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Maes M, Zhou B, Rachayon M, Jirakran K, Sughondhabirom A, Sodsai P, Almulla AF. T cell activation and lowered T regulatory cell numbers are key processes in severe major depressive disorder: Effects of recurrence of illness and adverse childhood experiences. J Affect Disord 2024; 362:62-74. [PMID: 38945402 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.06.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by increased T helper (Th)1 polarization, T cell activation (e.g., CD71+ and CD40L+), and cannabinoid receptor type 2 bearing CD20+ B cells; and lower T regulatory (Treg) numbers. AIMS To delineate the effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and recurrence of illness (ROI) on activated T and CB2-bearing B populations, and Tregs, including FoxP3 + CD152+, FoxP3 + GARP+, and FoxP3 + CB1+ cells. METHODS We measured ROI, ACEs, the number of activated T cells, Tregs, and CD20 + CB2+ B cells, in 30 MDD patients and 20 healthy controls. RESULTS A larger part of the variance in the depression phenome (40.8 %) was explained by increased CD20 + CB2+ and activated T cells, and lowered Tregs. ROI and lifetime suicidal behaviors were significantly and positively associated with CD20 + CB2+, CD3 + CD71+, CD3 + CD40L+, CD4 + CD71+, CD4 + CD40L+, and CD4HLADR+ numbers. ROI was significantly correlated with CD8 + CD40L+ numbers. The sum of ACEs was significantly associated with CD20 + CB2+, CD3 + CD40L+, CD4 + 40 L+ numbers, T cell activation (positively) and Treg (inversely) indices. One replicable latent vector could be extracted from activated T cells, lifetime and current suicidal behaviors, number of depressive episodes, and severity of depression, and 48.8 % of its variance was explained by ACEs. CONCLUSIONS ACE-induced activation of T effector and cytotoxic cells and B cells with autoimmune potential, coupled with lowered Treg numbers are a key component of depression. The findings indicate that increasing ROI, the phenome of depression and suicidal behaviors, are caused by autoimmune processes, which are the consequence of ACEs and increasing sensitization of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand; Cognitive Fitness and Technology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Research Institute, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria; Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Bo Zhou
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Muanpetch Rachayon
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ketsupar Jirakran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand; Maximizing Thai Children's Developmental Potential Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atapol Sughondhabirom
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, the Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimpayao Sodsai
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610072, China; Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610072, China; Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq.
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Yirmiya R. The inflammatory underpinning of depression: An historical perspective. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 122:433-443. [PMID: 39197544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the last thirty years, substantial evidence has accumulated in support of the hypothesis that dysregulation of inflammatory processes plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of depression. This review traces the evolution of research supporting this link, discussing key findings from several major investigative fronts: Alterations in inflammatory markers associated with depression; Mood changes following the exogenous administration of inflammatory challenges; The anti-inflammatory properties of traditional antidepressants and the promising antidepressant effects of anti-inflammatory drugs. Additionally, it explores how inflammatory processes interact with specific brain regions and neurochemical systems to drive depressive pathology. A thorough analysis of the 100 most-cited experimental studies on the topic ensures a comprehensive, transparent and unbiased collection of references. This methodological approach offers a panoramic view of the inflammation-depression nexus, shedding light on the complexity of its mechanisms and their connections to psychiatric categorizations, symptoms, demographics, and life events. Synthesizing insights from this extensive research, the review presents an integrative model of the biological foundations of inflammation-associated depression. It posits that we have reached a critical juncture where the translation of this knowledge into personalized immunomodulatory treatments for depression is not just possible, but imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Yirmiya
- Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Dabboussi N, Debs E, Bouji M, Rafei R, Fares N. Balancing the mind: Toward a complete picture of the interplay between gut microbiota, inflammation and major depressive disorder. Brain Res Bull 2024; 216:111056. [PMID: 39182696 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.111056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
The intricate interplay existing between gut microbiota and homeostasis extends to the realm of the brain, where emerging research underscores the significant impact of the microbiota on mood regulation and overall neurological well-being and vice-versa, with inflammation playing a pivotal role in mediating these complex interactions. This comprehensive review explores the complex interplay between inflammation, alterations in gut microbiota, and their impact on major depressive disorder (MDD). It provides a cohesive framework for the puzzle pieces of this triad, emphasizing recent advancements in understanding the gut microbiota and inflammatory states' contribution to the depressive features. Two directions of communication between the gut and the brain in depression are discussed, with inflammation serving as a potential modulator. Therapeutic implications were discussed as well, drawing insights from interventional studies on the effects of probiotics on gut bacterial composition and depressive symptoms. Ultimately, this review will attempt to provide a complete and valuable framework for future research and therapeutic interventions in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Dabboussi
- Laboratory of Research in Physiology and pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, POBox. 17-5208 - Mar Mikhaël, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon; Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| | - Espérance Debs
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Balamand, P.O. Box 100, Tripoli, Lebanon.
| | - Marc Bouji
- Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph de Beyrouth-Liban, Mar Roukos, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Rayane Rafei
- Laboratoire Microbiologie Santé et Environnement (LMSE), Doctoral School of Science & Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Lebanese University, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - Nassim Fares
- Laboratory of Research in Physiology and pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saint Joseph University of Beirut, POBox. 17-5208 - Mar Mikhaël, Beirut 1104 2020, Lebanon.
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Du W, Yan C, Wang Y, Li Y, Tian Z, Liu Y, Shen W. Association between dietary copper intake and constipation in US adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19237. [PMID: 39164414 PMCID: PMC11336257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70331-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Dietary micronutrients are integral to the development and progression of constipation; however, the specific relationship between dietary copper intake and constipation has not been thoroughly investigated. This study aims to examine the correlation between dietary copper intake and constipation among U.S. adults, thereby offering novel insights and recommendations for the clinical management and prevention of constipation. Bowel health data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2005 and 2010 were analyzed. Subjects' dietary information was collected through questionnaire records. Multivariate logistic regression analysis, subgroup analysis, and curve fitting analysis were used to assess the correlation between dietary copper intake and chronic constipation. After adjusting for all possible confounders, each unit increase in dietary copper intake (converted to natural logarithms) was associated with a 20% reduction in the prevalence of constipation (OR = 0.80; 95% CI 0.65-0.98; P = 0.037). The interaction P-values for all subgroups were greater than 0.05, indicating that the findings were stable and consistent across subgroups. The present study showed a significant negative association between dietary copper intake and chronic constipation in adults. This finding raises clinical and healthcare professionals' awareness of the impact of dietary trace elements on intestinal health and has important implications for the development of personalized meal plans and rational supplementation of trace copper in patients with constipation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Du
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Medical Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chen Yan
- Medical Imaging Centre, Tengzhou Central People's Hospital, Jining Medical College, Shandong, China
| | - Yinkang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Medical Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yunfan Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhiqiang Tian
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
- Wuxi Medical Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.
- Wuxi Medical Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.
| | - Wei Shen
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.
- Wuxi Medical Center of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China.
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Keck J, Honekamp C, Gebhardt K, Nolte S, Linka M, de Haas B, Munzert J, Krüger K, Krüger B. Exercise-induced inflammation alters the perception and visual exploration of emotional interactions. Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 39:100806. [PMID: 38974339 PMCID: PMC11225855 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study aimed to investigate whether an exercise-induced pro-inflammatory response alters the perception as well as visual exploration of emotional body language in social interactions. Methods In a within-subject design, 19 male, healthy adults aged between 19 and 33 years performed a downhill run for 45 min at 70% of their VO2max on a treadmill to induce maximal myokine blood elevations, leading to a pro-inflammatory status. Two control conditions were selected: a control run with no decline and a rest condition without physical exercise. Blood samples were taken before (T0), directly after (T1), 3 h after (T3), and 24 h after (T24) each exercise for analyzing the inflammatory response. 3 h after exercise, participants observed point-light displays (PLDs) of human interactions portraying four emotions (happiness, affection, sadness, and anger). Participants categorized the emotional content, assessed the emotional intensity of the stimuli, and indicated their confidence in their ratings. Eye movements during the entire paradigm and self-reported current mood were also recorded. Results The downhill exercise condition resulted in significant elevations of measured cytokines (IL6, CRP, MCP-1) and markers for muscle damage (Myoglobin) compared to the control running condition, indicating a pro-inflammatory state after the downhill run. Emotion recognition rates decreased significantly after the downhill run, whereas no such effect was observed after control running. Participants' sensitivity to emotion-specific cues also declined. However, the downhill run had no effect on the perceived emotional intensity or the subjective confidence in the given ratings. Visual scanning behavior was affected after the downhill run, with participants fixating more on sad stimuli, in contrast to the control conditions, where participants exhibited more fixations while observing happy stimuli. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that inflammation, induced through a downhill running model, impairs perception and emotional recognition abilities. Specifically, inflammation leads to decreased recognition rates of emotional content of social interactions, attributable to diminished discrimination capabilities across all emotional categories. Additionally, we observed alterations in visual exploration behavior. This confirms that inflammation significantly affects an individual's responsiveness to social and affective stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Keck
- Neuromotor Behavior Lab, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Phillips University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Celine Honekamp
- Sensorimotor Control and Learning, Centre for Cognitive Science, Technical University of Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kristina Gebhardt
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Svenja Nolte
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marcel Linka
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Benjamin de Haas
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Phillips University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Jörn Munzert
- Neuromotor Behavior Lab, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), Phillips University of Marburg and Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Britta Krüger
- Neuromotor Behavior Lab, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Han MH, Kwon HS, Hwang M, Park HH, Jeong JH, Park KW, Kim EJ, Yoon SJ, Yoon B, Jang JW, Hong JY, Choi SH, Koh SH. Association between osteoporosis and the rate of telomere shortening. Aging (Albany NY) 2024; 16:11151-11161. [PMID: 39074257 PMCID: PMC11315396 DOI: 10.18632/aging.206034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
A shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is reported to be associated with age-related diseases, including osteoporosis. Many studies have tried identifying the association between LTL and osteoporosis, although it remains controversial. This study aimed to determine whether osteoporosis is independently associated with LTL shortening in a prospective longitudinal cohort. The KBASE study is an independent multicenter prospective cohort in South Korea, which began in 2014. We compared the LTL values for each participant at baseline and over a 2-year follow-up period. Boxplots were used to demonstrate the differences in the change in LTL over a 2-year follow-up according to osteoporosis. Multivariable linear regression was conducted to identify whether osteoporosis is independently associated with the rate of telomere shortening. A total of 233 subjects (from 55 to 88 years) from the KBASE cohort were finally enrolled in the study. We observed that the LTL decreased by approximately 1.2 kbp over 2 years. While the LTL decreased as age increased, the rate of LTL shortening did not increase with age. Multivariable linear regression analysis indicated that only osteoporosis was independently associated with rapid LTL shortening over 2 years (B, -8.08; p = 0.038). We sought to identify an association between osteoporosis and LTL shortening in an independent prospective cohort. We found that participants with osteoporosis had significantly faster LTL shortening over 2 years than those without osteoporosis. We hope this study will help elucidate the underlying mechanisms in the relationship between LTL and osteoporosis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hoon Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
| | - Hyuk Sung Kwon
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
| | - Mina Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
| | - Jee Hyang Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul 07804, South Korea
| | - Kyung Won Park
- Department of Neurology, Dong-A Medical Center, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan 49201, South Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Kim
- Department of Neurology, Pusan National University Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Busan 49241, South Korea
| | - Soo Jin Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Eulji University Hospital, Eulji University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35233, South Korea
| | - Bora Yoon
- Department of Neurology, Konyang University College of Medicine, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Jang
- Department of Neurology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon 24341, South Korea
| | - Jin Yong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, South Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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Jahan-Mihan A, Stevens P, Medero-Alfonso S, Brace G, Overby LK, Berg K, Labyak C. The Role of Water-Soluble Vitamins and Vitamin D in Prevention and Treatment of Depression and Seasonal Affective Disorder in Adults. Nutrients 2024; 16:1902. [PMID: 38931257 PMCID: PMC11206829 DOI: 10.3390/nu16121902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major global health concern expected to worsen by 2030. In 2019, 28 million individuals were affected by depressive disorders. Dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression. B vitamins are crucial for neurological function and mood regulation. Deficiencies in these vitamins are linked to depression. Studies on individual B vitamins show promise in improving depressive symptoms, particularly thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folate. Vitamin C deficiency may heighten depressive symptoms, but its exact role is not fully understood. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is associated with insufficient sunlight exposure and vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D supplementation for SAD shows inconsistent results due to methodological variations. Further investigation is needed to understand the mechanisms of vitamins in depression treatment. Moreover, more research on SAD and light therapy's efficacy and underlying mechanisms involving photoreceptors, enzymes, and immune markers is needed. Although dietary and supplemental vitamins show overall favorable preventative and therapeutic effects on depression, dietitians treating psychiatric disorders face challenges due to diverse study designs, making direct comparisons difficult. Therefore, this article reviews the current literature to assess the role of dietary and supplemental vitamins in the prevention and treatment of depression. This review found that, although evidence supports the role of B vitamins and vitamins C and D in preventing and treating depression, further research is needed to clarify their mechanisms of action and determine the most effective intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Jahan-Mihan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr., Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA; (P.S.); (S.M.-A.); (G.B.); (L.K.O.); (K.B.); (C.L.)
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Queissner R, Fellendorf FT, Dalkner N, Bengesser SA, Maget A, Birner A, Platzer M, Reininghaus B, Häussl A, Schönthaler E, Tmava-Berisha A, Lenger M, Reininghaus EZ. The influence of chronic inflammation on the illnesscourse of bipolar disorder: A longitudinal study. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 174:258-262. [PMID: 38670061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION C-reactive protein (CRP) is a systemic inflammatory marker, which indicates systemic inflammatory processes It is involved in different inflammatory processes of the body and is a reliable marker for the general inflammatory state of the body. High sensitive CRP seems to play a key role as a state and trait marker of bipolar disorder (BD). In the current study, we tried to determine the long-term effect of CRP levels on clinical symptoms and illness course of bipolar disorder. METHODS For the current study, we examined 106 patients with BD for a period of four years. Participants underwent a clinical screening for depressive and manic episodes with the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD) and the Young Mania Rating Score (YMRS) and a serological diagnostic for inflammatory parameters every six months, thus leading to 8 measurement times in total. Patients with the presence of severe medical or neurological comorbidities such as active cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease or multiple sclerosis and acute infections were not included in the study. RESULTS In our sample, 26% showed a mean hsCRP above 5 mg/dl. Those patients showed a significantly higher mean YMRS score than those with a mean hsCRP under 5 mg/dl during our observation period. Regarding HAMD there was no significant difference in hsCRP values. The existence of lithium treatment showed no significant influence on mean hsCRP levels between the start and endpoint. CONCLUSION Individuals who were exposed to a higher level of inflammation over time suffered from more manic symptoms in this period. These findings underline the hypothesis that inflammatory processes have an accumulative influence on the illness course of BD, especially concerning manic symptoms and episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Queissner
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Frederike T Fellendorf
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria.
| | - Nina Dalkner
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Susanne A Bengesser
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Alexander Maget
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Armin Birner
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Martina Platzer
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Reininghaus
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Alfred Häussl
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Elena Schönthaler
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Adelina Tmava-Berisha
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Melanie Lenger
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
| | - Eva Z Reininghaus
- Medical University Graz, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Auenbruggerplatz 31, 8036, Graz, Austria
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Rachayon M, Jirakran K, Sodsai P, Sughondhabirom A, Maes M. T cell activation and deficits in T regulatory cells are associated with major depressive disorder and severity of depression. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11177. [PMID: 38750122 PMCID: PMC11096341 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with T cell activation, but no studies have examined the combined effects of T cell activation and deficits in T regulatory (Treg) cells on the severity of acute phase MDD. Using flow cytometry, we determined the percentage and median fluorescence intensity of CD69, CD71, CD40L, and HLADR-bearing CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ cells, and cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1), CD152 and GARP (glycoprotein A repetitions predominant)-bearing CD25+ FoxP3 T regulatory (Treg) cells in 30 MDD patients and 20 healthy controls in unstimulated and stimulated (anti-CD3/CD28) conditions. Based on cytokine levels, we assessed M1 macrophage, T helper (Th)-1 cell, immune-inflammatory response system (IRS), T cell growth, and neurotoxicity immune profiles. We found that the immune profiles (including IRS and neurotoxicity) were significantly predicted by decreased numbers of CD152 or GARP-bearing CD25+ FoxP3 cells or CD152 and GARP expression in combination with increases in activated T cells (especially CD8+ CD40L+ percentage and expression). MDD patients showed significantly increased numbers of CD3+ CD71+, CD3+ CD40L+, CD4+ CD71+, CD4+ CD40L+, CD4+ HLADR+, and CD8+ HLADR+ T cells, increased CD3+ CD71+, CD4+ CD71+ and CD4+ HLADR+ expression, and lowered CD25+ FoxP3 expression and CD25+ FoxP+ CB1+ numbers as compared with controls. The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score was strongly predicted (between 30 and 40% of its variance) by a lower number of CB1 or GARP-bearing Treg cells and one or more activated T cell subtypes (especially CD8+ CD40L+). In conclusion, increased T helper and cytotoxic cell activation along with decreased Treg homeostatic defenses are important parts of MDD that lead to enhanced immune responses and, as a result, neuroimmunotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muanpetch Rachayon
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Ketsupar Jirakran
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence for Maximizing Children's Developmental Potential, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimpayao Sodsai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atapol Sughondhabirom
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, The Thai Red Cross Society, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Mental Health, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Psychosomatic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China.
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
- Research Institute, Medical University Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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10
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Li CY, Chang WC, Chen MH, Tu PC, Chen TL, Chen CC, Chang YT, Chen YY, Bai YM. Correlation of Disease Severity, Proinflammatory Cytokines, and Reduced Brain Gray Matter Volumes in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatitis 2024. [PMID: 38634841 DOI: 10.1089/derm.2023.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. However, few studies have investigated brain changes associated with chronic inflammation. We hypothesized that chronic inflammation might be related to brain structural alterations in patients with AD. Objectives: To investigate the association between disease severity (Eczema Area and Severity Index [EASI]), proinflammatory cytokines, and differences in brain gray matter (GM) volume in patients with AD. Methods: Nineteen patients with AD and 19 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. All participants underwent clinical assessment and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Voxel-based morphometry was performed to analyze GM volume differences. Results: Patients with AD exhibited significantly decreased GM volume in many brain regions, such as bilateral precentral gyrus, right frontal pole, and right middle temporal gyrus (P < 0.001), compared with healthy subjects. Notably, in patients with AD, the GM volume in right middle temporal gyrus was negatively associated with both EASI score and proinflammatory cytokines (sIL-2R [soluble interleukin 2 receptor] and TNF-α receptor-1), whereas the GM volume in left precentral gyrus was negatively associated with both EASI score and proinflammatory cytokines (sIL-2R and CRP). Conclusion: Patients with AD demonstrated significant brain GM volume reduction in many brain regions, which is related to disease severity and proinflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yuan Li
- From the Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mu-Hong Chen
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Chi Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Philosophy of Mind and Cognition, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tai-Li Chen
- From the Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chiang Chen
- From the Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ting Chang
- From the Department of Dermatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Yin Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- The Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Mei Bai
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Alonso M, Petit AC, Lledo PM. The impact of adult neurogenesis on affective functions: of mice and men. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02504-w. [PMID: 38499657 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In most mammals, new neurons are not only produced during embryogenesis but also after birth. Soon after adult neurogenesis was discovered, the influence of recruiting new neurons on cognitive functions, especially on memory, was documented. Likewise, the late process of neuronal production also contributes to affective functions, but this outcome was recognized with more difficulty. This review covers hypes and hopes of discovering the influence of newly-generated neurons on brain circuits devoted to affective functions. If the possibility of integrating new neurons into the adult brain is a commonly accepted faculty in the realm of mammals, the reluctance is strong when it comes to translating this concept to humans. Compiling data suggest now that new neurons are derived not only from stem cells, but also from a population of neuroblasts displaying a protracted maturation and ready to be engaged in adult brain circuits, under specific signals. Here, we discuss the significance of recruiting new neurons in the adult brain circuits, specifically in the context of affective outcomes. We also discuss the fact that adult neurogenesis could be the ultimate cellular process that integrates elements from both the internal and external environment to adjust brain functions. While we must be critical and beware of the unreal promises that Science could generate sometimes, it is important to continue exploring the potential of neural recruitment in adult primates. Reporting adult neurogenesis in humankind contributes to a new vision of humans as mammals whose brain continues to develop throughout life. This peculiar faculty could one day become the target of treatment for mental health, cognitive disorders, and elderly-associated diseases. The vision of an adult brain which never stops integrating new neurons is a real game changer for designing new therapeutic interventions to treat mental disorders associated with substantial morbidity, mortality, and social costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Alonso
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Cécile Petit
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France
- Pôle Hospitalo-Universitaire Psychiatrie Paris 15, GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Lledo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3571, Perception and Action Unit, F-75015, Paris, France.
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12
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Kouba BR, de Araujo Borba L, Borges de Souza P, Gil-Mohapel J, Rodrigues ALS. Role of Inflammatory Mechanisms in Major Depressive Disorder: From Etiology to Potential Pharmacological Targets. Cells 2024; 13:423. [PMID: 38474387 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The involvement of central and peripheral inflammation in the pathogenesis and prognosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) has been demonstrated. The increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α) in individuals with depression may elicit neuroinflammatory processes and peripheral inflammation, mechanisms that, in turn, can contribute to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Together, neuroinflammation and gut dysbiosis induce alterations in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in decreased serotonin synthesis, impairments in neuroplasticity-related mechanisms, and glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity. This review aims to highlight the inflammatory mechanisms (neuroinflammation, peripheral inflammation, and gut dysbiosis) involved in the pathophysiology of MDD and to explore novel anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches for this psychiatric disturbance. Several lines of evidence have indicated that in addition to antidepressants, physical exercise, probiotics, and nutraceuticals (agmatine, ascorbic acid, and vitamin D) possess anti-inflammatory effects that may contribute to their antidepressant properties. Further studies are necessary to explore the therapeutic benefits of these alternative therapies for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna R Kouba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Laura de Araujo Borba
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Pedro Borges de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Island Medical Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil
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13
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Sublette ME, Daray FM, Ganança L, Shaikh SR. The role of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the neurobiology of major depressive disorder and suicide risk. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:269-286. [PMID: 37993501 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) are obtained from diet or derived from essential shorter-chain fatty acids, and are crucial for brain development and functioning. Fundamentally, LC-PUFAs' neurobiological effects derive from their physicochemical characteristics, including length and double bond configuration, which differentiate LC-PUFA species and give rise to functional differences between n(omega)-3 and n-6 LC-PUFAs. LC-PUFA imbalances are implicated in psychiatric disorders, including major depression and suicide risk. Dietary intake and genetic variants in enzymes involved in biosynthesis of LC-PUFAs from shorter chain fatty acids influence LC-PUFA status. Domains impacted by LC-PUFAs include 1) cell signaling, 2) inflammation, and 3) bioenergetics. 1) As major constituents of lipid bilayers, LC-PUFAs are determinants of cell membrane properties of viscosity and order, affecting lipid rafts, which play a role in regulation of membrane-bound proteins involved in cell-cell signaling, including monoaminergic receptors and transporters. 2) The n-3:n-6 LC-PUFA balance profoundly influences inflammation. Generally, metabolic products of n-6 LC-PUFAs (eicosanoids) are pro-inflammatory, while those of n-3 LC-PUFAs (docosanoids) participate in the resolution of inflammation. Additionally, n-3 LC-PUFAs suppress microglial activation and the ensuing proinflammatory cascade. 3) N-3 LC-PUFAs in the inner mitochondrial membrane affect oxidative stress, suppressing production of and scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), with neuroprotective benefits. Until now, this wealth of knowledge about LC-PUFA biomechanisms has not been adequately tapped to develop translational studies of LC-PUFA clinical effects in humans. Future studies integrating neurobiological mechanisms with clinical outcomes may suggest ways to identify depressed individuals most likely to respond to n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation, and mechanistic research may generate new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elizabeth Sublette
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Molecular Imaging & Neuropathology Area, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Federico Manuel Daray
- University of Buenos Aires, School of Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Licínia Ganança
- Clínica Universitária de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Nutritional Obesity Research Center, Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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Zhang G, Lv S, Zhong X, Li X, Yi Y, Lu Y, Yan W, Li J, Teng J. Ferroptosis: a new antidepressant pharmacological mechanism. Front Pharmacol 2024; 14:1339057. [PMID: 38259274 PMCID: PMC10800430 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1339057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence rate of depression, a mental disorder, is steadily increasing and has the potential to become a major global disability factor. Given the complex pathological mechanisms involved in depression, the use of conventional antidepressants may lead to severe complications due to their side effects. Hence, there is a critical need to explore the development of novel antidepressants. Ferroptosis, a newly recognized form of cell death, has been found to be closely linked to the onset of depression. Several studies have indicated that certain active ingredients can ameliorate depression by modulating the ferroptosis signaling pathway. Notably, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) active ingredients and TCM prescriptions have demonstrated promising antidepressant effects in previous investigations owing to their unique advantages in antidepressant therapy. Building upon these findings, our objective was to review recent relevant research and provide new insights and directions for the development and application of innovative antidepressant strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangheng Zhang
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shimeng Lv
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xia Zhong
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhao Yi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yitong Lu
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Teng
- Department of First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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15
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Ciulei MA, Ahluwalia N, McCormick BJJ, Teti DM, Murray-Kolb LE. Iron Deficiency is Related to Depressive Symptoms in United States Nonpregnant Women of Reproductive Age: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES 2005-2010. J Nutr 2023; 153:3521-3528. [PMID: 37783449 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings of the association between iron status and depressive symptoms in nonpregnant women of reproductive age (WRA) are equivocal, limited by a small sample size, or did not consistently control for confounders. OBJECTIVE We tested the association between iron status and depressive symptoms in WRA with the NHANES data (2005-2010). METHODS Nonpregnant WRA (20-44 y) with complete data on iron (ferritin and transferrin receptor (TfR)) and anemia (hemoglobin) biomarkers, depressive symptoms (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and sociodemographic variables were included. Logistic and negative binomial regressions were used to estimate presence (odds ratios) and magnitude (prevalence ratios), respectively, for depressive symptoms by iron deficiency (ID)/anemia/ID anemia in the total sample and stratified by poverty:income ratio (≤ 1.85 or >1.85). RESULTS Among 2516 females, the prevalence of ID was 8 to 16% (depending on the iron biomarker used), of anemia 8%, of which 52 to 65% were also ID. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 10%. Crude logistic models showed that females with ID (TfR ≥ 8.3 mg/L or body iron <0 mg/kg) from the total sample had 1.82 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.24, 2.68) and 1.62 (95% CI: 1.05, 2.48), respectively, higher odds of depressive symptoms than females with iron sufficiency; these associations were attenuated after adjustments for confounders. Adjusted negative binomial models showed that females with ID (TfR ≥ 8.3 mg/L) from the total and low-income samples showed 1.19 (95% CI: 1:00, 1.40) and 1.27 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.58), respectively, higher prevalence ratios of depressive symptoms scores than females with iron sufficiency. CONCLUSIONS These nationally representative data indicate that nonpregnant WRA with ID (based on high TfR) in the United States have higher prevalence of somatic depressive symptoms scores than those with iron sufficiency, especially if they are of low income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela A Ciulei
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Namanjeet Ahluwalia
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | | | - Douglas M Teti
- Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Laura E Murray-Kolb
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States; Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.
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16
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Chen J, Song W, Zhang W. The emerging role of copper in depression. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1230404. [PMID: 37609453 PMCID: PMC10440608 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1230404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element in the brain and serves as an important cofactor for numerous enzymes involved in a wide range of biochemical processes including neurobehavioral, mitochondrial respiration, and antioxidant effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that copper dyshomeostasis is tightly associated with the development of depression by inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. However, these findings have remained controversial so far. Cumulative studies have shown a positive association, while some other studies showed no association and even a negative association between serum/plasma copper level and depression. Based on these conflicted results, the association was speculated to be due to the clinical features of the population, stages of the disease, severity of copper excess, and types of specimens detected in these studies. In addition, there was an inverse association between dietary copper intake and depression. Furthermore, increasing copper intake could influence dietary zinc and iron intake to prevent and treat depression. Thus, copper supplementation may be a good measure to manage depression. This review provided a deeper understanding of the potential applicability of copper in the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wenzhou Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University and Henan Cancer Hospital, Henan Engineering Research Center for Tumor Precision Medicine and Comprehensive Evaluation, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Research, Zhengzhou, China
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17
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Farcas A, Christi P, Iftene F. Cortisol and cytokines in schizophrenia: A scoping review. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2023; 15:100192. [PMID: 37577296 PMCID: PMC10422096 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2023.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With a complex etiology and chronic, disabling evolution, schizophrenia continues to represent a challenge for patients, clinicians, and researchers alike. Recent emphasis in research on finding practical blood-based biomarkers for diagnosis improvement, disease development prediction, and therapeutic response monitoring in schizophrenia, led to studies aiming at elucidating a connection between stress and inflammation markers. Methods We set here to explore recent literature aiming to understand the connection between cytokines and cortisol level changes in individuals with schizophrenia and their potential relevance as markers of clinical improvement under treatment. A search was completed in Pubmed, Embase, Web of Science, and APAPsycInfo databases with search terms: (cytokines) AND (cortisol) AND (schizophrenia). This provided 43 results from Pubmed, 82 results from Embase, 52 results from Web of Science, and 9 results from APA PsycInfo. After removing articles not fitting the criteria, 13 articles were selected. Results While all studies included assess cortisol levels in individuals with schizophrenia, most of them included a healthy control group for comparisons there is diversity in the inflammation markers assessed - the most frequent being the IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Eleven of the 13 studies compare stress and inflammatory markers in individuals with schizophrenia to healthy controls, one study compares two subgroups of patients with schizophrenia, and one study compares pre- and post-measures in the same group of individuals with schizophrenia. Conclusions The focus of the studies within the topic is diverse. Many of the selected studies found correlations between cortisol and inflammation markers, however, the direction of correlation and inflammatory markers included differed. A variety of mechanisms behind cortisol and immunological changes associated with schizophrenia were considered. Evidence was found in these studies to suggest that biological immune and stress markers may be associated with clinical improvement in participants with schizophrenia, however, the exact mechanisms remain to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Farcas
- Queen's University, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Praise Christi
- Queen's University, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felicia Iftene
- Queen's University, Providence Care Hospital, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Ai Z, Liu Y, Shi X, Hu W, Zhang Y, An R, Lei G. The Protective Effects of Apple Pectin and Citrus Pectins on Post-Cerebral I/R Depression in Mice: The Role of NF-κB-p65 and pSTAT3 pathways. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
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19
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Han MH, Lee EH, Park HH, Choi SH, Koh SH. Relationship between telomere shortening and early subjective depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints in older adults. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:914-931. [PMID: 36805537 PMCID: PMC10008503 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Telomere length (TL) has been reported to be associated with depression and cognitive impairment in elderly. Early detection of depression and cognitive impairment is important to delay disease progression. Therefore, we aimed to identify whether TL is associated with early subjective depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints among healthy elderly subjects. This study was a multicenter, outcome assessor-blinded, 24-week, randomized controlled trial (RCT). Measurement of questionnaire and physical activity scores and blood sample analyses were performed at baseline and after six months of follow-up in all study participants. Linear regression analyses were performed to identify whether early subjective depressive symptoms, cognitive complaints, and several blood biomarkers are associated with TL. Altogether, 137 relatively healthy elderly individuals (60-79 years old) were enrolled in this prospective RCT. We observed an approximate decrease of 0.06 and 0.11-0.14 kbps of TL per one point increase in the geriatric depression scale and cognitive complaint interview scores, respectively, at baseline and after six months of follow-up. We also found an approximate decrease of 0.08-0.09 kbps of TL per one point increase in interleukin (IL)-6 levels at baseline and after six months of follow-up. Our study showed that both early subjective depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints were associated with a relatively shorter TL in relatively healthy elderly individuals. In addition, based on our findings, we believe that IL-6 plays an important role in the relationship between shortening TL and early subjective depressive symptoms and cognitive complaints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Hoon Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Hee Park
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
| | - Seong Hye Choi
- Department of Neurology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon 22332, South Korea
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, South Korea
- Department of Translational Medicine, Hanyang University Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Seoul 04763, South Korea
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20
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Varma M, Kaur A, Bhandari R, Kumar A, Kuhad A. Major depressive disorder (mdd): emerging immune targets at preclinical level. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:479-501. [PMID: 37334668 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2225216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depressive disorder is a mental health disorder that is characterized by a persistently low mood and loss of interest. MDD is affecting over 3.8% of the global population as a major health problem. Its etiology is complex, and involves the interaction between a number of factors, including genetic predisposition and the presence of environmental stresses. AREAS COVERED The role of the immune and inflammatory systems in depression has been gaining interest, with evidence suggesting the potential involvement of pro-inflammatory molecules like TNF, interleukins, prostaglandins, and other cytokines, among others, has been put forth. Along with this, the potential of agents, from NSAIDs to antibiotics, are being evaluated in therapy for depression. The current review will discuss emerging immune targets at the preclinical level. EXPERT OPINION With increasing evidence to show that immune and inflammatory mediators are implicated in MDD, increasing research toward their potential as drug targets is encouraged. At the same time, agents acting on these mediators and possessing anti-inflammatory potential are also being evaluated as future therapeutic options for MDD, and increasing focus toward non-conventional drugs which can act through these mechanisms is important as regards the future prospects of the use of anti-inflammatory agents in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Varma
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Arshpreet Kaur
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Bhandari
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anurag Kuhad
- UGC-Centre of Advanced Study, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh, India
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21
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Bains A, Kohrman S, Punko D, Fricchione G. A Link Between Inflammatory Mechanisms and Fibromyalgia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1411:357-378. [PMID: 36949318 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Fibromyalgia (FM) is a condition characterized by chronic widespread pain, which has traditionally been considered psychogenic in nature due to lack of known underlying organic pathophysiology. In more recent years, inflammation of the nervous system has become increasingly recognized as a sign of neuropsychiatric conditions, and this association may enhance our knowledge of conditions such as FM. Emerging evidence has suggested inflammation, particularly neuroinflammation, as a potential contributor underlying the etiology of FM. Studies have searched for linked biomarkers with mixed results, though the literature is beginning to point to increased systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 in patients with FM relative to healthy controls. A multicenter imaging study has also reported results suggestive of microglial activation related to the presence of FM. Given the consistency in neuroinflammatory effects implicated in "sickness behavior" characteristic of chronic systemic inflammatory conditions such as cancer or rheumatic diseases, therein springs the hypothesis for a connection between FM and neuroinflammation as discussed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashika Bains
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Avery Weisman Psychiatry Consultation Service, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Kohrman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Avery Weisman Psychiatry Consultation Service, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diana Punko
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Avery Weisman Psychiatry Consultation Service, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gregory Fricchione
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Avery Weisman Psychiatry Consultation Service, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Benson-Henry Institute for Mind Body Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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22
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Presby RE, Rotolo RA, Katz S, Sarwat Z, Correa M, Salamone JD. Lipopolysaccharide-induced changes in effort-related motivational function: Interactions with 2-deoxyglucose. Physiol Behav 2023; 258:114005. [PMID: 36283457 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is linked to motivational deficits seen in depression and other disorders. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces an inflammatory response and impairs motivated behavior in humans and rodents. It has been suggested that inflammation can shift metabolic needs to functions that warrant more response to the perceived threat (e.g., fighting infection), therefore altering aspects of motivation. Animal models have been developed to assess alterations in motivated behavior by giving the animal the option to work (i.e., lever press) for a highly palatable food reward vs. approaching and consuming a freely available, albeit less preferred, food. This model was used to determine if administration of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), a substance that inhibits glucose uptake and glycolysis, could reverse the motivational deficits induced by LPS in rats. A food preference/intake task was also conducted to see if LPS affected intake of the highly palatable vs. less palatable foods when both are freely available. It was hypothesized that 2-DG would reverse the motivational deficits caused by LPS and there would be no effect on food preference/intake of the highly palatable food. Results showed that 2-DG significantly reversed LPS effects at the lowest dose, while methylphenidate did not. The food intake/preference tests showed that LPS significantly decreased food intake of both foods but did not alter preference for the highly palatable food compared to vehicle. These results suggest that in addition to having effects on exertion of effort during instrumental behavior, LPS also has direct effects on primary food motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rose E Presby
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, United States; Sage Thereapeutics, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Renee A Rotolo
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, United States
| | - Sydney Katz
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, United States
| | - Zoha Sarwat
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, United States
| | - Merce Correa
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, United States; Area de Psicobiologia, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - John D Salamone
- Behavioral Neuroscience Division, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269-1020, United States.
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Selected Biomarkers of Depression: What Are the Effects of Cytokines and Inflammation? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010578. [PMID: 36614020 PMCID: PMC9820159 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is one of the leading mental illnesses worldwide and lowers the quality of life of many. According to WHO, about 5% of the worldwide population suffers from depression. Newer studies report a staggering global prevalence of 27.6%, and it is rising. Professionally, depression belonging to affective disorders is a psychiatric illness, and the category of major depressive disorder (MDD) comprises various diagnoses related to persistent and disruptive mood disorders. Due to this fact, it is imperative to find a way to assess depression quantitatively using a specific biomarker or a panel of biomarkers that would be able to reflect the patients' state and the effects of therapy. Cytokines, hormones, oxidative stress markers, and neuropeptides are studied in association with depression. The latest research into inflammatory cytokines shows that their relationship with the etiology of depression is causative. There are stronger cytokine reactions to pathogens and stressors in depression. If combined with other predisposing factors, responses lead to prolonged inflammatory processes, prolonged dysregulation of various axes, stress, pain, mood changes, anxiety, and depression. This review focuses on the most recent data on cytokines as markers of depression concerning their roles in its pathogenesis, their possible use in diagnosis and management, their different levels in bodily fluids, and their similarities in animal studies. However, cytokines are not isolated from the pathophysiologic mechanisms of depression or other psychiatric disorders. Their effects are only a part of the whole pathway.
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24
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Is depression the missing link between inflammatory mediators and cancer? Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108293. [PMID: 36216210 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Patients with cancer are at greater risk of developing depression in comparison to the general population and this is associated with serious adverse effects, such as poorer quality of life, worse prognosis and higher mortality. Although the relationship between depression and cancer is now well established, a common underlying pathophysiological mechanism between the two conditions is yet to be elucidated. Existing theories of depression, based on monoamine neurotransmitter system dysfunction, are insufficient as explanations of the disorder. Recent advances have implicated neuroinflammatory mechanisms in the etiology of depression and it has been demonstrated that inflammation at a peripheral level may be mirrored centrally in astrocytes and microglia serving to promote chronic levels of inflammation in the brain. Three major routes to depression in cancer in which proinflammatory mediators are implicated, seem likely. Activation of the kynurenine pathway involving cytokines, increases tryptophan catabolism, resulting in diminished levels of serotonin which is widely acknowledged as being the hallmark of depression. It also results in neurotoxic effects on brain regions thought to be involved in the evolution of major depression. Proinflammatory mediators also play a crucial role in impairing regulatory glucocorticoid mediated feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which is activated by stress and considered to be involved in both depression and cancer. The third route is via the glutamatergic pathway, whereby glutamate excitotoxicity may lead to depression associated with cancer. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these dysregulated and other newly emerging pathways may provide a rationale for therapeutic targeting, serving to improve the care of cancer patients.
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Zhang Y, Dong Y, Zhu Y, Sun D, Wang S, Weng J, Zhu Y, Peng W, Yu B, Jiang Y. Microglia-specific transcriptional repression of interferon-regulated genes after prolonged stress in mice. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 21:100495. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Wu X, Ding Z, Fan T, Wang K, Li S, Zhao J, Zhu W. Childhood social isolation causes anxiety-like behaviors via the damage of blood-brain barrier in amygdala in female mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:943067. [PMID: 36051441 PMCID: PMC9424755 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.943067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Social interaction plays an essential role in species survival for socialized animals. Previous studies have shown that a lack of social interaction such as social isolation, especially in the early-life phase, increases the risk of developing mental diseases in adulthood. Chronic social stress alters blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity and increases peripheral cytokines to infiltrate the brain, which is linked to the development of depressive-like behaviors in mice, suggesting that BBB function is crucial in environmental stimuli-driven mood disorders via increased neuroinflammation in the brain. However, the precise mechanisms of inflammation and BBB integrity underlying the behavioral profiles induced by social isolation remain poorly understood. Here we showed that chronic childhood social isolation from post-weaning for consecutive 8 weeks in female but not male C57BL/6J mice induces anxiety-like behaviors. The levels of peripheral inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the plasma of socially isolated female mice were increased. Importantly, we found decreased expression of the endothelial cell tight junction protein Claudin-5, increased BBB breakdown and microglial activation in the amygdala of isolated but not group-housed female mice. Moreover, the neuronal activity in the amygdala was increased as evidenced by c-fos positive cells, and the levels of IL-1β in the amygdala, a critical brain region for regulating social processing and interaction, were also higher in female mice exposed to social isolation. Finally, down-regulation of Claudin-5 induced anxiety-like behaviors in group-housed females and overexpression of Claudin-5 with adeno-associated virus in the amygdala to restore BBB integrity decreased subsequent anxiety-like behaviors. Together, these findings suggest that chronic childhood social isolation impaired BBB permeability and caused neuroinflammation in the amygdala by recruiting peripheral cytokines into the brain and activating microglia, consequently triggering the development of anxiety-like behaviors in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengbo Ding
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tengteng Fan
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Ke Wang
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Suxia Li
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhao, ; Weili Zhu,
| | - Weili Zhu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Institute on Drug Dependence and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Dependence, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Zhao, ; Weili Zhu,
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Russell B, Hrelja KM, Adams WK, Zeeb FD, Taves MD, Kaur S, Soma KK, Winstanley CA. Differential effects of lipopolysaccharide on cognition, corticosterone and cytokines in socially-housed vs isolated male rats. Behav Brain Res 2022; 433:114000. [PMID: 35817135 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Social isolation is an established risk factor for mental illness and impaired immune function. Evidence suggests that neuroinflammatory processes contribute to mental illness, possibly via cytokine-induced modulation of neural activity. We examined the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration and social home cage environment on cognitive performance in the 5-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5CSRTT), and their effects on corticosterone and cytokines in serum and brain tissue. Male Long-Evans rats were reared in pairs or in isolation before training on the 5CSRTT. The effects of saline and LPS (150 µg/kg i.p.) administration on sickness behaviour and task performance were then assessed. LPS-induced sickness behaviour was augmented in socially-isolated rats, translating to increased omissions and slower response times in the 5CSRTT. Both social isolation and LPS administration reduced impulsive responding, while discriminative accuracy remained unaffected. With the exception of reduced impulsivity in isolated rats, these effects were not observed following a second administration of LPS, revealing behavioural tolerance to repeated LPS injections. In a separate cohort of animals, social isolation potentiated the ability of LPS to increase serum corticosterone and IL-6, which corresponded to increased IL-6 in the orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal cortices and the nucleus accumbens. Basal IL-4 levels in the nucleus accumbens were reduced in socially-isolated rats. These findings are consistent with the adaptive response of reduced motivational drive following immune challenge, and identify social isolation as an exacerbating factor. Enhanced IL-6 signalling may play a role in mediating the potentiated behavioural response to LPS administration in isolated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney Russell
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kelly M Hrelja
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Wendy K Adams
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Fiona D Zeeb
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew D Taves
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sukhbir Kaur
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kiran K Soma
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Catharine A Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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Zhang T, Ma X, Tian W, Zhang J, Wei Y, Zhang B, Wang F, Tang X. Global Research Trends in Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Bibliometric and Visualized Study. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:922063. [PMID: 35833106 PMCID: PMC9271748 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.922063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are about 10–23% of adults worldwide suffering from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Over the past few decades, there are many aspects of uncertainty regarding IBS leading to an ongoing interest in the topic as reflected by a vast number of publications, whose heterogeneity and variable quality may challenge researchers to measure their scientific impact, to identify collaborative networks, and to grasp actively researched themes. Accordingly, with help from bibliometric approaches, our goal is to assess the structure, evolution, and trends of IBS research between 2007 and 2022. Methods The documents exclusively focusing on IBS from 2007 to 2022 were retrieved from the Science Citation Index Expanded of the Web of Science Core Collection. The annual productivity of IBS research, and the most prolific countries or regions, authors, journals and resource-, intellectual- and knowledge-sharing in IBS research, as well as co-citation analysis of references and keywords were analyzed through Microsoft Office Excel 2019, CiteSpace, and VOSviewer. Results In total, 4,092 publications were reviewed. The USA led the list of countries with the most publications (1,226, 29.96%). Mayo Clinic contributed more publications than any other institution (193, 4.71%). MAGNUS SIMREN stood out as the most active and impactful scholar with the highest number of publications and the greatest betweenness centrality value. The most high-yield journal in this field was Neurogastroenterology and motility: the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society (275, 6.72%). Gastroenterology had the most co-citations (3,721, 3.60%). Keywords with the ongoing strong citation bursts were chromogranin A, rat model, peptide YY, gut microbiota, and low-FODMAP diet, etc. Conclusion Through bibliometric analysis, we gleaned deep insight into the current status of literature investigating IBS for the first time. These findings will be useful to scholars interested in understanding the key information in the field, as well as identifying possible research frontiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangxue Ma
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wende Tian
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuchen Wei
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beihua Zhang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Beihua Zhang,
| | - Fengyun Wang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Fengyun Wang,
| | - Xudong Tang
- Xiyuan Hospital, Traditional Chinese Medicine Research Institute of Spleen and Stomach Diseases, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xudong Tang,
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Warriach ZI, Patel S, Khan F, Ferrer GF. Association of Depression With Cardiovascular Diseases. Cureus 2022; 14:e26296. [PMID: 35911274 PMCID: PMC9313050 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression has long been associated with cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We have reviewed the various factors (hormonal, inflammatory, neuroimmune, and behavioral) involved in depression and associated cardiovascular risk factors. Elevation of glucocorticoids due to activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in chronic stress of depression results in hyperglycemia, causing insulin resistance, which is a risk factor for heart diseases. This increase in glucocorticoids also stimulates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Literature also showed that chronic stress in depression activates platelet receptors resulting in endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular morbidity. It has been shown by various studies that depressed patients are more prone to unhealthy lifestyles like eating more processed food, physical inactivity, smoking, and alcohol consumption resulting in weight gain and insulin resistance. Further in the literature, we reviewed some genetic factors associated with depression and cardiovascular outcomes. Elevated glucocorticoids reduce brain-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent upregulation of glutamate receptors involved in various neural circuits associated with depression and neural diseases by suppressing microRNA-132 expression. In depressed obese patients, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK-9), a regulator of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance. This review sheds light on the importance of diagnostic, preventive, and treatment strategies in depressed patients to reduce overall cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
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Rahimian R, Belliveau C, Chen R, Mechawar N. Microglial Inflammatory-Metabolic Pathways and Their Potential Therapeutic Implication in Major Depressive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:871997. [PMID: 35782423 PMCID: PMC9245023 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.871997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that neuroinflammation plays a critical role in the etiology of major depressive disorder (MDD), at least in a subset of patients. By virtue of their capacity to transform into reactive states in response to inflammatory insults, microglia, the brain's resident immune cells, play a pivotal role in the induction of neuroinflammation. Experimental studies have demonstrated the ability of microglia to recognize pathogens or damaged cells, leading to the activation of a cytotoxic response that exacerbates damage to brain cells. However, microglia display a wide range of responses to injury and may also promote resolution stages of inflammation and tissue regeneration. MDD has been associated with chronic priming of microglia. Recent studies suggest that altered microglial morphology and function, caused either by intense inflammatory activation or by senescence, may contribute to depression and associated impairments in neuroplasticity. In this context, modifying microglia phenotype by tuning inflammatory pathways might have important translational relevance to harness neuroinflammation in MDD. Interestingly, it was recently shown that different microglial phenotypes are associated with distinct metabolic pathways and analysis of the underlying molecular mechanisms points to an instrumental role for energy metabolism in shaping microglial functions. Here, we review various canonical pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and metabolic pathways in microglia that may provide new therapeutic opportunities to control neuroinflammation in brain disorders, with a strong focus on MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Claudia Belliveau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rebecca Chen
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Gomez Rueda H, Bustillo J. Brain differential gene expression and blood cross-validation of a molecular signature of patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatr Genet 2022; 32:105-115. [PMID: 35030558 PMCID: PMC9071037 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The agreement between clinicians diagnosing major depressive disorder (MDD) is poor. The objective of this study was to identify a reproducible and robust gene expression marker capable of differentiating MDD from healthy control (HC) subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS Brain and blood gene expression datasets were searched, which included subjects with MDD and HC. The largest database including different areas of brain samples (GSE80655) was used to identify an initial gene expression marker. Tests of robustness and reproducibility were then implemented in 13 brain and 7 blood independent datasets. Correlations between expression in brain and blood samples were also examined. Finally, an enrichment analysis to explore the marker biological meaning was completed. RESULTS Twenty-eight genes were differentially expressed in GSE80655, of which 23 were critical to differentiate MDD from HC. The accuracy obtained using the 23 genes was 0.77 and 0.8, before and after the forward selection model, respectively. The gene marker's robustness and reproducibility were between the range of 0.46 and 0.63 in the other brain datasets and between 0.45 and 0.78 for the blood datasets. Brain and blood expression tended to correlate in some samples. Thirteen of the 23 genes were related to stress and immune response. CONCLUSION A 23 gene expression marker was able to distinguish subjects with MDD from HC, with adequate reproducibility and low robustness in the independent databases investigated. This gene set was similarly expressed in the brain and blood and involved genes related to stress and immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Gomez Rueda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center
- Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Núñez-Rios DL, Martínez-Magaña JJ, Nagamatsu ST, Andrade-Brito DE, Forero DA, Orozco-Castaño CA, Montalvo-Ortiz JL. Central and Peripheral Immune Dysregulation in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Convergent Multi-Omics Evidence. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051107. [PMID: 35625844 PMCID: PMC9138536 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic and multifactorial disorder with a prevalence ranging between 6–10% in the general population and ~35% in individuals with high lifetime trauma exposure. Growing evidence indicates that the immune system may contribute to the etiology of PTSD, suggesting the inflammatory dysregulation as a hallmark feature of PTSD. However, the potential interplay between the central and peripheral immune system, as well as the biological mechanisms underlying this dysregulation remain poorly understood. The activation of the HPA axis after trauma exposure and the subsequent activation of the inflammatory system mediated by glucocorticoids is the most common mechanism that orchestrates an exacerbated immunological response in PTSD. Recent high-throughput analyses in peripheral and brain tissue from both humans with and animal models of PTSD have found that changes in gene regulation via epigenetic alterations may participate in the impaired inflammatory signaling in PTSD. The goal of this review is to assess the role of the inflammatory system in PTSD across tissue and species, with a particular focus on the genomics, transcriptomics, epigenomics, and proteomics domains. We conducted an integrative multi-omics approach identifying TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) signaling, interleukins, chemokines, Toll-like receptors and glucocorticoids among the common dysregulated pathways in both central and peripheral immune systems in PTSD and propose potential novel drug targets for PTSD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Núñez-Rios
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.L.N.-R.); (J.J.M.-M.); (S.T.N.); (D.E.A.-B.)
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - José J. Martínez-Magaña
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.L.N.-R.); (J.J.M.-M.); (S.T.N.); (D.E.A.-B.)
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Sheila T. Nagamatsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.L.N.-R.); (J.J.M.-M.); (S.T.N.); (D.E.A.-B.)
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Diego E. Andrade-Brito
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.L.N.-R.); (J.J.M.-M.); (S.T.N.); (D.E.A.-B.)
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Diego A. Forero
- Health and Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (D.A.F.); (C.A.O.-C.)
| | - Carlos A. Orozco-Castaño
- Health and Sport Sciences Research Group, School of Health and Sport Sciences, Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, Bogotá 110231, Colombia; (D.A.F.); (C.A.O.-C.)
| | - Janitza L. Montalvo-Ortiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.L.N.-R.); (J.J.M.-M.); (S.T.N.); (D.E.A.-B.)
- VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(203)-9325711 (ext. 7491)
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Kronsten VT, Tranah TH, Pariante C, Shawcross DL. Gut-derived systemic inflammation as a driver of depression in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 2022; 76:665-680. [PMID: 34800610 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Depression and chronic liver disease (CLD) are important causes of disability, morbidity and mortality worldwide and their prevalence continues to rise. The rate of depression in CLD is high compared to that of the general population and is comparable to the increased rates observed in other medical comorbidities and chronic inflammatory conditions. Notably, a comorbid diagnosis of depression has a detrimental effect on outcomes in cirrhosis. Systemic inflammation is pivotal in cirrhosis-associated immune dysfunction - a phenomenon present in advanced CLD (cirrhosis) and implicated in the development of complications, organ failure, disease progression, increased infection rates and poor outcome. The presence of systemic inflammation is also well-documented in a cohort of patients with depression; peripheral cytokine signals can result in neuroinflammation, behavioural change and depressive symptoms via neural mechanisms, cerebral endothelial cell and circumventricular organ signalling, and peripheral immune cell-to-brain signalling. Gut dysbiosis has been observed in both patients with cirrhosis and depression. It leads to intestinal barrier dysfunction resulting in increased bacterial translocation, in turn activating circulating immune cells, leading to cytokine production and systemic inflammation. A perturbed gut-liver-brain axis may therefore explain the high rates of depression in patients with cirrhosis. The underlying mechanisms explaining the critical relationship between depression and cirrhosis remain to be fully elucidated. Several other psychosocial and biological factors are likely to be involved, and therefore the cause is probably multifactorial. However, the role of the dysfunctional gut-liver-brain axis as a driver of gut-derived systemic inflammation requires further exploration and consideration as a target for the treatment of depression in patients with cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria T Kronsten
- Institute of Liver Studies, 1(st) Floor James Black Centre, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK.
| | - Thomas H Tranah
- Institute of Liver Studies, 1(st) Floor James Black Centre, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RT, UK
| | - Debbie L Shawcross
- Institute of Liver Studies, 1(st) Floor James Black Centre, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, London, SE5 9NU, UK
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Strekalova T, Pavlov D, Trofimov A, Anthony DC, Svistunov A, Proshin A, Umriukhin A, Lyundup A, Lesch KP, Cespuglio R. Hippocampal Over-Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Is Associated with Susceptibility to Stress-Induced Anhedonia in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2061. [PMID: 35216176 PMCID: PMC8879061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of individual variability in susceptibility/resilience to stress and depression, in which the hippocampus plays a pivotal role, is attracting increasing attention. We investigated the potential role of hippocampal cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which regulates plasticity, neuroimmune function, and stress responses that are all linked to this risk dichotomy. We used a four-week-long chronic mild stress (CMS) paradigm, in which mice could be stratified according to their susceptibility/resilience to anhedonia, a key feature of depression, to investigate hippocampal expression of COX-2, a marker of microglial activation Iba-1, and the proliferation marker Ki67. Rat exposure, social defeat, restraints, and tail suspension were used as stressors. We compared the effects of treatment with either the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib (30 mg/kg/day) or citalopram (15 mg/kg/day). For the celecoxib and vehicle-treated mice, the Porsolt test was used. Anhedonic (susceptible) but not non-anhedonic (resilient) animals exhibited elevated COX-2 mRNA levels, increased numbers of COX-2 and Iba-1-positive cells in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 area, and decreased numbers of Ki67-positive cells in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. Drug treatment decreased the percentage of anhedonic mice, normalized swimming activity, reduced behavioral despair, and improved conditioned fear memory. Hippocampal over-expression of COX-2 is associated with susceptibility to stress-induced anhedonia, and its pharmacological inhibition with celecoxib has antidepressant effects that are similar in size to those of citalopram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Strekalova
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.T.); (K.-P.L.)
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.P.); (D.C.A.); (A.S.); (A.U.); (R.C.)
| | - Dmitrii Pavlov
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.P.); (D.C.A.); (A.S.); (A.U.); (R.C.)
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Alexander Trofimov
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.T.); (K.-P.L.)
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.P.); (D.C.A.); (A.S.); (A.U.); (R.C.)
| | - Daniel C. Anthony
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.P.); (D.C.A.); (A.S.); (A.U.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrei Svistunov
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.P.); (D.C.A.); (A.S.); (A.U.); (R.C.)
| | - Andrey Proshin
- P.K. Anokhin Research Institute of Normal Physiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Aleksei Umriukhin
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.P.); (D.C.A.); (A.S.); (A.U.); (R.C.)
| | - Alexei Lyundup
- Research and Educational Resource Center for Cellular Technologies, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Klaus-Peter Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; (A.T.); (K.-P.L.)
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.P.); (D.C.A.); (A.S.); (A.U.); (R.C.)
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Center of Mental Health, University of Würzburg, 97080 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Raymond Cespuglio
- Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Normal Physiology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (D.P.); (D.C.A.); (A.S.); (A.U.); (R.C.)
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), 69500 Bron, France
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Madeshiya AK, Whitehead C, Tripathi A, Pillai A. C1q deletion exacerbates stress-induced learned helplessness behavior and induces neuroinflammation in mice. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:50. [PMID: 35105860 PMCID: PMC8807734 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01794-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines have been reported in postmortem brain samples and in the blood of depressed subjects. However, the inflammatory pathways that lead to depressive-like symptoms are not well understood. Using the learned helplessness (LH) model of depression, we examined the role of C1q, the initiator of classical complement pathway in mediating stress-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. We observed no significant changes in social behavior, despair behavior, spatial memory, and aggressive behavior between the wild type (WT) and C1q knockout (KO) mice. However, C1q deletion exacerbated the inescapable electric foot shock-induced learned helplessness behavior in mice. We found significant reductions in C1q mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of WT helpless mice as compared to the naïve mice. Increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were found in the PFC of C1q KO mice. These findings suggest that classical complement pathway-mediated learned helplessness behavior is accompanied by neuroinflammatory changes under stressful conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Madeshiya
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX USA ,grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Carl Whitehead
- grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA ,grid.413830.d0000 0004 0419 3970Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Ashutosh Tripathi
- grid.267308.80000 0000 9206 2401Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX USA ,grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Anilkumar Pillai
- Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Disorders Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry and Health Behavior, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA. .,Research and Development, Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Chen YM, Lin CH, Lane HY. Distinctively lower DISC1 mRNA levels in patients with schizophrenia, especially in those with higher positive, negative, and depressive symptoms. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 213:173335. [PMID: 35033484 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The issue of genetic influence on schizophrenia has received considerable attention. The DISC1 gene has been shown in several studies to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, the relationship between DISC1 mRNA expression vs. schizophrenia and its clinical symptoms is uncertain. METHODS Fifty-six subjects (32 patients with schizophrenia and 24 healthy controls) were enrolled. Peripheral blood was obtained from all subjects to exam the DISC1 mRNA expression. Schizophrenia patients were evaluated with Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD), Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) scales. Healthy subjects were assessed with HAMD scale. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had significantly lower levels of the DISC1 mRNA expression than the healthy control (P = 0.002). We also found that lower DISC1 mRNA levels in schizophrenia patients were associated with higher degree of depression in HAMD (P = 0.037), severer positive symptoms in PANSS (P = 0.032) and more negative symptoms in SANS (P = 0.038). CONCLUSION The results showed that schizophrenia patients had lower levels of DISC1 mRNA than healthy individuals, and that the schizophrenia patients with lower DISC1 mRNA levels were more likely to manifest more marked symptoms, including positive, negative, and depressive symptoms. The findings suggest that lower DISC1 expression may be related with the pathogenesis and phenotypes of schizophrenia. Future studies are needed to replicate the results and to further establish its potential role in clinical application of early diagnosis and outcome follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ming Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; School of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Yuan Lane
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry & Brain Disease Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Sciences, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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Li Y, Zhang M, Xue M, Liu D, Sun J. Elevated monocyte-to-HDL cholesterol ratio predicts post-stroke depression. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:902022. [PMID: 35935403 PMCID: PMC9354071 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.902022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inflammation plays an important role in the development of depression after stroke. Monocyte-to-HDL Cholesterol Ratio (MHR) recently emerged as a novel comprehensive inflammatory indicator in recent years. This study aimed to investigate whether there is a relationship between MHR levels and post-stroke depression (PSD). METHODS From February 2019 to September 2021, patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) were recruited within 7 days post-stroke from the two centers and blood samples were collected after admission. The 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) was used to measure depressive symptoms at 3 months after stroke. Patients were given the DSM-V criteria for diagnosis of PSD. RESULTS Of the 411 enrolled patients, 92 (22.38%) patients were diagnosed with PSD at 3-months follow-up. The results also showed significantly higher level of MHR in patients with depression [0.81 (IQR 0.67-0.87) vs. 0.61 (IQR 0.44-0.82), P < 0.001] at admission than patients without depression. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that MHR (OR 6.568, 95% CI: 2.123-14.565, P = 0.015) was an independent risk factor for the depression at 3 months after stroke. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, the odds ratio of PSD was 5.018 (95% CI: 1.694-14.867, P = 0.004) for the highest tertile of MHR compared with the lowest tertile. Based on the ROC curve, the optimal cut-off value of MHR as an indicator for prediction of PSD was projected to be 0.55, which yielded a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 68.3%, with the area under the curve at 0.660 (95% CI: 0.683-0.781; P = 0.003). CONCLUSION Elevated level of MHR was associated with PSD at 3 months, suggesting that MHR might be a useful Inflammatory markers to predict depression after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Li
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, First People's Hospital of Huainan, Huainan, China.,Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Lixin County, Bozhou, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, First People's Hospital of Huainan, Huainan, China
| | - Min Xue
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Science and Technology, First People's Hospital of Huainan, Huainan, China
| | - Dalei Liu
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Lixin County, Bozhou, China
| | - Jinglong Sun
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Lixin County, Bozhou, China
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Translational evidence for the Inflammatory Response System (IRS)/Compensatory Immune Response System (CIRS) and neuroprogression theory of major depression. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110343. [PMID: 33961966 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, severe and disabling neuropsychiatric disorder with a heterogenous etiology. Among the most widely recognized etiological models, immunopathogenesis is a predominant one. Numerous studies have demonstrated aberrant levels of inflammatory markers in the peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain of patients with MDD. Multiple studies including meta-analyses have reported increased peripheral levels of acute phase proteins, and pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in MDD. Postmortem brain studies similarly demonstrated upregulated expressions of these pro-inflammatory cytokines. This along with evidence of monocytic, lymphocytic and microglial activation, suggest an activated inflammatory response system (IRS) in MDD. A few studies show increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines or defective inflammatory pathways and a deficit in T cell maturation and responses in MDD patients. This suggests the presence of a Compensatory Immune Response System (CIRS), which can counterbalance the effects of IRS in major depression. More recently, simultaneously increased levels of both the pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines are reported in the brain of MDD patients; this indicates activity of both the IRS and CIRS in MDD. The IRS and CIRS are the evolutionarily conserved and integral elements of an overarching system. The relevance of a dysregulated IRS-CIRS system in the neurobiological construct of MDD is just beginning to be understood. Speculation is rife that the disrupted IRS-CIRS elements might determine the onset, episodes, neuroprogressive processes, treatment response as well as recovery of patients with MDD. Notably, the signatures of an activated IRS-CIRS might emerge as potential biomarkers of MDD. Herein, an attempt has been made to highlight the biology and pathobiological relevance of IRS-CIRS activation in MDD and provide an insight into the role of these components in pharmacological therapy.
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Gut Bacteria and Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122583. [PMID: 34946184 PMCID: PMC8708963 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in the gut microbiome plays an intrinsic part in immune activation, intestinal permeability, enteric reflex, and entero-endocrine signaling. Apart from physiological and structural changes brought about by gut bacteria on entero-epithelial cells and mucus layers, a vast number of signals generated in the gastro-intestinal tract (GIT) reaches the brain via the vagus nerve. Research on the gut–brain axis (GBA) has mostly been devoted to digestive functions and satiety. Less papers have been published on the role gut microbiota play in mood, cognitive behavior and neuropsychiatric disorders such as autism, depression and schizophrenia. Whether we will be able to fully decipher the connection between gut microbiota and mental health is debatable, especially since the gut microbiome is diverse, everchanging and highly responsive to external stimuli. Nevertheless, the more we discover about the gut microbiome and the more we learn about the GBA, the greater the chance of developing novel therapeutics, probiotics and psychobiotics to treat gastro-intestinal disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but also improve cognitive functions and prevent or treat mental disorders. In this review we focus on the influence gut bacteria and their metabolites have on neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Tan X, Zhang L, Wang D, Guan S, Lu P, Xu X, Xu H. Influence of early life stress on depression: from the perspective of neuroendocrine to the participation of gut microbiota. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:25588-25601. [PMID: 34890365 PMCID: PMC8714134 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Depression is the most common mental disorder and has become a heavy burden in modern society. Clinical studies have identified early life stress as one of the high-risk factors for increased susceptibility to depression. Alteration of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in response to stress is one of the key risk factors for depression susceptibility related to early life stress. Laboratory animal studies have demonstrated that maternal separation (MS) for extended periods elicits HPA axis changes. These changes persist into adulthood and resemble those present in depressed adult individuals, including hyperactivity of the HPA axis. In addition, there is growing evidence that inflammation plays an important role in depression susceptibility concerned with early life stress. Individuals that have experienced MS have higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and are susceptible to depression. Recently, it has been found that the gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating behavior and is also associated with depression. The translocation of gut microbiota and the change of gut microbiota composition caused by early stress may be a reason. In this review, we discussed the mechanisms by which early life stress contributes to the development of depression in terms of these factors. These studies have facilitated a systematic understanding of the pathogenesis of depression related to early life stress and will provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Tan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Longqing Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Danning Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shaodi Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Pei Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaolin Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Valverde AP, Camargo A, Rodrigues ALS. Agmatine as a novel candidate for rapid-onset antidepressant response. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:981-996. [PMID: 34888168 PMCID: PMC8613765 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i11.981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a disabling and highly prevalent mood disorder as well as a common cause of suicide. Chronic stress, inflammation, and intestinal dysbiosis have all been shown to play crucial roles in the pathophysiology of MDD. Although conventional antidepressants are widely used in the clinic, they can take weeks to months to produce therapeutic effects. The discovery that ketamine promotes fast and sustaining antidepressant responses is one of the most important breakthroughs in the pharmacotherapy of MDD. However, the adverse psychomimetic/dissociative and neurotoxic effects of ketamine discourage its chronic use. Therefore, agmatine, an endogenous glutamatergic modulator, has been postulated to elicit fast behavioral and synaptogenic effects by stimulating the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway, similar to ketamine. However, recent evidence has demonstrated that the modulation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 inflammasome and gut microbiota, which have been shown to play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of MDD, may also participate in the antidepressant-like effects of both ketamine and agmatine. This review seeks to provide evidence about the mechanisms that may underlie the fast antidepressant-like responses of agmatine in preclinical studies. Considering the anti-inflammatory properties of agmatine, it may also be further investigated as a useful compound for the management of MDD associated with a pro-inflammatory state. Moreover, the fast antidepressant-like response of agmatine noted in animal models should be investigated in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Valverde
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus Universitário, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040900, Brazil
| | - Anderson Camargo
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus Universitário, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040900, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry, Campus Universitário, Center for Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC 88040900, Brazil
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Tryptophan Metabolism in Bipolar Disorder in a Longitudinal Setting. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10111795. [PMID: 34829665 PMCID: PMC8615217 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10111795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-mediated inflammatory processes and oxidative stress are involved in the aetiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) and weight-associated comorbidities. Tryptophan breakdown via indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO-1) along the kynurenine axis concomitant with a pro-inflammatory state was found to be more active in BD, and associated with overweight/obesity. This study aimed to investigate tryptophan metabolism in BD compared to controls (C), stratified by weight classes, in a longitudinal setting, dependent on the incidence of BD episodes. Peripheral tryptophan, kynurenine, and neopterin were assessed in the serum of 226 BD individuals and 142 C. Three samples in a longitudinal assessment were used for 75 BD individuals. Results showed a higher kynurenine/tryptophan in both BD compared to C and overweight compared to normal weight persons. Levels remained stable over time. In the longitudinal course, no differences were found between individuals who were constantly euthymic or not, or who had an illness episode or had none. Findings indicate that tryptophan, kynurenine, and IDO-1 activity may play a role in pathophysiology in BD but are not necessarily associated with clinical manifestations. Accelerated tryptophan breakdown along the kynurenine axis may be facilitated by being overweight. This may increase the risk of accumulation of neurotoxic metabolites, impacting BD symptomatology, cognition, and somatic comorbidities.
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Fernandes BM, Scotti-Muzzi E, Soeiro-de-Souza MG. Effects of antidepressant drug therapy with or without physical exercise on inflammatory biomarkers in major depressive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 78:339-349. [PMID: 34708271 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of antidepressant drug therapy (with or without physical exercise) on peripheral inflammatory markers in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS MEDLINE, PyscINFO, Embase, and Google Scholar databases were searched until May 2020. Randomized trials that measured at least one inflammatory biomarker and included adult outpatients with MDD under antidepressant drug therapy (any drug) with or without physical exercise (any modality) were eligible. Results were summarized using the standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) under a random-effects model. The Cochrane risk of bias tool (2010) was used to evaluate the risk of bias in the included trials. RESULTS Sixty-three trials were identified, encompassing data from 3482 patients, and 20 investigated biomarkers. Trials had biases across multiple domains, rising concerns primarily to selection bias/performance bias/detection bias/attrition bias. SMDs between pre- and post-results indicated a significant reduction in the levels of IL-2 (SMD, - 0.25; 95% CI, - 0.41 to - 0.09, P = 0.002), IL-6 (SMD, - 0.19; 95% CI, - 0.35 to - 0.025, P = 0.024), IL-10 (SMD, - 0.32; 95% CI, - 0.57 to - 0.07, P = 0.011), and serum cortisol (SMD, - 0.35; 95% CI, - 0.58 to - 0.12, P = 0.002). Evidence supporting the influence of physical exercise combined with antidepressant drugs on peripheral inflammatory markers in MDD is sparse and heterogeneous. CONCLUSION There is some evidence that antidepressant drug therapy is associated with an overall positive reduction in inflammatory markers, but the evidence is heterogeneous. Further research linking how inflammatory biomarkers modulate physiology related to antidepressant response is required. TRIAL REGISTRATION CRD42020220735.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Monteiro Fernandes
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Cllínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (IPq HC-FMUSP), Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos s/n, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil.
| | - Estêvão Scotti-Muzzi
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Cllínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (IPq HC-FMUSP), Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos s/n, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
| | - Márcio Gerhardt Soeiro-de-Souza
- Department and Institute of Psychiatry, Hospital das Cllínicas, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (IPq HC-FMUSP), Dr. Ovidio Pires de Campos s/n, São Paulo, 05403-010, Brazil
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Foster JA, Baker GB, Dursun SM. The Relationship Between the Gut Microbiome-Immune System-Brain Axis and Major Depressive Disorder. Front Neurol 2021; 12:721126. [PMID: 34650506 PMCID: PMC8508781 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.721126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a prominent cause of disability worldwide. Current antidepressant drugs produce full remission in only about one-third of MDD patients and there are no biomarkers to guide physicians in selecting the best treatment for individuals. There is an urgency to learn more about the etiology of MDD and to identify new targets that will lead to improved therapy and hopefully aid in predicting and preventing MDD. There has been extensive interest in the roles of the immune system and the gut microbiome in MDD and in how these systems interact. Gut microbes can contribute to the nature of immune responses, and a chronic inflammatory state may lead to increased responsiveness to stress and to development of MDD. The gut microbiome-immune system-brain axis is bidirectional, is sensitive to stress and is important in development of stress-related disorders such as MDD. Communication between the gut and brain involves the enteric nervous system (ENS), the autonomic nervous system (ANS), neuroendocrine signaling systems and the immune system, and all of these can interact with the gut microbiota. Preclinical studies and preliminary clinical investigations have reported improved mood with administration of probiotics and prebiotics, but large, carefully controlled clinical trials are now necessary to evaluate their effectiveness in treating MDD. The roles that several gut microbe-derived molecules such as neurotransmitters, short chain fatty acids and tryptophan play in MDD are reviewed briefly. Challenges and potential future directions associated with studying this important axis as it relates to MDD are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A. Foster
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Glen B. Baker
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Serdar M. Dursun
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Qiu W, Cai X, Zheng C, Qiu S, Ke H, Huang Y. Update on the Relationship Between Depression and Neuroendocrine Metabolism. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:728810. [PMID: 34531719 PMCID: PMC8438205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.728810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Through the past decade of research, the correlation between depression and metabolic diseases has been noticed. More and more studies have confirmed that depression is comorbid with a variety of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome and so on. Studies showed that the underlying mechanisms of both depression and metabolic diseases include chronic inflammatory state, which is significantly related to the severity. In addition, they also involve endocrine, immune systems. At present, the effects of clinical treatments of depression is limited. Therefore, exploring the co-disease mechanism of depression and metabolic diseases is helpful to find a new clinical therapeutic intervention strategy. Herein, focusing on the relationship between depression and metabolic diseases, this manuscript aims to provide an overview of the comorbidity of depression and metabolic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Qiu
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaodan Cai
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | | | - Shumin Qiu
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Hanyang Ke
- Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yinqiong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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Rahimian R, Wakid M, O'Leary LA, Mechawar N. The emerging tale of microglia in psychiatric disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 131:1-29. [PMID: 34536460 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
As the professional phagocytes of the brain, microglia orchestrate the immunological response and play an increasingly important role in maintaining homeostatic brain functions. Microglia are activated by pathological events or slight alterations in brain homeostasis. This activation is dependent on the context and type of stressor or pathology. Through secretion of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, microglia can strongly influence the response to a stressor and can, therefore, determine the pathological outcome. Psychopathologies have repeatedly been associated with long-lasting priming and sensitization of cerebral microglia. This review focuses on the diversity of microglial phenotype and function in health and psychiatric disease. We first discuss the diverse homeostatic functions performed by microglia and then elaborate on context-specific spatial and temporal microglial heterogeneity. Subsequently, we summarize microglia involvement in psychopathologies, namely major depressive disorder, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, with a particular focus on post-mortem studies. Finally, we postulate microglia as a promising novel therapeutic target in psychiatry through antidepressant and antipsychotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rahimian
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Marina Wakid
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Liam Anuj O'Leary
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naguib Mechawar
- McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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Blackwell J, Saxena S, Petersen I, Hotopf M, Creese H, Bottle A, Alexakis C, Pollok RC. Depression in individuals who subsequently develop inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based nested case-control study. Gut 2021; 70:1642-1648. [PMID: 33109601 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-322308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is a potential risk factor for developing IBD. This association may be related to GI symptoms occurring before diagnosis. We aimed to determine whether depression, adjusted for pre-existing GI symptoms, is associated with subsequent IBD. DESIGN We conducted a nested case-control study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink identifying incident cases of UC and Crohn's disease (CD) from 1998 to 2016. Controls without IBD were matched for age and sex. We measured exposure to prevalent depression 4.5-5.5 years before IBD diagnosis. We created two sub-groups with prevalent depression based on whether individuals had reported GI symptoms before the onset of depression. We used conditional logistic regression to derive ORs for the risk of IBD depending on depression status. RESULTS We identified 10 829 UC cases, 4531 CD cases and 15 360 controls. There was an excess of prevalent depression 5 years before IBD diagnosis relative to controls (UC: 3.7% vs 2.7%, CD 3.7% vs 2.9%). Individuals with GI symptoms prior to the diagnosis of depression had increased adjusted risks of developing UC and CD compared with those without depression (UC: OR 1.47, 95% CI 1.21 to 1.79; CD: OR 1.41, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.92). Individuals with depression alone had similar risks of UC and CD to those without depression (UC: OR 1.13, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.29; CD: OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.38). CONCLUSIONS Depression, in the absence of prior GI symptoms, is not associated with subsequent development of IBD. However, depression with GI symptoms should prompt investigation for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonia Saxena
- School of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Irene Petersen
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Matthew Hotopf
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Hanna Creese
- School of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Alex Bottle
- School of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK.,Dr Foster Unit, School of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Christopher Alexakis
- Gastroenterology, Royal Surrey County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Richard C Pollok
- Gastroenterology, St George's University of London, London, UK .,Institute of Infection and Immunity, University of London St George's, London, UK
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Lim J, Sohn H, Kwon MS, Kim B. White Matter Alterations Associated with Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 19:449-458. [PMID: 34294614 PMCID: PMC8316659 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2021.19.3.449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective Regarding the neuroinflammatory theory of major depressive disorder (MDD), little is known about the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on white matter (WM) changes in MDD. We aimed to investigate the relationship between pro-inflammatory cytokines and WM alterations in patients with MDD. Methods Twenty-two patients with MDD and 22 healthy controls (HC) were evaluated for brain imaging and pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Tract-based spatial statistics and FreeSurfer were used for brain image analysis. Results The levels of TNF-α and IL-8 were significantly higher in the MDD group than in HC. Compared to HC, lower fractional anisotropy (FA), and higher median diffusivity (MD) and radial diffusivity (RD) values were found in the MDD group for several WM regions. Voxel-wise correlation analysis showed that the level of TNF-α was negatively correlated with FA, and positively correlated with MD and RD in the left body and genu of the corpus callosum, left anterior corona radiata, and left superior corona radiata. Conclusion Our findings suggest that TNF-α may play an important role in the WM alterations in depression, possibly through demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehwa Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hoyoung Sohn
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Min-Soo Kwon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Borah Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
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Transthyretin as a Biomarker to Predict and Monitor Major Depressive Disorder Identified by Whole-Genome Transcriptomic Analysis in Mouse Models. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091124. [PMID: 34572310 PMCID: PMC8469805 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Accumulations of stressful life events result in the onset of major depressive disorder (MDD). Comprehensive genomic analysis is required to elucidate pathophysiological changes and identify applicable biomarkers. Methods: Transcriptomic analysis was performed on different brain parts of a chronic mild stress (CMS)-induced MDD mouse model followed by systemic analysis. QPCR and ELISA were utilized for validation in mice and patients. Results: The highest numbers of genes with significant changes induced by CMS were 505 in the amygdala followed by 272 in the hippocampus (twofold changes; FDR, p < 0.05). Enrichment analysis indicated that the core-enriched genes in CMS-treated mice were positively enriched for IFN-γ response genes in the amygdala, and hedgehog signaling in the hippocampus. Transthyretin (TTR) was severely reduced in CMS-treated mice. In patients with diagnosed MDD, serum concentrations of TTR were reduced by 48.7% compared to controls (p = 0.0102). Paired samples from patients with MDD demonstrated a further 66.3% increase in TTR at remission compared to the acute phase (p = 0.0339). Conclusions: This study provides comprehensive information on molecular networks related to MDD as a basis for further investigation and identifies TTR for MDD monitoring and management. A clinical trial with bigger patient cohort should be conducted to validate this translational study.
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Metformin reduces oxandrolone- induced depression-like behavior in rats via modulating the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113475. [PMID: 34280460 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxandrolone (OXA) is an androgen and anabolic steroid (AAS) that is used to reverse weight loss associated with some medical conditions. One of the side effects of OXA is its potential to induce depressive symptoms. Growing evidence suggested that neuroinflammation and cytokines play crucial roles in sickness behavioral and associated mood disturbances. Previous studies showed that metformin attenuated neuroinflammation. This study investigated the potential protective role of metformin against OXA-induced depression-like behavior and neuroinflammation. Twenty- four Wistar male rats were randomly grouped into four groups: the control group (Control) received only vehicle; the oxandrolone group (OXA) received oxandrolone (0.28 mg/kg, i.p); the metformin group (MET) received metformin (100 mg/kg, i.p); and the oxandrolone / metformin group (OXA + MET) received both oxandrolone (0.28 mg/kg, i.p) and metformin (100 mg/kg, i.p). These treatments were administered for fourteen consecutive days. Behavioral tests to measure depression-like behavior were conducted before and after treatments. qRT-PCR was used to measure the relative expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the hippocampus and hypothalamus. The results showed that oxandrolone induced depression-like behavior and dysregulated pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, while metformin attenuated these effects. These findings suggest that metformin is a potential treatment to reverse the depressive effects induced by oxandrolone that involve neuroinflammatory effects.
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