, the urolithins, against kidney toxicity caused by heavy metals, pesticides, mycotoxins, and organic air pollutants. We describe the chelating, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, antiautophagic, and antiapoptotic properties of ellagic acid to attenuate nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, we present the molecular targets and signaling pathways that are regulated by these antioxidants, and suggest some others that should be explored. Nevertheless, the number of reports is still limited to establish the efficacy of ellagic acid against kidney damage induced by environmental pollutants. Therefore, additional preclinical studies on this topic are required, as well as the development of well-designed clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wylly Ramsés García-Niño
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.
| | - Luz Ibarra-Lara
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Mayra Yael Cuevas-Magaña
- Department of Cardiovascular Biomedicine, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Alicia Sánchez-Mendoza
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City 14080, Mexico
| | - Elisabeth Armada
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico
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Abbasnezhad A, Salami F, Mohebbati R. A review: Systematic research approach on toxicity model of liver and kidney in laboratory animals. Animal Model Exp Med 2022; 5:436-444. [PMID: 35918879 PMCID: PMC9610155 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic experiments are commonly performed on laboratory animals to investigate the possible mechanism(s) of action of toxic agents as well as drugs or substances under consideration. The use of toxins in laboratory animal models, including rats, is intended to cause toxicity. This study aimed to investigate different models of hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in laboratory animals to help researchers advance their research goals. The current narrative review used databases such as Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase and appropriate keywords until June 2021. Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity models derived from some toxic agents such as cisplatin, acetaminophen, doxorubicin, some anticancer drugs, and other materials through various signaling pathways are investigated. To understand the models of renal or hepatotoxicity in laboratory animals, we have provided a list of toxic agents and their toxicity procedures in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbasali Abbasnezhad
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical SciencesGonabadIran
| | - Fatemeh Salami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of MedicineMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
| | - Reza Mohebbati
- Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical SciencesGonabadIran
- Applied Biomedical Research CenterMashhad University of Medical SciencesMashhadIran
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Horák O, Pyszko M, Páral V, Šandor O. Degreasing and bleaching bones using light sources as a tool to increase the safety of teaching osteology at the University of Veterinary Sciences Brno. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14036. [PMID: 36193429 PMCID: PMC9526416 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The key part of creating bone material for teaching is degreasing and whitening it. However, the substances used are often dangerous and toxic. We tested and compared safer methods based on two physical variables. These are light and heat. The material for our study was 45 femurs from 23 adult domestic dogs (Canis lupus f. familiaris). The bones were divided into three groups of 15 pieces according to the method used to remove muscles and ligaments from their surface. Five femurs from each group were exposed to three different light sources for 28 days-sunlight, warm light from a classical incandescent light bulb and cold light by a LED bulb. At regular intervals, the change in the colour of the bone surface and the amount of fat loss from the medullary cavity was also monitored. The best degreasing and bleaching results were achieved in macerated bones exposed to sunlight. They achieved the required condition as early as 21 days after the start of sun exposure. The biggest problem was haemoglobin, which permeated through the Haversian canals and discoloured the bone tissue. The results showed that the use of light and heat is a suitable and safe alternative to chemical methods of degreasing and bleaching bones. The disadvantage is the length of time, especially for native material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Horák
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pyszko
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Páral
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Šandor
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology/Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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Munakarmi S, Gurau Y, Shrestha J, Risal P, Park HS, Shin HB, Jeong YJ. Hepatoprotective Effects of a Natural Flavanol 3,3'-Diindolylmethane against CCl 4-Induced Chronic Liver Injury in Mice and TGFβ1-Induced EMT in Mouse Hepatocytes via Activation of Nrf2 Cascade. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911407. [PMID: 36232707 PMCID: PMC9569868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a form of irregular wound-healing response with acute and chronic injury triggered by the deposition of excessive extracellular matrix. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process that plays a crucial role in the fibrogenic response and pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. In the present study, we postulated a protective role of 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) against TGF-β1 mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vitro and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver fibrosis in mice. TGF-β1-induced AML-12 hepatocyte injury was evaluated by monitoring cell morphology, measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential, and quantifying apoptosis, inflammatory, and EMT-related proteins. Furthermore, CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice was evaluated by performing liver function tests, including serum ALT and AST, total bilirubin, and albumin to assess liver injury and by performing H&E and Sirius red staining to determine the degree of liver fibrosis. Immunoblotting was performed to determine the expression levels of inflammation, apoptosis, and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling-related proteins. DIM treatment significantly restored TGF-β1-induced morphological changes, inhibited the expression of mesenchymal markers by activating E-cadherin, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced ROS intensity, and upregulated levels of Nrf2-responsive antioxidant genes. In the mouse model of CCl4-induced liver fibrosis, DIM remarkably attenuated liver injury and liver fibrosis, as reflected by the reduced ALT and AST parameters with increased serum Alb activity and fewer lesions in H&E staining. It also mitigated the fibrosis area in Sirius red and Masson staining. Taken together, our results suggest a possible molecular mechanism of DIM by suppressing TGF-β1-induced EMT in mouse hepatocytes and CCl4-induced liver fibrosis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvesh Munakarmi
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Yamuna Gurau
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Juna Shrestha
- Alka Hospital Private Limited, Jwalakhel, Kathmandu 446010, Nepal
| | - Prabodh Risal
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Kathmandu University, Dhulikhel 45200, Nepal
| | - Ho Sung Park
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
- Department of Pathology, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Hyun Beak Shin
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
| | - Yeon Jun Jeong
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine of Jeonbuk National University, Biomedical Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
- Department of Surgery, Jeonbuk National University Hospital, Jeonju 54907, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Long-Term Feeding with Curcumin Affects the Growth, Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Status, Tissue Histoarchitecture, Immune Expression of Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Apoptosis Indicators in Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050937. [PMID: 35624801 PMCID: PMC9137535 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of dietary curcumin (CUR) on the growth, antioxidant activity, histomorphology of certain organs, proinflammatory cytokine production, and immune status of Oreochromis niloticus was evaluated. The fingerlings (n = 225, 41.60 ± 0.09 g/fish) were randomly allotted into five experimental groups in triplicate. Fish were fed basal diets complemented with 0, 200, 400, 600, or 800 mg curcumin/kg diet (CUR0, CUR200, CUR400, CUR600, and CUR800, respectively) for 10 weeks. An increase in fish growth was reported in the CUR200 and CUR400 groups. The feed conversion ratio was enhanced by 15% in the CUR400 group. Fish body protein content was increased in the CUR600 group (p ≤ 0.01). Body fat was decreased, and ash content was increased by CUR supplementation in a level-related way (p < 0.05). The villus height was increased in the CUR400 and CUR600 groups. The villus width was increased by CUR supplementation, with the best result found in the CUR600 group. The liver of CUR-fed fish displayed comparatively normal hepatocytes. TNF-α and caspase-3 were significantly upregulated by dietary CUR in a level-related way. The serum catalase activity and GSH level were increased in CUR200 and CUR400 groups. Curcumin supplementation boosted the serum SOD activity and reduced the MDA level. IL10 and IgM levels were increased in the CUR200 and CUR400 groups. Lysozyme activity was increased in the CUR200−400 groups. Serum complement 3 level was increased in the CUR400 group. The percentage survival of O. niloticus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila was highest in the CUR200-CUR600 groups (100%) and decreased in the CUR800 group (80%). This study concluded that CUR could be added to Nile tilapia diets up to 400 mg·kg−1 to achieve better growth, antioxidant capacity, immune response, and intestinal histology. Long feeding periods on high levels of CUR (600 and 800 mg·kg−1) stimulate inflammatory reactions in fish tissues.
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Singh S, Agarwal N. Study the Pharmacognostic profile, Antiradical and Hepatoprotective potential of Carissacarandas Linn. fruit extract. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2022; 13:FNA-EPUB-121265. [PMID: 35236277 DOI: 10.2174/2212798412666220302163553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Carissa carandas Linn. is a thorny shrub (Family: Apocynaceae), commonly called as Karonda. The shrub can be grown in tropical and subtropical climate region. METHODS AND MATERIAL The objective of the experimental work was to analyse the efficacy of fruit extract of C. carandas Linn. with respect to hepatoprotective property using supportive evidence of in vitro and in vivo antiradical activity. The antioxidant activity of ethanolic fruit extract was determined by 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide free radical scavenging assay, using Ascorbic acid as standard drug. Oral administration of C. carandas Linn. ethanolic fruit extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) revealed a considerable marked protection property against acute hepatotoxicity induced by the carbon tetrachloride, moreover that has been evaluated in terms of biochemical parameters. RESULTS Administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induce amplified levels of serum biomarker enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the blood serum with attenuated in-vivo antioxidant enzymes levels such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase in hepatic tissues. The administration of fruit extract would reduce the CCl4- induced hepatic toxicity; these effects may be due to presence of phytochemicals including carbohydrates, tannins, phenolic components and flavonoids. However, HPLC and TLC studies would ensure the presence of gallic and quercetin in the ethanolic fruit extract of the plant. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the ethanolic fruit extract of C.carandas Linn. exhibits significant hepatoprotective activity which could be partly imputed to its both in-vitro as well as in-vivo antioxidant property, together with effective total phenolic and total flavonoid content and thus concedes for further findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nitin Agarwal
- Dr.Bhim Rao Ambedkar University Pharmacy, Raja Balwant Singh Engineering Technical Campus Bichpuri, Agra (UP) India
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Donadei C, Angeletti A, Cappuccilli M, Conti M, Conte D, Zappulo F, De Giovanni A, Malvi D, Aldini R, Roda A, La Manna G. Adaptive Mechanisms of Renal Bile Acid Transporters in a Rat Model of Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Liver Cirrhosis. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030636. [PMID: 35160088 PMCID: PMC8836491 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is common in advanced liver cirrhosis, a consequence of reduced kidney perfusion due to splanchnic arterial vasodilation and intrarenal vasoconstriction. It clinically manifests as hepatorenal syndrome type 1, type 2, or as acute tubular necrosis. Beyond hemodynamic factors, an additional mechanism may be hypothesized to explain the renal dysfunction during liver cirrhosis. Recent evidence suggest that such mechanisms may be closely related to obstructive jaundice. Methods: Given the not completely elucidated role of bile acids in kidney tissue damage, this study developed a rat model of AKI with liver cirrhosis induction by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) inhalation for 12 weeks. Histological analyses of renal and liver biopsies were performed at sacrifice. Organic anion tubular transporter distribution and apoptosis in kidney cells were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Circulating and urinary markers of inflammation and tubular injury were assayed in 21 treated rats over time (1, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks of CCl4 administration) and 5 controls. Results: No renal histopathological alterations were found at sacrifice. Comparing treated rats with controls, organic anion transporters were differentially expressed and localized. High serum bile acid values were detected in cirrhotic animals, while caspase-3 staining was negative in both groups. Increased levels of serum inflammatory and urinary tubular injury biomarkers were observed during cirrhosis progression, with a peak after 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. Conclusions: These findings suggest possible adaptive tubular mechanisms for bile acid transporters in response to cirrhosis-induced AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Donadei
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa Largo Gaslini, 16148 Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Cappuccilli
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Massimiliano Conti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Diletta Conte
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Fulvia Zappulo
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
| | - Alessio De Giovanni
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, “F. Addarii” Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Deborah Malvi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine—DIMES, “F. Addarii” Institute of Oncology and Transplant Pathology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (A.D.G.); (D.M.)
| | - Rita Aldini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (R.A.); (A.R.)
| | - Gaetano La Manna
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS—Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (C.D.); (A.A.); (M.C.); (D.C.); (F.Z.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-051-214-4577
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Arora MK, Pandey S, Tomar R, Sahoo J, Kumar D, Jangra A. Therapeutic potential of policosanol in the concurrent management of dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-022-00399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
High-fat diet (HFD) possesses a major cause of cardiovascular disease, and hepatosteatosis. Unfortunately, long-term use of statins has a theoretical possibility of worsening of hepatic histology in the patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The objective of the study was to explore hepatoprotective potential of policosanol as an alternative to statins in experimental NAFLD. For the same, young male Wistar rats were fed with HFD for 8 weeks to induce NAFLD. 48 adult Wistar rats were distributed into six investigational groups: normal control, HFD control, and four treatment groups, receiving policosanol (50 and 100 mg/kg/day), atorvastatin (30 mg/kg/day), and silymarin (100 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks along with HFD.
Result
HFD consumption caused profound hepatotoxicity evident by hepatic oxidative stress, increased Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin content. Treatment with policosanol (100 mg/kg) markedly reduced the elevated SGOT, SGPT, and ALP levels in HFD-fed rats. Moreover, policosanol significantly reduced hepatic oxidative stress manifest by reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased glutathione (GSH) level. The treatment with policosanol (100 mg/kg) was found to be more active in attenuating the HFD-induced hepatotoxicity as compared to policosanol (50 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (30 mg/kg). Moreover, we observed that the hepatoprotective potential of policosanol was comparable to the silymarin.
Conclusions
The results of the study clearly indicated that the policosanol could be considered an intriguing approach for the treatment of NAFLD.
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Shakeel F, Alamer MM, Alam P, Alshetaili A, Haq N, Alanazi FK, Alshehri S, Ghoneim MM, Alsarra IA. Hepatoprotective Effects of Bioflavonoid Luteolin Using Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System. Molecules 2021; 26:7497. [PMID: 34946581 PMCID: PMC8703857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Luteolin (LUT) is a natural pharmaceutical compound that is weakly water soluble and has low bioavailability when taken orally. As a result, the goal of this research was to create self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) for LUT in an attempt to improve its in vitro dissolution and hepatoprotective effects, resulting in increased oral bioavailability. Using the aqueous phase titration approach and the creation of pseudo-ternary phase diagrams with Capryol-PGMC (oil phase), Tween-80 (surfactant), and Transcutol-HP (co-emulsifier), various SNEDDS of LUT were generated. SNEDDS were assessed for droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), refractive index (RI), and percent of transmittance (percent T) after undergoing several thermodynamic stability and self-nanoemulsification experiments. When compared to LUT suspension, the developed SNEDDS revealed considerable LUT release from all SNEDDS. Droplet size was 40 nm, PDI was <0.3, ZP was -30.58 mV, RI was 1.40, percent T was >98 percent, and drug release profile was >96 percent in optimized SNEDDS of LUT. For in vivo hepatoprotective testing in rats, optimized SNEDDS was chosen. When compared to LUT suspension, hepatoprotective tests showed that optimized LUT SNEDDS had a substantial hepatoprotective impact. The findings of this investigation suggested that SNEDDS could improve bioflavonoid LUT dissolution rate and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiyaz Shakeel
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (N.H.); (F.K.A.)
| | - Moad M. Alamer
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (N.H.); (F.K.A.)
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah Alshetaili
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nazrul Haq
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (N.H.); (F.K.A.)
| | - Fars K. Alanazi
- Kayyali Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.M.A.); (N.H.); (F.K.A.)
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (I.A.A.)
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ibrahim A. Alsarra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.); (I.A.A.)
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Fatima R, Yasin MS, Anwar H, Ullah I, Shehzad W, Murtaza I, Ali T. Vitamin E boosted the protective potential of Aloe vera in CCl4-treated rats. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Preparation and Evaluation of Silymarin-Loaded Solid Eutectic for Enhanced Anti-Inflammatory, Hepatoprotective Effect: In Vitro- In Vivo Prospect. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:1818538. [PMID: 34804361 PMCID: PMC8598371 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1818538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Solubility of phytochemicals is a major concern for drug delivery, permeability, and their biological response. However, advancements in the novel formulation technologies have been helping to overcome these challenges. The applications of these newer technologies are easy for commercialization and high therapeutic outcomes compared to conventional formulations. Considering these facts, the present study is aimed to prepare a silymarin-loaded eutectic mixture with three different ratios of Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 (PVP K30) and evaluating their anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects. The preliminary phytochemical and characterization of silymarin, physical mixture, and solid dispersions suggested and successfully confirmed the formation of solid dispersion of silymarin with PVP K30. It was found that the solubility of silymarin was increased by 5-fold compared to pure silymarin. Moreover, the in vitro dissolution displayed that 83% of silymarin released within 2 h with 2.8-fold increase in dissolution rate compared to pure silymarin. Also, the in vivo study suggested that the formulation significantly reduced the carbon tetrachloride- (0.8620 ± 0.05034∗∗ for 1 : 3 ratio), paracetamol- (0.7300 ± 0.01517∗∗ for 1 : 3 ratio), and ethanol- (0.8100 ± 0.04037∗∗ for 1 : 3 ratio) induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Silymarin solid dispersion was prepared using homogenization methods that have prominent anti-inflammatory effect (0.6520 ± 0.008602∗∗ with 8.33%) in carrageenan-induced rat paw model.
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Lv XF, Zhang AQ, Liu WQ, Zhao M, Li J, He L, Cheng L, Sun YF, Qin G, Lu P, Ji YH, Ji JL. Liver injury changes the biological characters of serum small extracellular vesicles and reprograms hepatic macrophages in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:7509-7529. [PMID: 34887646 PMCID: PMC8613741 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i43.7509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) and their small RNA (sRNA) cargoes could be promising biomarkers for the diagnosis of liver injury. However, the dynamic changes in serum sEVs and their sRNA components during liver injury have not been well characterized. Given that hepatic macrophages can quickly clear intravenously injected sEVs, the effect of liver injury-related serum sEVs on hepatic macrophages deserves to be explored.
AIM To identify the characteristics of serum sEVs and the sRNAs during liver injury and explore their effects on hepatic macrophages.
METHODS To identify serum sEV biomarkers for liver injury, we established a CCL4-induced mouse liver injury model in C57BL/6 mice to simulate acute liver injury (ALI), chronic liver injury (CLI) and recovery. Serum sEVs were obtained and characterized by transmission electron microscopy and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Serum sEV sRNAs were profiled by sRNA sequencing. Differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) were compared to mouse liver-enriched miRNAs and previously reported circulating miRNAs related to human liver diseases. The biological significance was evaluated by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of altered sEV miRNAs and conditioned cultures of ALI serum sEVs with primary hepatic macrophages.
RESULTS We found that both ALI and CLI changed the concentration and morphology of serum sEVs. The proportion of serum sEV miRNAs increased upon liver injury, with the liver as the primary contributor. The altered serum sEV miRNAs based on mouse studies were consistent with human liver disease-related circulating miRNAs. We established serum sEV miRNA signatures for ALI and CLI and a panel of miRNAs (miR-122-5p, miR-192-5p, and miR-22-3p) as a common marker for liver injury. The differential serum sEV miRNAs in ALI contributed mainly to liver steatosis and inflammation, while those in CLI contributed primarily to hepatocellular carcinoma and hyperplasia. ALI serum sEVs decreased both CD86 and CD206 expression in monocyte-derived macrophages but increased CD206 expression in resident macrophages in vitro.
CONCLUSION Serum sEVs acquired different concentrations, sizes, morphologies and sRNA contents upon liver injury and could change the phenotype of liver macrophages. Serum sEVs therefore have good diagnostic and therapeutic potential for liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Fang Lv
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - An-Qi Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei-Qi Liu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Li He
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Nanjing Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, Nanjing 210093, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin 214400, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Feng Sun
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Gang Qin
- Nantong Institute of Liver Diseases, Nantong Third People’s Hospital, Nantong University, Nantong 226006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Peng Lu
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Hua Ji
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Immunology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ju-Ling Ji
- Department of Pathology, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Microenvironment and Translational Cancer Research, Science and Technology Bureau of Nantong City, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, China
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Caon G, Morrone M, Feistauer L, Sganzerla D, Moreira JC. Moderate beer consumption promotes silymarin-like redox status without affecting the liver integrity in vivo. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Cui HX, Luo Y, Mao YY, Yuan K, Jin SH, Zhu XT, Zhong BW. Purified anthocyanins from Zea mays L. cob ameliorates chronic liver injury in mice via modulating of oxidative stress and apoptosis. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:4672-4680. [PMID: 33491773 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Purple corn (Zea mays L.) is one of the main economic crops in China and has been used in the treatment of cystitis, urinary infections and obesity. However, purple corncobs, the by-product remaining after processing and having an intense purple-black color, are normally disposed of as waste or used as animal feed. Therefore, to further expand the medicinal value of purple corncob, its content was analyzed and, after purification, the effect and mechanism of purified purple corncob anthocyanins (PPCCA) on CCl4 -induced chronic liver injury in mice were investigated. RESULTS It was observed that the total anthocyanin content (TAC) from PPCCA (317.51 ± 9.30 mg cyanidin 3-O-glucoside (C-3-G) g-1 dry weight) was significantly higher than that from the purified purple corn seed anthocyanin (266.73 ± 3.67 mg C-3-G g-1 dry weight), of which C-3-G accounted for 90.6% and 90.4% of the TAC, respectively. Furthermore, compared with the CCl4 group, PPCCA treatment significantly reduced liver index, serum total bilirubin, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and liver malondialdehyde levels, but increased liver superoxide dismutase activity. The pathological changes were also improved, such as more regular arrangement of hepatocytes, less swelling, and fewer vacuoles and apoptotic cells. Additionally, mechanistic studies showed that PPCCA downregulated the expression of Caspase-3, Bax and cytochrome P450 2E1 proteins in the liver and upregulated the expression of Bcl-2. CONCLUSION These results demonstrated that PPCCA could ameliorate CCl4 -induced chronic liver injury by regulating oxidative stress and hepatocyte apoptosis pathways. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Xin Cui
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
- Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center for Chinese Medicine and Respiratory Disease by Henan & Education Ministry of PR China, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yang Luo
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhu'ji, China
| | - Yue-Yue Mao
- College of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhu'ji, China
| | - Song-Heng Jin
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhu'ji, China
| | - Xiang-Tao Zhu
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhu'ji, China
| | - Bing-Wei Zhong
- Jiyang College of Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Zhu'ji, China
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Oral delivery of a Lactococcus lactis expressing extracellular TGFβR2 alleviates hepatic fibrosis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6007-6018. [PMID: 34390354 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is caused by the accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins on the surface of hepatocytes and results from chronic liver injury. TGFβ1 is one of the most important promoters of hepatic fibrosis, which accelerates the transformation of hepatic stellate cells to myofibroblasts and collagen expression. It is well-known that TGFβ1 binds to TGFβR2 to mediate its downstream signal cascades to regulate target gene transcription. Therefore, the TGFβR2 blocker might be a prominent drug candidate. We constructed TGFβR2 extracellular domain into living biotherapeutics Lactococcus lactis to reduce hepatic fibrosis in CCl4 treated mice in the present study. We found that the culture supernatant of the recombinant bacteria can inhibit the TGFβ1-induced collagen synthesis in the hepatic stellate cells at the cellular level. In addition, results of in vivo study showed that the recombinant bacteria significantly reduced the degree of liver fibrosis in CCl4-treated mice. Furthermore, flow cytometry results indicated that the recombinant bacteria treatment significantly reduced the CD11b+ Kupffer cells compared with the empty vector bacteria group. Consistently, fibrosis-related gene and protein expression were significantly reduced upon recombinant bacteria treatment. Finally, the subchronic toxicity test results showed that this bacteria strain did not have any significant side effects. In conclusion, our recombinant Lactococcus lactis shows tremendous therapeutic potential in liver fibrosis. KEY POINTS: • The supernatant of L. lactis expressing TGFβR2 inhibits the activation of myofibroblast. • The oral recombinant strain reduced the degree of liver fibrosis and inflammation in mice. • The recombinant strain was safe in subchronic toxicity test in mice.
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Lee J, Kim SR, Lee C, Jun YI, Bae S, Yoon YJ, Kim OY, Gho YS. Extracellular vesicles from in vivo liver tissue accelerate recovery of liver necrosis induced by carbon tetrachloride. J Extracell Vesicles 2021; 10:e12133. [PMID: 34401049 PMCID: PMC8357636 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vesicles composed of proteolipid bilayers carrying various molecular signatures of the cells. As mediators of intercellular communications, EVs have gained great attention as new therapeutic agents in the field of nanomedicine. Therefore, many studies have explored the roles of cell-derived EVs isolated from cultured hepatocytes or stem cells as inducer of liver proliferation and regeneration under various pathological circumstances. However, study investigating the role of EVs directly isolated from liver tissue has not been performed. Herein, to understand the pathophysiological role and to investigate the therapeutic potential of in vivo liver EVs, we isolated EVs from both normal and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced damaged in vivo liver tissues. The in vivo EVs purified from liver tissues display typical features of EVs including spherical morphology, nano-size, and enrichment of tetraspanins. Interestingly, administration of both normal and damaged liver EVs significantly accelerated the recovery of liver tissue from CCl4-induced hepatic necrosis. This restorative action was through the induction of hepatocyte growth factor at the site of the injury. These results suggest that not only normal liver EVs but also damaged liver EVs play important pathophysiological roles of maintaining homeostasis after tissue damage. Our study, therefore, provides new insight into potentially developing in vivo EV-based therapeutics for preventing and treating liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Lee
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Sae Rom Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Changjin Lee
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Ye In Jun
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Seoyoon Bae
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
| | - Yae Jin Yoon
- Genome Editing Research CentreKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeonRepublic of Korea
| | - Oh Youn Kim
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
- Department of MedicineYonsei University College of MedicineSeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life SciencesPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)PohangRepublic of Korea
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Pshenichnyuk SA, Modelli A. Electron Attachment to Isolated Molecules as a Probe to Understand Mitochondrial Reductive Processes. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2277:101-124. [PMID: 34080147 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1270-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter describes the complementary experimental techniques Electron Transmission Spectroscopy and Dissociative Electron Attachment Spectroscopy, two of the most suitable means for investigating interactions between electrons and gas-phase molecules, resonance formation of temporary molecular negative ions, and their possible decay through the dissociative electron attachment (DEA) mechanism. The latter can be seen as the gas-phase counterpart of the transfer of a solvated electron in solution, accompanied by dissociation of the molecular anion, referred to as dissociative electron transfer (DET). DET takes place in vivo under reductive conditions, for instance, in the intermembrane space of mitochondria under interaction of xenobiotic molecules possessing high electron affinity with electrons "leaked" from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. A likely mechanism of the toxic activity of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane based on its DEA properties is briefly outlined, and compared with the well-established harmful effects of the model toxicant carbon tetrachloride ascribed to reductive dechlorination in a cellular ambient. A possible mechanism of the antioxidant activity of polyphenolic compounds present near the main site of superoxide anion production in mitochondria is also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav A Pshenichnyuk
- Institute of Molecule and Crystal Physics, Ufa Federal Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Ufa, Russia.
| | - Alberto Modelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca in Scienze Ambientali, Ravenna, Italy
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Yang J, Gong Y, Xu W, Li L, Shi Z, Wang Q, He Y, Zhang C, Luo C, Fang Z, Yang Y. Smad3 gene C-terminal phosphorylation site mutation exacerbates CCl 4-induced hepatic fibrogenesis by promoting pSmad2L/C-mediated signaling transduction. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2021; 394:1779-1786. [PMID: 34191114 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-021-02114-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Current researches have confirmed that Smads, mediators of TGF-β signaling, are strictly controlled by domain-specific site phosphorylation in the process of hepatic disease. Usually, Smad3 phospho-isoform pSmad3L and pSmad3C are reversible and antagonistic; pSmad2L/C could act together with pSmad3L by stimulating PAI-1 expression and ECM synthesis to transmit fibrogenic signals. Our recent study found that pSmad3C mutation is supposed to perform a vigorous role on the early phase of liver injury and abates salvianolic acid B's anti-hepatic fibrotic-carcinogenesis. However, whether pSmad3C mutation expedites pSmad2L/C-mediated signaling transduction during hepatic fibrogenesis remains vague. Presently, Smad3 gene C-terminal phosphorylation site mutation heterozygote (pSmad3C+/-) mice were constructed to probe if and how pSmad3C retards CCl4-induced hepatic fibrogenesis by inhibiting pSmad2L/C-mediated signaling transduction. Twelve 6-week-old pSmad3C+/- C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally injection with CCl4 for 6 weeks to induce liver fibrogenesis. Results showed that pSmad3C mutation aggravates the relative liver weight, biochemical parameters, collagenous fibers and fibrotic septa formation, contributes to fibrogenesis in HT-CCl4 mice. Furthermore, fibrotic-related proteins TGF-β1, pSmad2C, pSmad2L, and PAI-1 were also increased in CCl4-induced pSmad3C+/- mice. These results suggest that pSmad3C mutation exacerbates hepatic fibrogenesis which relates to intensifying pSmad2L/C-mediated signaling transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yongfang Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Lili Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhenghao Shi
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yinghao He
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Chenchen Luo
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zhirui Fang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immunopharmacology, Ministry of Education, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Unsal V, Cicek M, Sabancilar İ. Toxicity of carbon tetrachloride, free radicals and role of antioxidants. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2021; 36:279-295. [PMID: 32970608 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2020-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Several chemicals, including environmental toxicants and clinically useful drugs, cause severe cellular damage to different organs of our body through metabolic activation to highly reactive substances such as free radicals. Carbon tetrachloride is an organic compound of which chemical formula is CCl₄. CCl4 is strong toxic in the kidney, testicle, brain, heart, lung, other tissues, and particularly in the liver. CCl4 is a powerful hepatoxic, nephrotoxic and prooxidant agent which is widely used to induce hepatotoxicity in experimental animals and to create hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatic fibrosis/cirrhosis and liver injury, chemical hepatitis model, renal failure model, and nephrotoxicity model in recent years. The damage-causing mechanism of CCl4 in tissues can be explained as oxidative damage caused by lipid peroxidation which starts after the conversion of CCl4 to free radicals of highly toxic trichloromethyl radicals (•CCl₃) and trichloromethyl peroxyl radical (•CCl₃O2) via cytochrome P450 enzyme. Complete disruption of lipids (i.e., peroxidation) is the hallmark of oxidative damage. Free radicals are structures that contain one or more unpaired electrons in atomic or molecular orbitals. These toxic free radicals induce a chain reaction and lipid peroxidation in membrane-like structures rich in phospholipids, such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. CCl4-induced lipid peroxidation is the cause of oxidative stress, mitochondrial stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress. Free radicals trigger many biological processes, such as apoptosis, necrosis, ferroptosis and autophagy. Recent researches state that the way to reduce or eliminate these CCl4-induced negative effects is the antioxidants originated from natural sources. For normal physiological function, there must be a balance between free radicals and antioxidants. If this balance is in favor of free radicals, various pathological conditions occur. Free radicals play a role in various pathological conditions including Pulmonary disease, ischemia / reperfusion rheumatological diseases, autoimmune disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, kidney diseases, hypertension, eye diseases, neurological disorders, diabetes and aging. Free radicals are antagonized by antioxidants and quenched. Antioxidants do not only remove free radicals, but they also have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antithrombotic, antiviral, and anti-carcinogenic activities. Antioxidants contain high phenol compounds and antioxidants have relatively low side effects compared to synthetic drugs. The antioxidants investigated in CCI4 toxicity are usually antioxidants from plants and are promising because of their rich resources and low side effects. Data were investigated using PubMed, EBSCO, Embase, Web of Science, DOAJ, Scopus and Google Scholar, Carbon tetrachloride, carbon tetrachloride-induced toxicity, oxidative stress, and free radical keywords. This study aims to enlighten the damage-causing mechanism created by free radicals which are produced by CCl4 on tissues/cells and to discuss the role of antioxidants in the prevention of tissue/cell damage. In the future, Antioxidants can be used as a therapeutic strategy to strengthen effective treatment against substances with high toxicity such as CCl4 and increase the antioxidant capacity of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velid Unsal
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mardin Artuklu University, Mardin, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cicek
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü imam University, Kahramanmaraş, Turkey
| | - İlhan Sabancilar
- Department of Biochemistry, Health Sciences Institute, Dicle University, Diyarbakır, Turkey
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Sini H, Devi K, Anusha C, Nevin K. Edible Solanum trilobatum chloroform extract modulates CCL4 induced toxic changes in rat liver by enhancing the antioxidant activity. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2021. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-200446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality all over world. Environmental chemicals and pesticides are one of the most common causative factors for liver injury. Since there are no reliable hepatoprotective drugs available, many plant extracts are frequently utilized to treat liver disease. Therefore, searching for effective and safe plant based drugs for liver disorders is a matter of interest. In this study, hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of the polyphenol rich chloroform extract of Solanum trilobatum (CST) was evaluated on CCl4 induced acute hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. METHODS: Cytotoxic effect of CST on cancer cells as well as primary rat hepatocytes and proliferative effect on human peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) were evaluated in vitro. Animals were divided into 4 groups control group (received only normal saline), CCl4 group (received only CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight), CST group (received 50 mg/kg and CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight), CST group (received 100mg/kg and CCl4 (2.0g/kg body weight). After 14 consecutive days of treatment, the levels of hepatic biochemical markers, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, peroxidase and catalase activities were measured. The histopathological study of control and treated animals were also performed. RESULTS: Administration of CST prior to CCl4 was found to significantly inhibit the hepatotoxicity produced by CCl4 since CST restored the elevated activities of serum and liver marker enzymes and also enhanced the antioxidant enzyme levels. Histological changes caused by CCl4 were found to be significantly reversed by CST, which further confirms the dual effect of CST on CCl4-induced acute liver injury as a hepatoprotectant and antioxidant. CONCLUSIONS: The present study clearly demonstrates that CST contains therapeutic components which in combination/alone possess hepatoprotective and in vivo antioxidant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Sini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - K.S. Devi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - C.S. Anusha
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
| | - K.G. Nevin
- School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India
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Kato T, Murata D, Anders RA, Sesaki H, Iijima M. Nuclear PTEN and p53 suppress stress-induced liver cancer through distinct mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:83-90. [PMID: 33667713 PMCID: PMC7995232 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PTEN and p53 are highly mutated in many cancers. These two tumor suppressors have critical functions in the nucleus, such as DNA repair, cell cycle progression, and genome maintenance. However, the in vivo functional relationship of nuclear PTEN and p53 is unknown. Here, we analyzed the liver of mice in which nuclear PTEN and p53 are individually or simultaneously depleted. We found that nuclear PTEN loss greatly upregulates p53 expression upon oxidative stress, while the loss of p53 potentiates stress-induced accumulation of PTEN in the nucleus. Next, we examined oxidative stress-induced DNA damage in hepatocytes, and found that nuclear PTEN loss aggravated the damage while p53 loss did not. Notably, mice lacking nuclear PTEN had increased hepatocellular carcinoma under oxidative stress, while mice lacking p53 in hepatocytes had accelerated hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The formation of cholangiocarcinoma appears to involve the transformation of hepatocytes into cholangiocarcinoma. Simultaneous loss of nuclear PTEN and p53 exacerbated both types of liver cancers. These data suggest that nuclear PTEN and p53 suppress liver cancers through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daisuke Murata
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Üstüner MC, Tanrikut C, Üstüner D, Kolaç UK, Köroğlu ZÖ, Burukoğlu D, Entok E. The effect of baicalein on endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy on liver damage. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:1624-1633. [PMID: 33779329 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211003634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a toxic chemical that causes liver injury. CCl4 triggers endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR). UPR triggers autophagy to deal with the damage. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of baicalein, derived from Scutellaria baicalensis, on CCl4-induced liver damage concerning ER stress and autophagy. Two groups of Wistar albino rats (n = 7/groups) were treated with 0.2 ml/kg CCl4 for 10 days with and without baicalein. Histological and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, autophagy, and ER stress markers measurements were carried out to evaluate the effect of baicalein. Histological examinations showed that baicalein reduced liver damage. TEM analysis indicated that baicalein inhibited ER stress and triggered autophagy. CCl4-induced elevation of C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), glucose-regulating protein 78 (GRP78), activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), pancreatic ER kinase (PERK), and active/spliced form of X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1s) ER stress markers were decreased by baicalein. Baicalein also increased the autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), Beclin1, and Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3-phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form (LC3-II) autophagy marker levels. In conclusion, baicalein reduced the CCl4-induced liver damage by inhibiting ER stress and the trigger of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Üstüner
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - C Tanrikut
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - D Üstüner
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Vocational School of Health Services, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - U K Kolaç
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Efeler, Turkey
| | - Z Özdemir Köroğlu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - D Burukoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - E Entok
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey
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29
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Adeyanju AA, Asejeje FO, Molehin OR, Owoeye O, Olatoye EO, Ekpo EN. Protective role of protocatechuic acid in carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative stress via modulation of proinflammatory cytokines levels in brain and liver of Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 33:143-154. [PMID: 33735948 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protocatechuic acid (PCA) possesses numerous pharmacological activities, including antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities. This study seeks to investigate its underlying mechanism of action in the liver and brain toxicity induced by CCl4 in male albino rats. METHODS Rats were given PCA at 10 and 20 mg/kg daily and orally as a pretreatment for seven days. A single injection of CCl4 was given 2 h later to induce brain and liver toxicity. RESULTS CCl4 moderately elevated the activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). PCA lowered AST level significantly when compared to control. Total protein and albumin levels presented insignificant changes (p>0.05) in all groups while lipid profile showed increased total cholesterol level and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by CCl4. PCA (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced the cholesterol level while the 20 mg/kg dose moderately prevented HDL reduction. There was an increased MDA production with a corresponding low GSH level in the group treated with CCl4. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase in both organs also declined. PCA, especially at 10 mg/kg attenuated lipid peroxidation by increasing GSH level in the organs. Biochemical assays revealed the improvement of antioxidant enzyme activities by PCA in these organs. Furthermore, PCA lowered the level of proinflammatory cytokine COX 2 in the brain and liver while NF-kB expression was inhibited in the brain. Histopathology reports validated the effects of PCA. CONCLUSIONS PCA exhibited protection against toxicity in these tissues through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and the potential mechanism might be through modulation of the NF-κB/COX-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne A Adeyanju
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Koladaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Folake O Asejeje
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Koladaisi University, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olorunfemi R Molehin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti. P.M.B.5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Olatunde Owoeye
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Esther O Olatoye
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Ajebo, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel N Ekpo
- Department of Biological Sciences, McPherson University, Ajebo, Ogun State, Nigeria
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Naraki K, Rezaee R, Karimi G. A review on the protective effects of naringenin against natural and chemical toxic agents. Phytother Res 2021; 35:4075-4091. [PMID: 33724584 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Naringenin (NRG), as a flavanone from flavonoids family, is widely found in grapefruit, lemon tomato, and Citrus fruits. NRG has shown strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in body organs via mechanisms such as enhancement of glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activity, but reduction of serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, NRG anti-apoptotic potential was indicated to be mediated by regulating B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase3/9. Overall, these properties make NRG a highly fascinating compound with beneficial pharmacological effects. Based on the literature, NRG-induced protective effects against toxicities produced by natural toxins, pharmaceuticals, heavy metals, and environmental chemicals, were mainly mediated via suppression of lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress (through boosting the antioxidant arsenal), and inflammatory factors (e.g., TNF-α, interleukin [IL]-6, IL-10, and IL-12), and activation of PI3K/Akt and MAPK survival signaling pathways. Despite considerable body of evidence on protective properties of NRG against a variety of toxic compounds, more well-designed experimental studies and particularly, clinical trials are required before reaching a concrete conclusion. The present review discusses how NRG protects against the above-noted toxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Naraki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ramin Rezaee
- Clinical Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Karimi
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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31
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Obembe OO, Usman TO, Raji Y. Hepatoprotective effects of Quassia amara stem bark against cadmium-induced toxicity in male Wistar rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 32:1131-1136. [PMID: 33544994 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2020-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The liver is one of the primary biorepositories of cadmium (Cd) and it has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hepatic diseases. Quassia amara stem bark has been reputed to have strong antimalarial, antimicrobial, antiulcerative and amoebicidal properties. This study aims to determine the effects of Q. amara on Cd-induced hepatotoxicity and lipid profile in male Wistar rats. METHODS The animals were divided into three groups of five animals each. Group 1 served as control while group 2 received Cd (5 mg/kg) for 4 weeks. Prior to Cd treatment, group 3 was treated with Q. amara extract (200 mg/kg) for 2 weeks and received the Q. amara and Cd simultaneously for 4 weeks. RESULTS Cadmium caused significant increase in serum total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as well as increased hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) when compared with the control group. On the other hand, Cd caused a decrease in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) when compared with control. However, treatment with Q. amara prevented Cd-induced changes in the lipid profile, augmented Cd-induced decline in SOD and also ameliorated the Cd-induced increase in MDA. Catalase level was however comparable across the groups. CONCLUSIONS Q. amara ameliorated the Cd-induced damage to liver by preventing dyslipidemia and oxidative damage in the hepatic tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olawale O Obembe
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo Nigeria
| | - Taofeek O Usman
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Osun State University, Osogbo Nigeria
| | - Yinusa Raji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria
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Jahan A, Shams S, Ali S, Samrana S, Ali A, Adhikari A, Sajid M, Ali A, Ali H. Govaniadine Ameliorates Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Kupffer Cell Activation in Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2462-2472. [PMID: 33553864 PMCID: PMC7859953 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c02261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Liver diseases such as hepatic carcinoma are one of the main health problems worldwide. Herbal drugs are largely used to treat liver injury in the indigenous system of medicine and may provide lead compounds for hepatoprotective drug discovery. The present study is investigated to test the Corydalis govaniana Wall. extract, fraction, and isolate therapeutically active constituents to explore their hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. For this purpose, the antioxidant activity of govaniadine, caseadine, caseamine, and protopine was performed by assessing the scavenging events of the stable 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl. Hepatoprotection of govaniadine was assessed in terms of reduction in serum enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase) caused by CCl4-induced liver injury in rats and by histopathological techniques. All the compounds showed significant antioxidant activity with a percentage inhibition of 92.2, 86.7, 85.3, and 79.7, respectively, compared to propyl gallate 90.3%. Treatment with govaniadine reduced the serum enzyme level down to normal levels in the CCl4-treated group while inhibiting the increase of malondialdehyde, and the induction of superoxide dismutase and the glutathione level was upregulated. Histopathology showed ∼47% damage to the liver cells in the CCl4-treated group; reduction in this damaged area was found to be better upon using govaniadine. Immunohistochemistry results showed that govaniadine as compared to silymarin has exceedingly decreased the inflammation by halting the CCl4-induced activation of hepatic macrophages. In carrageenan-induced paw edema assay, govaniadine significantly alleviated the edema after 1-5 h at a dose of 20 mg/kg (26.00 and 28.5%), 50 mg/kg (22.05 and 27.0%), and 100 mg/kg (20.02 and 25.30%), respectively. The results of our experiments suggest that govaniadine showed antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity in liver injury. The hepatoprotective function of govaniadine may be associated to the scavenging of the free radical and attenuation of oxidative stress as well as inflammatory responses in the liver. Hence, govaniadine may be a lead compound for the hepatoprotective drug discovery process and further research is needed to find out their molecular mechanism of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Jahan
- Department
of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Shams
- Department
of Zoology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Safdar Ali
- Department
of Physics, University of Swabi, Anbar 23561, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Samrana Samrana
- College
of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Amjad Ali
- Department
of Biochemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 15320, Pakistan
| | - Achyut Adhikari
- H.
E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, International Center for Chemical
and Biological Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
- Central Department
of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu 44618, Nepal
| | - Muhammad Sajid
- Department
of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra 21300, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ali
- College
of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department
of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
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Chang SN, Kim SH, Dey DK, Park SM, Nasif O, Bajpai VK, Kang SC, Lee J, Park JG. 5-O-Demethylnobiletin Alleviates CCl 4-Induced Acute Liver Injury by Equilibrating ROS-Mediated Apoptosis and Autophagy Induction. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031083. [PMID: 33499185 PMCID: PMC7865239 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxyflavanoids (PMFs) have exhibited a vast array of therapeutic biological properties. 5-O-Demethylnobiletin (5-DN) is one such PMF having anti-inflammatory activity, yet its role in hepatoprotection has not been studied before. Results from in vitro study revealed that 5-DN did not exert a high level of cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells at 40 μM, and it was able to rescue HepG2 cell death induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Subsequently, we investigated acute liver injury on BALB/c mice induced by CCl4 through the intraperitoneal injection of 1 mL/kg CCl4 and co-administration of 5-DN at (1 and 2 mg/kg) by oral gavage for 15 days. The results illustrated that treatment with 5-DN attenuated CCl4-induced elevated serum aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio and significantly ameliorated severe hepatic damage such as inflammation and fibrosis evidenced through lesser aberrations in the liver histology of 5-DN dose groups. Additionally, 5-DN efficiently counteracted and equilibrated the production of ROS accelerated by CCl4 and dramatically downregulated the expression of CYP2E1 vitally involved in converting CCl4 to toxic free radicals and also enhanced the antioxidant enzymes. 5-DN treatment also inhibited cell proliferation and inflammatory pathway abnormally regulated by CCl4 treatment. Furthermore, the apoptotic response induced by CCl4 treatment was remarkably reduced by enhanced Bcl-2 expression and noticeable reduction in Bax, Bid, cleaved caspase 3, caspase 9, and apaf-1 expression. 5-DN treatment also induced the conversion of LC3 and promoted the autophagic flux. Conclusively, 5-DN exhibited hepatoprotective effects in vitro and in vivo and prevented liver fibrosis induced by CCl4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukkum Ngullie Chang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea; (S.N.C.); (D.K.D.); (S.C.K.)
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center (ABCC), Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Korea; (S.H.K.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Se Ho Kim
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center (ABCC), Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Korea; (S.H.K.); (S.M.P.)
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
| | - Debasish Kumar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea; (S.N.C.); (D.K.D.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Seon Min Park
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center (ABCC), Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Korea; (S.H.K.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Omaima Nasif
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University (Medical City), King Khalid University Hospital, P.O. Box 2925, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Vivek K. Bajpai
- Department of Energy and Materials Engineering, Dongguk University-Seoul, 30 Pildong-ro 1-gil, Seoul 04620, Korea
- Correspondence: (V.K.B.); (J.T.L.); (J.G.P.); Fax: +82-32-872-4046 (V.K.B.); +82-53-810-4631 (J.L.); +82-54-223-2780 (J.G.P.)
| | - Sun Chul Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Daegu University, Gyeongsan 38453, Korea; (S.N.C.); (D.K.D.); (S.C.K.)
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: (V.K.B.); (J.T.L.); (J.G.P.); Fax: +82-32-872-4046 (V.K.B.); +82-53-810-4631 (J.L.); +82-54-223-2780 (J.G.P.)
| | - Jae Gyu Park
- Advanced Bio Convergence Center (ABCC), Pohang Technopark Foundation, Pohang 37668, Korea; (S.H.K.); (S.M.P.)
- Correspondence: (V.K.B.); (J.T.L.); (J.G.P.); Fax: +82-32-872-4046 (V.K.B.); +82-53-810-4631 (J.L.); +82-54-223-2780 (J.G.P.)
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Jiménez-Torres C, El-Kehdy H, Hernández-Kelly LC, Sokal E, Ortega A, Najimi M. Acute Liver Toxicity Modifies Protein Expression of Glutamate Transporters in Liver and Cerebellar Tissue. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:613225. [PMID: 33488353 PMCID: PMC7815688 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.613225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is the main excitatory amino acid acting at the level of pre and postsynaptic neurons, as well as in glial cells. It is involved in the coordinated modulation of energy metabolism, glutamine synthesis, and ammonia detoxification. The relationship between the functional status of liver and brain has been known for many years. The most widely recognized aspect of this relation is the brain dysfunction caused by acute liver injury that manifests a wide spectrum of neurologic and psychiatric abnormalities. Inflammation, circulating neurotoxins, and impaired neurotransmission have been reported in this pathophysiology. In the present contribution, we report the effect of a hepatotoxic compound like CCl4 on the expression of key proteins involved in glutamate uptake and metabolism as glutamate transporters and glutamine synthetase in mice liver, brain, and cerebellum. Our findings highlight a differential expression pattern of glutamate transporters in cerebellum. A significant Purkinje cells loss, in parallel to an up-regulation of glutamine synthetase, and astrogliosis in the brain have also been noticed. In the intoxicated liver, glutamate transporter 1 expression is up-regulated, in contrast to glutamine synthetase which is reduced in a time-dependent manner. Taken together our results demonstrate that the exposure to an acute CCl4 insult, leads to the disruption of glutamate transporters expression in the liver-brain axis and therefore a severe alteration in glutamate-mediated neurotransmission might be present in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catya Jiménez-Torres
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Departamento de Toxicología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hoda El-Kehdy
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, UCLouvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luisa C Hernández-Kelly
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Departamento de Toxicología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Etienne Sokal
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, UCLouvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arturo Ortega
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (Cinvestav-IPN), Departamento de Toxicología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mustapha Najimi
- Laboratory of Pediatric Hepatology and Cell Therapy, UCLouvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Brussels, Belgium
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Ali SA, Aly HF, Ibrahim NA, Al-Hady DA. Aegle marmelos extract (L.) against CCL4 toxicity. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00051-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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Li S, Saviano A, Erstad DJ, Hoshida Y, Fuchs BC, Baumert T, Tanabe KK. Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, and Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Prevention: Emphasis on Secondary Prevention and Its Translational Challenges. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3817. [PMID: 33255794 PMCID: PMC7760293 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9123817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality globally. Given the limited therapeutic efficacy in advanced HCC, prevention of HCC carcinogenesis could serve as an effective strategy. Patients with chronic fibrosis due to viral or metabolic etiologies are at a high risk of developing HCC. Primary prevention seeks to eliminate cancer predisposing risk factors while tertiary prevention aims to prevent HCC recurrence. Secondary prevention targets patients with baseline chronic liver disease. Various epidemiological and experimental studies have identified candidates for secondary prevention-both etiology-specific and generic prevention strategies-including statins, aspirin, and anti-diabetic drugs. The introduction of multi-cell based omics analysis along with better characterization of the hepatic microenvironment will further facilitate the identification of targets for prevention. In this review, we will summarize HCC risk factors, pathogenesis, and discuss strategies of HCC prevention. We will focus on secondary prevention and also discuss current challenges in translating experimental work into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Li
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.L.); (D.J.E.); (B.C.F.)
| | - Antonio Saviano
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Derek J. Erstad
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.L.); (D.J.E.); (B.C.F.)
| | - Yujin Hoshida
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Dallas, TX 75390, USA;
| | - Bryan C. Fuchs
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.L.); (D.J.E.); (B.C.F.)
| | - Thomas Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Kenneth K. Tanabe
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (S.L.); (D.J.E.); (B.C.F.)
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Talukdar R. Tracking down the brominated single electron oxidants in recent organic red-ox transformations: photolysis and photocatalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:8294-8345. [PMID: 33020775 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01652g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of organic and inorganic brominated compounds including molecular bromine have been extensively used as oxidants in many organic photo-redox transformations in recent years, an area of ever growing interest because of greener and milder approaches. The oxidation power of these compounds is utilized through both mechanistic pathways (by hydrogen atom transfer or HAT in the absence of a photocatalyst and a combination of single electron transfer or SET and/or HAT in the presence of a photocatalyst). Not only as terminal oxidants for regeneration of photocatalysts, but brominated reactants have also contributed to the oxidation of the reaction intermediate(s) to carry on the radical chain process in several reactions. Here in this review mainly the non-brominative oxidative product formations are discussed, carried out since the last two decades, skipping the instances where they acted as terminal oxidants only to regenerate photocatalysts. The reactions are used to generate natural products, pharmaceuticals and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranadeep Talukdar
- Molecular Synthesis and Drug Discovery Laboratory, Centre of Biomedical Research, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow-226014, India.
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Khan S, Rahman MM, Kabir F, Nahar K, Mamun F, Lasker S, Subhan N, Hossain MH, Nahar L, Sarker SD, Alam MA, Haque MA. Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. prevents hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in CCl4-induced ovariectomized rats. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Mohammed SAA, Khan RA, El-Readi MZ, Emwas AH, Sioud S, Poulson BG, Jaremko M, Eldeeb HM, Al-Omar MS, Mohammed HA. Suaeda vermiculata Aqueous-Ethanolic Extract-Based Mitigation of CCl 4-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats, and HepG-2 and HepG-2/ADR Cell-Lines-Based Cytotoxicity Evaluations. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9101291. [PMID: 33003604 PMCID: PMC7601535 DOI: 10.3390/plants9101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Suaeda vermiculata, an edible halophytic plant, used by desert nomads to treat jaundice, was investigated for its hepatoprotective bioactivity and safety profile on its mother liquor aqueous-ethanolic extract. Upon LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry) analysis, the presence of several constituents including three major flavonoids, namely quercetin, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside, and kaempferol-O-(acetyl)-hexoside-pentoside were confirmed. The aqueous-ethanolic extract, rich in antioxidants, quenched the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radicals, and also showed noticeable levels of radical scavenging capacity in ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) assay. For the hepatoprotective activity confirmation, the male rat groups were fed daily, for 7 days (n = 8/group, p.o.), either carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) 0.5%, silymarin 200 mg/kg, the aqueous-ethanolic extract of the plant Suaeda vermiculata (100, 250, and 500 mg/kg extract), or quercetin (100 mg/kg) alone, and on day 7 of the administrations, all the animal groups, excluding a naïve (250 mg/kg aqueous-ethanolic extract-fed), and an intact animal group were induced hepatotoxicity by intraperitoneally administering carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). All the animals were sacrificed after 24 h, and aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase serum levels were observed, which were noted to be significantly decreased for the aqueous-ethanolic extract, silymarin, and quercetin-fed groups in comparison to the CMC-fed group (p < 0.0001). No noticeable adverse effects were observed on the liver, kidney, or heart's functions of the naïve (250 mg/kg) group. The aqueous-ethanolic extract was found to be safe in the acute toxicity (5 g/kg) test and showed hepatoprotection and safety at higher doses. Further upon, the cytotoxicity testings in HepG-2 and HepG-2/ADR (Adriamycin resistant) cell-lines were also investigated, and the IC50 values were recorded at 56.19±2.55 µg/mL, and 78.40±0.32 µg/mL (p < 0.001, Relative Resistance RR 1.39), respectively, while the doxorubicin (Adriamycin) IC50 values were found to be 1.3±0.064, and 4.77±1.05 µg/mL (p < 0.001, RR 3.67), respectively. The HepG-2/ADR cell-lines when tested in a combination of the aqueous-ethanolic extract with doxorubicin, a significant reversal in the doxorubicin's IC50 value by 2.77 folds (p < 0.001, CI = 0.56) was noted as compared to the cytotoxicity test where the extract was absent. The mode of action for the reversal was determined to be synergistic in nature indicating the role of the aqueous-ethanolic extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman A. A. Mohammed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.M.); (R.A.K.); (H.A.M.); Tel.: +966-(0)530309899 (S.A.A.M.); +966-(0)508384296 (R.A.K.); +966-(0)566176074 (H.A.M.)
| | - Riaz A. Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.M.); (R.A.K.); (H.A.M.); Tel.: +966-(0)530309899 (S.A.A.M.); +966-(0)508384296 (R.A.K.); +966-(0)566176074 (H.A.M.)
| | - Mahmoud Z. El-Readi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Abdul-Hamid Emwas
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (A.-H.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Salim Sioud
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (A.-H.E.); (S.S.)
| | - Benjamin G. Poulson
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (B.G.P); (M.J.)
| | - Mariusz Jaremko
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia; (B.G.P); (M.J.)
| | - Hussein M. Eldeeb
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Mohsen S. Al-Omar
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, JUST, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Hamdoon A. Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim 51452, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, 11371, Egypt
- Correspondence: (S.A.A.M.); (R.A.K.); (H.A.M.); Tel.: +966-(0)530309899 (S.A.A.M.); +966-(0)508384296 (R.A.K.); +966-(0)566176074 (H.A.M.)
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Milani L, Galindo CM, Turin de Oliveira NM, Corso CR, Adami ER, Stipp MC, Beltrame OC, Acco A. The GLP-1 analog liraglutide attenuates acute liver injury in mice. Ann Hepatol 2020; 18:918-928. [PMID: 31151874 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Acute liver injury is a current health problem with few effective treatments. The present study investigated the hepatoprotective and curative potential of the glucagon-like peptide-1 analog liraglutide against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Swiss mice were subjected to two protocols. The first protocol (Pretreatment) consisted of intraperitoneal (i.p.) treatment with liraglutide (0.057 and 0.118mgkg-1) or vehicle (distilled water) once daily for 7 days. On days 6 and 7, the animals were challenged with 2% CCl4 (5mgkg-1, i.p.). The second protocol (Late treatment) began with an injection of 5% CCl4 (5mgkg-1, i.p.) and subsequent treatment with liraglutide (0.057mgkg-1) or vehicle (distilled water) for 1 day. In both protocols, 24h after the last administration, blood and bile were collected from anesthetized animals, followed by euthanasia and liver collection. Plasma and bile underwent biochemical analyses, and histological, oxidative stress, and metabolic parameters were evaluated in the liver. RESULTS Both liraglutide treatment protocols attenuated hepatotoxicity that was induced by CCl4, decreasing plasma levels of hepatic enzymes, stimulating the hepatic antioxidant system, and decreasing centrilobular necrosis, hepatic glycogen, and lipid accumulation. CCl4 tended to reduce bile lipid excretion, but liraglutide did not influence this parameter. CONCLUSIONS The present results demonstrated the hepatoprotective and therapeutic effects of liraglutide, which may be attributable to a decrease in liver oxidative stress and the preservation of metabolism. Liraglutide may have potential as a complementary therapy for acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Milani
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Claudia M Galindo
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Claudia Rita Corso
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olair Carlos Beltrame
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Acco
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Wei E, Zhang S, Zhai J, Wu S, Wang G. The evaluation of hepatoprotective effects of flavonoids from Scorzonera austriaca Wild against CCl 4-induced acute liver injury in vitro and in vivo. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1284-1294. [PMID: 32921158 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1815763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Scorzonera austriaca Wild is a traditional herbal medicine; however, little is known with regard to the effect of flavonoids from S. austriaca (FSA) on liver injury induced by Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), especially the mechanism remains unknown. Therefore, our paper was designed to investigate the hepatoprotective effect of FSA against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in vitro and in vivo, with focus on its potential mechanism. The purity of FSA prepared by using polyporous resin column chromatography could reach 94.5%, and seven flavonoid compounds in FSA were identified by using LC-ESI-MS analysis. In vivo results showed that FSA markedly decreased the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malonaldehyde (MDA) and increased the contents of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px). Furthermore, in vivo and in vitro results confirmed that FSA could inhibit inflammatory response, as evidenced by decreasing the levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) through inactivating toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor-κB (TLR4/NF-κB) signaling pathway. FSA activated autophagy by increasing the ratio of LC3B-II/I and decreasing the protein level of p62 so as to exert its hepatoprotective effect. In general, these evidences suggested that FSA is likely to serve as a potential material for the drugs against chemical hepatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enwei Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sixi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinghui Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sitong Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guangshu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Kato T, Yamada T, Nakamura H, Igarashi A, Anders RA, Sesaki H, Iijima M. The Loss of Nuclear PTEN Increases Tumorigenesis in a Preclinical Mouse Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. iScience 2020; 23:101548. [PMID: 33083717 PMCID: PMC7516300 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The PTEN gene is highly mutated in many cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma. The PTEN protein is located at different subcellular regions-PTEN at the plasma membrane suppresses PI3-kinase signaling in cell growth, whereas PTEN in the nucleus maintains genome integrity. Here, using nuclear PTEN-deficient mice, we analyzed the role of PTEN in the nucleus in hepatocellular carcinoma that is induced by carcinogen and oxidative stress-producing hepatotoxin. Upon oxidative stress, PTEN was accumulated in the nucleus of the liver, and this accumulation promoted repair of DNA damage in wild-type mice. In contrast, nuclear PTEN-deficient mice had increased DNA damage and accelerated hepatocellular carcinoma formation. Both basal and oxidative stress-induced localization of PTEN in the nucleus require ubiquitination of lysine 13 in PTEN. Taken together, these data suggest the critical role of nuclear PTEN in the protection from DNA damage and tumorigenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kato
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Tatsuya Yamada
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hideki Nakamura
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Atsushi Igarashi
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert A. Anders
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hiromi Sesaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Miho Iijima
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author
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Guo S, Zhao H, Ma Z, Zhang S, Li M, Zheng Z, Ren X, Ho CT, Bai N. Anti-Obesity and Gut Microbiota Modulation Effect of Secoiridoid-Enriched Extract from Fraxinus mandshurica Seeds on High-Fat Diet-Fed Mice. Molecules 2020; 25:E4001. [PMID: 32887336 PMCID: PMC7504722 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25174001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we conducted a phytochemical study on the seeds of Fraxinus excelsior and isolated nine secoiridoid compounds with adipocyte differentiation inhibitory activity and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPARα) activation effects. However, the bioactive constituents and functions of Fraxinus mandshurica seeds have not been studied. In the present study, we investigated the secoiridoid compounds in F. mandshurica seed extract (FM) using column chromatography, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and HPLC-DAD methods. The pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of isolated compounds were evaluated in vitro. Additionally, the anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulation effect of FM on high-fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice were also studied in vivo. The results showed that 19 secoiridoids were isolated from FM and identified. The total content of secoiridoids in FM reached 181.35 mg/g and the highest content was nuzhenide (88.21 mg/g). All these secoiridoid compounds exhibited good pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity with inhibition rate ranged from 33.77% to 70.25% at the concentration of 100 μM. After obese mice were administrated with FM at 400 mg/kg.bw for 8 weeks, body weight was decreased by 15.81%. Moreover, FM could attenuate the lipid accumulation in serum and liver, relieve the damage in liver and kidney, and extenuate oxidative stress injury and inflammation caused by obesity in mice. FM could also modulate the structural alteration of gut microbiota in obese mice, increasing the proportion of anti-obesity gut microbiota (Bacteroidetes, Bacteroidia, S24-7 and Allobaculum), and reducing the proportion of obesogenic gut microbiota (Firmicutes and Dorea). This study suggests that F. mandshurica seeds or their secoiridoids may have potential for use as a dietary supplement for obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Guo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (S.G.); (H.Z.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Haoan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (S.G.); (H.Z.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.)
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Zhongxiao Ma
- College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Chemical Engineering, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China;
| | - Mingrou Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (S.G.); (H.Z.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.)
| | - Zhaojing Zheng
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (S.G.); (H.Z.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.)
| | - Xiameng Ren
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (S.G.); (H.Z.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.)
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Naisheng Bai
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi’an 710069, China; (S.G.); (H.Z.); (M.L.); (Z.Z.); (X.R.)
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44
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Dey P. The pharmaco-toxicological conundrum of oleander: Potential role of gut microbiome. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Chaves PFP, Adami ER, Acco A, Iacomini M, Cordeiro LMC. Chemical characterization of polysaccharides from Baccharis trimera (Less.) DC. infusion and its hepatoprotective effects. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109510. [PMID: 32846588 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Baccharis trimera is a native medicinal plant from South America popularly known as "carqueja". Its infusion is traditionally ingested for the treatment and prevention of hepatic disorders. Up to now, only the crude aqueous extract or hydroethanolic fractions, containing the secondary metabolites, have been studied and correlated with their biological action on the liver. Here we report that an inulin type fructan is present in the B. trimera infusion and contributes to the hepatoprotective effect of the species. In vitro, inulin at 300 μg/mL, was able to scavenger 97% of the DPPH radicals. In vivo experiments showed that it protected the liver against CCl4-induced injuries. The administration of inulin at low dose of 1 mg/kg significantly reduced the blood levels of ALT, AST and ALP, reduced the lipid peroxidation and increased the catalase activity and the levels of reduced glutathione in the liver of CCl4-treated mice. Moreover, the administration of inulin at 100 mg/kg increased GSH levels in the liver of Naïve mice. No signs of toxicity were observed. Thus, inulin present in B. trimera infusion protects the liver from the oxidative stress caused by CCl4 administration and can corroborate with the hepatoprotective effects presented by the species infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Felipe Pereira Chaves
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Eliana Rezende Adami
- Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81.531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Acco
- Pharmacology Department, Federal University of Paraná, CEP 81.531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcello Iacomini
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Mach Côrtes Cordeiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Federal University of Paraná, CP 19.046, CEP 81.531-980 Curitiba, PR, Brazil.
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Li D, Song Y, Wang Y, Guo Y, Zhang Z, Yang G, Wang G, Xu C. Nos2 deficiency enhances carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in aged mice. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:600-605. [PMID: 32742597 PMCID: PMC7374991 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2020.39528.9380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): As a multifunctional molecule, NO has different effects on liver injury. The present work aimed to investigate the effects of Nos2 knockout (KO) on acute liver injury in aged mice treated with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Materials and Methods: The acute liver injury model was produced by CCl4 at 10 ml/kg body weight in 24-month-old Nos2 KO mice and wild type (WT) mice groups. The histological changes, transaminase and glutathione (GSH) contents, and the expressions of liver function genes superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and butyrylcholinesterase (BCHE), as well as apoptosis- and inflammation-associated genes were detected at 0, 6, 16, 20, 28, and 48 hr, respectively. Results: Compared with WT aged mice, there are more fat droplets in liver tissues of Nos2 KO aged mice, and the serum levels of ALT and AST were elevated in the KO group; in addition, there was a decrease in the expression of SOD2 and BCHE and GSH content at multiple time-points. Furthermore, the expression of apoptosis protein CASPASE-3 was elevated from 20 to 48 hr, the same as CASPASE-9 at 28 and 48 hr and pro-apoptotic protein BAX at 6 and 28 hr, while the expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein BCL2 declined at 6 and 28 hr; at the same time the mRNA expressions of genes related to inflammation were increased at different extents in liver extracts of Nos2 KO aged mice. Conclusion: Nos2 KO exacerbated liver injury probably by elevated oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation response in CCl4-induced aged mice liver intoxication model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deming Li
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yaping Song
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yahao Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yuedong Guo
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhaoke Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Ganggang Yang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Gaiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Cunshuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Henan International Joint Laboratory of Pulmonary Fibrosis.,Henan center for outstanding overseas scientists of pulmonary fibrosis, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,College of Life Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Institute of Biomedical Science, Xinxiang, Henan, China.,Overseas Expertise Introduction Center for Discipline Innovation of Pulmonary Fibrosis (111 Project), Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
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Kouam AF, Owona BA, Fifen R, Njayou FN, Moundipa PF. Inhibition of CYP2E1 and activation of Nrf2 signaling pathways by a fraction from Entada africana alleviate carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04602. [PMID: 32904230 PMCID: PMC7452572 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Entada africana is used in non-conventional medicine for the management of liver ailments. A fraction, designated EaF10 (methylene chloride/methanol 90:10, v/v) with promising hepatoprotective activity has been isolated. Since the mechanisms underlying EaF10 hepatoprotective action remain unknown, this study was undertaken to investigate the anti-hepatotoxic mechanism of the fraction against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced hepatotoxicity and its antioxidant properties. Antioxidant activities of EaF10 were assessed through four chemical antioxidant assays and its anti-hepatotoxic effect evaluated in vivo and in vitro by post-treatment (25 or 100 mg/Kg) or co-treatment (6.25-100 μg/mL) in CCl4-intoxicated mice and normal human liver cells line L-02 hepatocytes respectively; and biochemical and molecular parameters assessed respectively by spectrophotometry, and by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. EaF10 exhibited strong antioxidant activities correlated with its polyphenol content. Serum levels of alanine/aspartate aminotransferase (AST/ALT) and nitrite oxide, liver contents of glutathione (GSH) protein carbonylation and malondialdehyde (MDA), liver activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cell viability showed the anti-hepatotoxic effect of EaF10, supported by histopathological observations. The fraction decreased the protein level of Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap-1), induced nuclear translocation of Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) coupled to an increase of the mRNA levels of CAT, SOD1 and GST in CCl4-intoxicated L-02 hepatocytes. These findings evidenced that the studied plant fraction possesses a strong antioxidant capacity and prevents CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, likely through inhibition of CYP2E1 and activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Fondjo Kouam
- Medical Research and Applied Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Brice Ayissi Owona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Rodrigue Fifen
- Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Frédéric Nico Njayou
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Paul Fewou Moundipa
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, PO Box 812, Yaoundé, Cameroon
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48
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Dey P. The role of gut microbiome in chemical-induced metabolic and toxicological murine disease models. Life Sci 2020; 258:118172. [PMID: 32738359 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The role of gut microbiome in human health and disease is well established. While evidence-based pharmacological studies utilize a variety of chemical-induced metabolic and toxicological disease models that in part recapitulate the natural mode of disease pathogenesis, the mode of actions of these disease models are likely underexplored. Conventionally, the mechanistic principles of these disease models are established as direct tissue toxicity through redox imbalance and pro-inflammatory injury. However, emerging evidences suggest that the mode of action of these chemicals could be largely associated with changes in gut microbial populations, diversity and metabolic functions, affecting pathological changes along the gut-liver and gut-pancreas axis. Especially in these disease models, reversal of disease severity or less sensitivity to induced disease pathogenesis has been observed when germ-free or antibiotic-supplemented microbiota-depleted rodents were treated with disease causing chemicals. Thus, by summarizing evidences from in vivo pharmacological interventions, this review revisits the mode of action of carbon tetrachloride-induced cirrhosis, diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma, acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes through the light of gut microbiota. How changes in gut microbiome affects tissue-level toxicity likely through intestinal-level mechanisms like gastrointestinal inflammation and gut barrier dysfunction has also been discussed. Additionally, this review discusses potential pitfalls of inconsistent experimental models that precludes defining the gut microbial effects in evidence-based pharmacology. Collectively, this review emphasizes the underexplored role of microbial intervention in experimental pharmacology and aims to provide direction towards redefining and establishing microbiome-centric alternative mode of action of chemical-induced metabolic and toxicological disease models in pharmacological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India.
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Phospholipid complex-loaded self-assembled phytosomal soft nanoparticles: evidence of enhanced solubility, dissolution rate, ex vivo permeability, oral bioavailability, and antioxidant potential of mangiferin. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2020; 11:1056-1083. [PMID: 32696222 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-020-00822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, self-assembled phytosomal soft nanoparticles encapsulated with phospholipid complex (MPLC SNPs) using a combination of solvent evaporation and nanoprecipitation method were developed to enhance the biopharmaceutical and antioxidant potential of MGN. The mangiferin-Phospholipon® 90H complex (MPLC) was produced by the solvent evaporation method and optimized using central composite design (CCD). The optimized MPLC was converted into MPLC SNPs using the nanoprecipitation method. The physicochemical and functional characterization of MPLC and MPLC SNPs was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffractometer (PXRD), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), solubility, in vitro dissolution, oral bioavailability, and in vivo antioxidant studies. A CCD formed stable MPLC with the optimal values of 1:1.76, 50.55 °C, and 2.02 h, respectively. Characterization studies supported the formation of a complex. MPLC and MPLC SNPs both enhanced the aqueous solubility (~ 32-fold and ~ 39-fold), dissolution rate around ~ 98% via biphasic release pattern, and permeation rate of ~ 97%, respectively, compared with MGN and MGN SNPs. Liver function tests and in vivo antioxidant studies exhibited that MPLC SNPs significantly preserved the CCl4-intoxicated liver marker and antioxidant marker enzymes, compared with MGN SNPs. The oral bioavailability of MPLC SNPs was increased appreciably up to ~ 10-fold by increasing the main pharmacokinetic parameters such as Cmax, Tmax, and AUC. Thus, MPLC SNPs could be engaged as a nanovesicle delivery system for improving the biopharmaceutical and antioxidant potential of MGN. Graphical abstract.
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Hepatoprotective Effect of Pericarpium zanthoxyli Extract Is Mediated via Antagonism of Oxidative Stress. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:6761842. [PMID: 32695211 PMCID: PMC7368226 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6761842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pericarpium zanthoxyli has been extensively used in traditional Oriental medicine to treat gastric disorders and has anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities. Therefore, the present study examined a possible hepatoprotective effect of a P. zanthoxyli extract (PZE) and investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms. We employed an in vitro model of arachidonic acid (AA) + iron-induced hepatocyte damage and an in vivo model of CCl4-induced liver injury to assess the effects of PZE and evaluated the relevant molecular targets using biochemical assays, flow cytometry analysis, Western blot, and histopathological analysis. The PZE inhibited AA + iron-induced hepatotoxicity in HepG2 cells, improved mitochondrial dysfunction, and reversed an increase in the cellular H2O2 production and a decrease in the reduced GSH levels induced by AA + iron. Treatment with either 30 or 100 μg/ml PZE significantly increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein, and the latter dose also increased the antioxidant response element- (ARE-) driven luciferase activity and enhanced the protein expressions of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1. In addition, treatment with 100 μg/ml PZE for 3 or 6 h increased the phosphorylation rates of Nrf2 and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase. In the in vivo experiment, oral treatment with both 100 and 300 mg/kg PZE inhibited the plasma aspartate aminotransferase activity, and the latter also inhibited the plasma alanine aminotransferase activity. In addition, both doses of PZE ameliorated the parenchymal degeneration and necrosis in the liver induced by CCl4 administration, which was associated with reduced expressions of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, nitrotyrosine, and 4-hydroxynonenal by PZE. These findings suggest that PZE has protective effects against hepatotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo, which are mainly mediated via its antioxidant activity.
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